1600:. The nuclear warheads in the missiles were supposed to have been removed before the missiles were taken from their storage bunker. The missiles with the nuclear warheads were not reported missing and remained mounted to the aircraft at both Minot and Barksdale for 36 hours. During this period, the warheads were not protected by the various mandatory security precautions for nuclear weapons, and the government was not aware of their location. The incident was the first of its kind in 40 years in the United States and was later described by the media as "one of the worst breaches in U.S. nuclear weapons security in decades".
44:
3910:
3900:
677:, "fully believed that a nuclear war was starting". Before the planes were able to take off, the base commander contacted Duluth and learned of the error. An officer in the command center drove his car onto the runway, flashing his lights and signaling to the aircraft to stop. The intruder was discovered to be a bear.
1206:
with a trajectory for the United States, stating that a decision to retaliate would need to be made by the president within 3 to 7 minutes. NORAD computers then placed the number of incoming missiles at 2,200. Strategic Air
Command was notified, and nuclear bombers prepared for takeoff. Within six to
1546:
were put on alert in preparation for a possible retaliatory strike. When it became clear the rocket did not pose a threat to Russia and was not part of a larger attack, the alarm was cancelled. Russia was in fact one of a number of countries earlier informed of the launch; however, the information
1363:
carried out by NATO military forces and political leaders between 7 and 11 November 1983. The exercise simulated a Soviet conventional attack on
European NATO forces 3 days before the start of the exercise (D-3), transitioning to a large scale chemical war (D-1) and on day 1 (D+1) of the exercise,
1151:
accidentally activated it and nearly scrambled the B-52 bombers at the base before the duty officer declared a false alarm. The crisis finally ended when Prime
Minister Meir halted all military action. Declassified Israeli documents have not confirmed these allegations directly, but have confirmed
968:
that had been upgraded, and only resumed operation 8 days prior to the flare. This interference was initially interpreted as intentional jamming of the radars by the
Soviets, and thus an act of war. A nuclear bomber counter-strike was nearly launched by the United States. The Strategic Air Command
870:
carrying two nuclear bombs. Reports on the condition of the bombs varied, with DOD saying they were "relatively intact" while Sandia
National Laboratories engineers saying they "broke apart" and that it was too risky to hastily move them. Within 2 days the bombs were retrieved and taken to a local
332:
Though exact details on many nuclear close calls are hard to come by, the analysis of particular cases has highlighted the importance of a variety of factors in preventing accidents. At an international level, this includes the importance of context and outside mediation; at the national level,
1391:
In response, Soviet nuclear capable aircraft were fueled and armed ready to launch on the runway, and ICBMs were brought up to alert. Soviet leaders believed the exercise was a ruse to cover NATO preparations for a nuclear first strike and frantically sent a telegram to its residencies seeking
624:
sites. Since these communication lines were designed to be redundant and independent from one another, the communications failure was interpreted as either a very unlikely coincidence or a coordinated attack. SAC HQ prepared the entire ready force for takeoff before already-overhead aircraft
1293:
An explosion in
Arkansas ripped the doors off a silo and launched part of a nuclear missile out of the structure. The warhead landed 30m away, but safety features prevented either a detonation or release of radioactive material. The incident caused one death and 21 injuries, and sparked a
581:
Information declassified in 2013 showed that "only a single switch prevented the ... bomb from detonating and spreading fire and destruction over a wide area." An expert evaluation written on 22 October 1969 by Parker F. Jones, the supervisor of the nuclear weapons safety department at
880:
586:, reported that "one simple, dynamo-technology, low voltage switch stood between the United States and a major catastrophe", and that it "seems credible" that a short circuit in the Arm line during a mid-air breakup of the aircraft "could" have resulted in a nuclear explosion.
827:
reported that the order's codes were in order, but the local officer in charge did not trust the order, partly because only one of their four missiles was targeted on Russia, and he saw no logic why missiles would be launched against China too, and because readiness was at
396:
nuclear strike against the Soviet Union. In fact, all reports of Soviet action turned out to be erroneous, misinterpreted, or exaggerated. The perceived threat was due to a coincidental combination of events, including a wedge of swans over Turkey, a fighter escort for
1279:. American early warning sensors determined one of the four to be aimed towards the United States. In response, the United States convened officials for a threat assessment conference, at which point it was determined to not be a threat and the situation was resolved.
1245:
that the false alarm was "fraught with a tremendous danger" and "I think you will agree with me that there should be no errors in such matters." In the months following the incident there were three more false alarms at NORAD, two of them caused by faulty
430:. Due to safety measures the plutonium core was not mounted to the bomb at the time but rather stored elsewhere in the plane, preventing a nuclear detonation. The conventional explosives created a 7.6 m (25 ft) wide crater on impact.
684:
a
Strategic Air Command (SAC) bomber. Interceptor crews had not been given full information by SAC of plans to move bombers to dispersal bases (such as Volk Field) or the classified routes flown by bombers on continuous alert as part of
452:, when a man in the bomb bay area grabbed the emergency release pin by accident. Similar to the 1957 incident, safety precautions meant that the plutonium was not mounted to the bomb but rather stored elsewhere on the plane at the time.
2801:
333:
effectiveness in government communications, and involvement of key decision-makers; and, at the individual level, the decisive role of individuals in following intuition and prudent decision-making, often in violation of protocol.
1509:
was about to collapse, which almost certainly would have triggered a retaliatory nuclear response from Israel. Saddam ultimately never deemed this option necessary because he never felt as if his government was about to collapse.
944:. The crew was called back by radio, but did not respond, as required by procedure. When they reached their refueling zone, they were unable to find the supply plane, forcing them to abort their mission, turn back, and land.
1367:
These simulations included 170 radio-silent flights to air lift 19,000 US troops to Europe, regularly shifting military commands to avoid nuclear attack, the use of new nuclear weapon release procedures, the use of nuclear
3447:
919:
A B-52G bomber and KC-135 tanker crashed over the
Mediterranean. The bomber was carrying nuclear weapons at the time. While the bombs did not fully detonate, they did contaminate the area with radioactive material.
887:. Several nuclear bomb detectors—used to distinguish between regular power outages and power outages caused by a nuclear blast—near major U.S. cities malfunctioned due to circuit errors, creating the illusion of a
871:
airport for transportation to Air Force facilities. The pilot ordered the crew to eject from the plane when it lost control. Three crew members died in the crash or due to exposure in the snowy winter conditions.
1387:
The issue was worsened by leaders referring to B-52 sorties as "nuclear strikes", by the increased use of encrypted diplomatic channels between the US and UK, and by the nuclear attack false alarm in
September.
