3159:
30:
3301:
917:
451:
3278:
3236:
3222:
3166:
3194:
3250:
3208:
3264:
3180:
5857:
Lin, Jiamei; Svensson, Anders; Hvidberg, Christine S.; Lohmann, Johannes; Kristiansen, Steffen; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Steffensen, Jørgen Peder; Rasmussen, Sune
Olander; Cook, Eliza; Kjær, Helle Astrid; Vinther, Bo M.; Fischer, Hubertus; Stocker, Thomas; Sigl, Michael; Bigler, Matthias; Severi, Mirko;
3376:
volcano, respectively. The subglacial Loki-Fögrufjöll volcanic system located SW of Bárðarbunga volcano is also part of the Bárðarbunga volcanic system and contains two subglacial ridges extending from the largely subglacial
Hamarinn central volcano (15 km southwest of Bárðarbunga); the Loki
5621:
McConnell, Joseph R.; Sigl, Michael; Plunkett, Gill; Burke, Andrea; Kim, Woon Mi; Raible, Christoph C.; Wilson, Andrew I.; Manning, Joseph G.; Ludlow, Francis; Chellman, Nathan J.; Innes, Helen M.; Yang, Zhen; Larsen, Jessica F.; Schaefer, Janet R.; Kipfstuhl, Sepp; Mojtabavi, Seyedhamidreza;
4115:
Zielinski, G. A.; Mayewski, P. A.; Meeker, L. D.; Whitlow, S.; Twickler, M. S.; Morrison, M.; Meese, D. A.; Gow, A. J.; Alley, R. B. (13 May 1994). "Record of
Volcanism Since 7000 B.C. from the GISP2 Greenland Ice Core and Implications for the Volcano-Climate System".
4071:
Helama, Samuli; Lindholm, Markus; Timonen, Mauri; Meriläinen, Jouko; Eronen, Matti (September 2002). "The supra-long Scots pine tree-ring record for
Finnish Lapland: Part 2, interannual to centennial variability in summer temperatures for 7500 years".
6600:
4027:
Eronen, Matti; Zetterberg, Pentti; Briffa, Keith R.; Lindholm, Markus; Meriläinen, Jouko; Timonen, Mauri (September 2002). "The supra-long Scots pine tree-ring record for
Finnish Lapland: Part 1, chronology construction and initial inferences".
3547:
There are two peaks in the Colima volcano complex: Nevado de Colima (4,330 m), which is older and inactive, lies 5 km north of the younger and very active 3,860 m Volcán de Colima (also called Volcán de Fuego de
6750:
Briggs, R.M.; Gifford, M.G.; Moyle, A.R.; Taylor, S.R.; Normaff, M.D.; Houghton, B.F.; Wilson, C.J.N. (1993). "Geochemical zoning and eruptive mixing in ignimbrites from
Mangakino volcano, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand".
7317:
5466:
Dull, Robert A.; Southon, John R.; Kutterolf, Steffen; Anchukaitis, Kevin J.; Freundt, Armin; Wahl, David B.; Sheets, Payson; Amaroli, Paul; Hernandez, Walter; Wiemann, Michael C.; Oppenheimer, Clive (October 2019).
6601:
https://figshare.le.ac.uk/articles/thesis/A_study_of_the_stratigraphy_lithofacies_and_geochemistry_of_Taal_Caldera_Volcano_Philippines_and_its_implications_for_the_understanding_of_flooded_caldera_volcanoes/20342964
5952:
P de Klerk; W Janke; P Kühn; M Theuerkauf (December 2008). "Environmental impact of the
Laacher See eruption at a large distance from the volcano: Integrated palaeoecological studies from Vorpommern (NE Germany)".
5988:
Baales, Michael; Jöris, Olaf; Street, Martin; Bittmann, Felix; Weninger, Bernhard; Wiethold, Julian (November 2002). "Impact of the Late
Glacial Eruption of the Laacher See Volcano, Central Rhineland, Germany".
6283:
De Vivo, B.; Rolandi, G.; Gans, P. B.; Calvert, A.; Bohrson, W. A.; Spera, F. J.; Belkin, H. E. (November 2001). "New constraints on the pyroclastic eruptive history of the
Campanian volcanic Plain (Italy)".
7008:"Petrography and geochemistry of lithic fragments in ignimbrites from the Mangakino Volcanic Centre: implications for the composition of the subvolcanic crust in western Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand"
6484:
Crick, Laura; Burke, Andrea; Hutchison, William; Kohno, Mika; Moore, Kathryn A.; Savarino, Joel; Doyle, Emily A.; Mahony, Sue; Kipfstuhl, Sepp; Rae, James W. B.; Steele, Robert C. J. (2021-10-18).
33:
6827:
Gudmundsson, Magnús T.; Thórdís Högnadóttir (January 2007). "Volcanic systems and calderas in the Vatnajökull region, central
Iceland: Constraints on crustal structure from gravity data".
5350:
Yang, Qingyuan; Jenkins, Susanna F.; Lerner, Geoffrey A.; Li, Weiran; Suzuki, Takehiko; McLean, Danielle; Derkachev, A. N.; Utkin, I. V.; Wei, Haiquan; Xu, Jiandong; Pan, Bo (2021-10-23).
4167:
Zielinski, Gregory A. (1995). "Stratospheric loading and optical depth estimates of explosive volcanism over the last 2100 years derived from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core".
3594:
volcanic complex, East of Nagasaki, Japan, comprises three large stratovolcanoes with complex structures, Kinugasa on the North, Fugen-dake at the East-center, and Kusenbu on the South.
41:
3317:), West and North Volcanic Zones (RVZ, WVZ, NVZ) and the East Volcanic Zone (EVZ). The Mid-Iceland Belt (MIB) connects them across central Iceland. There are two intraplate belts too (
37:
6370:
Mark, Darren F.; Renne, Paul R.; Dymock, Ross C.; Smith, Victoria C.; Simon, Justin I.; Morgan, Leah E.; Staff, Richard A.; Ellis, Ben S.; Pearce, Nicholas J. G. (2017-04-01).
38:
34:
5822:
Arce, J. L.; Macías, J. L.; Vázquez-Selem, L. (1 February 2003). "The 10.5 ka Plinian eruption of Nevado de Toluca volcano, Mexico: Stratigraphy and hazard implications".
5130:
Gao, Chaochao; Robock, A.; Self, S.; Witter, J. B.; Steffenson, J. P.; Clausen, H. B.; Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L.; Johnsen, S.; Mayewski, P. A.; Ammann, C. (27 June 2006).
55:
53:
52:
51:
3497:
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Maroa Volcanic Center. The Maroa Caldera formed in the Northeast corner of the Whakamaru Caldera. The Whakamaru Caldera partially overlaps with the
7039:
46:
44:
40:
295:
ice core; Bipolar comparison; Antarctic ice core (Bunder and Cole-Dai, 2003); Antarctic ice core (Cole-Dai et al., 1997); Crête ice core, in central Greenland,
4373:
Crowley, Thomas J.; Criste, Tamara A.; Smith, Neil R. (5 February 1993). "Reassessment of Crete (Greenland) ice core acidity/volcanism link to climate change".
4205:
Clausen, Henrik B.; Hammer, Claus U.; Hvidberg, Christine S.; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Steffensen, Jørgen P.; Kipfstuhl, Josef; Legrand, Michel (30 November 1997).
3158:
6612:
Froggatt, P. C.; Nelson, C. S.; Carter, L.; Griggs, G.; Black, K. P. (13 February 1986). "An exceptionally large late Quaternary eruption from New Zealand".
5917:
van den Bogaard, P (1995). "Ar/(Ar) ages of sanidine phenocrysts from Laacher See Tephra (12,900 yr BP): Chronostratigraphic and petrological significance".
54:
7108:
4246:
Langway, C. C.; Osada, K.; Clausen, H. B.; Hammer, C. U.; Shoji, H. (1995). "A 10-century comparison of prominent bipolar volcanic events in ice cores".
3520:, then the Coromandel Volcanic Zone (CVZ), then the Mangakino caldera complex and the Kapenga Caldera and then the rest of the Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ).
35:
6971:
L. M. Parson & I. C. Wright (1996). "The Lau-Havre-Taupo back-arc basin: A southward-propagating, multi-stage evolution from rifting to spreading".
6329:"A review of late Quaternary silicic and some other tephra formations from New Zealand: their stratigraphy, nomenclature, distribution, volume, and age"
3555:
Caldera cuts the flank of the Late Pleistocene or Holocene Tavani Ruru volcano, the submarine volcano Karua lies near the northern rim of Kuwae Caldera.
56:
5307:
Oppenheimer, Clive (19 March 2003). "Ice core and palaeoclimatic evidence for the timing and nature of the great mid-13th century volcanic eruption".
4872:
Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815".
5805:
47:
7241:
5860:"Magnitude, frequency and climate forcing of global volcanism during the last glacial period as seen in Greenland and Antarctic ice cores (60–9 ka)"
4622:
4990:
4946:
3984:
Hantemirov, Rashit M.; Shiyatov, Stepan G. (September 2002). "A continuous multimillennial ring-width chronology in Yamal, northwestern Siberia".
3577:, New Britain, Papua New Guinea, is a young post-caldera cone within the Witori Caldera. The Buru Caldera cuts the SW flank of the Witori volcano.
60:
42:
36:
3654:
the volcanic fields are nested. The McDermit volcanic field, is also named Orevada rift volcanic field. The Latir-Questa volcanic locus and the
45:
4320:
The number and magnitude of large explosive volcanic eruptions between 904 and 1865 A.D.: Quantitative evidence from a new South Pole ice core
311:
6724:
4700:
4313:
3332:
of Vonarskard and Hágöngur belong to the same volcanic system; this also applies to Bárðarbunga and Hamarinn, and Grímsvötn and Þórðarhyrna.
6863:
5738:"Absolute tree-ring dates for the Late Bronze Age eruptions of Aniakchak and Thera in light of a proposed revision of ice-core chronologies"
7363:
5777:
5132:"The 1452 or 1453 A.D. Kuwae eruption signal derived from multiple ice core records: Greatest volcanic sulfate event of the past 700 years"
5021:
Abstract: it is suggested that "Thompson Island",... may have disappeared as a result of a volcanic eruption during the nineteenth century.
4509:
Lisiecki, Lorraine E; Raymo, Maureen E (2005). "Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of globally distributed benthic stable oxygen isotope records".
