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2002–2006 przez Oddziałową Komisję Ścigania
Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu w Gdańsku śledztwo potwierdziło, że w Instytucie Anatomicznym produkowano w czasie wojny mydło z tłuszczu ludzkiego, wprawdzie nie na skalę przemysłową, jednak do celów użytkowych, translated: One should note that the investigation carried out in the years 2002–2006 by the District Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation in Gdańsk (Oddziałowa Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu w Gdańsku) proved that during the war soap from human fat was manufactured at the Anatomical Institute. It was not produced on an industrial scale, but still for utilitarian purpose
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charged as a juvenile, as he was under 21 at the time of the offense. Images in the news broadcasts concealed his face for legal reasons. Being tried at the age of 94, court proceedings were limited to no more than two hours per day and two non-consecutive days per week. In
February 2019 the trial of a defendant matching this description (whom Reuters reported could not be named for legal reasons) was halted after a medical report was issued stating that the defendant was unfit to stand trial, the trial already having been suspended since the previous December.
1351:. On 28 September 2021, Frau Furchner left her home in Hamburg and failed to show for her hearing. She was captured on 30 September 2021 and the hearing was rescheduled for 19 October 2021. On 20 December 2022 Furchner, then 97, was convicted of being an accessory to murder of more than 10,000 people at Stutthof concentration camp during World War II. A two-year suspended sentence in line with that requested by prosecutors was handed down by the Itzehoe state court in northern Germany. On 20 August 2024, Furchner's conviction would be upheld by the German
58:
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285:, on 9 May 1945. It is estimated that between 63,000 and 65,000 prisoners of Stutthof concentration camp and its subcamps died as a result of murder, starvation, epidemics, extreme labour conditions, brutal and forced evacuations, and a lack of medical attention. Some 28,000 of those who died were Jews. In total, as many as 110,000 people were deported to the camp in the course of its existence. About 24,600 were transferred from Stutthof to other locations.
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567:, literally the 'German Equipment Works'), the heavily guarded armaments factory located inside the camp next to prisoner barracks. Other inmates labored in local brickyards, in private industrial enterprises, in agriculture, or in the camp's own workshops. In 1944, as forced labor by concentration camp prisoners became increasingly important in armaments production, a
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M. Tomkiewicz, P. Semków: Profesor Rudolf Maria
Spanner – naukowiec czy eksperymentator? Medycyna na usługach systemu eksterminacji ludności w Trzeciej Rzeszy i na terenach okupowanej Polski. Edited by G. Łukomski, G. Kucharski. Poznań–Gniezno 2011, page 131 . Należy odnotować, że prowadzone w latach
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Another Nazi camp guard, Bruno Dey from
Hamburg, was charged in October 2019 with contributing to the killings of 5,230 prisoners at Stutthof camp between 1944 and 1945. He was tried in a juvenile court due having been about 17 at that time. On 23 July 2020, he was given a two-year suspended sentence
546:
epidemics that swept the camp in the winter of 1942 and again in 1944; those whom the SS guards judged too weak or sick to work were gassed in the camp's small gas chamber. The first executions were carried out on 11 January and 22 March 1940 – 89 Polish activists and government officials were shot.
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The first 150 inmates, imprisoned on 2 September 1939, were selected among Poles and Jews arrested in Danzig immediately after the outbreak of war. The inmate population rose to 6,000 in the following two weeks, on 15 September 1939. Until 1942, nearly all of the prisoners were Polish. The number of
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in 2011 and 2006, respectively, but his and
Tomkiewicz research concluded that this was a byproduct stemming from Spanner's work in bone maceration at the institute unrelated to the Stutthof camp. Spanner was unlikely to have "really occupied himself with the production of usable soap from human
330:
guards, totaling 120,000 square metres (1,300,000 sq ft). In 1943, the camp was enlarged and a new camp was constructed alongside the earlier one. It was also surrounded by electrified barbed-wire fence and contained thirty new barracks, raising the total area to 1.2 square kilometres
1335:
An additional trial was attempted in
November 2018, when Johann Rehbogen was accused of being an accessory to murder. There was no evidence to link him to specific killings, and though he admitted to serving at the camp, he said that he was unaware that people were being murdered there. He was
478:
Stutthof's registered inmates included citizens of 28 countries, and besides Jews and Poles – Germans, Czechs, Dutch, Belgians, French, Norwegians, Finns, Danes, Lithuanians, Latvians, Belarusians, Russians, and others. Among 110,000 prisoners were Jews from all over Europe, members of the
671:
fat", and that any soap production in his laboratory was likely marginal. It was also added that
Spanner was arrested twice after the war but released after each time after explaining how he had conducted the maceration and injection process of his models and was declared "clean" by the
278:. The actual barracks were built the following year by prisoners. Most of the infrastructure of the concentration camp was either destroyed or dismantled shortly after the war. In 1962, the former concentration camp with its remaining structures, was turned into a memorial museum.
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at the Danzig
Anatomical Institute, where he worked and which was not part of the Stutthof camp. The corpses used for this were not "harvested" bodies, and the byproduct of Spanner's work at the Danzig institute was collected. This was conflated with the separate
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In late April 1945, the remaining prisoners were removed from
Stutthof by sea, since the camp was completely encircled by Soviet forces. Again, hundreds of prisoners were forced into the sea and shot. Over 4,000 were sent by small boat to Germany, some to the
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were only concerned with concentration camps as evidence for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by the Third Reich leadership. Several lesser known trials followed against the staff of various concentration camps. Poland held four trials in
1197:
The evacuation of prisoners from the
Stutthof camp system began on 25 January 1945. When the final evacuation began, there were nearly 50,000 prisoners, most of them Jews, in the Stutthof camp system. The prisoners were marched in the direction of
1324:
The second trial was held from 8 October to 31 October 1947, before a Polish Special Criminal Court. The arraigned 24 ex-officials and guards of the Stutthof concentration camp were judged and found guilty. Ten were sentenced to death.
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The fourth and final trial was also held before a Polish Special Criminal Court, from 19 November to 29 November 1947. Twenty-seven ex-officials and guards were arraigned and judged; 26 were found guilty, and one was acquitted.
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began in June 1944. 4,000 prisoners, including Jewish women and children, were killed in a gas chamber before the evacuation of the camp. Another method of execution practiced in Stutthof was lethal injection of
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1229:, Sweden, and released into the care of that neutral country. It has been estimated that around half of the evacuated prisoners, over 25,000, died during the evacuation from Stutthof and its subcamps.