801:(each with a 0.25 kiloton yield) were then scrambled to escort the U-2 into friendly airspace. Individual pilots were capable of arming and launching their missiles. The incident remained secret for many years.
1392:
information on NATO preparations for an attack. The exercise closely aligned with Soviet timeline estimations that a NATO first strike would take 7 to 10 days to execute from the political decision being made.
305:
which could lead to retaliatory strikes against the perceived aggressor. The damage caused by international nuclear exchange is not necessarily limited to the participating countries, as the hypothesized rapid
1364:
NATO forces sought political guidance on the use of nuclear weapons to stem the Soviet advance which was approved by political leaders. NATO then began simulating preparations for a transition to nuclear war.
3016:
Man Who Saved the World From
Nuclear Annihilation Dies at 77: In 1983, Soviet lieutenant colonel Stanislav Petrov kept his cool and reported a U.S. missile strike as a false alarm, preventing a massive
3329:
3094:
2991:
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and began preparations for a nuclear strike against the DPRK. The attack was to include the airfield from which the North Koreans had attacked the US aircraft. After a few hours, the order to
1340:
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credited these threats with deterring Iraq from launching chemical attacks on Coalition forces. Nevertheless, Saddam Hussein did have a contingency plan to launch WMD-armed warheads against
578:
at 9,000 feet (2,700 m). Five crewmen successfully ejected or bailed out of the aircraft and landed safely, another ejected but did not survive the landing, and two died in the crash.
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1372:(C3) networks for passing nuclear orders, the moving of NATO forces in Europe through each of the alert phases from DEFCON 5 to DEFCON 1, and the participation of political leaders like
2424:
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2460:
Knipp, D. J.; Ramsay, A. C.; Beard, E. D.; Boright, A. L.; Cade, W. B.; Hewins, I. M.; McFadden, R. H.; Denig, W. F.; Kilcommons, L. M.; Shea, M. A.; Smart, D. F. (September 2016).
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both warned that an Iraqi chemical attack would trigger "massive retaliation", implying that Israel would retaliate with nuclear weapons. At the same time U.S. Secretary of Defense
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is an incident that might have led to at least one unintended nuclear detonation or explosion, but did not. These incidents typically involve a perceived imminent threat to a
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1765:
176:
3942:
3548:
439:
781:, strayed 300 miles (480 km) into Soviet airspace. Despite orders to avoid Soviet airspace by at least 100 miles (160 km), a navigational error caused by the
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2233:
2553:
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saw a figure climbing the security fence. He shot at it and activated the sabotage alarm, which automatically set off similar alarms at other bases in the region. At
2958:
3498:
1644:
182:
3374:
1316:. Soon after, it reported that five missiles had been launched. Convinced that a real American offensive would involve many more missiles, Lieutenant Colonel
3563:
3543:
3533:
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905:
During a training exercise in the sea off Japan, a nuclear armed jet fell off the side of an aircraft carrier. The jet, pilot and weapon were not recovered.
243:
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232:
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refused to acknowledge the threat as legitimate and continued to convince his superiors that it was a false alarm until this could be confirmed by ground
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2158:
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stated that "false alerts of this kind are not a rare occurrence. There is a complacency about handling them that disturbs me." Soviet General Secretary
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carrying two nuclear weapons experienced a catastrophic decompression, eventually forcing the crew to eject. The crewless plane crashed 15 miles west of
253:
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3937:
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Soviet forces stood down after 11 November when the exercise ended. NATO was unaware of the complete Soviet response until British intelligence asset
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military defense of Taiwan's sovereign territory. This was an ultimately failed preemptive strike prior to an attempted invasion of Taiwan, where the
284:
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1303:
1000:
357:
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1939:
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in Okinawa to nuclear missile sites in Okinawa to launch all their nuclear missiles. None were launched. A team responsible for four missiles at
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117:
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2010:
3014:
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The declassified document says 24 megaton. However, Hansen wrote that "the United States has never deployed such a high-yield weapon".
1634:
3819:
3788:
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3259:
2759:
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1967:
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1230:
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689:. Declassified ADC documents later revealed that "the incident led to changes in the alert Klaxon system to prevent a recurrence".
1755:
673:
interceptors into the air. The pilots had been told there would be no practice alert drills and, according to political scientist
321:
following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, estimated nuclear warhead stockpiles total roughly 15,000 worldwide, with the
3680:
3620:
1222:
1180:
1085:
1035:
1015:
900:
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A fire broke out on a nuclear armed bomber just off Greenland, and the plane crashed into the sea without causing a detonation.
3582:
2718:"The 3 A.M. Phone Call: False Warnings of Soviet Missile Attacks during 1979-80 Led to Alert Actions for U.S. Strategic Forces"
2391:
841:
3880:
3425:
3378:
996:
978:
650:
307:
3208:
2922:
2223:
1143:
3. Israel also redeployed its nuclear weapons. While DEFCON 3 was still in effect, mechanics repairing the alarm system at
1034:
was drunk when he gave the order for a nuclear attack against the DPRK. The order to stand down was given on the advice of
762:
refused permission to launch. He convinced the captain to calm down, surface, and make contact with Moscow for new orders.
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95:
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1192:
932:, electrical transmissions were disrupted due to a thunderstorm, causing a wartime takeoff order to be displayed. The
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feared that war had already begun and ordered the use of a 10-kiloton nuclear torpedo against the American fleet. The
625:
confirmed that there did not appear to be an attack. It was later found that the failure of a single relay station in
465:
258:
1493:
that the United States had "the means to exact vengeance" in the event of an Iraqi resort to WMD. After the war, the
384:
that appeared to signal a Soviet offensive. Considering previous Soviet threats to use conventional missiles against
533:
went on high alert. However, doubts about the authenticity of the attack arose due to the presence of Soviet leader
3686:
3614:
3382:
1639:
1506:
1136:
933:
884:
790:
314:. There have also been a number of accidents involving nuclear weapons, such as crashes of nuclear armed aircraft.