4283:"The number and magnitude of explosive volcanic eruptions between 904 and 1865 A.D.: Quantitative evidence from a new South Pole ice core"
43:
39:
5624:"Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom"
3353:
form another volcanic system. Although the Eldgjá canyon and the Laki fissure are very near from each other, lava from the Katla and the
6167:"The 26.5 ka Oruanui Eruption, Taupo Volcano, New Zealand: Development, Characteristics and Evacuation of a Large Rhyolitic Magma Body"
3490:
Taupō Volcanic Zone, the Mangakino Volcanic Center is the westernmost and oldest rhyolitic caldera volcano in the Taupō Volcanic Zone.
7368:
7327:
7312:
6134:"The 26.5 ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: a review of the roles of volcanism and climate in the post-eruptive sedimentary response"
5592:
5554:
7060:
6734:
3291:
372:
7342:
7322:
4207:"A comparison of the volcanic records over the past 4000 years from the Greenland Ice Core Project and Dye 3 Greenland ice cores"
655:
3909:
7269:
7079:
6053:
4743:
4692:
4648:
927:
7332:
7101:
3432:
1576:
712:
327:
6553:"Distribution and Eruptive Volume of Aso-4 Pyroclastic Density Current and Tephra Fall Deposits, Japan: A M8 Super-Eruption"
59:
58:
57:
49:
5177:
Witter, J.B.; Self S. (January 2007). "The Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption of AD 1452: potential magnitude and volatile release".
68:
7234:
230:
timetable as well, at least not as VEI 6. The timetables of Global Volcanism Program; Bristlecone pine tree-rings (
152:
50:
3659:
3655:
3480:
2290:
1469:
978:
281:
112:
6206:
5469:"Radiocarbon and geologic evidence reveal Ilopango volcano as source of the colossal 'mystery' eruption of 539/40 CE"
807:
625:
Emission of sulfur dioxide around the amount of the 1815 Tambora eruption (ice cores from Antarctica and Greenland).
48:
7274:
288:
92:
72:
6689:"Physical geology and eruptive history of the Matahina Ignimbrite, Taupo Volcanic Zone, North Island, New Zealand"
7094:
3502:
184:
6464:
5843:
17:
5422:
5224:"Source of the great A.D. 1257 mystery eruption unveiled, Samalas volcano, Rinjani Volcanic Complex, Indonesia"
5064:
4824:
3663:
3651:
769:
227:
7178:
6904:
6372:"High-precision 40Ar/39Ar dating of pleistocene tuffs and temporal anchoring of the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary"
5517:
3525:
Santorini, South Aegean Volcanic Arc. The southern Aegean is one of the most rapidly deforming regions of the
536:
428:
148:
3368:, the Veidivötn and Trollagigar fissures form one volcanic system, which extend about 100 km SW to near
7227:
5525:
5427:
5179:
5069:
4829:
4572:
Baillie, M.G.L. (1994). "Dendrochronology raises questions about the nature of the AD 536 dust-veil event".
3715:
3671:
3574:
3424:
3082:
1868:
1688:
1310:
1019:
204:
5048:. Thera and the Aegean World III: Proceedings of the Third Thera Conference. Vol. II. pp. 100–12.
7279:
5803:
Volcanic hazards in the Kermadec Islands and at submarine volcanoes between southern Tonga and New Zealand
5802:
4850:
3388:
3121:
1131:
1081:
212:
124:
6928:
Cole, J.W. (1990). "Structural control and origin of volcanism in the Taupo volcanic zone, New Zealand".
7033:
898:
617:
609:
256:
6097:
Wilson, Colin J. N. (2001). "The 26.5 ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: an introduction and overview".
5005:
4950:
7075:
6371:
5778:"An ancient Bronze Age village (3500 bp) destroyed by the pumice eruption in Avellino (Nola-Campania)"
5046:
Assessment of mass, dynamics and environmental effects of the Minoan eruption of the Santorini volcano
3357:
volcanic systems result in transitional alkalic basalts and lava from the central volcanoes result in
3300:
6980:
6937:
6878:
6836:
6760:
6621:
6564:
6497:
6452:
6293:
6239:
6178:
6106:
6062:
5998:
5962:
5926:
5871:
5831:
5694:
5635:
5483:
5363:
5316:
5235:
5188:
5143:
5102:
4920:
4785:
4657:
4581:
4538:
4479:
4431:
4382:
4345:
4293:
4255:
4218:
4176:
4125:
4081:
4037:
3993:
3944:
3667:
6660:"Silicic volcanism: An undervalued component of large igneous provinces and volcanic rifted margins"
5234:(42). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: 16742–16747.
3318:
91:
This article is a list of historical volcanic eruptions of approximately magnitude 6 or more on the
7294:
7133:
6786:
3484:
3396:
3106:
2981:
2977:
1914:
1557:
1306:
1112:
642:
208:
200:
76:
6658:
Bryan, Scott E.; Teal R. Riley; Dougal A. Jerram; Christopher J. Stephens; Philip T. Leat (2002).
5812:, Volcanic hazards information series 4. Wellington, New Zealand. Ministry of Civil Defence. 44 p.
5417:
4971:
3716:"Supplementary Table to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009) Major volcanic eruptions and provinces"
905:
provide compelling evidence to link the ice core sulfate spike of 1258/1259 A.D. to this volcano.
95:(VEI) or equivalent sulfur dioxide emission during the Holocene, and Pleistocene eruptions of the
7304:
6953:
6688:
6637:
6582:
6533:
6411:
6309:
6031:
6014:
5899:
5759:
5718:
5499:
5399:
5332:
5204:
4889:
4801:
4597:
4554:
4497:
4455:
4149:
4097:
4053:
4009:
3960:
3456:
3314:
2051:
1089:
996:
634:
341:
223:
80:
5781:
5682:
3342:
volcano (Long NE-SW-trending fissure systems, including Laki, extend from the central volcano).
7183:
7056:
6864:"Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: Volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history"
6730:
6525:
6403:
6265:
6048:
5710:
5663:
5391:
5263:
4706:
4696:
4408:
4309:
4141:
3365:
3358:
2869:
2786:
1849:
1610:
788:
731:
303:
84:
64:
6659:
4292:. Geophysical Monograph Series. Vol. 139. American Geophysical Union. pp. 165–176.
7264:
7163:
7117:
7019:
6988:
6945:
6886:
6844:
6806:
6768:
6700:
6629:
6572:
6515:
6505:
6460:
6393:
6383:
6350:
6340:
6301:
6255:
6247:
6186:
6145:
6114:
6070:
6006:
5970:
5934:
5930:
5889:
5879:
5839:
5749:
5702:
5683:"Revised estimates for the volume of the Late Bronze Age Minoan eruption, Santorini, Greece"
5653:
5643:
5491:
5468:
5381:
5371:
5324:
5253:
5243:
5196:
5151:
5110:
4928:
4881:
4793:
4665:
4589:
4546:
4514:
4487:
4468:"Correction to "A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δO records""
4447:
4439:
4390:
4353:
4301:
4263:
4226:
4184:
4133:
4089:
4045:
4001:
3952:
3567:
3517:
3498:
3460:
3436:
2480:
2282:
2244:
2168:
2085:
1808:
1519:
1414:
1139:
498:
272:
219:
136:
108:
96:
6486:"New insights into the ~ 74 ka Toba eruption from sulfur isotopes of polar ice cores"
5859:
5131:
4909:"Ice core evidence for an explosive tropical volcanic eruption six years preceding Tambora"
7284:
6646:
The minimum total volume of tephra is 1,200 km but probably nearer 2,000 km, ...
6437:
5809:
5600:
5562:
5441:
5281:
3929:
3913:
3604:
3468:
3452:
3440:
3420:
3408:
3404:
3392:
3329:
3097:
2996:
2928:
2849:
2766:
2732:
2286:
2263:
2225:
1781:
1743:
1480:
1454:
1328:
1181:
1135:
1046:
931:
704:
277:
244:
3339:
2622:
estimated 150 to 1,000 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted (Youngest Toba Tuff).
2187:
671:
6984:
6941:
6882:
6840:
6764:
6625:
6568:
6501:
6456:
6297:
6243:
6182:
6110:
6066:
6002:
5966:
5875:
5835:
5698:
5639:
5487:
5367:
5320:
5239:
5192:
5147:
5106:
4924:
4908:
4789:
4661:
4585:
4542:
4483:
4435:
4386:
4349:
4297:
4259:
4222:
4180:
4129:
4085:
4041:
3997:
3948:
7289:
7208:
7006:
Krippner, Stephen J. P., Briggs, Roger M., Wilson, Colin J. N., Cole, James W. (1998).
6260:
6227:
5658:
5623:
5258:
5223:
4765:
4730:
4282:
3638:
3631:
3559:
3541:
3428:
3412:
3369:
3322:
2420:
2401:
2115:
2092:
2070:
1804:
1707:
1634:
1595:
1347:
1158:
1066:
837:
663:
555:
478:
337:
266:
238:
232:
192:
176:
6992:
6118:
3634:
is a localized area of the Earth's crust that is prone to localized volcanic activity.
7357:
7168:
6957:
6772:
6586:
6537:
6313:
5938:
5903:
5763:
5722:
5622:
Wilhelms, Frank; Opel, Thomas; Meyer, Hanno; Steffensen, Jørgen Peder (7 July 2020).
5503:
5403:
5336:
5208:
4893:
4615:
4601:
4501:
4416:
4412:
4334:"Annually resolved southern hemisphere volcanic history from two Antarctic ice cores"
4101:
4013:
3905:
3472:
3464:
3416:
3400:
3350:
2810:
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Matahina Ignimbrite, Haroharo Caldera, North Island, New Zealand
2538:
2499:
2374:
2096:
1826:
1800:
1249:
880:
876:
659:
593:
307:
188:
140:
6438:"Eruptive History of Earth's Largest Quaternary caldera (Toba, Indonesia) Clarified"
6415:
6018:
5495:
4805:
4558:
4459:
4153:
4057:
3964:
3641:(aka a volcanic complex) is a collection of related volcanoes or volcanic landforms.
