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from blue whale trios from in a putative reproductive context, it has been recently suggested that this call has different functions. The blue whale call recorded off Sri Lanka is a three‐unit phrase. The first unit is a pulsive call ranging 19.8 to 43.5 Hz, lasting 17.9 ± 5.2 s. The second unit is an FM upsweep 55.9 to 72.4 Hz lasting 13.8 ± 1.1 s. The final unit is a long (28.5 ± 1.6 s) tone that sweeps from 108 to 104.7 Hz. The blue whale call recorded off
Madagascar, a two‐unit phrase, starts with 5–7 pulses with a center frequency of 35.1 ± 0.7 Hz and duration of 4.4 ± 0.5 s followed by a 35 ± 0 Hz tone lasting 10.9 ± 1.1 s. In the Southern Ocean, blue whales calls last roughly 18 seconds and consist of a 9-s-long, 27 Hz tone, followed by a 1-s downsweep to 19 Hz, and another downsweep to 18 Hz. They also produce short, 1–4 s duration, frequency-modulated calls ranging in frequency between 80 and 38 Hz.
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poor underwater hearing that cannot detect orca sounds at any great distance. Transient orcas on the other hand feed mainly on marine mammals, primarily seals, sea lions, and porpoises. Because all marine mammals have excellent underwater hearing, transients probably remain silent until they have caught their prey to avoid detection by acoustically sensitive animals. For the same reason, the mammal-eating orcas tend to restrict their echolocation, occasionally using just a single click (called a cryptic click) rather than the long train of clicks heard in the fish–eating ecotype.
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sounds. A and B calls are often produced in repeated co-occurring sequences as song only by males, suggesting a reproductive function. D calls are produced by both sexes during social interactions while foraging and may considered multi-purpose contact calls. Because the calls have also been recorded
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The
Eastern North Pacific blue whale tonal frequency is 31% lower than it was in the early 1960s. The frequency of pygmy blue whales in the Antarctic has steadily decreased at a rate of a few tenths of hertz per year since 2002. One hypothesis is that as blue whale populations recover from whaling,
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Much of the time, resident orcas in the northeast
Pacific are more vocal than Bigg's (transient) orcas living in the same waters. Scientists believe that the main reason for this lies in the different hearing abilities of their prey. Resident orcas feed on fish, mostly Pacific salmon, a prey with
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Bowhead whales are highly vocal and use low frequency (<1000 Hz) sounds to communicate while travelling, feeding, and socialising. Intense calls for communication and navigation are produced especially during migration season. During breeding season, bowheads make long, complex, variable
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in consistent patterns over a period of hours or even days. Only male humpbacks sing, so it was at first assumed that the songs were solely for courting. While the primary purpose of whale song may be to attract females, it is almost certain that whale song serves myriad purposes.
341:
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Aroyan, J. L.; McDonald, M. A.; Webb, S. C.; Hildebrand, J. A.; Clark, D. S.; Laitman, J. T.; Reidenberg, J. S. (2000). "Acoustic models of sound production and propagation". In Au, W. W. A.; Popper, A.; Fay, R. N. (eds.).
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Sirovic, A.; Hildebrand, J. A.; Wiggins, S. M.; McDonald, M. A.; Moore, S. E.; Thiele, D. (2004). "Seasonality of blue and fin whale calls and the influence of sea ice in the
Western Antarctic Peninsula".
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Lewis, L. A.; Calambokidis, J.; Stimpert, A. K.; Fahlbusch, J.; Friedlaender, A. S.; McKenna, M. F.; Mesnick, S.; Oleson, E. M.; Southall, B. L.; Szesciorka, A. S.; Sirovic, A. (2018).
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All of the baleen whale sound files on this page (with the exception of the humpback vocalizations) are reproduced at 10x speed to bring the sound into the human auditory band.
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272:, and the lowest frequency sound a human can typically perceive is 20 Hz. Blue whale calls last between ten and thirty seconds. Additionally blue whales off the coast of
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of humpback whale vocalizations. Detail is shown for the first 24 seconds of the 37-second recording of humpback whale song. Spectrogram generated with
Fatpigdog's PC based
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Cetacean sound production differs markedly from this mechanism. The precise mechanism differs in the two major suborders of cetaceans: the Odontoceti (
386:, and various combinations of sounds occur in patterned sequences lasting 7 to 15 minutes each. These sequences are then repeated in bouts lasting up to many days.
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pulses ("A") and tonal calls ("B"), upswept tones that precede type B calls ("C"), moderate-duration downswept tones ("D"), and variable amplitude-modulated and
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Recorded by the
National Park Service, using a hydrophone that is anchored near the mouth of Glacier Bay, Alaska, for the purpose of monitoring ambient noise.