310:
associated with even small-scale regional nuclear war could threaten food production worldwide—a scenario known as
218:
63:
3352:
2842:
1827:
1453:
1060:
During the Yom Kippur War, Israeli officials panicked that the Arab invasion force would overrun Israel after the
3947:
3904:
3840:
3749:
3127:
3123:
3102:
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2797:
2793:
2725:
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2191:
1519:
1447:
1321:
1226:
914:
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595:
571:
554:
445:
373:
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1736:
1593:
1144:
1108:
851:
574:, dropping its nuclear payload in the process. The pilot in command, Walter Scott Tulloch, ordered the crew to
270:
83:
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2149:
3865:
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1574:
1168:
1132:
770:
365:
112:
78:
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2291:
1609:
1475:
1255:
1225:
investigation found that a training scenario was inadvertently loaded into an operational computer in the
1214:
1112:
774:
385:
2187:"IV. Chronology of Submarine Contact During the Cuban Missile Crisis October 1, 1962 – November 14, 1962"
2076:"Goldsboro revisited: account of hydrogen bomb near-disaster over North Carolina – declassified document"
3718:
3292:
2462:"The May 1967 great storm and radio disruption event: Extreme space weather and extraordinary responses"
2118:
1921:
1360:
1176:
1172:
1116:
957:
859:
704:
686:
617:
152:
137:
73:
1312:
over Soviet airspace, a satellite early-warning system near Moscow reported the launch of one American
2286:
317:
Despite a reduction in global nuclear tensions and major nuclear arms reductions after the end of the
3850:
3712:
3483:
2880:
2473:
1976:
1709:
1585:
1482:
all emphasized that the use of WMD against Coalition forces would lead to a nuclear attack on Iraq.
867:
698:
646:
638:
567:
417:
100:
88:
3637:
2751:
2510:
1524:
1369:
1234:
1199:
961:
738:
666:
601:
560:
408:, a British bomber brought down by mechanical issues, and scheduled exercises of the Soviet fleet.
142:
2617:
2543:
2356:
1732:
3957:
3743:
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3643:
3213:
3037:
1926:
1502:
1247:
1120:
1089:
937:
798:
722:
398:
1717:
3320:"'Saddam gave orders to fire chemical weapons at Tel Aviv if he was toppled in First Gulf War'"
1534:
after Russian radar systems detected the launch of what was later determined to be a Norwegian
713:
while under harassment by American naval forces. One of several vessels surrounded by American
3845:
3808:
3218:
3064:
2949:
2586:
2491:
2338:
2328:
2265:
2124:
2018:
1931:
1900:
1654:
1649:
1479:
1463:
1419:
1373:
1276:
1203:
1195:
led to alarm and full preparation for a nonexistent large-scale Soviet attack. NORAD notified
1081:
786:
534:
501:
449:
401:
147:
132:
127:
122:
58:
2259:
1115:
the same day. After the U.N. Security Council imposed a ceasefire, conflict resumed when the
3731:
3488:
2954:
2481:
2186:
2148:
2057:
1984:
1317:
1313:
1218:
1023:
743:
461:
846:
A B-52 carrying nuclear bombs was severely damaged while flying in turbulence over Western
17:
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3324:
3049:
2847:
1629:
1535:
1439:
1396:
1238:
1128:
1093:
1038:
1019:
888:
816:
759:
505:
377:
68:
2324:
One minute to midnight : Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the brink of nuclear war
3395:
Ricks, "Tough Punishment Expected for Warhead Errors", Warrick, "Missteps in the Bunker"
2477:
1980:
1897:: A Cold War Comic Interlude Starring Nikita Khrushchev, America's Most Unlikely Tourist
1713:
721:
dove to avoid detection and was unable to communicate with Moscow for a number of days.
529:
as a large-scale Soviet missile launch. Upon receiving a report of the supposed attack,
360:(NORAD) received a number of simultaneous reports, including unidentified aircraft over
3870:
3737:
3702:
3696:
2144:
1754:
Lewis, Patricia; Williams, Heather; Pelopidas, Benoit; Aghlani, Sasan (28 April 2014).
1708:(52 Fall Meet. Suppl). Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union: Abstract U14A–04.
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311:
157:
105:
35:
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Sagan writes that the incident raised the dangerous possibility of an ADC interceptor
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2885:
1760:
1700:
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1527:
1467:
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1272:
1065:
1031:
863:
820:
794:
681:
575:
538:
489:
485:
477:
322:
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1211:
satellite and radar systems were able to confirm that the attack was a false alarm.
3813:
3759:
3754:
2622:
2581:
2255:
2228:
2080:
2041:
1988:
1589:
1581:
1427:
1423:
1242:
1184:
847:
766:
758:
agreed, but the chief of staff of the flotilla (second in command of the flotilla)
729:
1438:. This, along with Saddam Hussein's previous threat to "burn half of Israel" with
2912:
2447:"Le jour où un Mirage IV décolla avec une vraie bombe nucléaire... (Actualisé-3)"
1962:
3885:
2790:"False Warnings of Soviet Missile Attacks Put U.S. Forces on Alert in 1979-1980"
2419:
2114:
1894:
1614:
1567:
1486:
1471:
1377:
1073:
1061:
953:
789:, causing Soviet MiG interceptors to scramble and pursue the aircraft. American
423:
381:
353:
347:
3119:
2889:
2717:
1696:"Smoke in the Stratosphere: What Wildfires have Taught Us About Nuclear Winter"
746:
affecting the submarine's life support systems and unable to make contact with
3875:
2945:"Stanislav Petrov, 'the man who saved the world' from nuclear war, dies at 77"
1490:
1077:
969:
had prepared to launch fighters before NORAD alerted them of the solar flare.
941:
654:
497:
493:
427:
3222:
2590:
2495:
2342:
1935:
3667:
3254:
2515:
2061:
1597:
1208:
714:
658:
605:
508:
when the ROC Navy repelled an attempted amphibious landing by the PRC Navy.
3288:"Saddam Hussein Seriously Feared a U.S. Nuclear Strike During the Gulf War"
832:
2, not DEFCON 1. Others serving there have called the story into question.
815:
According to a technician who served there, a mistaken order was issued by
3457:
Nuclear and radioactive disasters, former facilities, tests and test sites
2322:
1096:. The missiles were said to be aimed at the Arab military headquarters in
1088:
fighter jets with nuclear warheads. The missile launchers were located at
620:
Headquarters (SAC HQ) simultaneously lost contact with NORAD and multiple
3538:
2486:
2461:
1756:"Too Close for Comfort: Cases of Near Nuclear Use and Options for Policy"
1498:
1413:
1148:
1101:
642:
626:
318:
649:
by the Soviet Union. Around midnight on 25 October 1962, a guard at the
2686:
1069:
824:
811:
United States nuclear weapons in Japan § Nuclear weapons accidents
710:
43:
1922:"Causes of False Missile Alerts: The Sun, the Moon and a 46-Cent Chip"
1539:
1531:
1431:
1140:
1068:, and the U.S. government rebuffed Israel's request for an emergency
1011:
829:
782:
778:
747:
670:
662:
526:
473:
405:
361:
326:
2681:
2902:
article reprinted as "The Nuclear War That Almost Happened in 1983"
2120:
The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons
703:
At the height of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Soviet patrol submarine
1578:
1325:
1164:
1097:
530:
369:
3120:"The 1983 War Scare: "The Last Paroxysm" of the Cold War Part II"
1107:
The United States discovered Israel's nuclear deployment after a
1076:
requested and received authorization from Israeli Prime Minister
608:, California. The bombs did not detonate due to safety features.