916:
7188:
7158:
6641:
6485:
6345:
6328:
4769:
4734:
3658:
seem to be in a similar area. The Southwest Nevada volcanic field, the Crater Flat-
3584:
3476:
3448:
3444:
2790:
2456:
2382:
2133:
1937:
1891:
1762:
1653:
1538:
1287:
750:
646:
638:
315:
299:
250:
160:
132:
7024:
7007:
6705:
6150:
6133:
3427:. The Taupō Volcanic Zone forms a southern portion of the active Lau-Havre-Taupō
2460:
2012:
6388:
5974:
4137:
829:
175–700 million tons of sulfuric acid; only small pyroclastic flows are found at
7203:
6228:"Sedimentation and mobility of PDCs: a reappraisal of ignimbrites' aspect ratio"
5559:
Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology
5115:
5090:
3956:
3591:
3534:
2906:
2887:
2826:
2627:
2516:
2378:
2334:
2031:
1933:
1887:
1394:
1027:
1000:
450:
172:
7053:
The South Aegean Active Volcanic Arc: Present Knowledge and Future Perspectives
6251:
6191:
6166:
5376:
5059:
4819:
4642:
Robock, A.; C.M. Ammann; L. Oman, D. Shindell; S. Levis; G. Stenchikov (2009).
4593:
4526:
608:
an estimated 10–120 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted, produced the "
7173:
7138:
7128:
6890:
6848:
6436:
Chesner, C.A.; Westgate, J.A.; Rose, W.I.; Drake, R.; Deino, A. (March 1991).
5200:
4885:
4686:
4527:"A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records"
4332:
Cole-Dai, Jihong; Mosley-Thompson, Ellen; Thompson, Lonnie G. (27 July 1997).
4093:
4049:
4005:
3580:
2921:
Sedimentation and mobility of PDCs: a reappraisal of ignimbrites’ aspect ratio
2531:
Sedimentation and mobility of PDCs: a reappraisal of ignimbrites’ aspect ratio
2330:
2008:
1500:
1366:
144:
116:
100:
75:
ejected, colour-coded by time of eruption as in the legend. Pink lines denote
6577:
6552:
6529:
6407:
5714:
5395:
5351:
4710:
3607:/ country seem to have a slightly different approach, but there is an order:
7153:
7148:
6510:
6074:
5648:
5248:
4467:
4417:"A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δO records"
3662:, the Central Nevada volcanic field, the Indian Peak volcanic field and the
3526:
3510:
3509:
hydrothermal areas are located within or adjacent to the Whakamaru caldera.
3491:
3310:
2608:
2439:
2206:
1450:
1370:
884:
517:
261:
196:
156:
128:
104:
7055:
By Michaēl Phytikas, Georges E. Vougioukalakis, 2005, Elsevier, 398 pages,
6269:
6010:
5884:
5681:
Johnston, E. N.; Sparks, R. S. J.; Phillips, J. C.; Carey, S. (July 2014).
5667:
5267:
4518:
4145:
3346:
2561:
951:
6305:
5754:
5737:
4774:"The plinian eruptions of 1912 at Novarupta, Katmai National Park, Alaska"
4644:"Did the Toba volcanic eruption of ~74k BP produce widespread glaciation?"
4451:
3930:"Bristlecone pine tree rings and volcanic eruptions over the last 5000 yr"
3544:
lie within the massive Pleistocene Las Sierras pyroclastic shield volcano.
5352:"The Millennium Eruption of Changbaishan Tianchi Volcano is VEI 6, not 7"
5156:
4670:
4643:
4550:
4492:
4443:
3615:
3563:
3506:
3130:
1973:
1830:
1268:
974:
902:
856:
703:
an estimated 120 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted, produced a
574:
333:
284:
180:
5894:
5706:
5386:
2655:
1,000 km (239.9 cu mi) intracaldera rhyolitic lava flows.
7250:
7143:
6949:
6520:
6398:
4797:
2750:
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Maroa Caldera (size: 16 x 25 km), New Zealand
2681:
2557:
1910:
1204:
1173:
1108:
811:
410:
296:
120:
4932:
4394:
4358:
4333:
4267:
4231:
4206:
4188:
2947:
Galeras, Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone, Colombian department of Nariño
2662:
Galeras, Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone, Colombian department of Nariño
7198:
6633:
6355:
4738:
3611:
1200:
168:
5801:
Latter, J. H.|| Lloyd, E. F.|| Smith, I. E. M.|| Nathan, S. (1992).
5328:
4773:
4305:
7086:
6049:"Formation of the Aira Caldera, Southern Kyushu, ~22,000 Years Ago"
7193:
5032:
3552:
3373:
3354:
3299:
2578:
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Rotoiti Ignimbrite, North Island, New Zealand
1473:
1390:
1023:
915:
830:
817:
449:
392:
292:
164:
28:
7219:
4907:
Dai, Jihong; Mosley-Thompson, Ellen; Thompson, Lonnie G. (1991).
3065:
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Mangakino Caldera, North Island, New Zealand
3034:
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Mangakino Caldera, North Island, New Zealand
3018:
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Mangakino Caldera, North Island, New Zealand
2619:
2,500 to 3,000 km (599.8 to 719.7 cu mi) of tephra
3530:
3335:
2639:
930 to 1,860 km (223.1 to 446.2 cu mi) of tephra
1965:
more than 8 to 10 km (1.9 to 2.4 cu mi) of tephra
1861:
30 to 36 cubic kilometers (7.2 to 8.6 cu mi) of tephra
964:
689:
226:
supplemental table. Some of the eruptions are not listed on the
7318:
Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province
7223:
7090:
6221:
6219:
2677:
2502:(size: 10 x 20 km), South-East of Manila, island of Luzon
6723:
Siebert, Lee; Simkin, Tom; Kimberly, Paul (9 February 2011).
2802:
1,200 to 2,000 km (288 to 480 cu mi) of tephra
2712:
6 Explosive Eruptions formed multiple overlapping calderas.
2492:
Approximately 1,170 km (280.7 cu mi) of tephra
622:
Unknown eruption near equator, magnitude roughly half Tambora
3627:
Third: volcanic field, volcanic system and volcanic center.
2880:
100 to 125 km (24.0 to 30.0 cu mi) of tephra.
849:
5 km (1.2 cu mi) of tephra (Kaharoa eruption)
493:
an estimated 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted
6465:
10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0200:EHOESL>2.3.CO;2
5844:
10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0230:TKPEON>2.0.CO;2
5282:"Mystery 13th Century eruption traced to Lombok, Indonesia"
3624:
Second: volcanic area, caldera cluster and caldera complex.
2082:
2.75 to 2.85 km (0.7 to 0.7 cu mi) of tephra
2043:
140 to 170 km (33.6 to 40.8 cu mi) of tephra
5587:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5089:
Nemeth, Karoly; Shane J. Cronin; James D.L. White (2007).
3377:
ridge trends to the NE and the Fögrufjöll ridge to the SW.
2063:
50 to 350 km (12.0 to 84.0 cu mi) of tephra
1819:
80 to 220 km (19.2 to 52.8 cu mi) of tephra
969:
Estimated 219 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted
2560:, Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone, Colombian department of
1215:
60 to 80 km (14.4 to 19.2 cu mi) of tephra
1170:
2.8 to 3.8 km (0.7 to 0.9 cu mi) of tephra
5033:
BBC Timewatch: "Killer Cloud", broadcast 19 January 2007
1793:
10 to 50 km (2.4 to 12.0 cu mi) of tephra
1569:
10 to 50 km (2.4 to 12.0 cu mi) of tephra
1261:
40 to 60 km (9.6 to 14.4 cu mi) of tephra
943:
40 to 98 km (9.6 to 23.5 cu mi) of tephra
826:
36 to 96 km (8.6 to 23.0 cu mi) of tephra
4739:"Can Another Great Volcanic Eruption Happen in Alaska?"
2993:
more than 1,000 km (240 cu mi) of tephra
2743:
more than 340 km (81.6 cu mi) of tephra.
2472:
more than 400 km (96.0 cu mi) of tephra.
1926:
14 to 16 km (3.4 to 3.8 cu mi) of tephra
1646:
10 to 16 km (2.4 to 3.8 cu mi) of tephra
1359:
10 to 16 km (2.4 to 3.8 cu mi) of tephra
1124:
20 to 26 km (4.8 to 6.2 cu mi) of tephra
666:, disappeared in the 19th century, if it ever existed.
510:
1 to 1.1 km (0.2 to 0.3 cu mi) of tephra
6226:
Giordano, Guido; Doronzo, Domenico M. (30 June 2017).
1949:
8 to 28 km (1.9 to 6.7 cu mi) of tephra
1735:
more than 1.3 km (0.31 cu mi) of tephra
1626:
more than 1.1 km (0.26 cu mi) of tephra
1442:
more than 3.6 km (0.86 cu mi) of tephra
1381:
more than 1.2 km (0.29 cu mi) of tephra
490:
6 to 16 km (1.4 to 3.8 cu mi) of tephra
5044:
Haraldur Sigurdsson; S. Carey; C. Mandeville (1990).
3621:
First: volcanic arc, volcanic belt and volcanic zone.
3142:
1,000 km (240 cu mi) of dacitic magma.
2161:
more than 5.6 km (1.3 cu mi) of tephra
2145:
7 to 8 km (1.7 to 1.9 cu mi) of tephra
1656:(size: 15 x 20 km), island of Luzon, Philippines
529:
13 to 15 km (3.1 to 3.6 cu mi) of lava
5442:"Laki and Eldgjá—two good reasons to live in Hawai'"
3516:
The oldest volcanic zone in the North Island is the
2218:
more than 10 km (2.4 cu mi) of tephra
2199:
more than 15 km (3.6 cu mi) of tephra
1719:
more than 13 km (3.1 cu mi) of tephra
1588:
more than 11 km (2.6 cu mi) of tephra
1550:
more than 10 km (2.4 cu mi) of tephra
1299:
more than 10 km (2.4 cu mi) of tephra
7303:
7257:
6718:
6716:
6551:Takarada, Shinji; Hoshizumi, Hideo (23 June 2020).
6165:Wilson CJ, Blake S, Charlier BL, Sutton AN (2006).
3666:seem to have no transition between each other; the
2819:
about 120 km (28.8 cu mi) of tephra.
2778:
around 100 km (24.0 cu mi) of tephra
2587:
about 240 km (57.6 cu mi) of tephra.