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683:
The main German concentration camp in Stutthof had as many as 40 sub-camps during World War II. In total, the sub-camps held 110,000 prisoners from 25 countries. The sub-camps of Stutthof included:
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The third trial was held from 5 November to 10 November 1947, before a Polish Special Criminal Court. Arraigned were 20 ex-officials and guards judged; 19 then found guilty, with one acquitted.
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in Stutthof began conscripting women from Danzig and the surrounding cities in June 1944, to train as camp guards because of their severe shortage after the women's subcamp of Stutthof called
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in July 1944. In total, 23,566 Jews (including 21,817 women) were transferred to Stutthof from Auschwitz, and 25,053 (including 16,123 women) from camps in the Baltic states. When the
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Stutthof was the first German concentration camp set up outside German borders in World War II, in operation from 2 September 1939. It was also the last camp liberated by the
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inmates increased considerably in 1944, with Jews forming a significant proportion of the newcomers. The first contingent of 2,500 Jewish prisoners arrived from
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has been confirmed in the samples of soapy grease (claimed to be "unfinished soap") from Danzig presented during the trials through analysis performed by the
419:. Thirty-four female guards including Becker, Bothe, Steinhoff, Paradies, and Barkmann were identified later as having committed crimes against humanity. The
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evacuated the majority of the inmates by sea and sent them to Stutthof. Other sources say that the camp staff shot most remaining inmates in a mass murder.
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The original camp (known as the old camp) was surrounded by the barbed-wire fence. It comprised eight barracks for the inmates and a "Kommandantur" for the
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Polish historians and employees at the IPN, Monika Tomkiewicz and Piotr Semków, reached similar conclusions. Semków states that the presence of human
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A range of German organisations and individuals used Stutthof prisoners as forced laborers. Many prisoners worked in SS-owned businesses such as DAW (
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created lists of people to be arrested, and the Nazi authorities were secretly reviewing suitable places to set up concentration camps in their area.
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331:(0.46 sq mi). A crematorium and gas chamber were added in 1943, just in time to start mass executions when Stutthof was included in the "
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estimates that (less officially) some 105 Stutthof subcamps were established throughout northern and central Poland. The major subcamps were in
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Neander, Joachim (2006). "The Danzig Soap Case: Facts and Legends around "Professor Spanner" and the Danzig Anatomic Institute 1944-1945".
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guards arrived at Stutthof along with female prisoners. A total of 295 women guards worked as staff in the Stutthof complex of camps.
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The execution of the SS overseers of the Stutthof concentration camp: Becker, Klaff, Steinhoff, and Pauls on 4 July 1946, with priest
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aircraft factory was constructed at Stutthof. Eventually, the Stutthof camp system became a network of forced-labor camps. The
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in eastern Germany. Cut off by advancing Soviet forces, the Germans forced the surviving prisoners to march back to Stutthof.
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Conditions in the camp were extremely harsh; tens of thousands of prisoners succumbed to starvation and disease. Many died in
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in Denmark where 351 of the 370 on board were saved. Shortly before the German surrender, some prisoners were transferred to
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442:, according to senior researcher at the Norwegian Center for Studies of Holocaust and Religious Minorities, Terje Emberland.
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Zbrodnie hitlerowskie w obozie koncentracyjnym Stutthof : liczba ofiar w świetle źródeł i badań : próba bilansu
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2281:[Responsibility for the Atrocities Committed at Stutthof. The trials.]. KL Stutthof, Monografia. Archived from
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1968:
CIENCIALA, ANNA M. (2011). "Review of Profesor Rudolf Spanner 1895-1960. Naukowiec w III Rzeszy , Piotr Semków".
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515:
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316:
2663:"The Danzig Soap Case: Facts and Legends around "Professor Spanner" and the Danzig Anatomic Institute 1944-1945"
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The first trial was held from 25 April to 31 May 1946, against 30 ex-officials and prisoner-guards of the camp.
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2426:"96-Year-Old Former Nazi Death Camp Secretary Goes on Trial Over Murders of 11,000 People - October 20, 2021"
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556:. Prisoners were also drowned in mud or clubbed to death. Between 63,000 and 65,000 people died in the camp.
339:
were also used to complement the maximum capacity of the gas chamber (150 people per execution) when needed.
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247:
49:
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507:). One prominent inmate and survivor of the Stutthof concentration camp was a member of parliament for the
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chief, before its subsequent massive expansion. In November 1941, it became a "labor education" camp (like
57:
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282:
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297:(members of the intelligentsia, religious and political leaders) in the Danzig area and Western Prussia.
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526:('Report from Stutthof'). It is believed that inmates sent for immediate execution were not registered.
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Soviet forces liberated Stutthof on 9 May 1945, rescuing about 100 prisoners who had managed to hide.
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1596:[Obóz koncentracyjny Stutthof (1939-1945)] (in Polish). Sztutowo, Poland. Archived from
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937:
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Historian Joachim Neander argued that, contrary to some claims made in previous years, what the
638:(IPN) calls the "chemical substance which was essentially soap" was the byproduct of Spanner's
623:
There was a controversy regarding whether corpses from Stutthof were used in the production of
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17:
2340:"Johann Rehbogen: Former SS guard, 94, on trial over deaths at Stutthof concentration camp"
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found all of them guilty of the charges. Eleven defendants including the former commander,
293:
The camp was established in connection with the ethnic cleansing project that included the
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2208:, Auschwitz–Birkenau Memorial and Museum website, 13 October 2006. Accessed July 12, 2011.
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Gliński, Mirosław. "Podobozy i większe komanda zewnętrzne obozu Stutthof (1939–1945)".
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782:
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503:, and Communists (as an example of Communist deportations to Stutthof, see the Danish
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2015:
2005:
1321:, were sentenced to death. The rest were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment.
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184:
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Stutthof prisoners eat during a break in the construction of the camp, October 1939.
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651:, which circulated during the war, and thereafter used as proof of this during the
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149:
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2472:"German Court Convicts 97-Year-Old Ex-Secretary At Nazi Camp - December 20, 2022"
2330:
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4515:
4495:
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2308:"Ex-Nazi concentration camp guard Johann Rehbogen, 94, goes on trial in Germany"
1543:
1410:
1266:
1056:
1033:
871:
400:
2638:
2632:
1740:, Historia Virtual del Holocausto, elholocausto.net; accessed 30 December 2017.
