2245:
1785:
30:
2208:
1754:
114:
158:
is driven by the rapid release of pressure, often involving the explosion of gas previously dissolved within the material. The most famous and destructive historical eruptions are mainly of this type. An eruptive phase can consist of a single eruption, or a sequence of several eruptions spread over
3757:
Ingrid
Ukstins Peate; Joel A. Baker; Mohamed Al-Kadasi; Abdulkarim Al-Subbary; Kim B. Knight; Peter Riisager; Matthew F. Thirlwall; David W. Peate; Paul R. Renne; Martin A. Menzies (2005). "Volcanic stratigraphy of large-volume silicic pyroclastic eruptions during Oligocene Afro-Arabian flood
1814:
continuously erupted from 1983 to 2018, producing 2.7 km (1 cu mi) of lava covering more than 100 km (40 sq mi). Despite their ostensibly benign appearance, effusive eruptions can be as dangerous as explosive ones: one of the largest effusive eruptions in history
4013:
Best, Myron G.; Scott R. B.; Rowley P. D.; Swadley W. C.; Anderson R. E.; Grommé C. S.; Harding A. E.; Deino A. L.; Christiansen E. H.; Tingey D. G.; Sullivan K. R. (1993). "Oligocene–Miocene caldera complexes, ash-flow sheets, and tectonism in the central and southeastern Great Basin".
2268:
in the past. These can comprise hundreds of large eruptions, producing millions of cubic kilometers of lava in total. No large eruptions of flood basalts have occurred in human history, the most recent having occurred over 10 million years ago. They are often associated with breakup of
2281:. Most large igneous provinces have either not been studied thoroughly enough to establish the size of their component eruptions, or are not preserved well enough to make this possible. Many of the eruptions listed above thus come from just two large igneous provinces: the
1839:
circa 6700 BC, with 25 km (6 cu mi) lava erupted, the latter being the largest effusive eruption in the last 10,000 years. The lava fields of these eruptions measure 565 km (Laki), 700 km (Eldgjá) and 950 km
1823:, which produced about 15 km (4 cu mi) of lava and killed one fifth of Iceland's population. The ensuing disruptions to the climate may also have killed millions elsewhere. Still larger were the Icelandic eruptions of
968:
The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.
673:
The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.
593:
The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.
566:
The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.
478:
The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.
421:
The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.
340:
The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.
272:
The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.
245:
The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.
5116:
T. Worthington; Tim J. Worthington; Roger
Hekinian; Peter Stoffers; Thomas Kuhn; Folkmar Hauff (30 May 2006). "Osbourn Trough: Structure, geochemistry and implications of a mid-Cretaceous paleospreading ridge in the South Pacific".
2289:. The latter is the most recent large igneous province, and also one of the smallest. A list of large igneous provinces follows to provide some indication of how many large eruptions may be missing from the lists given here.
195:
74,000 years ago, at least 2,800 cubic kilometres (670 cu mi), or the
Yellowstone eruption 620,000 years ago, around 1,000 cubic kilometres (240 cu mi), occur worldwide every 50,000 to 100,000 years.
100:
have taken their toll, and many eruptions have not left enough evidence for geologists to establish their size. Even for the eruptions listed here, estimates of the volume erupted can be subject to considerable uncertainty.
6072:
4117:
Lindsay, J. M.; S. de Silva; R. Trumbull; R. Emmermann; K. Wemmer (April 2001). "La Pacana caldera, N. Chile: a re-evaluation of the stratigraphy and volcanology of one of the world's largest resurgent calderas".
2856:
provinces, such as the Chon Aike province in
Argentina and the Whitsunday igneous province of Australia, are not included in this list because they are composed of many separate eruptions that have not been
2875:
These volumes are estimated total volumes of tephra ejected. If the available sources only report a dense rock equivalent volume, the number is italicized but not converted into a tephra volume.