2354:
2108:
more than 50 km (12 cu mi) of tephra
2034:(size: 8 x 14 km), Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
1512:
more than 50 km (12 cu mi) of tephra
1492:
more than 50 km (12 cu mi) of tephra
1242:
472:
366:
310:2005), do not agree with each other sometimes. The
3906:http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm
3670:is also known as the Mora volcanic field; and the
1992:Haroharo Caldera, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
1672:Haroharo Caldera, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
946:Also known as Millennium Eruption of Changbaishan
6132:Manville, Vern & Wilson, Colin J. N. (2004).
5955:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
5555:"Summary of the eruptive history of Mt. Vesuvius"
4851:"The Volcano That Shook the world: Krakatoa 1883"
4737:; James W. Hendley II; Peter H. Stauffer (1998).
4525:Lisiecki, Lorraine E.; Raymo, Maureen E. (2005).
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
605:160–213 km (38–51 cu mi) of tephra
67:. The apparent volume of each bubble is linearly
5736:McAneney, Jonny; Baillie, Mike (February 2019).
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3384:New Zealand, North Island, Taupō Volcanic Zone:
2152:Rotomā Caldera, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
18:List of potentially dangerous volcanic eruptions
6138:New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics
5628:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5228:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3338:is part of a volcanic system, centering on the
222:were not added yet, but they are listed on the
32:
6862:T. Thordarson & G. Larsen (January 2007).
6753:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
6431:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6205:Richard Smith, David J. Lowe and Ian Wright. '
6099:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
6033:Forscher warnen vor Vulkan-Gefahr in der Eifel
4991:"Historical and geological notes on Bouvetoya"
3928:Salzer, Matthew W.; Malcolm K. Hughes (2007).
3407:and Mangakino. It includes Mangakino volcano,
2918:Pozzolane Rosse Tephritic Ignimbrite >50km3
2868:Roccamonfina Caldera (size: 65 x 55 km),
963:Estimated 18 km (4.3 cu mi) of
7235:
7102:
7012:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
6693:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
6333:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
4200:
4198:
3646:Neutral: volcanic cluster and volcanic locus.
3387:The following Volcanic Centers belong to the
2758:140 km (33.6 cu mi) of tephra.
384:6.5 km (dense-rock equivalent) of tephra
8:
7038:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5549:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5315:(4). Royal Meteorological Society: 417–426.
4913:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
4338:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
3923:
3921:
3073:more than 300 km (72.0 cu mi)
3042:more than 300 km (72.0 cu mi)
3026:more than 300 km (72.0 cu mi)
2611:(size: 100 x 30 km), Sumatra, Indonesia
2275:1.6 km (0.38 cu mi) of tephra
2256:1.4 km (0.34 cu mi) of tephra
2237:1.7 km (0.41 cu mi) of tephra
2001:1.2 km (0.29 cu mi) of tephra
1880:1.6 km (0.38 cu mi) of tephra
1681:2.8 km (0.67 cu mi) of tephra
1607:3.9 km (0.94 cu mi) of tephra
1340:1.2 km (0.29 cu mi) of tephra
895:40 km (dense-rock equivalent) of tephra
2717:Santorini (Thera), Greece: Southern Caldera
2180:4.7 km (1.1 cu mi) of tephra
1755:100 km (24 cu mi)? of tephra
1700:10 km (2.4 cu mi)? of tephra
1012:10 km (2.4 cu mi)? of tephra
999:, Northern tip of the Willaumez Peninsula,
743:60 km (14.4 cu mi) of tephra
218:The eruptions in the Holocene on the link:
7242:
7228:
7220:
7109:
7095:
7087:
6327:Froggatt, P. C. & Lowe, D. J. (1990).
4466:Lisiecki, L. E.; Raymo, M. E. (May 2005).
3133:Caldera, Argentina (size: 35 x 20 km)
2955:15 km (3.6 cu mi) of tephra
2860:more than 200 km (48 cu mi)
2700:Taal Caldera, island of Luzon, Philippines
2394:6 km (1.4 cu mi) of tephra.
2339:
2301:14 km (3.4 cu mi) of tephra
2024:12 km (2.9 cu mi) of tephra
1985:70 km (17 cu mi)? of tephra
1903:150 km (36 cu mi) of tephra
1842:19 km (4.6 cu mi) of tephra
1774:18 km (4.3 cu mi) of tephra
1665:150 km (36 cu mi) of tephra
1531:15 km (3.6 cu mi) of tephra
1465:123 km (30 cu mi) of tephra
1426:17 km (4.1 cu mi) of tephra
1406:30 km (7.2 cu mi) of tephra
1280:18 km (4.3 cu mi) of tephra
1227:
1193:25 km (6.0 cu mi) of tephra
1151:120 km (29 cu mi) of tephra
1078:11 km (2.6 cu mi) of tephra
1058:20 km (4.8 cu mi) of tephra
1039:30 km (7.2 cu mi) of tephra
989:11 km (2.6 cu mi) of tephra
923:
868:21 km (5.0 cu mi) of tephra
800:10 km (2.4 cu mi) of tephra
781:14 km (3.4 cu mi) of tephra
762:30 km (7.2 cu mi) of tephra
724:30 km (7.2 cu mi) of tephra
586:21 km (5.0 cu mi) of tephra
567:2 km (0.48 cu mi) of tephra
548:20 km (4.8 cu mi) of tephra
457:
351:
7023:
6704:
6576:
6519:
6509:
6397:
6387:
6354:
6344:
6259:
6190:
6149:
5893:
5883:
5858:Traversi, Rita; Mulvaney, Robert (2022).
5753:
5657:
5647:
5597:Department of Physics, University of Rome
5385:
5375:
5257:
5247:
5155:
5114:
4669:
4491:
4357:
4288:. In Robock, A.; Oppenheimer, C. (eds.).
4230:
3674:is also known as Quemado volcanic field.
2670:2 km (0.5 cu mi) of tephra
2594:Santorini (Thera), Greece: Skaros Caldera
2571:2 km (0.5 cu mi) of tephra
387:The largest eruption of the 21st century
6687:Bailet, R. A. & Carr, R. G. (1994).
6211:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
4623:International Commission on Stratigraphy
3277:
2647:Yellowstone hotspot: Yellowstone Caldera
270:) chronology; the 7 ka Scots pine (
4281:Budner, Drew; Cole-Dai, Jihong (2003).
4211:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
3682:
2805:Whakamaru Ignimbrite/Mount Curl Tephra
772:, Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea
7031:
2931:, Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile
2841:Volcanoes of the World: Third Edition
6726:Volcanoes of the World: Third Edition
5091:"Kuwae caldera and climate confusion"
3583:, Kyūshū, Japan, is a volcano of the
633:Major eruptions in Urzelina, Azores (
7:
5309:International Journal of Climatology
5222:Lavigne, Franck (4 September 2013).
4290:Volcanism and the Earth's Atmosphere
2769:(size: 10 x 15 km), New Zealand
2735:(size: 22 km wide), New Zealand
2642:The largest known eruption in Japan
2329:2.588 ± 0.005 million years BP, the
6035:. Spiegel Online, 13. Februar 2007.
5919:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
5446:USGS – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
4849:Hopkinson, Deborah (January 2004).
4616:"International Stratigraphic Chart"
3618:as sections or regions of a craton.
3235:
3221:
3118:2,450 km (588 cu mi)
1453:(Thera), Greece, Youngest Caldera:
6729:. University of California Press.
4685:Brantley, Steven R. (1999-01-04).
3540:The twin volcanoes of Nindirí and
3447:). Some lakes in the area: Taupo,
3372:volcano and 50 km NE to near
3328:Iceland's East Volcanic Zone: the
3094:280 km (67.2 cu mi)
2528:Peperino Ignimbrite of Albano Maar
2442:(Thera), Greece: Cape Riva Caldera
2266:, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
2247:, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
2228:, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
2171:, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
1871:, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
1397:, Papua New Guinea: Witori Caldera
1331:, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
1030:, Papua New Guinea: Witori Caldera
840:, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
558:, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
25:
5687:Journal of the Geological Society
4998:British Antarctic Survey Bulletin
3309:Iceland has four volcanic zones:
3165:
934:, border of North Korea and China
707:, 1783, on the North Hemisphere.
596:, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia
6905:"Surtsey Nomination Report 2007"
3501:on the South. The Orakeikorako,
3276:
3262:
3248:
3234:
3220:
3206:
3192:
3178:
3164:
3157:
2838:Villa Senni Ignimbrite >50km3
2692:110 km (26 cu mi)
1101:106.5 km3 (25.5 cu mi) of tephra
264:Yamal Peninsula Siberian larch (
7270:Prediction of volcanic activity
7080:United States Geological Survey
6054:Journal of Geophysical Research
5496:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.07.037
5136:Journal of Geophysical Research
4972:"Saderra Maso: Historical Taal"
4744:United States Geological Survey
4693:United States Geological Survey
4649:Journal of Geophysical Research
4248:Journal of Geophysical Research
4169:Journal of Geophysical Research
1746:, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand
1468:Ended the Minoan settlement at
1290:, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand
312:536–547 AD dust-veil event
220:Holocene Volcanoes in Kamchatka
6346:10.1080/00288306.1990.10427576
4874:Progress in Physical Geography
4688:Volcanoes of the United States
3433:Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone
3193:
2118:, island of Luzon, Philippines
1637:, island of Luzon, Philippines
1577:Long Island (Papua New Guinea)
1350:, island of Luzon, Philippines
1224:Before the Common Era (BC/BCE)
954:eruption, Laki system, Iceland
816:Location is uncertain, may be
713:Long Island (Papua New Guinea)
481:, island of Luzon, Philippines
328:Timeline of volcanism on Earth
63:Clickable imagemap of notable
1:
7338:Quaternary volcanic eruptions
7025:10.1080/00288306.1998.9514803
6993:10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00029-7
6706:10.1080/00288306.1994.9514624
6667:Geological Society of America
6292:(1–3). Springer Wien: 47–65.
6151:10.1080/00288306.2004.9515074
6119:10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6
4861:(4). New York: Storyworks: 8.