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Recorded by the
National Park Service, using a hydrophone that is anchored near the mouth of Glacier Bay, Alaska, for the purpose of monitoring ambient noise.
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Estimates made by
Cummings and Thompson (1971) and Richardson et al. (1995) suggest that source level of sounds made by blue whales are between 155 and 188
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frequency (the range of sounds that most humans can hear falls between 20 hertz and 20 kilohertz). Each sound lasts between one and two
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Schall, E.; Di Lorio, L.; Berchok, C.; Filún, D.; Bedriñana-Romano, L.; Buchan, S. J.; Van
Opzeeland, I.; Sears, R.; Hucke-Gaete, R. (2019).
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within the larynx open and close as necessary to separate the stream of air into discrete pockets of air. These pockets are shaped by the
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At least seven blue whale song types have been shifting linearly downward in tonal frequency over time, though at different rates.
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have been recorded repeatedly making "songs" of four notes duration lasting about two minutes each, reminiscent of the well-known
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songs for mating calls. Many tens of distinct songs are sung by a population in a single season. From 2010 through to 2014, near
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Thompson, P. O.; Findley, L. T.; Vidal, O.; Cummings, W. C.; et al. (1996). "Underwater sounds of blue whales,
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Ljungblad, D. K.; Clark, C. W.; Shimada, H. (1998). A comparison of sounds attributed to pygmy blue whales (
868:"Matched-field processing, geoacoustic inversion, and source signature recovery of blue whale vocalizations"
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Oleson, E. M.; Calambokidis, J.; Burgess, W. C.; McDonald, M. A.; LeDuc, C. A.; Hildebrand, J. A. (2007).
48:" is used in particular to describe the pattern of regular and predictable sounds made by some species of
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1562:"SAFS Seminar: Kate Stafford, Scientific serendipity—unveiling the acoustic behavior of bowhead whales"
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1188:) recorded off Antarctica (Report). Vol. 48. International Whaling Commission. pp. 439–442.
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1588:""Bowhead [whales] are jazz," says researcher astonished by the diversity of their songs"
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The humpback whale is well known for its long and complex song. Humpbacks repeat patterns of low
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this is increasing sexual selection pressure (i.e., lower frequency indicates larger body size).
1519:"Natural History and Conservation of the Greenland Whale, or Bowhead, in the Northeast Atlantic"
1246:, recorded during the 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 IWC/SOWER circumpolar cruises, Area V, Antarctica"
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1153:(2010). "Seasonal detection of three types of "pygmy" blue whale calls in the Indian Ocean".
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Nieukirk, S. L.; Mellinger, D. K.; Hildebrand, J. A.; McDonald, M. A.; Dziak, R. P. (2005).
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1105:"Visual and passive acoustic observations of blue whale trios from two distinct populations"
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1387:"Long-term and seasonal changes of large whale call frequency in the southern Indian Ocean"
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Like other delphinids, orcas are very vocal animals. They produce a variety of clicks and
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1333:. 16th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. San Diego, CA. p. 205.
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1017:"Blue whale visual and acoustic encounter rates in the Southern California Bight"
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W.C. Cummings & P.O. Thompson (1971). "Underwater sounds from the blue whale
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Like other whales, the male fin whale has been observed to make long, loud, low-
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McDonald, M. A.; Calambokidis, J.; Teranishi, A. M.; Hildebrand, J. A. (2001).
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976:"Behavioral context of call production by eastern North Pacific blue whales"
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population have been well studied. This population produces long-duration,
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Oleson, E. M.; Calambokidis, J.; Barlow, J.; Hildebrand, J. A. (2007).
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926:"The acoustic calls of blue whales off California with gender data"
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1056:"Context-dependent variability in blue whale acoustic behaviour"
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W.J. Richardson; C.R. Greene; C.I. Malme; D.H. Thomson (1995).
1287:"Baleen whales in the Scotia Sea in January and February 2003"
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1492:"Bowhead Whale : Baleen Whales : Voices in the Sea"
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Leroy, E. C.; Royer, J.-Y.; Bonnel, J.; Samaran, F. (2018).
1351:"Worldwide decline in tonal frequencies of blue whale songs"
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Downward shift in the frequency of blue whale vocalizations
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Deep Sea
Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
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Common humpback whale vocalizations (plus windy day noise)
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McDonald, M. A.; Hildebrand, J. A.; Mesnick, S. (2009).
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Rankin, S.; Ljungblad, D.; Clark, C.; Kato, H. (2023).
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Thode, A. M.; D'Spain, G. L.; Kuperman, W. A. (2000).