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4163:
4012:
2572:"Outrage Over Museum's Video-Art Display of a Nude Game of Tag in Gas Chamber"
2017:
Denying history: Who says the Holocaust never happened and why do they say it?
1439:
1368:
1348:
970:
649:
debunked rumours of industrial production of human soap in concentration camps
568:
538:
A Polish POW stands at attention in the Appellplatz at Stutthof, October 1939.
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1989:
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of Stutthof, charging them with crimes of war and crimes against humanity.
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993:
962:
882:
769:
756:
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689:
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259:
223:
323:. Finally, in January 1942, Stutthof became a regular concentration camp.
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Datos de 295 Mujeres Pertenecientes a la SS: Christel Bankewitz, Stutthof
1226:
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program in 1948, officially exonerated, and resumed his academic career.
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255:
254:
in a secluded, marshy, and wooded area near the village of Stutthof (now
215:
139:
31:
2652:. Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 20 June 2014.
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2121:
1997:
407:, Steffi Brillowski, Charlotte Graf, Charlotte Gregor, Charlotte Klein,
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1211:
923:
468:
35:
2452:"German Court to Try 96-Year-Old Over Time at Nazi Concentration Camp"
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1981:
1842:"Klooga Concentration Camp and Holocauts Memorial. Basic Information"
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1753:
Less Than Slaves: Jewish Forced Labor and the Quest for Compensation
347:
227:
Map of the main camp after expansion. The German armaments factory
2626:
Organization, prisoners, subcamps, extermination, responsibility.
1688:"Mennonites and the Holocaust: From Collaboration to Perpetuation"
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1180:
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710:
614:
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598:
533:
449:
346:
222:
2331:"Holocaust trial: Germany tries former SS guard at Stutthof camp"
3265:
2521:"Court upholds 99-year-old Nazi camp worker's murder conviction"
1347:, who had been part of KZ Stutthof was arrested to be tried for
1008:
231:
to the right (black, outlined in red) by the prisoner barracks.
188:
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2279:"Odpowiedzialność za Zbrodnie Popełnione w Stutthofie. Procesy"
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Soap made from human corpses § Danzig Anatomical Institute
2137:
Gdańsk: Ofiary zbrodniczych eksperymentów w zapomnianej mogile
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Originally, Stutthof was a civilian internment camp under the
274:
and initially used for the imprisonment of Polish leaders and
2199:"Human Fat Was Used to Produce Soap in Gdansk during the War"
611:
Clothes of victims of Stutthof concentration camp, 9 May 1945
514:, who detailed his deportation to, experience in and ensuing
427:(Konzentrationslager Bromberg-Ost) was set up in the city of
3968:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
2408:"Nazi concentration camp guard convicted over 5,232 murders"
2369:"German court: Trial of Nazi guard unlikely to be restarted"
2229:"Zakończono śledztwo w głośnej "sprawie profesora Spannera""
2178:"Zakończono śledztwo w głośnej "sprawie profesora Spannera""
88:
Location of the former Stutthof concentration camp in Poland
2564:"Outrage Over Naked Game of Tag Played in Nazi Gas Chamber"
1425:, Lithuanian poet playwright, critic, and literary theorist
266:. The camp was set up around existing structures after the
2618:
Memorial to the Victims of the Stutthof Concentration Camp
1806:"PHASE II: THE GERMAN OCCUPATION OF ESTONIA IN 1941–1944"
1556:. Muzeum Stutthof w Sztutowie. p. 59 (4–5/19 in PDF)
1185:
Two crematoria of Stutthof, photographed after liberation
5525:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
2598:
Stutthof National Museum. Selection of monographs in PDF
2499:"German court upholds ex-Nazi camp secretary conviction"
2152:
The Holocaust Object in Polish and Polish-Jewish Culture
1371:
in one of the Stutthof gas chambers, sparking outrage.
27:
Nazi concentration camp in present-day Sztutowo, Poland
2543:"Poland asked to explain naked Nazi gas chamber video"
1891:
Internment in Concentration Camps and Its Consequences
1670:
619:
Electrified barbed wire fences at Stutthof, 9 May 1945
438:
worked as guards or as instructors for prisoners from
258:) 34 km (21 mi) east of the city of Danzig (
2357:"German court stops trial of former death-camp guard"
888:
Matzkau in Maćkowy (now within city limits of Gdańsk)
1785:"Norske vakter jobbet i Hitlers konsentrasjonsleire"
5538:
5495:
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5392:
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3336:
3249:
3206:
3086:
3033:
2993:
2725:
1514:
The Death Marches, The Final Phase of Nazi Genocide
1081:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
211:
203:
195:
180:
172:
156:
145:
135:
96:
80:
43:
30:"Stutthof" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2389:"Former Nazi camp guard to go on trial in Hamburg"
2070:Soap from human fat: the case of Professor Spanner
2049:Soap from Human Fat: The Case of Professor Spanner
2014:
1635:The Holocaust Sites of Europe: An Historical Guide
1419:, Dominican Sister, blessed of the Catholic Church
191:, and political prisoners of various nationalities
4887:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
1545:Praca więźniów w obozie koncentracyjnym Stutthof
603:Stutthof crematoria after liberation, 9 May 1945
1594:"History of the concentration camp in Stuttfof"
391:Among the notable female guard personnel were:
2624:Monografia KL Stutthof (KL Stutthof monograph)
1343:In July 2021, a 96-year-old German secretary,
5372:
4872:
3953:
3513:
3382:
2703:
8:
5558:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
1413:, Polish-British actress, author, and writer
1407:, Danish politician and member of parliament
1397:Katz), Czech dancer, choreographer (memoir:
1214:, and some to camps along the Baltic coast.
560:
520:
235:marked with an arrow, next to the red-brick
3528:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
2611:No. 1–8. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich.
471:in July and August 1944, the camp staff of
5441:
5379:
5365:
5357:
5179:
5074:
4879:
4865:
4857:
4572:
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3960:
3946:
3938:
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3520:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3389:
3375:
3367:
3253:
3006:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
2710:
2696:
2688:
2176:Polska Press Sp. z o.o. (7 October 2006).
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2068:Tomkiewicz, Monika; Semków, Piotr (2013).
1955:H.E.A.R.T at HolocaustResearchProject.org.