3249:
3207:
3050:Lake Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia
3003:Lake Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia
2962:Lake Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia
2630:, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan
2054:, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
6773:10.1016/0377-0273(93)90016-K
6389:10.1016/j.quageo.2017.01.002
5975:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.09.013
5939:10.1016/0012-821X(95)00066-L
4375:Geophysical Research Letters
4138:10.1126/science.264.5161.948
3263:
3179:
2549:200 cubic kilometres of lava
2483:, Taupō Volcano, New Zealand
302:in deep sea sediment cores (
153:Central America Volcanic Arc
7364:Lists of volcanic eruptions
5116:10.2174/1874262900701010007
3957:10.1016/j.yqres.2006.07.004
3656:Taos Plateau volcanic field
3558:Bismarck volcanic arc, the
2848:Sabatini volcanic complex,
2291:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
979:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
700:14 cubic kilometres of lava
645:, Kamchatka Peninsula, and
113:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
7385:
7328:Largest volcanic eruptions
7313:Extraterrestrial volcanoes
7275:Volcanic explosivity index
6809:. Global Volcanism Program
6557:Frontiers in Earth Science
6252:10.1038/s41598-017-04880-6
6037:Retrieved January 11, 2008
5518:"Taupo – Eruptive History"
5476:Quaternary Science Reviews
5377:10.1007/s00445-021-01487-8
4594:10.1177/095968369400400211
3912:February 13, 2010, at the
3660:Lunar Crater volcanic zone
2899:Pozzolane Nere Ignimbrite
1976:, East African Rift, Kenya
395:, north sulawesi indonesia
336:epoch begins 11,700 years
325:
93:Volcanic Explosivity Index
7369:Volcanic events by period
7124:
6891:10.1016/j.jog.2006.09.005
6849:10.1016/j.jog.2006.09.015
5418:"Katla: Eruptive History"
5201:10.1007/s00445-006-0075-4
4886:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra
4094:10.1191/0959683602hl581rp
4050:10.1191/0959683602hl580rp
4006:10.1191/0959683602hl585rp
3908:Large Holocene Eruptions
3562:includes the sub-vent of
2789:(size: 30 x 40 km),
2459:, south of the island of
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
1579:, Northeast of New Guinea
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
920:Major volcanoes of Mexico
715:, northeast of New Guinea
653:
632:
621:
616:
469:
466:
463:
460:
373:Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai
363:
360:
357:
354:
185:South Aegean Volcanic Arc
7343:Volcanic eruption deaths
7323:Large volcanic eruptions
6578:10.3389/feart.2020.00170
6376:Quaternary Geochronology
6286:Mineralogy and Petrology
6192:10.1093/petrology/egi066
6047:Aramaki, Shigeo (1984).
5522:Global Volcanism Program
5423:Global Volcanism Program
5095:The Open Geology Journal
5065:Global Volcanism Program
4825:Global Volcanism Program
3664:Marysvale volcanic field
3652:Basin and Range Province
3431:, which lies behind the
3109:(size: 100 x 50 km)
1095:431 AD ±2, or 539/540 AD
877:Rinjani Volcanic Complex
228:Global Volcanism Program
147:, Kagoshima Prefecture;
83:and yellow spots denote
6930:Bulletin of Volcanology
6511:10.5194/cp-17-2119-2021
6075:10.1029/JB089iB10p08485
5931:1995E&PSL.133..163V
5649:10.1073/pnas.2002722117
5526:Smithsonian Institution
5428:Smithsonian Institution
5356:Bulletin of Volcanology
5249:10.1073/pnas.1307520110
5180:Bulletin of Volcanology
5070:Smithsonian Institution
5004:: 71–84. Archived from
4947:"Документ без названия"
4919:(D9): 17, 361–17, 366.
4830:Smithsonian Institution
4778:Bulletin of Volcanology
3672:Red Hill volcanic field
3573:Bismarck volcanic arc,
3425:Whakaari / White Island
3364:The central volcano of
3085:(size: 16 km wide)
3060:Haranggoal Dacite Tuff
2984:(size: 45 x 85 km)
1765:, Cerro, Southern Chile
1738:tephra layer IAv12 AV4
1629:tephra layer IAv20 AV3
1541:, Cerro, Southern Chile
1311:Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
901:; Arctic and Antarctic
501:, Washington state, USA
205:Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
175:, Nagasaki Prefecture;
149:Santamaria/ Santiaguito
7280:Volcanic Seven Summits
6871:Journal of Geodynamics
6829:Journal of Geodynamics
6207:Volcanoes – Lake Taupo
6011:10.1006/qres.2002.2379
5885:10.5194/cp-18-485-2022
4976:www.iml.rwth-aachen.de
4519:10.1594/PANGAEA.704257
3551:The largely submarine
3305:
3122:Huckleberry Ridge Tuff
3029:Rocky Hill Ignimbrite
2703:between 500 and 100 ka
2650:between 70 and 150 ka
2190:, Northeastern Iceland
1654:Talisay (Taal) caldera
1495:Severe global cooling
1472:and the Minoan age on
1082:Volcanic winter of 536
921:
808:1452–53 ice core event
791:, Northeastern Iceland
674:, Northeastern Iceland
455:
454:1809–10 ice core event
215:, greater than VEI 4.
195:, Luzon Volcanic Arc;
191:, Luzon Volcanic Arc;
163:, Luzon Volcanic Arc;
125:Northern Volcanic Zone
88:
6787:"Cerro Galan Caldera"
6306:10.1007/s007100170010
6213:, updated 16-Apr-2007
5755:10.15184/aqy.2018.165
4989:Baker, P. E. (1967).
3303:
3105:Yellowstone hotspot:
3081:Yellowstone hotspot:
2785:Taupō Volcanic Zone,
2765:Taupō Volcanic Zone,
2731:Taupō Volcanic Zone,
2479:Taupō Volcanic Zone,
2325:Pleistocene eruptions
2015:, Japan: Aira Caldera
1956:Avachinsky, Kamchatka
1726:Avachinsky, Kamchatka
1617:Avachinsky, Kamchatka
1433:Avachinsky, Kamchatka
1413:Taupō Volcanic Zone,
919:
899:1257 Samalas eruption
610:Year Without a Summer
453:
429:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
257:Pseudotsuga menziesii
139:, East African Rift;
77:convergent boundaries
62:
6171:Journal of Petrology
5157:10.1029/2005JD006710
4784:(8). Springer: 646.
4671:10.1029/2008JD011652
4551:10.1029/2004Pa001071
4493:10.1029/2005PA001164
4444:10.1029/2004PA001071
4344:(D14): 16761–16771.
4217:(C12): 26707–26723.
4175:(D10): 20937–20955.
3668:Ocate volcanic field
3566:and the sub-vent of
3304:Volcanism in Iceland
3292:class=notpageimage|
3083:Henry's Fork Caldera
2360:GISP2 ice core event
2309:GISP2 ice core event
2304:Upper Toluca Pumice
1869:Mayor Island / Tūhua
1803:(size: 19 km),
810:, New Hebrides arc,
81:divergent boundaries
79:, blue lines denote
7295:Volcano observatory
6985:1996Tectp.263....1P
6942:1990BVol...52..445C
6883:2007JGeo...43..118T
6841:2007JGeo...43..153G
6765:1993JVGR...56..175B
6669:(Special Paper 362)
6626:1986Natur.319..578F
6569:2020FrEaS...8..170T
6502:2021CliPa..17.2119C
6490:Climate of the Past
6457:1991Geo....19..200C
6298:2001MinPe..73...47D
6244:2017NatSR...7.4444G
6183:2005JPet...47...35W
6111:2001JVGR..112..133W
6067:1984JGR....89.8485A
6003:2002QuRes..58..273B
5991:Quaternary Research
5967:2008PPP...270..196D
5876:2022CliPa..18..485L
5864:Climate of the Past
5836:2003GSAB..115..230A
5707:10.1144/jgs2013-113
5699:2014JGSoc.171..583J
5640:2020PNAS..11715443M
5634:(27): 15443–15449.
5565:on December 3, 2006
5488:2019QSRv..22205855D
5368:2021BVol...83...74Y
5321:2003IJCli..23..417O
5288:. 30 September 2013
5240:2013PNAS..11016742L
5193:2007BVol...69..301W
5148:2006JGRD..11112107G
5107:2007OGJ.....1....7N
5011:on 28 February 2012
4925:1991JGR....9617361D
4790:1992BVol...54..646F
4747:. Fact Sheet 075-98
4662:2009JGRD..11410107R
4586:1994Holoc...4..212B
4543:2005PalOc..20.1003L
4484:2005PalOc..20.2007L
4436:2005PalOc..20.1003L
4387:1993GeoRL..20..209C
4350:1997JGR...10216761C
4298:2003GMS...139..165B
4260:1995JGR...10016241L
4223:1997JGR...10226707C
4181:1995JGR...10020937Z
4130:1994Sci...264..948Z
4086:2002Holoc..12..681H
4042:2002Holoc..12..673E
3998:2002Holoc..12..717H
3949:2007QuRes..67...57S
3937:Quaternary Research
3389:Taupō Volcanic Zone
3107:Island Park Caldera
3076:Ongatit Ignimbrite
2982:Yellowstone Caldera
2978:Yellowstone hotspot
1915:Kamchatka Peninsula
1384:tephra layer IIAV3
1307:Mount Meager massif
1132:Taupō Volcanic Zone
1113:Kamchatka Peninsula
977:, Northwest of the
734:, Santorini, Greece
643:Klyuchevskaya Sopka
618:1808 ice core event
213:Taupō Volcanic Zone
209:Yellowstone hotspot
201:Mount Meager massif
7076:"Decade Volcanoes"
6950:10.1007/BF00268925
6232:Scientific Reports
6061:(B10): 8485–8501.
5808:2010-05-22 at the
5448:. 26 November 2008
4798:10.1007/BF00430778
3359:tholeiitic basalts
3315:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
3306:
3295:Iceland: volcanoes
2695:Kos Plateau Tuff.
2099:, Aleutian Islands
2037:6440 BC ± 25 years
1968:tephra layer IAv1
1784:, Alaska Peninsula
1560:, Alaska Peninsula
1503:, Alaska Peninsula
1483:, Alaska Peninsula
1252:, Aleutian Islands
1003:, Papua New Guinea
922:
580:1883, August 26–27
520:, Alaska Peninsula
456:
322:Holocene eruptions
276:) chronology from
167:, Canary Islands;
89:
65:volcanic eruptions
7351:
7350:
7217:
7216:
6910:. Surtsey, Island
6620:(6054): 578–582.
4933:10.1029/91jd01634
4702:978-0-16-045054-9
4395:10.1029/93GL00207
4359:10.1029/97JD01394
4315:978-0-87590-998-1
4268:10.1029/95JD01175
4232:10.1029/97JC00587
4189:10.1029/95JD01751
4124:(5161): 948–952.