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378:(FM) down-swept infrasonic pulses from 16 to 40
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1285:Sirovic, A.; Hildebrand, J. A.; Thiele, D. (2006).
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67:Humans produce sound by expelling air through the
449:Recording of humpback whales singing and clicking
102:—including the largest whales, such as the
514:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
855:. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 409–469.
1149:Stafford, K. M.; Chapp, E.; Bohnenstiel, D.;
8:
930:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
872:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
768:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
286:Vocalizations produced by the Eastern North
1291:Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
1250:Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
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1242:"Vocalisations of Antarctic blue whales,
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264:. All blue whale groups make calls at a
1391:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
798:. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA.
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823:, in the Gulf of California, Mexico".
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7:
1446:"Balaenoptera physalus (fin whale)"
837:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1996.tb00578.x
632:Problems playing these files? See
523:Problems playing these files? See
238:Problems playing these files? See
60:) in a way that is reminiscent of
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188:Recorded in North Eastern Pacific
1244:Balaenoptera musculus intermedia
1182:Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda
1167:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00437.x
1033:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.02303.x
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27:Real Time FFT Spectrum Analyzer
1586:Micu, Alexandru (2018-04-05).
980:Marine Ecology Progress Series
853:Hearing by whales and dolphins
1:
1467:"Finback Whale Vocalizations"
209:Recorded in the South Pacific
230:Recorded in the West Pacific
167:Recorded in the Atlantic (2)
146:Recorded in the Atlantic (1)
1355:Endangered Species Research
613:Orca calls and echolocation
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1224:10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.08.005
1060:Royal Society Open Science
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1566:University of Washington
796:Marine mammals and noise
347:Recorded in the Atlantic
87:into the desired sound.
691:An Atlantic minke whale
1618:Cetacean-related lists
1448:. Animal Diversity Web
1304:10.47536/jcrm.v8i2.712
1263:10.47536/jcrm.v7i1.752
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415:Megaptera novaeangliae
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257:with reference to one
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1517:Finley, K.J. (2001).
1186:Balaenoptera musculus
1155:Marine Mammal Science
1109:Marine Mammal Science
1021:Marine Mammal Science
825:Marine Mammal Science
821:Balaenoptera musculus
763:Balaenoptera musculus
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555:Orca (killer whale) (
477:A humpback whale song
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268:of between 10 and 40
266:fundamental frequency
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112:Balaenoptera musculus
98:) and the Mysticeti (
38:sounds made by whales
21:
1498:on 21 September 2013
1412:10.1029/2018JC014352
1210:(17–19): 2327–2344.
278:humpback whale songs
1444:Fox, David (2001).
1403:2018JGRC..123.8568L
1216:2004DSRII..51.2327S
1072:10.1098/rsos.180241
992:2007MEPS..330..269O
942:2001ASAJ..109.1728M
884:2000ASAJ..107.1286T
655:and communication.
498:Humpback whale song
435:Humpback whale song
376:frequency-modulated
296:frequency-modulated
34:Whale vocalizations
1548:10.14430/arctic764
1001:10.3354/meps330269
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651:that are used for
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950:10.1121/1.1353593
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1623:Whale sounds
1595:. Retrieved
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1532:(1): 55–76.
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512:Made by the
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44:. The word "
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1592:ZME Science
1571:January 14,
1297:: 161–171.
1151:Tolstoy, M.
986:: 269–284.
673:Minke whale
310:Fin whale (
259:micropascal
73:vocal cords
42:communicate
23:Spectrogram
1612:Categories
1597:2018-04-05
1477:2006-10-26
1452:2006-10-22
1422:1912/10837
1132:1912/24953
748:References
712:media help
634:media help
525:media help
357:media help
249:Blue whale
240:media help
104:blue whale
1534:CiteSeerX
1431:135201588
1361:: 13–21.
1313:251277044
1256:: 13–20.
548:frequency
544:amplitude
407:Greenland
372:frequency
366:Fin whale
274:Sri Lanka
64:singing.
1272:43993242
1090:30225013
958:11325141
908:25361396
900:10738784
720:See also
255:decibels
96:dolphins
54:humpback
36:are the
1502:3 April
1399:Bibcode
1212:Bibcode
1081:6124089
1041:7335728
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384:seconds
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77:throat
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69:larynx
50:whales
1522:(PDF)
1427:S2CID
1309:S2CID
1268:S2CID
1037:S2CID
904:S2CID
667:spp.)
540:notes
380:hertz
262:metre
62:human
1573:2024
1504:2013
1086:PMID
954:PMID
896:PMID
800:ISBN
643:Orca
546:and
85:lips
56:and
46:song
1544:doi
1417:hdl
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