1915:
1913:
1911:
467:began its advance through German-occupied
351:Stutthof concentration camp administration
40:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1458:Female guards in Nazi concentration camps
1141:Learn how and when to remove this message
491:, Lithuanian and Latvian intelligentsia,
399:, Ella Bergmann, Ella Blank, Gerda Bork,
262:) in the territory of the German-annexed
2497:von Richtfofen, Luisa (20 August 2024).
2155:. Indiana University Press. p. 57.
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1315:The Soviet/Polish Special Criminal Court
5483:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
2562:Harthorne, Michael (30 November 2017).
2013:Shermer, Michael; Alex Grobman (2002).
1489:
1463:List of Nazi-German concentration camps
207:63,000 - 65,000 (including 28,000 Jews)
5466:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
4826:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
2325:
2323:
2321:
2149:Bozena Shallcross (21 February 2011).
2021:. Univ. of California Press. pp.
1951:Chris Webb, Carmelo Lisciotto (2007),
1367:filmed a group of nude people playing
300:Even before the war began, the German
2375:. Associated Press. 25 February 2019.
1963:
1961:
1473:Rescue of Stutthof victims in Denmark
7:
2314:. Associated Press. 6 November 2018.
2277:Janina Grabowska (22 January 2009).
1925:The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust
1888:Matussek, Paul; et al. (1975).
1079:adding citations to reliable sources
5387:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
3398:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
2633:SS personnel serving at Ravensbrück
2355:Ahlswede, Elke (25 February 2019).
2072:. Gdynia Wydawnictwo Róża Wiatrów.
745:Danzig–Neufahrwasser (Gdańsk–
355:The camp staff consisted of German
5548:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
2657:Brief facts and photos of the camp
2406:Oltermann, Philip (23 July 2020).
62:Prisoner barracks after liberation
25:
5608:Museums in Pomeranian Voivodeship
5603:Lists of Nazi concentration camps
5230:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
3349:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
2338:Hope, Russell (6 November 2018).
1822:from the original on 5 March 2012
1612:"The Stutthof Museum in Sztutowo"
636:Institute of National Remembrance
483:, Polish civilians deported from
5598:1945 disestablishments in Poland
5407:Population transfers (1944–1946)
4456:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
3001:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
2639:SS personnel serving at Stutthof
1717:www.holocaustresearchproject.org
1468:Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles
1442:
1281:
1250:
1219:barge full of starving prisoners
1055:
379:In 1942 the first German female
79:
72:
56:
5510:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
5422:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
1894:. Springer-Verlag. p. 19.
1066:needs additional citations for
668:Gdańsk University of Technology
5618:World War II museums in Poland
4838:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
4814:36th Estonian Police Battalion
1257:First row from left to right:
1163:, September 1939 – August 1942
163:, September 1939 – August 1942
1:
5628:Death marches in World War II
5593:1939 establishments in Poland
5505:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
5335:Human medical experimentation
1877:] (in Danish). Gyldendal.
1713:"Stutthof Concentration Camp"
1208:Neuengamme concentration camp
1153:The camp had two commanders:
1090:"Stutthof concentration camp"
589:Alleged human soap production
176:2 September 1939 – 9 May 1945
5623:World War II sites in Poland
5613:Registered museums in Poland
3017:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
3011:German Earth and Stone Works
2333:. BBC News. 6 November 2018.
2139:Dziennik Baltycki 21.04.2011
1953:Stutthof Concentration Camp.
1756:. Indiana University Press.
1750:Benjamin B. Ferencz (2002).
1172:, August 1942 – January 1945
625:soap made from human corpses
359:guards and, after 1943, the
295:liquidation of Polish elites
168:, August 1942 – January 1945
18:List of subcamps of Stutthof
5588:Stutthof concentration camp
5540:Righteous Among the Nations
5427:Ministry of Public Security
4806:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
3416:Related articles by country
3162:Disciplinary and Penal Code
1637:. I.B Tauris. p. 302.
1550:Prisoner labour at Stutthof
1405:Martin Nielsen (politician)
728:Danzig–Burggraben in
493:Latvian resistance fighters
405:Hermine Boettcher-Brueckner
5644:
5452:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
4834:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
1695:Mennonite Quarterly Review
1383:, Norwegian international
1304:against former guards and
1239:
1221:was towed into harbour at
967:Schirkenpass (Scherokopas)
807:Außenarbeitslager Gerdauen
592:
518:from the camp in his book
509:Communist Party of Denmark
29:
5356:
5225:Sobibor perpetrator album
4856:
4810:Estonian Auxiliary Police
3937:
3920:Human medical experiments
3497:
3493:
3404:
3256:
3114:Identification of inmates
2523:. Reuters. 20 August 2024
1633:Winstone, Martin (2010).
1340:by the court in Hamburg.
642:processes done to create
563:Deutsche Ausrüstungswerke
473:Klooga concentration camp
67:
55:
48:
5473:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
4818:Latvian Auxiliary Police
4551:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
4053:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
2719:Nazi concentration camps
2603:22 February 2019 at the
2252:Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum
1686:Rempel, Gerhard (2010).
1542:Maria Przyłucka (1977).
1519:Harvard University Press
1353:Federal Court of Justice
627:at the lab of Professor
239:administration building.
5563:Garden of the Righteous
5315:Identification in camps
5308:Technical and logistics
4754:Order Police battalions
3324:Soviet prisoners of war
3056:SS construction brigade
2665:, German Studies Review
2609:Zeszyty Muzeum Stutthof
1592:Stutthof State Museum.
501:Soviet prisoners of war
335:" in June 1944. Mobile
319:), administered by the
248:Nazi concentration camp
50:Nazi concentration camp
4976:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
4441:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
2650:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1672:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1194:
1186:
1038:Zeyersniederkampen in
768:Außenstelle Elbing in
620:
612:
604:
574:Holocaust Encyclopedia
561:
539:
521:
455:
352:
321:German Security Police
240:
5515:Majdanek State Museum
4648:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
3552:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
3306:Sonder- und Ehrenhaft
3224:Schutzhaftlagerführer
2577:The New York Observer
2239:on 30 September 2007.