5372:
4376:
Huff, W.D.; Bergstrom, S.M.; Kolata, D.R. (October 1992). "Gigantic
Ordovician volcanic ash fall in North America and Europe: Biological, tectonomagmatic, and event-stratigraphy significance".
3983:
4031:"Geochronology (40Ar/39Ar, K-Ar and He-exposure ages) of Cenozoic magmatic rocks from Northern Chile (18–22°S): implications for magmatism and tectonic evolution of the central Andes"
4511:
Bindeman, Ilya N.; John W. Valley (May 2003). "Rapid generation of both high- and low-δ18O, large-volume silicic magmas at the Timber
Mountain/Oasis Valley caldera complex, Nevada".
4225:
Takahiro, Sonehara; Satoru, Harayama (1 November 2007). "Petrology of the Nohi
Rhyolite and its related granitoids: A Late Cretaceous large silicic igneous field in central Japan".
3418:
3501:
4030:
6120:
5835:
Peate, Ingrid
Ukstins; et al. (2005). "Volcanic stratigraphy of large-volume silicic pyroclastic eruptions during Oligocene Afro-Arabian flood volcanism in Yemen".
4856:
2938:
2376:. Volume includes Broken Ridge and the Southern and Central Kerguelen Plateau (produced 120–95 Ma), but not the Northern Kerguelen Plateau (produced after 40 Ma).
4227:
4120:
4968:
5956:
3343:"Characterization of volcanic structures associated to the silicic magmatism of the Paraná-Etendeka Province, in the Aparados da Serra region, southern Brazil"
5648:
5526:
4262:
Froggatt, P. C.; Nelson, C. S.; Carter, L.; Griggs, G.; Black, K. P. (13 February 1986). "An exceptionally large late
Quaternary eruption from New Zealand".
3268:"Lithostratigraphy and volcanology of the Serra Geral Group, Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province in Southern Brazil: Towards a formal stratigraphical framework"
4484:
3809:"Etendeka Volcanism of the Goboboseb Mountains and Messum Igneous Complex, Namibia. Part II: Voluminous Quartz Latite Volcanism of the Awahab Magma System"
2999:
5500:
4203:
3709:
371:
One of the largest and oldest supereruptions. Existence as a single eruption is controversial. Possibly a multiple 2,000+ km event under a million years.
5045:
3740:
3341:
BENITES, SUSANA; SOMMER, CARLOS A.; LIMA, EVANDRO F. DE; SAVIAN, JAIRO F.; HAAG, MAURICIO B.; MONCINHATTO, THIAGO R.; TRINDADE, RICARDO I.F. DA (2020).
2644:
5376:
4758:
3605:
1799:
involve a relatively gentle, steady outpouring of lava rather than large explosions. They can continue for years or decades, producing extensive fluid
2808:
4736:
4172:
3303:
5996:
2721:
1705:
3991:
2456:
4653:"EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, held in Nice, France; chapter: Valley Evolution, Uplift, Volcanism, and Related Hazards in the Central Andes of Peru"
5440:
4310:
Morgan, Lisa A.; McIntosh, William C. (March 2005). "Timing and development of the Heise volcanic field, Snake River Plain, Idaho, western USA".
3138:
2603:
3688:
5711:
5159:
5021:
2679:
2497:
6092:
3895:
3396:
2813:
4354:
3072:
Scott E. Bryan; Ingrid
Ukstins Peate; David W. Peate; Stephen Self; Dougal A. Jerram; Michael R. Mawby; J.S. Marsh; Jodie A. Miller (2010).
6125:
5680:
3217:
1057:
5801:
5398:
Hoernle, Kaj; Folkmar Hauff; Paul van den Bogaard (August 2004). "70 m.y. history (139–69 Ma) for the Caribbean large igneous province".