496:'s (ROC) military forces and political apparatuses, known as the
3724:
2913:"Stanislav Petrov, who averted possible nuclear war, dies at 77"
2384:"U.S. Veterans Reveal 1962 Nuclear Close Call Dodged in Okinawa"
736:
to surface; however the captain of the Soviet submarine and its
393:
3429:
1152:
that Israel was willing to use "drastic means" to win the war.
2986:
2917:
2654:
2548:
2982:"Stanislav Petrov, 'The Man Who Saved The World,' Dies At 77"
1030:
was given and the jets never took off. Reportedly, President
468:
as "the first serious nuclear crisis". In this conflict, the
2224:"Thank you Vasili Arkhipov, the man who stopped nuclear war"
27:
List of incidents which could have led to a nuclear exchange
1796:"20 Mishaps That Might Have Started Accidental Nuclear War"
1694:
Fromm, M.; Stocks, B.; Servranckx, R.; et al. (2006).
1111:
reconnaissance aircraft spotted the missiles, and it began
2261:
Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance
1221:
was present at the NORAD headquarters during the panic. A
1092:, while the fighter jets were placed on 24-hour notice at
3411:"The nuclear mistakes that nearly caused World War Three"
2577:"Papers reveal Nixon plan for North Korea nuclear strike"
2711:
2709:
1446:
would order the use of the chemical weapons against the
1027:
1072:. According to a former CIA official, Defense Minister
885:
massive power outage in the northeastern United States
1562:
2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident
1829:
The 1958 Taiwan Straits Crisis: A Documented History
1454:
Iraq–Israel relations § Until the 2003 Iraq War
392:, U.S. forces believed these events could trigger a
3779:
3596:
3463:
2015:
This Month in North Carolina History (January 2008)
2544:"Nixon Considered Nuclear Option Against N. Korea"
2511:"How a 1967 Solar Storm Nearly Led to Nuclear War"
2123:. Princeton University Press. pp. 3, 99–100.
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
769:was shot down over Cuba, and another U-2 flown by
629:was the sole cause of the communications problem.
444:A bomb was mistakenly dropped by a U.S. Air Force
2682:"Did Israel ever consider using nuclear weapons?"
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
440:1958 Mars Bluff B-47 nuclear weapon loss incident
422:A B-36 accidentally dropped a bomb just south of
3375:"January 25, 1995—The Norwegian Rocket Incident"
3157:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 276.
2415:"Cold War Missileers refute Okinawa near-launch"
1217:quickly learned of the incident because Senator
641:, United States military planners expected that
966:Ballistic Missile Early Warning Systems (BMEWS)
960:interfered with multiple NORAD radars over the
504:in 1949. A naval battle also took place around
3703:Thor missile launch failures at Johnston Atoll
1530:became the first world leader to activate the
742:took these to be real depth charges. With low
3504:Nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll
3499:Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents
3441:
3209:"Israeli Sees Chemical Option Against Iraqis"
1701:Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union
1645:Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents
1547:had not reached the Russian radar operators.
1501:in the event that he became cut off from the
278:
8:
500:(KMT), had been exiled since the end of the
3626:1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident
3509:Nuclear and radiation fatalities by country
3118:Jones, Nate; Harper, Lauren (21 May 2013).
2327:(1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
1733:"Nuclear Weapons: Who has what at a glance"
488:) in an attempt to probe the extent of the
3448:
3434:
3426:
1189:Alternate National Military Command Center
285:
271:
42:
31:
3794:Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack
3771:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
3691:Three Mile Island accident health effects
2650:"Yom Kippur: Israel's 1973 nuclear alert"
2485:
2357:"Air-to-air Missile Non-comparison Table"
1920:Stevens, Matt; Mele, Christopher (2018).
1670:Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack
525:, mistakenly interpreted a moonrise over
418:Mark 17 nuclear bomb § 1957 incident
376:, and unexpected maneuvers by the Soviet
3943:Military nuclear accidents and incidents
3789:International Nuclear Event Scale (INES)
3632:Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
1538:research rocket being used to study the
1304:1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident
1252:National Emergency Airborne Command Post
358:North American Aerospace Defense Command
3831:International Day against Nuclear Tests
3479:Crimes involving radioactive substances
2316:
2314:
1686:
1207:seven minutes of the initial response,
1202:that the Soviet Union had launched 250
165:
50:
34:
3621:Instituto OncolĂłgico Nacional#Accident
3113:
3111:
3045:
3035:
2185:Robinson-Leon, Jeremy; Burr, William.
862:mission, the plane was traveling from
622:Ballistic Missile Early Warning System
3255:"Nuclear Threats During the Gulf War"
3248:
3246:
3244:
2783:
2781:
2616:Anthony, Summers (2 September 2000).
2427:from the original on 21 November 2021
2388:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
2363:from the original on 26 February 2011
1566:On 29 August 2007, six nuclear armed
1289:1980 Damascus Titan missile explosion
1001:Democratic People's Republic of Korea
7:
3826:History of the anti-nuclear movement
3363:from the original on 11 August 2018.
3300:from the original on 26 January 2017
2694:from the original on 24 January 2022
2413:Tritten, Travis (23 December 2015).
2264:. New York: Henry Holt. p. 74.
1821:
1819:
1817:
1731:Davenport, Kelsey (1 January 2022).
1370:Command, Control, and Communications
1275:launched four missiles as part of a
1241:composed a letter to U.S. President
1014:, killing all 31 servicemen aboard.
3484:Criticality accidents and incidents
2841:Hoffman, David (10 February 1999).
2084:. 20 September 2013. Archived from
1832:. Daniel Ellsberg. pp. i–xvii.
1308:Several weeks after the downing of
661:, a faulty alarm system caused the
3588:Nuclear power accidents by country
3421:from the original on 16 July 2023.
3353:"Cold-War Doctrines Refuse to Die"
3101:, Unclassified, date unknown, via
3099:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
3013:Daley, Jason (18 September 2017).
2855:from the original on 27 March 2012
2509:Wall, Michael D. (9 August 2016).
2394:from the original on 26 March 2023
2299:from the original on 1 August 2016
2161:from the original on 16 July 2023.
1855:"Close Calls with Nuclear Weapons"
1768:from the original on 21 July 2023.
1743:from the original on 22 July 2023.