3721:. Teton Tectonics
3330:central volcanoes
3148:
3147:
3013:Oldest Toba Tuff
2972:Middle Toba Tuff
2787:Whakamaru Caldera
2544:39.280 ka ± 0.11
2322:
2321:
2046:Ilinsky eruption
1850:Tao-Rusyr Caldera
1611:Avellino eruption
1522:, Washington, USA
1459:1610 BC ±14 years
1445:tephra layer AV1
1221:
1220:
1164:79 AD Oct 24 (?)
909:
908:
875:Samalas volcano,
635:Urzelina eruption
443:
442:
16:(Redirected from
7376:
7265:Decade Volcanoes
7244:
7237:
7230:
7221:
7118:Decade Volcanoes
7111:
7104:
7097:
7088:
7083:
7063:
7050:
7044:
7043:
7037:
7029:
7027:
7003:
6997:
6996:
6968:
6962:
6961:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6909:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6868:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6793:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6747:
6741:
6740:
6720:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6664:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6634:10.1038/319578a0
6609:
6603:
6597:
6591:
6590:
6580:
6548:
6542:
6541:
6523:
6513:
6496:(5): 2119–2137.
6481:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6442:
6433:
6420:
6419:
6401:
6391:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6348:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6263:
6223:
6214:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6105:(1–4): 133–174.
6094:
6088:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6044:
6038:
6029:
6023:
6022:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5961:(1–2): 196–214.
5949:
5943:
5942:
5925:(1–2): 163–174.
5914:
5908:
5907:
5897:
5887:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5819:
5813:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5780:. Archived from
5774:
5768:
5767:
5757:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5661:
5651:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5599:. Archived from
5593:"Somma-Vesuvius"
5589:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5561:. Archived from
5551:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5473:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5389:
5379:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5261:
5251:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5041:
5035:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5016:
5010:
4995:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4949:. Archived from
4943:
4937:
4936:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4620:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4531:Paleoceanography
4522:
4505:
4495:
4472:Paleoceanography
4463:
4424:Paleoceanography
4421:
4415:(January 2005).
4405:
4399:
4398:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4287:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4202:
4193:
4192:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4024:
4018:
4017:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3934:
3925:
3916:
3903:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3720:
3712:
3518:Northland Region
3505:, Rotokaua, and
3485:Ōkataina Caldera
3437:Hikurangi Trough
3284:Eyjafjallajökull
3280:
3279:
3266:
3265:
3252:
3251:
3238:
3237:
3224:
3223:
3210:
3209:
3196:
3195:
3182:
3181:
3168:
3167:
3161:
2940:Diamante Caldera
2552:Campanian Tuff
2481:Oruanui eruption
2340:
2283:Nevado de Toluca
2086:Mercato eruption
1809:Akahoya eruption
1520:Mount St. Helens
1228:
1184:, eastern Alaska
1049:, eastern Alaska
928:Tianchi eruption
924:
499:Mount St. Helens
458:
431:, Southern Chile
413:, Southern Chile
352:
340:, (10 000
273:Pinus sylvestris
137:Mount Nyiragongo
135:, Central Java;
97:Decade Volcanoes
73:volume of tephra
31:
21:
7384:
7383:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7299:
7285:Volcanic winter
7253:
7248:
7218:
7213:
7120:
7115:
7074:
7071:
7066:
7051:
7047:
7030:
7005:
7004:
7000:
6970:
6969:
6965:
6927:
6926:
6922:
6913:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6902:
6898:
6866:
6861:
6860:
6856:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6812:
6810:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6784:
6780:
6749:
6748:
6744:
6737:
6722:
6721:
6714:
6686:
6685:
6681:
6672:
6670:
6662:
6657:
6656:
6652:
6611:
6610:
6606:
6598:
6594:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6469:
6467:
6440:
6435:
6434:
6423:
6369:
6368:
6364:
6326:
6325:
6321:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6225:
6224:
6217:
6204:
6200:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6087:Dunbar, Nelia W
6086:
6082:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6030:
6026:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5810:Wayback Machine
5800:
5796:
5787:
5785:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5748:(367): 99–112.
5735:
5734:
5730:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5606:
5604:
5591:
5590:
5577:
5568:
5566:
5553:
5552:
5539:
5530:
5528:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5451:
5449:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5329:10.1002/joc.891
5306:
5305:
5301:
5291:
5289:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5162:
5160:
5142:(D12): D12107.
5129:
5128:
5124:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5074:
5072:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5027:
5014:
5012:
5008:
4993:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4956:
4954:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4834:
4832:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4766:Fierstein, Judy
4764:
4763:
4759:
4750:
4748:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4715:
4713:
4703:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4656:(D10): D10107.
4641:
4640:
4636:
4627:
4625:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4524:
4508:
4506:
4465:
4464:
4419:
4409:Lisiecki, L. E.
4407:
4406:
4402:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4306:10.1029/139GM10
4285:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4026:
4025:
4021:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3969:
3967:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3914:Wayback Machine
3904:
3733:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3684:
3680:
3601:
3533:mountain belt (
3483:lie within the
3469:Lake Rotokakahi
3441:Kermadec Trench
3421:Mount Tongariro
3409:Reporoa Caldera
3349:canyon and the
3298:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3153:
3098:Mesa Falls Tuff
2997:Lava Creek Tuff
2929:Maipo (volcano)
2863:Morphi tephra.
2850:Sabatini, Italy
2767:Reporoa Caldera
2733:Rotorua Caldera
2684:Caldera, Greece
2541:, Naples, Italy
2486:around 25.6 ka
2327:
2287:State of Mexico
2264:Mount Tongariro
2226:Mount Tongariro
2136:, Kuril Islands
1852:, Kuril Islands
1782:Mount Aniakchak
1744:Macauley Island
1481:Mount Aniakchak
1455:Minoan eruption
1329:Mount Tongariro
1226:
1182:Mount Churchill
1136:Hatepe eruption
1047:Mount Churchill
932:Paektu Mountain
914:
815:
705:Volcanic winter
658:, northeast of
656:Thompson Island
649:, Philippines.
448:
350:
330:
324:
278:Finnish Lapland
245:Pinus ponderosa
224:Peter L. Ward's
211:, Wyoming; and
171:, New Britain;
61:
29:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7382:
7380:
7372:
7371:
7366:
7356:
7355:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7333:Earth timeline
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7309:
7307:
7301:
7300:
7298:
7297:
7292:
7290:Volcano Number
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7261:
7259:
7255:
7254:
7251:Volcano topics
7249:
7247:
7246:
7239:
7232:
7224:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7106:
7099:
7091:
7085:
7084:
7070:
7069:External links
7067:
7065:
7064:
7045:
7018:(2): 187–199.
6998:
6973:Tectonophysics
6963:
6936:(6): 445–459.
6920:
6896:
6877:(1): 118–152.
6854:
6835:(1): 153–169.
6819:
6798:
6778:
6759:(3): 175–203.
6742:
6735:
6712:
6699:(3): 319–344.
6679:
6650:
6604:
6592:
6543:
6476:
6451:(3): 200–203.
6421:
6362:
6319:
6275:
6215:
6198:
6157:
6144:(3): 525–547.
6124:
6089:
6080:
6039:
6024:
5997:(3): 273–288.
5980:
5944:
5909:
5870:(3): 485–506.
5849:
5830:(2): 230–248.
5814:
5794:
5769:
5728:
5693:(4): 583–590.
5673:
5613:
5575:
5537:
5509:
5458:
5433:
5409:
5342:
5299:
5273:
5214:
5187:(3): 301–318.
5169:
5122:
5081:
5060:"Huaynaputina"
5051:
5036:
5025:
4981:
4963:
4938:
4899:
4880:(2): 230–259.
4864:
4855:Scholastic.com
4841:
4811:
4772:(2004-12-11).
4757:
4731:Judy Fierstein
4722:
4701:
4695:. p. 30.
4677:
4634:
4607:
4564:
4523:Supplement to
4513:: 3 datasets.
4452:2027.42/149224
4400:
4381:(3): 209–212.
4365:
4324:
4314:
4273:
4238:
4194:
4159:
4107:
4080:(6): 681–687.
4063:
4036:(6): 673–680.
4019:
3992:(6): 717–726.
3976:
3917:
3731:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3639:volcanic group
3635:
3632:volcanic field
3625:
3622:
3619:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3578:
3571:
3560:Rabaul Caldera
3556:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3513:is a town too.
3495:
3494:is a town too.
3488:
3471:(Green Lake),
3429:back-arc basin
3413:Mount Tarawera
3382:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3362:
3343:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2796:around 254 ka
2794:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2500:Laguna Caldera
2496:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:Mount Vesuvius
2417:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:Mount Vesuvius
2398:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2343:Name and area
2326:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2093:Fisher Caldera
2089:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:Mount Vesuvius
2067:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:Kurile Caldera
2028:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:), Oregon, USA
1930:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1894:), Oregon, USA
1884:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1805:Ryukyu Islands
1797:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:Masaya Volcano
1704:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:Mount Vesuvius
1592:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1389:Pago, east of
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:Name and area
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:Mount Vesuvius
1155:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:Rabaul Caldera
1062:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
993:
992:
990:
987:
984:
981:
971:
970:
967:
961:
958:
955:
948:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
913:
910:
907:
906:
896:
893:
890:
887:
872:
871:
869:
866:
863:
860:
853:
852:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:Mount Tarawera
834:
833:
827:
824:
822:
820:
804:
803:
801:
798:
795:
792:
785:
784:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:Billy Mitchell
766:
765:
763:
760:
757:
754:
747:
746:
744:
741:
738:
735:
728:
727:
725:
722:
719:
716:
709:
708:
701:
698:
695:
692:
686:
685:
683:
681:
678:
675:
668:
667:
664:Atlantic Ocean
651:
650:
631:
627:
626:
623:
620:
614:
613:
606:
603:
600:
597:
590:
589:
587:
584:
581:
578:
571:
570:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:Mount Tarawera
552:
551:
549:
546:
543:
540:
533:
532:
530:
527:
524:
521:
514:
513:
511:
508:
505:
502:
495:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
475:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
461:Name and area
447:
444:
441:
440:
438:
435:
432:
425:
424:
422:
420:
417:
414:
407:
406:
404:
402:
399:
396:
389:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
369:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
355:Name and area
349:
346:
323:
320:
267:Larix sibirica
260:); the 4
239:Pinus aristata
233:Pinus longaeva
193:Mount Pinatubo
177:Mount Vesuvius
143:, Washington;
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7381:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7302:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7245:
7240:
7238:
7233:
7231:
7226:
7225:
7222:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7123:
7119:
7112:
7107:
7105:
7100:
7098:
7093:
7092:
7089:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7072:
7068:
7062:
7061:0-444-52046-5
7058:
7054:
7049:
7046:
7041:
7035:
7026:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7002:
6999:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6979:(1–4): 1–22.