5893:
5885:
5746:
5600:
5534:
5167:
5119:
4710:
4612:"The 26.5 ka Oruanui Eruption, Taupo Volcano, New Zealand: Development, Characteristics and Evacuation of a Large Rhyolitic Magma Body"
3535:
6067:
5468:"Flood basalts, continental breakup and the dispersal of Gondwana: evidence for periodic migration of upwelling mantle flows (plumes)"
2580:
4829:
3463:
2969:
5347:
4898:
3987:
3493:
5094:
4860:
4788:
4044:
2434:
explosive (.5 million km) to effusive (5 million km) eruptions, 25–40 Ma. Includes many volcanic centers, including the
5846:
5775:
3769:
6097:
6077:
2700:
2445:
2410:
645:
5598:
O'Connor, J. M.; le Roex, A. P. (1992). "South Atlantic hot spot-plume systems. 1: Distribution of volcanism in time and spac".
5268:
4707:"The floor of Yellowstone Lake is anything but quiet: Volcanic and hydrothermal processes in a large lake above a magma chamber"
4415:
Mason, Ben G.; Pyle, David M.; Oppenheimer, Clive (2004). "The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth".
3266:
Rossetti, Lucas; Lima, Evandro F.; Waichel, Breno L.; Hole, Malcolm J.; Simões, Matheus S.; Scherer, Claiton M.S. (2018-04-15).
3192:
6024:
5952:
4825:
4559:
4199:
2818:
2383:
34:
6087:
4652:
3855:"The 36–18 Ma Indian Peak–Caliente ignimbrite field and calderas, southeastern Great Basin, USA: Multicyclic super-eruptions"
2803:
2334:
Largest igneous body on Earth, later split into three widely separated oceanic plateaus, with a fourth component perhaps now
3633:"Distribution and Eruptive Volume of Aso-4 Pyroclastic Density Current and Tephra Fall Deposits, Japan: A M8 Super-Eruption"
3104:
5409:
4588:
4520:
4385:
4319:
1695:
1432:
1313:
1181:
73:'s largest eruptions can have a major regional or even global impact, with some affecting the climate and contributing to
5989:
5339:
3853:
Tingey, David G.; Hart, Garret L.; Gromme, Sherman; Deino, Alan L.; Christiansen, Eric H.; Best, Myron G. (2013-08-01).
2995:
2965:
2541:
2282:
958:
359:
235:
6130:
3899:
2833:
2754:
2286:
2215:
2182:
2159:
2136:
2113:
2066:
2016:
1993:
1970:
1946:
1923:
1899:
1761:
121:
5948:
5443:. Palaeobiology and Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol. Archived from
6029:
5640:
5573:
4762:
4568:
4071:"Discovery of two new super-eruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot track (USA): Is the Yellowstone hotspot waning?"
3426:
1352:
2991:
1501:
1362:
1112:
800:
452:
The largest of the Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex, and includes flows over 4,000 meters thick at the most.
5886:"Correlation of Indian Ocean tephra to individual Oligocene silicic eruptions from Afro-Arabian flood volcanism"
4953:
4536:
4462:
4401:
4195:
5467:
3716:
3939:
5293:
Coffin, M.F.; Pringle, M.S.; Duncan, R.A.; Gladczenko, T.P.; Storey, M.; MĂĽller, R.D.; Gahagan, L.A. (2002).
5982:
5837:
4796:
4766:
3760:
3597:
2435:
1671:
1662:
1641:
1632:
1611:
1602:
1292:
1283:
513:
503:
429:
309:
172:
6135:
6034:
5555:
4732:
4164:
3267:
2689:
2257:
2239:
2042:
1376:
1342:
1126:
924:
858:
814:
4915:"Smithsonian Institution – Global Volcanism Program: Worldwide Holocene Volcano and Eruption Information"
4463:"Middle Miocene ash-flow calderas at the compressive margin of southwest Japan arc: Review and synthesis"
2896:
This is the volume of crustal thickening, so the figure includes intrusive as well as extrusive deposits.
5704:"The Significance of the Contemporaneous Shiva Impact Structure and Deccan Volcanism at the KT Boundary"
5069:
4987:
4792:
4678:
3955:
2737:
1419:
305:
5221:
Kerr, Andrew C.; Mahoney, John J. (2007). "Oceanic plateaus: Problematic plumes, potential paradigms".