1635:List of military nuclear accidents
1064:nearly achieved a breakout in the
25:
3820:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
3381:. 23 January 2012. Archived from
3332:from the original on 16 July 2023
3267:from the original on 16 July 2023
3260:Federation of American Scientists
3229:from the original on 16 July 2023
3075:from the original on 17 June 2023
3024:from the original on 16 July 2023
2994:from the original on 12 July 2023
2961:from the original on 16 July 2023
2925:from the original on 16 July 2023
2843:"I Had A Funny Feeling in My Gut"
2804:from the original on 23 July 2023
2752:"Norad false alarm causes uproar"
2662:from the original on 22 June 2020
2630:from the original on 16 July 2023
2556:from the original on 16 July 2023
2523:from the original on 16 July 2023
2236:from the original on 21 June 2023
2222:Edward Wilson (27 October 2012).
2050:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1968:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1942:from the original on 11 July 2023
1873:from the original on 24 July 2023
1625:Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts
3938:Nuclear technology-related lists
3909:
3908:
3898:
3681:Kramatorsk radiological accident
3409:Gorvett, Zaria (9 August 2020).
3351:Hoffman, David (15 March 1998).
3134:from the original on 16 May 2023
2980:Myre, Greg (18 September 2017).
2766:from the original on 27 May 2017
2732:from the original on 2 July 2023
2382:Masakatsu, Ota (30 March 2015).
2203:from the original on 9 July 2008
1489:directly warned his counterpart
1181:National Military Command Center
1135:against Israeli forces, and the
928:In the early days of the French
901:1965 Philippine Sea A-4 incident
709:almost launched a nuclear-armed
665:to sound instead, which ordered
3583:List of orphan source incidents
3286:Iddon, Paul (24 January 2017).
3253:Pike, John (19 February 1998).
3065:"The Able Archer 83 Sourcebook"
2874:Shane, Scott (31 August 2003).
2716:Burr, Williiam (1 March 2012).
2597:from the original on 4 May 2023
2150:"The General and World War III"
1826:M.H. Halperin (December 1966).
1434:and possessed a large cache of
842:1964 Savage Mountain B-52 crash
3379:United States European Command
2788:Burr, William (6 April 2020).
2575:McGreal, Chris (7 July 2023).
2175:, Vintage, Random House, 2009.
1989:10.1080/00963402.1975.11458238
1573:were mistakenly loaded onto a
1229:. Commenting on the incident,
979:1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash
964:. These radars included three
773:Captain Charles Maultsby from
651:Duluth Sector Direction Center
1:
3905:Nuclear technology portal
1963:"Big Bangs from Little Bombs"
1961:Schneider, Barry (May 1975).
1863:Union of Concerned Scientists
1478:, and British Prime Minister
1418:During the Persian Gulf War,
1127:officials, General Secretary
765:On the same day, an American
645:operations might precede any
3675:Andreev Bay nuclear accident
3662:Chazhma Bay nuclear accident
2876:"Cold War's Riskiest Moment"
2618:"Drunk in charge (part two)"
2197:George Washington University
1804:Nuclear Age Peace Foundation
1544:ballistic missile submarines
1271:A Soviet submarine near the
993:Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star
881:Office of Emergency Planning
584:Sandia National Laboratories
3933:Nuclear safety and security
3609:Nyonoksa radiation accident
2285:Michael Dobbs (June 2008).
1665:Sino-Soviet border conflict
1495:Defense Intelligence Agency
1451:
1436:weapons of mass destruction
1399:passed on the information.
1310:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
1193:Raven Rock Mountain Complex
883:went on full alert after a
466:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
18:List of nuclear close calls
3974:
3881:Russell–Einstein Manifesto
3804:Films about nuclear issues
3799:Books about nuclear issues
3687:Three Mile Island accident
3615:Fukushima nuclear accident
3494:Military nuclear accidents
3489:Nuclear meltdown accidents
2824:"Encyclopedia of Arkansas"
1640:Mutual assured destruction
1559:
1517:
1411:
1352:
1336:Excessive citations inline
1301:
1286:
1053:
976:
912:
898:
879:The Command Center of the
839:
808:
696:
682:accidentally shooting down
593:
552:
437:
415:
345:
329:holding 90% of the total.
3894:
3841:Nuclear-Free Future Award
3750:Totskoye nuclear exercise
3578:Sunken nuclear submarines
3128:National Security Archive
3103:National Security Archive
3069:National Security Archive
2798:National Security Archive
2726:National Security Archive
2192:National Security Archive
1794:Philips, Alan F. (1998).
1532:Russian nuclear briefcase
1520:Norwegian rocket incident
1458:. Israeli Prime Minister
1254:to taxi into position at
1250:. One of them forced the
1227:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
1223:General Accounting Office
1197:national security advisor
1131:threatened to deploy the
915:1966 Palomares B-52 crash
856:Savage River State Forest
596:1961 Yuba City B-52 crash
572:Goldsboro, North Carolina
570:broke up in mid-air near
555:1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash
446:Boeing B-47E-LM Stratojet
2828:Encyclopedia of Arkansas
2287:"Lost in Enemy Airspace"
1737:Arms Control Association
1594:Barksdale Air Force Base
1485:U.S. Secretary of State
1145:Kincheloe Air Force Base
1109:Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
852:Garrett County, Maryland
793:interceptors armed with
728:began dropping practice
693:27 October 1962 (likely)
480:along the east coast of
460:U.S. Secretary of State
3856:Nuclear power phase-out
3155:The Cold War: A History
3153:Walker, Martin (1993).
2321:Dobbs, Michael (2008).
1892:Carlson, Peter (2009).
1575:United States Air Force
1341:considered for deletion
1294:congressional inquiry.
1169:Peterson Air Force Base
1018:fighter-bomber jets at
995:early warning aircraft
850:. The plane crashed in
771:United States Air Force
472:shelled the islands of
3861:Nuclear weapons debate
2173:One Minute to Midnight
2011:"Bombs Over Goldsboro"
1610:Broken Arrow (nuclear)
1476:Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.
1256:Andrews Air Force Base
1133:Soviet Airborne Forces
1123:. According to former
1119:moved to encircle the
858:. Having completed an
785:took the U-2 over the
775:Eielson Air Force Base
541:as head of the USSR's
374:Canberra medium bomber
3719:K-19 nuclear accident
3514:Nuclear weapons tests
3385:on 21 September 2012.
3293:The National Interest
3097:," Background Paper,
2957:. 21 September 2017.
2921:. 18 September 2017.
2423:. Stars and Stripes.