2102:German Studies Review
1192:
1184:
618:
610:
602:
593:Further information:
537:
453:
361:Ukrainian auxiliaries
350:
226:
120:54.32889°N 19.15389°E
4992:Mordechai Anielewicz
4703:Elisabeth Volkenrath
4588:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
4224:Arthur Liebehenschel
4149:Hermine Braunsteiner
4093:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
3261:Prisoner functionary
3068:Politische Abteilung
3023:SS-Totenkopfverbände
2047:Drobnicki, John A. "
1875:Report from Stutthof
1871:Rapport fra Stutthof
1521:. pp. 111–112.
1275:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
1075:improve this article
1001:Preußisch Stargard (
522:Rapport fra Stutthof
497:psychiatric patients
436:Waffen SS volunteers
417:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
374:SS and Police Leader
5530:March of the Living
5402:Holocaust survivors
5266:Vrba–Wetzler report
5042:Alexander Pechersky
5002:Mordechai Tenenbaum
4451:Alexander Palfinger
4274:Johann Schwarzhuber
3834:Międzyrzec Podlaski
3813:Lviv pogroms (1941)
3714:Sonderaktion Krakau
3344:Der Ort des Terrors
3293:Political prisoners
3283:Jehovah's Witnesses
2908:Natzweiler-Struthof
2476:The Huffington Post
1813:www.webcitation.org
1431:, Danish politician
264:Free City of Danzig
116: /
5445:West German trials
5240:Wannsee Conference
5027:Itzhak Katzenelson
4779:General Government
4264:Franz Reichleitner
4194:Fritz Hartjenstein
4184:Maximilian Grabner
4103:Bruno Streckenbach
3915:Grossaktion Warsaw
3568:Operation Reinhard
2641:, Axis History.com
2635:, Axis History.com
2549:. 30 November 2017
2395:. 17 October 2019.
2288:on 22 January 2009
2286:(Internet Archive)
2204:2011-05-21 at the
1736:Nunca Mas (2007),
1644:978-1-84-885-290-7
1614:. Pomorskie.travel
1195:
1187:
1167:SS-Sturmbannführer
1158:SS-Sturmbannführer
961:Schichau-Werft in
621:
613:
605:
540:
481:Polish underground
456:
434:Several Norwegian
403:, Erna Boettcher,
353:
268:invasion of Poland
241:
125:54.32889; 19.15389
5575:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5491:
5490:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5303:
5302:
5295:Sonderaktion 1005
5169:
5168:
4852:
4851:
4830:Ypatingasis būrys
4732:
4731:
4673:Johanna Langefeld
4668:Hildegard Lächert
4564:
4563:
4400:Alfred Trzebinski
4365:Franz von Bodmann
4317:Lorenz Hackenholt
4159:Theodor van Eupen
4098:Jakob Sporrenberg
3933:
3932:
3657:
3656:
3364:
3363:
3332:
3331:
3188:Arbeit macht frei
2661:Joachim Neander *
2622:Several authors,
2478:. 20 October 2021
2432:. 20 October 2021
2233:Dziennik Bałtycki
2180:. Wiadomosci24.pl
2162:978-0-253-00509-0
2079:978-83-62012-02-2
2032:978-0-520-23469-7
1970:The Polish Review
1901:978-3-642-66077-1
1600:on 22 March 2016.
1528:978-0-674-72598-0
1217:On 5 May 1945, a
1170:Paul-Werner Hoppe
1151:
1150:
1143:
1125:
1003:Starogard Gdański
644:anatomical models
363:brought in by SS-
221:
220:
196:Number of inmates
166:Paul-Werner Hoppe
16:(Redirected from
5635:
5457:Treblinka trials
5442:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5358:
5256:Graebe affidavit
5249:Witness accounts
5195:Frank memorandum
5180:
5075:
5062:Szmul Zygielbojm
5052:Frumka Płotnicka
5012:Leon Feldhendler
4997:Icchak Cukierman
4951:Ghetto uprisings
4881:
4874:
4867:
4858:
4802:Schutzmannschaft
4623:Feodor Fedorenko
4573:
4481:Wolfgang Birkner
4269:Heinrich Schwarz
4259:Josef Oberhauser
4234:Heinrich Matthes
4118:Dieter Wisliceny
4108:Richard Thomalla
4083:Heinz Reinefarth
4033:Heinrich Himmler
3978:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3939:
3903:Other atrocities
3540:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3499:
3495:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3368:
3254:
3239:Luftwaffe guards
2712:
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2581:
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2511:
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2508:
2506:
2501:. Duetsche Welle
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2430:Daily News Brief
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2235:. Archived from
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2020:
2009:
1982:10.2307/41550440
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1927:(3rd ed.).
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1446:
1445:
1429:Thøger Thøgersen
1359:Filming location
1345:Irmgard Furchner
1297:Nuremberg Trials
1285:
1259:Elisabeth Becker
1254:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1126:
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1083:
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892:Malken Mierzynek
811:Zheleznodorozhny
653:Nuremberg trials
566:
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440:Nordic countries
393:Elisabeth Becker
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5478:Stutthof trials
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5385:
5344:
5330:Holocaust train
5299:
5283:
5271:Witold's Report
5261:Gerstein Report
5244:
5210:Katzmann Report
5190:Auschwitz Album
5165:
5104:
5066:
5032:Michał Klepfisz
4980:
4939:
4888:
4885:
4848:
4788:
4758:Ordnungspolizei
4728:
4707:
4688:Erich Muhsfeldt
4618:Margot Dreschel
4603:Alexander Bülow
4560:
4556:Udo von Woyrsch
4546:Hermann Schaper
4541:Emanuel Schäfer
4526:Josef Meisinger
4486:Helmut Bischoff
4465:
4421:Heinz Auerswald
4409:
4351:
4299:
4293:
4289:Christian Wirth
4199:Gottlieb Hering
4122:
4088:Julian Scherner
4073:Georg Michalsen
4058:Franz Kutschera
4018:Odilo Globocnik
3969:
3966:
3929:
3898:
3760:
3718:
3699:Kielce cemetery
3653:
3590:
3529:
3526:
3489:
3400:
3395:
3365:
3360:
3328:
3314:"Race defilers"
3299:Nacht und Nebel
3245:
3202:
3195:Jedem das Seine
3082:
3029:
2989:
2721:
2716:
2684:" 2000. Vol. 2.
2682:Acta Cassubiana
2673:
2668:
2644:
2627:
2612:
2605:Wayback Machine
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2460:. 18 July 2021.
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2373:Washington Post
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2206:Wayback Machine
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2012:
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1939:
1931:. p. 195.