5444:
3419:"Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans"
3175:
17:
5906:
5850:
5759:
5613:
5547:
5482:
5413:
5306:
5230:
5180:
5132:
5078:
4623:
4572:
4524:
4424:
4389:
4323:
4273:
4236:
4133:
4082:
3866:
3822:
3813:
3773:
3680:
3644:
3569:
3439:
3279:
3159:
3088:
2823:
2467:
1103:
997:
711:
5703:
5560:
4918:
1832:
907:
Nohi Rhyolite total volume over 7,000 km in 70 to 72 Ma, Gero Ash-Flow Sheet being the largest
540:
Formed the White Rock Caldera, one of the largest eruptions of the Mid-Tertiary Ignimbrite flareup.
6049:
5196:
5014:
2930:
2781:
2335:
2315:
2244:
1524:
1492:
1478:
1195:
934:
868:
854:
3903:
3193:"Supplementary Table to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009) Major volcanic eruptions and provinces"
6059:
5866:
5710:. 2009 Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America. Vol. 41. Portland. p. 160.
5670:
4440:
4350:
4289:
4069:
Knott, Thomas; Branney, M.; Reichow, Marc; Finn, David; Tapster, Simon; Coe, Robert (June 2020).
4029:
Wörner, Gerhard; Konrad Hammerschmidt; Friedhelm Henjes-Kunst; Judith Lezaun; Hans Wilke (2000).
4016:
Field Trip Guidebook for Cordilleran/Rocky Mountain Sections of the Geological Society of America
3789:
3388:
3134:
2339:
1584:
Related to a 1200 cubic km tuff (Topopah Spring Member) as another member in the Paintbrush tuff
1551:
151:
78:
3224:
397:
Volume includes 5550 km of distal tuffs. This estimate is uncertain to a factor of 2 or 3.
304:
Largest known eruption on earth in at least the last million years, possibly responsible for a
5810:
5644:
5400:
5353:
5343:
5039:
4894:
3734:
3662:
3455:
3380:
3372:
3295:
2765:
2373:
2362:
2349:
1836:
1796:
1447:
1265:
Related to a 1000 cubic km tuff (Tiva Canyon Member) as another member in the Paintbrush tuff
914:
790:
762:
One of 2 previously unknown Yellowstone hotspot Supereruptions; Largest Yellowstone eruption.
486:
280:
82:
46:
5922:
4706:
4554:
4168:
3527:
6019:
5914:
5910:
5858:
5767:
5763:
5621:
5617:
5565:
5551:
5490:
5421:
5336:
The North Atlantic Igneous Province: Stratigraphy, Tectonic, Volcanic and Magmatic Processes
5314:
5238:
5188:
5184:
5140:
5136:
5086:
4960:
4631:
4580:
4532:
4474:
4432:
4397:
4331:
4281:
4264:
4244:
4141:
4090:
3874:
3830:
3781:
3652:
3577:
3447:
3362:
3354:
3287:
3167:
3146:
3096:
2798:
2522:
Mainly Southern Africa and Antarctica. Also South America, India, Australia and New Zealand
2501:
1332:
1328:
490:
184:
89:
4821:
1784:
6039:
5000:
4691:
3968:
2961:
2777:
2704:
2571:
2400:
2278:
2261:
1811:
1681:
1482:
733:
681:
97:
74:
29:
5854:
5486:
5417:
5310:
5234:
5082:
5064:
4852:
4627:
4576:
4528:
4428:
4393:
4327:
4277:
4240:
4137:
4086:
3870:
3826:
3777:
3648:
3573:
3443:
3283:
3163:
3092:
6044:
5739:"Age of the Emeishan Flood magmatism and relations to Permian-Triassic boundary events"
5738:
4035:
2675:
2658:
2628:
2477:
2270:
2249:
988:
769:
180:
85:, relatively gentle outpourings of lava. A separate list is given below for each type.