1505:leadership or if the
1361:command post exercise
1359:Able Archer 83 was a
1349:7 to 11 November 1983
1231:U.S. State Department
1177:Offutt Air Force Base
1173:Strategic Air Command
1125:U.S. State Department
1022:were ordered to load
958:coronal mass ejection
860:Operation Chrome Dome
809:Further information:
687:Operation Chrome Dome
618:Strategic Air Command
568:Mark 39 nuclear bombs
303:nuclear-armed country
3851:Nuclear power debate
3713:Cuban Missile Crisis
3564:in the United States
2881:History News Network
2756:CBC Digital Archives
2487:10.1002/2016SW001423
1586:Minot Air Force Base
1442:, led to fears that
1283:18-19 September 1980
1117:Israel Defense Force
930:Strategic Air Forces
699:Cuban Missile Crisis
669:(ADC) nuclear-armed
647:nuclear first strike
639:Cuban Missile Crisis
456:August–December 1958
167:Nuclear-armed states
3836:Nuclear close calls
3207:Ap (28 July 1990).
2478:2016SpWea..14..614K
2021:on 28 December 2011
2009:Sedgwick, Jessica.
1981:1975BuAtS..31e..24S
1714:2006AGUFM.U14A..04F
1592:and transported to
1466:Commander-in-Chief
1200:Zbigniew Brzezinski
1121:Egyptian Third Army
962:Northern Hemisphere
799:air-to-air missiles
750:, the commander of
667:Air Defense Command
602:B-52 Stratofortress
561:B-52 Stratofortress
521:Radar equipment in
372:, a downed British
3744:Operation Plumbbob
3707:Operation Fishbowl
3644:Chernobyl disaster
3214:The New York Times
2157:. pp. 47–59.
2044:(1 October 1990).
1927:The New York Times
1720:on 6 October 2014.
1503:Iraqi Armed Forces
1450:or against Israel
1448:U.S.-led coalition
1322:Air Defense Forces
1204:ballistic missiles
1090:Sdot Micha Airbase
1036:Secretary of State
787:Chukotka Peninsula
464:characterized the
299:nuclear close call
3920:
3919:
3846:Nuclear-free zone
3809:Anti-war movement
3765:Rocky Flats Plant
3359:Foreign Service.
3095:Exercise Scenario
2950:Los Angeles Times
2892:on 19 August 2006
2334:978-0-307-26936-2
2130:978-0-691-21306-4
1906:978-1-58648-497-2
1899:. PublicAffairs.
1655:Nuclear terrorism
1650:Nuclear blackmail
1556:29–30 August 2007
1525:Russian President
1480:Margaret Thatcher
1464:Israeli Air Force
1374:Margaret Thatcher
1298:26 September 1983
1277:training exercise
1137:U.S. Armed Forces
1024:B61 nuclear bombs
956:accompanied by a
942:AN-11 atomic bomb
563:carrying two 3–4-
535:Nikita Khrushchev
502:Chinese Civil War
494:Republic of China
476:(Quemoy) and the
450:Savannah, Georgia
402:Shukri al-Quwatli
295:
294:
59:Nuclear explosion
16:(Redirected from
3965:
3948:Existential risk
3912:
3911:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3732:Kyshtym disaster
3727:nuclear meltdown
3654:Related articles
3638:Goiânia accident
3450:
3443:
3436:
3427:
3422:
3396:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3250:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3204:
3198:
3191:
3185:
3182:From the Shadows
3178:
3172:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3115:
3106:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2955:Associated Press
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2888:. Archived from
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2147:(19 June 1995).
2141:
2135:
2134:
2111:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2017:. Archived from
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1872:
1859:
1851:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1812:
1811:
1806:. Archived from
1800:nuclearfiles.org
1791:
1770:
1769:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1716:. Archived from
1691:
1507:Iraqi government
1457:
1440:chemical weapons
1344:
1318:Stanislav Petrov
1235:Marshall Shulman
1219:Charles H. Percy
1175:command post in
1167:headquarters in
1082:Jericho missiles
1009:
991:A United States
934:French Air Force
612:24 November 1961
523:Thule, Greenland
462:Christian Herter
399:Syrian President
287:
280:
273:
224:
118:Target selection
46:
32:
21:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3953:Nuclear warfare
3923:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3899:
3897:
3890:
3866:Peace activists
3781:
3775:
3600:
3598:
3592:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3459:
3454:
3408:
3405:
3403:Further reading
3400:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3357:Washington Post
3350:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3333:
3325:Times of Israel
3318:
3317:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3252:
3251:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3192:
3188:
3179:
3175:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3044:
3034:
3027:
3025:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2895:
2893:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2848:Washington Post
2840:
2839:
2835:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2542:Schuster, Bob.
2541:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2335:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2171:Michael Dobbs,
2170:
2166:
2145:Rhodes, Richard
2143:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2115:Sagan, Scott D.
2113:
2112:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1837:
1825:
1824:
1815:
1810:on 3 July 2020.
1793:
1792:
1773:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1630:Korean conflict
1606:
1571:cruise missiles
1564:
1558:
1553:
1540:Northern Lights
1536:Black Brant XII
1522:
1516:
1514:25 January 1995
1416:
1410:
1405:
1397:Oleg Gordievsky
1357:
1351:
1329:
1306:
1300:
1291:
1285:
1269:
1264:
1239:Leonid Brezhnev
1161:Computer errors
1158:
1156:9 November 1979
1139:were placed at
1129:Leonid Brezhnev
1094:Tel Nof Airbase
1058:
1052:
1047:
1039:Henry Kissinger
1020:Kunsan Air Base
1007:
989:
981:
975:
973:21 January 1968
950:
926:
917:
911:
909:17 January 1966
903:
897:
895:5 December 1965
877:
875:9 November 1965
844:
838:
836:13 January 1964
817:Kadena Air Base
813:
807:
805:28 October 1962
783:aurora borealis
760:Vasily Arkhipov
701:
695:
635:
633:25 October 1962
614:
598:
592:
557:
551:
549:24 January 1961
519:
514:
506:Dongding Island
458:
442:
436:
420:
414:
404:returning from
378:Black Sea Fleet
350:
344:
342:5 November 1956
339:
291:
242:
222:
212:
181:
36:Nuclear weapons
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3971:
3969:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3925:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3871:Peace movement
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3738:Windscale fire
3734:
3728:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3699:
3697:Lucens reactor
3693:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3604:
3602:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3554:United Kingdom
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3388:
3366:
3343:
3311:
3278:
3240:
3199:
3186:
3173:
3160:
3145:
3107:
3086:
3055:
3005:
2972:
2936:
2904:
2866:
2833:
2815:
2777:
2743:
2705:
2673:
2641:
2608:
2567:
2534:
2501:
2472:(9): 614–633.
2452:
2449:. 8 June 2015.