1921:Gilbert, Martin
1919:
1918:
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1867:Nielsen, Martin
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1507:
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1438:
1417:Julia Rodzińska
1399:A Time to Speak
1377:
1375:Notable inmates
1365:Artur Żmijewski
1361:
1295:The well known
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1263:Gerda Steinhoff
1255:
1244:
1242:Stutthof trials
1238:
1236:Stutthof trials
1179:
1147:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1084:
1082:
1072:
1060:
1049:
1044:
940:Pruszcz Gdański
843:KL Heiligenbeil
681:
640:bone maceration
597:
591:
581:(Thorn) and in
532:
489:Warsaw Uprising
448:
409:Gerda Steinhoff
345:
291:
250:established by
164:
124:
122:
118:
115:
110:
107:
105:
103:
102:
92:
91:
90:
89:
86:
85:
84:
63:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5641:
5639:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5580:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5544:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5520:Sobibór Museum
5517:
5512:
5507:
5501:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5448:
5446:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5398:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5361:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5277:Sonderkommando
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5220:Posen speeches
5217:
5215:Korherr Report
5212:
5207:
5205:Höfle telegram
5202:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5081:
5079:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5047:Witold Pilecki
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5022:Henryk Iwański
5019:
5017:Paweł Frenkiel
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4861:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4822:Arajs Kommando
4798:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4751:
4744:Einsatzgruppen
4740:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4698:Alice Orlowski
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4613:John Demjanjuk
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4511:Gerhard Flesch
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4472:Einsatzgruppen
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4414:Ghetto command
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4395:Horst Schumann
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4254:Johann Niemann
4251:
4246:
4241:
4239:Hermann Michel
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4214:Karl-Otto Koch
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4154:Irmfried Eberl
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4043:Fritz Katzmann
4040:
4035:
4030:
4028:Arthur Greiser
4025:
4023:Richard Glücks
4020:
4015:
4010:
4008:Ludwig Fischer
4005:
4000:
3998:Adolf Eichmann
3995:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3942:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3770:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3662:Mass shootings
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3649:Danzig-Matzkau
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3614:Kraków-Płaszów
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3502:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3337:Historiography
3334:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3319:Roma and Sinti
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3181:
3176:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2896:Mittelbau-Dora
2893:
2892:
2891:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2856:Kraków-Płaszów
2853:
2852:
2851:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2672:
2671:External links
2669:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2620:
2615:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2580:. 8 July 2015.
2568:
2534:
2512:
2489:
2463:
2443:
2417:
2398:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2317:
2299:
2269:
2242:
2220:
2210:
2191:
2168:
2161:
2141:
2127:
2085:
2078:
2053:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2031:
1976:(3): 265–269.
1957:
1944:
1937:
1907:
1900:
1880:
1858:
1833:
1797:
1776:
1762:
1742:
1729:
1704:
1678:
1650:
1643:
1625:
1603:
1567:
1534:
1527:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1450:Germany portal
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1388:
1381:Reidar Kvammen
1376:
1373:
1360:
1357:
1287:
1280:
1279:
1271:Erna Beilhardt
1269:; second row:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1240:Main article:
1237:
1234:
1223:Klintholm Havn
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1149:
1148:
1063:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1040:Kępiny Wielkie
1036:
1031:
1025:
1011:
1006:
999:
991:
986:
977:
968:
965:
959:
954:
950:Russoschin in
948:
943:
935:
926:
921:
916:
911:
899:
894:
889:
886:
879:
874:
870:Königsberg in
868:
863:
856:
850:
840:
834:
831:
826:
824:Graniczna Wieś
820:
814:
804:
799:
795:Gotenhafen in
793:
792:near Szczecin)
786:
783:Schichau-Werke
779:
772:
766:
759:
753:Danziger Werft
750:
743:
732:
726:
721:
714:
707:
701:
692:
685:
680:
677:
673:denazification
629:Rudolf Spanner
590:
587:
531:
528:
512:Martin Nielsen
447:
444:
397:Erna Beilhardt
370:Fritz Katzmann
344:
341:
333:Final Solution
290:
287:
276:intelligentsia
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
197:
193:
192:
182:
178:
177:
174:
170:
169:
158:
154:
153:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
100:
94:
93:
87:
78:
77:
71:
70:
69:
68:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5640:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5417:Kielce pogrom
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5382:
5377:
5375:
5370:
5368:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5355:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5235:Stroop Report
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5175:Documentation
5172:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5007:Marek Edelman
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:Organizations
4891:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4870:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4794:Collaboration
4791:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:Organizations
4735:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:Eduard Lorenz
4681:
4679:
4678:Anton Lechner
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4663:Josef Kollmer
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:Kurt Gerstein
4631:
4629:
4628:Hans Hoffmann
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4598:Juana Bormann
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4536:Erich Naumann
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4491:Lothar Beutel
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4461:Jürgen Stroop
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4431:Josef Blösche
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4405:Eduard Wirths
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Josef Mengele
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:Horst Fischer
4378:
4376:
4375:Karl Gebhardt
4373:
4371:
4370:Carl Clauberg
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:Ludwig Plagge
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4332:Herbert Lange
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:Kurt Bolender
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:Gustav Wagner
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
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2750:Bergen-Belsen
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1193:Camp memorial
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1131:February 2024
1123:
1120:
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1099:
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1092: –
1091:
1087:
1086:Find sources:
1080:
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1069:
1064:This article
1062:
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971:Schippenbeil/
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822:Grenzdorf in
821:
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802:Gdynia-Orłowo
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740:Ostrów Island
737:
734:Danzig–Holm (
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688:Bottschin in
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547:Gassing with
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505:Horserød camp
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385:Aufseherinnen
382:
377:
376:of the area.