6978:
6974:
6967:
6964:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6924:
6921:
6906:
6900:
6897:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6865:
6858:
6855:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6823:
6820:
6808:
6802:
6799:
6788:
6782:
6779:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6746:
6743:
6738:
6736:9780520947931
6732:
6728:
6727:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6707:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6683:
6680:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6596:
6593:
6588:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6547:
6544:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6480:
6477:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6422:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6366:
6363:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6323:
6320:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6279:
6276:
6271:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6202:
6199:
6193:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6161:
6158:
6152:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6128:
6125:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6093:
6090:
6084:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6034:
6028:
6025:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5984:
5981:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5948:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5913:
5910:
5905:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5853:
5850:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5804:
5798:
5795:
5784:on 2012-06-18
5783:
5779:
5773:
5770:
5765:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5732:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5677:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5617:
5614:
5603:on 2011-04-12
5602:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5470:
5462:
5459:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5429:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5413:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5346:
5343:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5300:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5215:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5173:
5170:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5123:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5082:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5055:
5052:
5047:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4953:on 2011-09-30
4952:
4948:
4942:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4900:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4842:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4820:"Santa Maria"
4815:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4758:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4681:
4678:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4638:
4635:
4624:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4478:(2): PA2007.
4477:
4473:
4469:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4430:(1): PA1003.
4429:
4425:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4366:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4254:(D8): 16241.
4253:
4249:
4242:
4239:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4111:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4067:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3977:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3499:Taupō Caldera
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3475:(Blue Lake),
3474:
3473:Lake Tikitapu
3470:
3466:
3465:Lake Tarawera
3462:
3461:Lake Ōkataina
3458:
3457:Rerewhakaaitu
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3417:Mount Ruapehu
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3351:Katla volcano
3348:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3293:
3160:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2909:, Rome, Italy
2908:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2890:, Rome, Italy
2889:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2829:, Rome, Italy
2828:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2793:, New Zealand
2792:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:about 180 ka
2719:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2614:73.7 ka ± 0.3
2613:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2539:Campi Flegrei
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2519:, Rome, Italy
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2434:Basal Pumice
2433:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2415:Green Pumice
2414:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:Eifel hotspot
2373:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2341:
2338:
2337:epoch begin.
2336:
2332:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:Taupō Volcano
2243:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:Taupō Volcano
2167:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2097:Unimak Island
2094:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2018:6200 BC ±1000
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:Kikai Caldera
1799:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1787:5250 BC ±1000
1786:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1694:4000 BC ± 200
1693:
1691:, New Britain
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1582:2040 BC ± 100
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1417:, New Zealand
1416:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:Okmok Caldera
1247:
1246:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1142:, New Zealand
1141:
1140:Taupō Volcano
1137:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:, El Salvador
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1069:, New Britain
1068:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
980:
976:
973:
972:
968:
966:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
949:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
929:
926:
925:
918:
911:
904:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
886:
882:
881:Lombok Island
878:
874:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
835:
832:
828:
825:
823:
821:
819:
813:
809:
806:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
710:
706:
702:
699:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
684:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
669:
665:
661:
660:Bouvet Island
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
629:
628:
624:
619:
615:
611:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
594:Mount Tambora
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
496:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
476:
459:
452:
445:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
426:
423:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
408:
405:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
390:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
370:
353:
348:Since 2000 AD
347:
345:
343:
339:
335:
329:
321:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:
279:
275:
274:
269:
268:
263:
259:
258:
253:
252:
247:
246:
241:
240:
235:
234:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:, Sunda Arc;
198:
194:
190:
189:Laguna de Bay
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:Mount Rainier
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:, Kamchatka;
106:
102:
98:
94:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
27:
19:
7337:
7052:
7048:
7034:cite journal
7015:
7011:
7001:
6976:
6972:
6966:
6933:
6929:
6923:
6912:. Retrieved
6899:
6874:
6870:
6857:
6832:
6828:
6822:
6811:. Retrieved
6801:
6790:. Retrieved
6781:
6756:
6752:
6745:
6725:
6696:
6692:
6682:
6671:. Retrieved
6666:
6653:
6645:
6617:
6613:
6607:
6595:
6560:
6556:
6546:
6493:
6489:
6479:
6468:. Retrieved
6448:
6444:
6379:
6375:
6365:
6336:
6332:
6322:
6289:
6285:
6278:
6235:
6231:
6210:
6201:
6177:(1): 35–69.
6174:
6170:
6160:
6141:
6137:
6127:
6102:
6098:
6092:
6083:
6058:
6052:
6042:
6032:
6027:
5994:
5990:
5983:
5958:
5954:
5947:
5922:
5918:
5912:
5895:2158/1266504
5867:
5863:
5852:
5827:
5824:GSA Bulletin
5823:
5817:
5797:
5786:. Retrieved
5782:the original
5772:
5745:
5741:
5731:
5690:
5686:
5676:
5631:
5627:
5616:
5605:. Retrieved
5601:the original
5596:
5567:. Retrieved
5563:the original
5558:
5529:. Retrieved
5521:
5512:
5479:
5475:
5461:
5450:. Retrieved
5445:
5436:
5421:
5412:
5387:10356/160061
5359:
5355:
5345:
5312:
5308:
5302:
5290:. Retrieved
5285:
5276:
5231:
5227:
5217:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5161:. Retrieved
5139:
5135:
5125:
5098:
5094:
5084:
5073:. Retrieved
5063:
5054:
5045:
5039:
5028:
5020:
5013:. Retrieved
5006:the original
5001:
4997:
4984:
4975:
4966:
4955:. Retrieved
4951:the original
4941:
4916:
4912:
4902:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4858:
4854:
4844:
4833:. Retrieved
4823:
4814:
4781:
4777:
4770:Wes Hildreth
4760:
4749:. Retrieved
4742:
4735:Wes Hildreth
4725:
4714:. Retrieved
4687:
4680:
4653:
4647:
4637:
4626:. Retrieved
4610:
4580:(2): 212–7.
4577:
4574:The Holocene
4573:
4567:
4534:
4530:
4510:
4475:
4471:
4427:
4423:
4413:Raymo, M. E.
4403:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4319:
4289:
4276:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4214:
4210:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4077:
4074:The Holocene
4073:
4066:
4033:
4030:The Holocene
4029:
4022:
3989:
3986:The Holocene
3985:
3979:
3968:. Retrieved
3943:(1): 57–68.
3940:
3936:
3723:. Retrieved
3649:
3602:
3599:Nomenclature
3585:Aira Caldera
3575:Pago volcano
3481:Lake Rotoiti
3477:Lake Okareka
3445:Tonga Trench
3053:1.2 ±0.16 Ma
2870:Roccamonfina
2791:North Island
2597:about 70 ka
2581:about 50 ka
2466:about 22 ka
2457:Aira Caldera
2383:Vulkan Eifel
2328:
2250:9460 BC ±200
2174:8130 BC ±200
2134:Lvinaya Past
2121:7460 BC ±150
2102:7420 BC ±200
2076:6940 BC ±100
2011:, island of
1959:5980 BC ±100
1943:5900 BC ± 50
1938:Mount Mazama
1920:5700 BC ± 16
1897:5677 BC ±150
1892:Mount Mazama
1874:5060 BC ±200
1836:5550 BC ±100
1763:Mount Hudson
1749:4360 BC ±200
1659:3580 BC ±200
1620:3200 BC ±150
1563:1900 BC ±150
1539:Mount Hudson
1400:1370 BC ±100
1353:1050 BC ±500
1288:Raoul Island
912:1 to 1000 AD
756:1600, Feb 19
751:Huaynaputina
737:1650, Sep 27
647:Taal Volcano
639:fissure vent
599:1815, Apr 10
561:1886, Jun 10
542:1902, Oct 24
504:1980, May 18
484:1991, Jun 15
446:1000–2000 AD
331:
316:impact event
314:might be an
300:foraminifera
271:
265:
255:
251:Pinus edulis
249:
243:
237:
231:
217:
161:Taal Volcano
159:, Cyclades;
133:Mount Merapi
90:
69:proportional
26:
7179:Santa María
6807:"Reykjanes"
6521:10023/24161
6399:10023/10236
6238:(1): 4444.
5101:(5): 7–11.
3614:, and then
3592:Mount Unzen
3535:Alpide belt
3503:Ngatamariki
3370:Torfajökull
3366:Bárðarbunga
3323:Snæfellsnes
3319:Öræfajökull
3242:Torfajökull
3228:Bárðarbunga
3006:840 ka ±30
2907:Alban Hills
2888:Alban Hills
2827:Alban Hills
2628:Aso Caldera
2517:Alban Hills
2445:about 21 ka
2379:Laacher See
2335:Pleistocene
2333:period and
2269:9650 BC (?)
2231:9450 BC (?)
2212:8750 BC (?)
2193:8230 BC ±50
2155:7560 BC ±18
2139:7480 BC ±50
2057:6600 BC (?)
1995:6060 BC ±50
1979:6050 BC (?)
1934:Crater Lake
1888:Crater Lake
1855:5550 BC ±75
1813:5350 BC (?)
1768:4750 BC (?)
1729:4340 BC ±75
1713:4050 BC (?)
1710:, Nicaragua
1675:3580 BC ±50
1640:3550 BC (?)
1601:2420 BC ±40
1544:1890 BC (?)
1525:1860 BC (?)
1506:1750 BC (?)
1486:1645 BC ±10
1436:1500 BC (?)
1420:1460 BC ±40
1395:New Britain
1375:1350 BC (?)
1334:550 BC ±200
1271:, Nicaragua
1118:240 AD ±100
1072:540 AD ±100
1052:700 AD ±200
1028:New Britain
1001:New Britain
983:930 AD ±200
789:Bárðarbunga
577:, Indonesia
539:, Guatemala
537:Santa Maria
523:1912, Jun 6
179:, Naples);
173:Mount Unzen
7358:Categories
7174:Sakurajima
7164:Nyiragongo
7129:Avachinsky
6914:2010-03-30
6813:2010-04-20
6792:2018-07-17
6673:2010-03-23
6470:2010-01-20
6339:: 89–109.