2438:
2405:
2374:
2348:
2333:
2310:
2277:
2270:
2247:
2214:
2177:
2164:
2155:The New Yorker
2136:
2129:
2099:
2088:on 22 May 2023
2067:
2032:
2001:
1953:
1912:
1905:
1884:
1835:
1813:
1771:
1746:
1723:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1660:Nuclear winter
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1620:Doomsday Clock
1617:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1560:Main article:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1518:Main article:
1515:
1512:
1460:Yitzhak Shamir
1444:Saddam Hussein
1420:Ba'athist Iraq
1412:Main article:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1355:Able Archer 83
1353:Main article:
1350:
1347:
1314:Minuteman ICBM
1302:Main article:
1299:
1296:
1287:Main article:
1284:
1281:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1248:computer chips
1157:
1154:
1086:F-4 Phantom II
1056:Yom Kippur War
1054:Main article:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1006:
988:
985:
977:Main article:
974:
971:
949:
946:
925:
922:
913:Main article:
910:
907:
899:Main article:
896:
893:
889:nuclear attack
876:
873:
840:Main article:
837:
834:
806:
803:
697:Main article:
694:
691:
675:Scott D. Sagan
634:
631:
613:
610:
594:Main article:
591:
588:
550:
547:
543:United Nations
518:
517:5 October 1960
515:
513:
510:
482:mainland China
457:
454:
438:Main article:
435:
432:
416:Main article:
413:
410:
390:United Kingdom
368:fighters over
343:
340:
338:
335:
312:nuclear famine
308:climate change
293:
292:
290:
289:
282:
275:
267:
264:
263:
262:
261:
256:
251:
246:
236:
235:
230:
225:
216:
206:
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193:United Kingdom
190:
185:
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161:
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155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
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125:
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81:
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66:
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53:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3970:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
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3936:
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3931:
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3893:
3887:
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3879:
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3872:
3869:
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3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
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3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
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3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3768:
3766:
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3739:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3722:
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3700:
3698:
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3692:
3688:
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3676:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3571:United States
3569:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
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3527:
3525:
3522:
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3517:
3516:
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3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
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3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3462:
3458:
3451:
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3432:
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3428:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3344:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3124:Briefing Book
3121:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3063:Jones, Nate.
3059:
3056:
3051:
3039:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3017:counterstrike
3009:
3006:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2891:
2887:
2886:Baltimore Sun
2883:
2882:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2794:Briefing Book
2791:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:Briefing Book
2719:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2609:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2466:Space Weather
2463:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2393:
2389:
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2378:
2375:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2271:0-8050-7688-3
2267:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1885:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1761:Chatham House
1757:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1680:
1676:
1675:World War III
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
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1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:Boris Yeltsin
1526:
1521:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:Avihu Ben-Nun
1465:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:Scud missiles
1421:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1382:Ronald Reagan
1379:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1273:Kuril Islands
1267:15 March 1980
1266:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:Golan Heights
1063:
1057:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:Richard Nixon
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1010:North Korea)
1004:
1002:
998:
997:was shot down
994:
987:15 April 1969
986:
984:
980:
972:
970:
967:
963:
959:
955:
947:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:1966 (likely)
923:
921:
916:
908:
906:
902:
894:
892:
890:
886:
882:
874:
872:
869:
865:
864:Massachusetts
861:
857:
853:
849:
843:
835:
833:
831:
826:
822:
821:Bolo Airfield
818:
812:
804:
802:
800:
796:
795:GAR-11 Falcon
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:U-2 spy plane
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
740:
735:
731:
730:depth charges
727:
726:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:
700:
692:
690:
688:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
632:
630:
628:
623:
619:
616:Staff at the
611:
609:
607:
603:
597:
590:14 March 1961
589:
587:
585:
579:
577:
573:
569:
566:
562:
556:
548:
546:
544:
540:
539:New York City
536:
532:
528:
524:
516:
511:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:United States
487:
486:Taiwan Strait
483:
479:
478:Matsu Islands
475:
471:
467:
463:
455:
453:
451:
447:
441:
434:11 March 1958
433:
431:
429:
425:
419:
411:
409:
407:
403:
400:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
349:
341:
336:
334:
330:
328:
324:
323:United States
320:
315:
313:
309:
304:
300:
288:
283:
281:
276:
274:
269:
268:
266:
265:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
241:
238:
237:
234:
231:
229:
226:
220:
217:
215:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
183:United States
180:
178:
174:
173:
172:
171:
168:
164:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
138:Proliferation
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
55:
54:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3896:
3835:
3818:
3814:Bikini Atoll
3760:Hanford Site
3755:Bikini Atoll
3559:in Australia
3549:Soviet Union
3544:South Africa
3414:
3391:
3383:the original
3369:
3346:
3336:13 September
3334:. Retrieved
3323:
3314:
3304:13 September
3302:. Retrieved
3291:
3281:
3271:13 September
3269:. Retrieved
3258:
3233:13 September
3231:. Retrieved
3212:
3202:
3194:
3193:Oberdorfer,
3189:
3181:
3176:
3168:
3163:
3154:
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3058:
3026:. Retrieved
3015:
3008:
2996:. Retrieved
2985:
2975:
2963:. Retrieved
2948:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2916:
2907:
2894:. Retrieved
2890:the original
2879:
2869:
2857:. Retrieved
2846:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2806:. Retrieved
2768:. Retrieved
2755:
2746:
2734:. Retrieved
2696:. Retrieved
2685:
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2653:
2644:
2632:. Retrieved
2623:The Guardian
2621:
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2582:The Guardian
2580:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2547:
2537:
2525:. Retrieved
2514:
2504:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2418:
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2387:
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2351:
2323:
2301:. Retrieved
2290:
2280:
2260:
2256:Noam Chomsky
2250:
2238:. Retrieved
2229:The Guardian
2227:
2217:
2205:. Retrieved
2190:
2180:
2172:
2167:
2154:
2139:
2119:
2090:. Retrieved
2086:the original
2081:The Guardian
2079:
2070:
2056:(8): 42–43.
2053:
2049:
2042:Chuck Hansen
2035:
2023:. Retrieved
2019:the original
2014:
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1972:
1966:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1925:
1915:
1893:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1861:
1828:
1808:the original
1799:
1759:
1749:
1726:
1718:the original
1705:
1699:
1689:
1590:North Dakota
1582:heavy bomber
1565:
1523:
1484:
1428:Saudi Arabia
1417:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1366:
1358:
1334:
1307:
1292:
1270:
1243:Jimmy Carter
1213:
1159:
1106:
1059:
1050:October 1973
990:
982:
951:
927:
918:
904:
878:
848:Pennsylvania
845:
814:
764:
755:
751:
737:
733:
724:
718:
705:
702:
679:
636:
615:
599:
580:
558:
545:delegation.