375:
372:, the Higher
371:
368:
367:
366:Gruppenführer
362:
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313:Danzig police
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95:
75:
66:
59:
54:
51:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
5276:
5200:Höcker Album
5183:Nazi sources
5071:Victim lists
5037:Miles Lerman
4844:Trawniki men
4784:Hotel Polski
4693:Detlef Nebbe
4658:Oswald Kaduk
4653:Karl Jeschke
4531:Bruno Müller
4521:Felix Landau
4506:Ernst Damzog
4501:Karl Brunner
4470:
4446:Franz Konrad
4347:Adolf Theuer
4300:executioners
4279:Franz Stangl
4249:Robert Mulka
4219:Josef Kramer
4169:Karl Frenzel
4139:Richard Baer
4134:Hans Aumeier
4127:Camp command
4113:Otto Wächter
3993:Josef Bühler
3988:Viktor Brack
3974:Perpetrators
3628:
3566:
3408:Main article
3353:
3304:
3297:
3193:
3186:
3171:
3109:Forced labor
3099:Action 14f14
3094:Action 14f13
3034:Subdivisions
3021:
2960:
2649:
2608:
2575:
2551:. Retrieved
2546:
2537:
2525:. Retrieved
2515:
2503:. Retrieved
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2475:
2466:
2455:
2446:
2434:. Retrieved
2429:
2420:
2412:The Guardian
2411:
2401:
2393:The Guardian
2392:
2383:
2372:
2360:
2350:
2311:
2302:
2290:. Retrieved
2283:the original
2272:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2237:the original
2232:
2223:
2213:
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2171:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2130:
2108:(1): 63–86.
2105:
2101:
2069:
2043:
2016:
1973:
1969:
1947:
1924:
1890:
1883:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1849:. Retrieved
1845:
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1812:
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1752:
1745:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1681:
1671:
1634:
1628:
1618:30 September
1616:. Retrieved
1606:
1598:the original
1558:. Retrieved
1549:
1544:
1537:
1513:
1423:Balys Sruoga
1398:
1394:
1362:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1319:Johann Pauls
1312:
1305:
1294:
1231:
1216:
1204:
1196:
1152:
1137:
1128:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1085:
1073:Please help
1068:verification
1065:
1028:Westerplatte
995:
989:Sophienwalde
981:
972:
939:
907:
877:Krzemieniewo
859:
852:Hopehill in
816:Graudenz in
706:in Bydgoszcz
695:Bromberg-Ost
682:
657:
633:
622:
572:
558:
541:
519:
477:
457:
433:
425:Bromberg-Ost
420:
413:Ewa Paradies
390:
383:
380:
378:
364:
356:
354:
325:
310:
302:Selbstschutz
299:
292:
280:
272:World War II
252:Nazi Germany
243:
242:
236:
232:
212:Liberated by
5320:Gas chamber
5288:Concealment
5279:photographs
5126:Gross-Rosen
5095:Lviv (Lwów)
5057:Roza Robota
4961:Częstochowa
4593:Herta Bothe
4583:Hans Anhalt
4576:Camp guards
4516:Ludwig Hahn
4496:Paul Blobel
4436:Franz Bürkl
4426:Hans Biebow
4385:Fritz Klein
4322:Josef Klehr
4307:Erich Bauer
4298:Gas chamber
4244:Karl Möckel
4229:Maria Mandl
4204:Rudolf Höss
4189:Otto Hantke
4078:Oswald Pohl
4068:Ernst Lerch
3879:Stanisławów
3789:Częstochowa
3679:Bronna Góra
3609:Gross-Rosen
3604:Auschwitz I
3278:Homosexuals
3219:Lagerführer
3104:Early camps
3041:Appellplatz
2937:Ravensbrück
2932:Niederhagen
2798:Gross-Rosen
2786:Flossenbürg
2733:Arbeitsdorf
2628:(in Polish)
2613:(in Polish)
2553:24 February
2482:20 December
2342:. Sky News.
2292:12 November
2258:: 165–180.
1560:11 February
1411:Ingrid Pitt
1391:Helen Lewis
1267:Wanda Klaff
1177:Death march
1047:Commandants
902:Camp Nawitz
881:Lauenburg (
872:Kaliningrad
836:Gwisdyn in
761:Dzimianen (
704:DAG Factory
516:death march
487:during the
465:Soviet army
401:Herta Bothe
173:Operational
146:Operated by
123: /
98:Coordinates
5582:Categories
4643:Irma Grese
4638:Paul Götze
4608:Luise Danz
4357:Physicians
4164:Kurt Franz
4013:Hans Frank
3981:Organizers
3925:Heidelager
3273:"Asocials"
3214:Commandant
2920:Neuengamme
2880:Mauthausen
2832:Kaiserwald
2762:Buchenwald
2726:Main camps
2646:"Stutthof"
2436:20 October
2414:. Hamburg.
2184:14 January
2051:." (2018).
1790:21 January
1722:6 February
1479:References
1349:war crimes
1101:newspapers
980:Seerappen/
716:Chorabie (
660:fat tissue
585:(Elbing).
569:Focke-Wulf
530:Conditions
337:gas wagons
233:Death gate
157:Commandant
152:government
111:19°09′14″E
108:54°19′44″N
5497:Memorials
5394:Aftermath
5161:Treblinka
5116:Auschwitz
4971:Treblinka
4956:Białystok
4944:Uprisings
4724:Treblinka
4569:Personnel
4337:Otto Moll
4327:Hans Koch
4179:Amon Göth
3910:Action T4
3874:Sosnowiec
3844:Nowy Sącz
3779:Białystok
3746:Szczuczyn
3694:Erntefest
3684:Bydgoszcz
3669:Białystok
3584:Treblinka
3460:Lithuania
3250:Prisoners
3234:Wehrmacht
3207:Personnel
3179:Selection
3155:Muselmann
3026:(Camp SS)
2738:Auschwitz
2527:20 August
2505:20 August
2264:0137-5377
2114:0149-7952
2006:254434249
1990:0032-2970
1929:Routledge
1484:Citations
1363:In 1999,
1200:Lauenburg
1161:Max Pauly
1030:in Gdańsk
1019:Org. Todt
897:Mikoszewo
854:Nadbrzeże
838:Gwiździny
818:Grudziądz
781:Elbing /
776:Org. Todt
774:Elbing /
763:Dziemiany
747:Nowy Port
699:Bydgoszcz
679:Sub-camps
461:Auschwitz
446:Prisoners
429:Bydgoszcz
306:Pomerania
161:Max Pauly
5340:Zyklon B
5156:Trawniki
5151:Stutthof
5136:Majdanek
3884:Tarnopol
3824:Lubartów
3736:Jedwabne
3639:Trawniki
3629:Stutthof
3619:Potulice
3562:Majdanek
3480:Slovakia
3183:Slogans
3150:Language
2994:Agencies
2978:subcamps
2966:subcamps
2961:Stutthof
2954:subcamps
2942:subcamps
2925:subcamps
2913:subcamps
2901:subcamps
2889:subcamps
2873:subcamps
2868:Majdanek
2861:subcamps
2849:subcamps
2837:subcamps
2825:subcamps
2814:subcamps
2803:subcamps
2791:subcamps
2779:subcamps
2767:subcamps
2755:subcamps
2743:subcamps
2601:Archived
2547:BBC News
2312:CBS News
2202:Archived
2122:27667954
1998:41550440
1923:(2002).