5788:2006-12-08
5607:2006-12-08
5569:2006-12-08
5531:2008-03-16
5482:: 105855.
5452:2009-08-06
5362:(11): 74.
5163:2010-03-19
5075:2008-12-29
4957:2010-04-03
4835:2010-03-19
4751:2008-09-10
4716:2008-09-12
4628:2009-12-23
3970:2010-03-18
3725:2010-03-16
3678:References
3581:Sakurajima
3453:Rotomahana
3321:(ÖVB) and
2965:501 ka ±5
2934:450–500 ka
2912:456–439 ka
2893:407–398 ka
2832:365–351 ka
2363:12.657 ka
2331:Quaternary
2009:Sakurajima
1558:Black Peak
1501:Veniaminof
1367:Avachinsky
1316:400 BC ±50
1293:250 BC ±75
1274:50 BC ±100
1209:50 AD ±100
1187:60 AD ±200
1145:230 AD ±16
1033:710 AD ±75
1022:, East of
1006:800 AD ±50
957:934–940 AD
326:See also:
291:ice core;
145:Sakurajima
131:, Hawaii;
119:, Sicily;
117:Mount Etna
101:Avachinsky
7184:Santorini
7154:Mauna Loa
7149:Koryaksky
6958:129091056
6587:219827774
6538:239203480
6530:1814-9324
6408:1871-1014
6356:10289/176
6314:129762185
5904:247480436
5764:166461015
5742:Antiquity
5723:129937513
5715:0016-7649
5504:202190161
5404:239461051
5396:1432-0819
5337:129835887
5292:1 October
5209:129403009
4894:131663534
4711:156941033
4602:140595125
4502:128995657
4102:129520871
4014:129192118
3527:Himalayan
3511:Whakamaru
3492:Mangakino
3405:Tongariro
3399:, Maroa,
3340:Grímsvötn
3311:Reykjanes
3172:Grímsvötn
2609:Lake Toba
2505:27–29 ka
2440:Santorini
2388:12.900 ka
2385:, Germany
2352:Products
2312:11.258 ka
2188:Grímsvötn
1807:, Japan:
1451:Santorini
1371:Kamchatka
1240:Products
1176:eruption
903:ice cores
885:Indonesia
859:, Ecuador
843:1310 ± 12
694:1783–1784
677:1783–1784
672:Grímsvötn
518:Novarupta
470:Products
364:Products
183:, Italy;
157:Santorini
129:Mauna Loa
123:, Andes,
105:Koryaksky
7209:Vesuvius
6416:13742673
6382:: 1–23.
6270:28667271
6019:53973827
5806:Archived
5668:32571905
5286:BBC News
5268:24082132
4806:86862398
4559:12788441
4460:12788441
4154:21695750
4146:17830082
4058:54806912
3965:14654597
3910:Archived
3616:Province
3564:Tavurvur
3548:Colima).
3507:Wairakei
3397:Ōkataina
3325:(SVB)).
2116:Pinatubo
2052:Karymsky
1974:Menengai
1917:, Russia
1831:Hokkaido
1635:Pinatubo
1470:Akrotiri
1348:Pinatubo
1313:, Canada
1269:Apoyeque
1115:, Russia
1090:Ilopango
1065:Rabaul,
997:Dakataua
975:Ceboruco
857:Quilotoa
775:1580 ±20
718:1660 ±20
662:, South
575:Krakatoa
479:Pinatubo
334:Holocene
304:Lisiecki
285:ice core
181:Campania
85:hotspots
7169:Rainier
7144:Galeras
6981:Bibcode
6938:Bibcode
6879:Bibcode
6837:Bibcode
6761:Bibcode
6642:4332421
6622:Bibcode
6565:Bibcode
6563:: 170.
6498:Bibcode
6453:Bibcode
6445:Geology
6294:Bibcode
6261:5493644
6240:Bibcode
6179:Bibcode
6107:Bibcode
6063:Bibcode
5999:Bibcode
5963:Bibcode
5927:Bibcode
5872:Bibcode
5832:Bibcode
5695:Bibcode
5659:7354934
5636:Bibcode
5484:Bibcode
5364:Bibcode
5317:Bibcode
5259:3801080
5236:Bibcode
5189:Bibcode
5144:Bibcode
5103:Bibcode
5015:17 June
4921:Bibcode
4786:Bibcode
4658:Bibcode
4582:Bibcode
4539:Bibcode
4511:Pangaea
4480:Bibcode
4432:Bibcode
4383:Bibcode
4346:Bibcode
4294:Bibcode
4256:Bibcode
4219:Bibcode
4177:Bibcode
4126:Bibcode
4118:Science
4082:Bibcode
4038:Bibcode
3994:Bibcode
3945:Bibcode
3650:In the
3449:Rotorua
3393:Rotorua
3068:1.23 Ma
3045:Unit E
3037:1.01 Ma
3021:0.97 Ma
2987:640 ka
2875:385 ka
2872:, Italy
2854:374 ka
2813:280 ka
2772:230 ka
2687:161 ka
2682:Nisyros
2665:150 ka
2558:Galeras
2463:, Japan
2426:18.3 ka
2423:, Italy
2404:, Italy
2295:10.5 ka
2209:, Korea
2207:Ulleung
2073:, Italy
1911:Khangar
1833:, Japan
1598:, Italy
1248:Okmok,
1205:Vanuatu
1174:Pompeii
1161:, Italy
1109:Ksudach
862:1280(?)
812:Vanuatu
732:Kolumbo
411:Chaiten
375:, Tonga
342:C years
297:benthic
121:Galeras
71:to the
7258:Topics
7199:Ulawun
7159:Merapi
7134:Colima
7059:
6956:
6733:
6640:
6614:Nature
6585:
6536:
6528:
6414:
6406:
6312:
6268:
6258:
6017:
5902:
5762:
5721:
5713:
5666:
5656:
5502:
5402:
5394:
5335:
5266:
5256:
5207:
4892:
4804:
4709:
4699:
4600:
4557:
4507:data:
4500:
4458:
4312:
4152:
4144:
4100:
4056:
4012:
3963:
3612:Craton
3568:Vulcan
3542:Masaya
3531:Alpine
3479:, and
3455:, and
3347:Eldgjá
3200:Eldgjá
3136:2.2 Ma
3129:Cerro
3112:2.1 Ma
3088:1.3 Ma
2950:560 ka
2753:230 ka
2738:220 ka
2633:90 ka
2566:40 ka
2562:Nariño
2461:Kyūshū
2355:Notes
2013:Kyūshū
1243:Notes
1201:Ambrym
952:Eldgjá
937:946 AD
753:, Peru
654:Note:
473:Notes
367:Notes
169:Ulawun
109:Colima
7305:Lists
7204:Unzen
7194:Teide
6954:S2CID
6908:(PDF)
6867:(PDF)
6663:(PDF)
6638:S2CID
6599:name=
6583:S2CID
6534:S2CID
6441:(PDF)
6412:S2CID
6310:S2CID
6015:S2CID
5900:S2CID
5760:S2CID
5719:S2CID
5500:S2CID
5472:(PDF)
5400:S2CID
5333:S2CID
5205:S2CID
5009:(PDF)
4994:(PDF)
4890:S2CID
4802:S2CID
4619:(PDF)
4598:S2CID
4555:S2CID
4537:(1).
4498:S2CID
4456:S2CID
4420:(PDF)
4286:(PDF)
4150:S2CID
4098:S2CID
4054:S2CID
4010:S2CID
3961:S2CID
3933:(PDF)
3719:(PDF)
3605:state
3603:Each
3553:Kuwae
3401:Taupō
3374:Askja
3355:Hekla
3256:Askja
3214:Katla
3151:Notes
3131:Galán
2522:36 ka
2407:16 ka
2346:Date
1827:Mashu
1474:Crete
1415:Taupō
1391:Kimbe
1255:44 BC
1234:Date
1024:Kimbe
831:Kuwae
818:Kuwae
464:Date
393:Ruang
358:Date
344:ago)
308:Raymo
293:Dye 3
282:GISP2
165:Teide
7189:Taal
7139:Etna
7057:ISBN
7040:link
6731:ISBN
6526:ISSN
6404:ISSN
6266:PMID
5711:ISSN
5664:PMID
5392:ISSN
5294:2013
5264:PMID
5017:2010
4707:OCLC
4697:ISBN
4310:ISBN
4142:PMID
3590:The
3423:and
3345:The
3336:Laki
3270:Loki
3186:Laki
2349:VEI
2124:6–7?
1689:Pago
1237:VEI
1020:Pago
965:lava
889:1257
794:1477
690:Laki
630:1808
467:VEI
434:2011
416:2008
398:2024
378:2022
361:VEI
332:The
289:GRIP
197:Toba
7020:doi
6989:doi
6977:263
6946:doi
6887:doi
6845:doi
6769:doi
6701:doi
6630:doi
6618:319
6573:doi
6516:hdl
6506:doi
6461:doi
6394:hdl
6384:doi
6351:hdl
6341:doi
6302:doi
6256:PMC
6248:doi
6209:',
6187:doi
6146:doi
6115:doi
6103:112
6071:doi
6007:doi
5971:doi
5959:270
5935:doi
5923:133
5890:hdl
5880:doi
5840:doi
5828:115
5750:doi
5703:doi
5691:171
5654:PMC
5644:doi
5632:117
5492:doi
5480:222
5382:hdl
5372:doi
5325:doi
5254:PMC
5244:doi
5232:110
5197:doi
5152:doi
5140:111
5111:doi
4929:doi
4882:doi
4794:doi
4666:doi
4654:114
4590:doi
4547:doi
4515:doi
4488:doi
4448:hdl
4440:doi
4391:doi
4354:doi
4342:102
4302:doi
4264:doi
4252:100
4227:doi
4215:102
4185:doi
4173:100
4134:doi
4122:264
4090:doi
4046:doi
4002:doi
3953:doi
2678:Kos
1138:of
641:),
7360::
7078:.
7036:}}
7032:{{
7016:41
7014:.
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6987:.
6975:.
6952:.
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6934:52
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6833:43
6831:.
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