520:
459:
443:
421:
380:through the
351:
331:
316:
298:
296:
244:South Africa
239:
223:(undeclared)
209:
175:
29:
3886:Smiling Sun
3597:Individual
3534:North Korea
3184:, 271, 272.
3046:|work=
2420:Stripes.com
2359:. X-Plane.
2292:Vanity Fair
1895:K Blows Top
1615:Cold War II
1568:AGM-129 ACM
1487:James Baker
1472:Dick Cheney
1378:Helmut Kohl
1074:Moshe Dayan
1062:Syrian Army
1016:F-4 Phantom
954:solar flare
952:A powerful
948:23 May 1967
936:launched a
717:near Cuba,
637:During the
424:Albuquerque
412:27 May 1957
382:Dardanelles
354:Suez Crisis
352:During the
348:Suez Crisis
233:North Korea
143:Disarmament
3927:Categories
3876:Peace camp
3666:1985–1987
3599:accidents
3467:disasters
3415:BBC Future
3028:17 January
2998:18 January
2965:17 January
2929:17 January
2062:Q109333421
2025:24 January
1681:References
1542:. Russian
1491:Tariq Aziz
1474:, General
1187:, and the
1113:an airlift
1080:to arm 13
1078:Golda Meir
1028:stand down
732:to signal
715:destroyers
655:Volk Field
553:See also:
498:Kuomintang
428:New Mexico
346:See also:
254:Kazakhstan
179:recognized
153:Opposition
51:Background
3958:War scare
3668:Therac-25
3601:and sites
3471:incidents
3465:Lists of
3223:0362-4331
3195:A New Era
3169:War Scare
3048:ignored (
3038:cite book
2591:0261-3077
2527:12 August
2516:Space.com
2496:1542-7390
2431:8 January
2367:29 August
2343:608213334
2303:29 August
1975:(5): 28.
1936:0362-4331
1598:Louisiana
1422:launched
1339:is being
1209:PAVE PAWS
938:Mirage IV
744:batteries
723:USS
659:Wisconsin
606:Yuba City
364:, Soviet
148:Terrorism
133:Espionage
128:Blackmail
123:Arms race
3914:Category
3780:Related
3670:accident
3539:Pakistan
3419:Archived
3361:Archived
3330:Archived
3298:Archived
3265:Archived
3227:Archived
3132:Archived
3073:Archived
3022:Archived
2992:Archived
2959:Archived
2923:Archived
2853:Archived
2802:Archived
2764:Archived
2730:Archived
2692:Archived
2660:Archived
2628:Archived
2595:Archived
2554:Archived
2521:Archived
2425:Archived
2392:Archived
2361:Archived
2297:Archived
2258:(2004).
2234:Archived
2201:Archived
2159:Archived
2117:(1993).
2058:Wikidata
1940:Archived
1868:Archived
1766:Archived
1741:Archived
1604:See also
1499:Tel Aviv
1414:Gulf War
1332:template
1233:adviser
1215:Congress
1185:Pentagon
1149:Michigan
1102:Damascus
940:with an
797:nuclear
756:zampolit
739:zampolit
643:sabotage
627:Colorado
484:(in the
388:and the
319:Cold War
249:Belarus
228:Pakistan
113:Arsenals
84:Delivery
3649:Effects
3180:Gates,
3171:, 43–4.
3138:24 July
3126:# 427.
3079:24 July
2896:24 July
2859:24 July
2808:24 July
2796:# 699.
2770:24 July
2736:24 July
2724:# 371.
2698:19 June
2687:Haaretz
2666:19 June
2634:24 July
2601:24 July
2560:24 July
2474:Bibcode
2398:24 July
2240:24 July
2207:24 July
2092:24 July
2046:"Oops!"
1994:13 July
1977:Bibcode
1946:24 July
1877:5 April
1710:Bibcode
1577:(USAF)
1345:
1320:of the
1191:in the
1183:in the
1163:at the
1070:airlift
1003:(DPRK,
868:Georgia
825:Yomitan
711:torpedo
565:megaton
259:Ukraine
101:Workers
96:Effects
79:Testing
69:Warfare
64:History
3782:topics
3705:under
3524:France
3221:
2589:
2494:
2341:
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2127:
2060:
1934:
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1432:Israel
1179:, the
1171:, the
1141:DEFCON
1084:and 8
1012:MiG-21
1008:
830:DEFCON
791:F-102A
779:Alaska
748:Moscow
671:F-106A
663:klaxon
527:Norway
474:Kinmen
406:Moscow
386:France
366:MiG-15
362:Turkey
356:, the
327:Russia
240:Former
221:
219:Israel
210:Others
198:France
188:Russia
158:Winter
106:Ethics
74:Design
3769:1945
3748:1954
3742:1957
3736:1957
3730:1957
3723:1961
3717:1961
3711:1962
3701:1962
3695:1969
3685:1979
3679:1980
3673:1982
3660:1985
3642:1986
3636:1987
3630:1990
3619:2001
3613:2011
3607:2019
3529:India
3519:China
3197:, 67.
3167:Pry,
1871:(PDF)
1858:(PDF)
1579:B-52H
1551:2000s
1403:1990s
1330:‹The
1326:radar
1262:1980s
1165:NORAD
1098:Cairo
1045:1970s
999:by a
854:, at
725:Beale
576:eject
531:NORAD
512:1960s
448:near
370:Syria
337:1950s
214:India
203:China
89:Yield
3725:SL-1
3689:and
3469:and
3338:2021
3306:2021
3273:2021
3235:2021
3219:ISSN
3140:2023
3081:2023
3050:help
3030:2018
3000:2018
2967:2018
2931:2018
2898:2023
2861:2023
2810:2023
2772:2023
2738:2023
2700:2020
2668:2020
2636:2023
2603:2023
2587:ISSN
2562:2023
2529:2016
2492:ISSN
2433:2016
2400:2023
2369:2016
2339:OCLC
2329:ISBN
2305:2016
2266:ISBN
2242:2023
2209:2023
2125:ISBN
2094:2023
2027:2012
1996:2009
1948:2023
1932:ISSN
1901:ISBN
1879:2016
1462:and
1430:and
1408:1991
1380:and
1100:and
1005:i.e.
752:B-59
734:B-59
719:B-59
706:B-59
394:NATO
325:and
2987:NPR
2918:BBC
2760:CBC
2655:UPI
2549:NPR
2482:doi
1985:doi
1596:in
1588:in
1584:at
1426:at
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