1869:(1947).
1817:Archived
1511:(2011).
1436:See also
1385:football
1034:Wiślinka
985:, Russia
982:Lyublino
976:, Poland
957:Brodnica
946:Przebrno
933:Potulice
929:Potulitz
919:Obrzycko
862:, Russia
847:Mamonovo
788:Pölitz (
785:(Elbląg)
778:(Elbląg)
730:Kokoszki
724:Cieszyny
549:Zyklon B
256:Sztutowo
244:Stutthof
216:Red Army
140:Sztutowo
136:Location
44:Stutthof
32:Struthof
5325:Gas van
5141:Sobibór
5078:Ghettos
4985:Leaders
4966:Sobibor
4719:Sobibor
4712:By camp
3859:Siedlce
3766:Ghettos
3751:Tykocin
3723:Pogroms
3709:Palmiry
3634:Szebnie
3579:Sobibor
3557:Chełmno
3485:Ukraine
3470:Romania
3450:Germany
3440:Estonia
3435:Denmark
3430:Croatia
3425:Belgium
3420:Belarus
3051:Subcamp
2973:Vaivara
2820:Hinzert
2591:Sources
2457:Hamodia
2361:Reuters
1851:23 July
1826:23 July
1769:24 June
1212:Hamburg
1115:scholar
1013:Thorn (
973:Sępopol
952:Rusocin
938:Praust/
924:Pelplin
906:Nawitz/
860:Juschny
709:Bruss (
469:Estonia
199:110,000
181:Inmates
36:Stuthof
5437:Trials
5412:Bricha
5146:Soldau
5131:Izbica
5121:Bełżec
5100:Warsaw
5085:Kraków
4925:Żegota
3894:Warsaw
3869:Słonim
3864:Sambor
3839:Mizocz
3829:Lublin
3804:Kraków
3799:Kielce
3794:Grodno
3774:Będzin
3756:Wąsosz
3732:(1946)
3730:Kielce
3644:Warsaw
3624:Soldau
3574:Belzec
3475:Russia
3465:Norway
3455:Latvia
3445:France
3143:Yellow
3138:Purple
3118:Badges
3087:Topics
3073:Revier
3013:(DEST)
2985:Warsaw
2774:Dachau
2262:
2159:
2120:
2112:
2076:
2029:
2023:114–17
2004:
1996:
1988:
1935:
1898:
1760:
1641:
1552:]
1525:
1387:player
1302:Gdańsk
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1088:
996:Słupsk
994:Stolp/
963:Gdańsk
914:Niskie
883:Lębork
866:Kolkau
858:Jesau/
833:Gutowo
829:Grodno
797:Gdynia
790:Police
770:Elbląg
757:Gdańsk
736:Gdańsk
718:Chorab
690:Bocień
583:Elbląg
554:phenol
544:typhus
485:Warsaw
415:, and
317:Dachau
283:Allies
260:Gdańsk
246:was a
204:Killed
150:German
5109:Camps
4769:RKFDV
3889:Wilno
3854:Radom
3849:Pińsk
3784:Brest
3689:Dynów
3535:Camps
3123:Black
2884:Gusen
2844:Kauen
2607:from
2118:JSTOR
2002:S2CID
1994:JSTOR
1873:[
1846:Issuu
1820:(PDF)
1809:(PDF)
1691:(PDF)
1554:(PDF)
1548:[
1307:kapos
1227:Malmö
1210:near
1122:JSTOR
1108:books
1023:Toruń
1021:) in
908:Nawcz
711:Brusy
579:Toruń
343:Staff
185:Poles
5552:List
5090:Łódź
4910:Bund
4774:VoMi
4764:WVHA
3819:Łódź
3809:Lwów
3741:Lviv
3288:Jews
3266:Kapo
3133:Pink
3116:and
2882:and
2555:2023
2529:2024
2507:2024
2484:2022
2438:2021
2294:2014
2260:ISSN
2186:2016
2157:ISBN
2110:ISSN
2074:ISBN
2027:ISBN
1986:ISSN
1933:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1853:2020
1828:2020
1792:2013
1771:2013
1758:ISBN
1724:2021
1674:2014
1639:ISBN
1620:2021
1562:2015
1523:ISBN
1094:news
1009:Susz
666:and
289:Camp
189:Jews
4935:ŻZW
4930:ŻOB
4920:PKB
4905:AOB
2680:. "
1978:doi
1395:née
1369:tag
1077:by
1015:AEG
931:in
904:in
755:in
697:in
664:IPN
655:.
304:in
270:in
229:DAW
34:or
5584::
4915:GL
4900:AK
4836:/
4832:,
4828:,
4824:,
4820:,
4816:,
4812:/
4808:,
4748:SS
3355:KL
2648:.
2574:.
2545:.
2474:.
2454:.
2428:.
2410:.
2391:.
2371:.
2359:.
2320:^
2310:.
2231:.
2116:.
2106:29
2104:.
2088:^
2056:^
2025:.
2000:.
1992:.
1984:.
1974:56
1972:.
1960:^
1910:^
1844:.
1815:.
1811:.
1715:.
1699:84
1697:.
1693:.
1653:^
1570:^
1517:.
1492:^
1355:.
1273:,
1265:,
1261:,
1017:,
631:.
499:,
495:,
431:.
421:SS
411:,
395:,
381:SS
357:SS
328:SS
237:SS
187:,
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5550:(
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5366:v
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2296:.
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2188:.
2165:.
2124:.
2082:.
2035:.
2008:.
1980::
1941:.
1904:.
1855:.
1830:.
1794:.
1773:.
1726:.
1676:.
1647:.
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1564:.
1531:.
1401:)
1393:(
1144:)
1138:(
1133:)
1129:(
1119:·
1112:·
1105:·
1098:·
1071:.
1005:)
885:)
849:)
845:(
813:)
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765:)
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742:)
738:–
720:)
713:)
38:.
20:)
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