38:
5918:
5771:
5569:
4145:
6114:
5870:
5734:
5675:
5625:
5257:
4890:
4444:
4248:
4070:
3793:
3392:
3291:
3199:
1824:
1167:
62:
54:
3100:
5065:"Large igneous provinces: Crustal structure, dimensions, and external consequences"
5060:
4293:
2828:
2617:
2511:
2265:
2089:
1876:
1714:
724:
145:
66:
5319:
5294:
5242:
4954:"Goldschmidt Conference 2005: Field Trip Guide to the Columbia River Basalt Group"
4659:
3358:
1831:
eruption) circa 934, with 18 km (4 cu mi) of erupted lava, and the
1460:
3835:
3808:
159:
several days, weeks or months. Explosive eruptions usually involve thick, highly
4555:"Calderas and Ash Flow Tuffs of the Mogollon Mountains, Southwestern New Mexico"
3556:
Antonio Costa; Victoria C. Smith; Giovanni Macedonio; Naomi E. Matthews (2014).
3342:
3073:
2934:
2733:
1141:
176:
5192:
5144:
4636:
4611:
1471:
A part of the large eruptions that occurred in southwest Japan to 13 to 15 Ma.
1217:
A part of the large eruptions that occurred in southwest Japan to 13 to 15 Ma.
5862:
4436:
3785:
3171:
2648:
1807:
1511:
938:
701:
69:. While many eruptions only pose dangers to the immediately surrounding area,
5527:"Revised Indian plate rotations based on the motion of Indian Ocean hotspots"
5495:
5357:
3936:"Geologic Map of the Central San Juan Caldera Cluster, Southwestern Colorado"
3666:
3657:
3632:
3582:
3557:
3376:
3299:
2884:
Also the site of 972 and 943 km (233 and 226 cu mi) eruptions.
1736:
Osumi pumice fall deposit, Ito ignimbrite, and Aira-Tanzawa ash fall deposit
5258:"Kerguelen Plateau—Broken Ridge: A Major Lip Related to the Kerguelen Plume"
4584:
291:
192:
160:
41:, the largest eruption since 1912, is dwarfed by the eruptions in this list.
4479:
3451:
3384:
1828:
896:
4610:
Wilson, Colin J. N.; Blake, S.; Charlier, B. L. A.; Sutton, A. N. (2006).
3459:
2418:
Southwest United States: mainly in Colorado, Nevada, Utah, and New Mexico
5902:
5755:
5609:
5543:
5176:
5128:
4553:
Ratté, J. C.; R. F. Marvin; C. W. Naeser; M. Bikerman (27 January 1984).
4129:
3435:
3155:
2729:
2591:
2531:
2431:
2427:
1538:
5803:
Geological Report on the Muskox Property: Coppermine River Area, Nunavut
3367:
6005:
3879:
3854:
2607:
2560:
2485:
1816:
164:
93:
5949:"Columbia Plateau, Columbia River Basin, Columbia River Flood Basalts"
5090:
4651:
Thouret, J. C.; Wörner, G.; Singer, B.; Finizola, A. (April 6, 2003).
4018:. Crustal Evolution of the Great Basin and the Sierra Nevada: 285–312.
2905:
Actually several provinces, ranging in size from 1.5 to 6.6 million km
5425:
4964:
4335:
4285:
4095:
2853:
2556:
2552:
2274:
1789:
1727:
1151:
168:
5160:"The single largest oceanic plateau: Ontong Java-Manihiki-Hikurangi"
3935:
3558:"The magnitude and impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff super-eruption"
1908:
Member comprises 8–10 flows with a total volume of ~50,000 km
2640:
2243:
1800:
1783:
1409:
155:
70:
28:
5974:
3132:(Data in this table are from Ward (2009) unless noted otherwise)
1241:
Also includes a 900 cubic km tuff as a second member in the tuff
3218:"Supplementary References to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009)"
2496:
A large outpouring of lava on land, believed to have caused the
2277:
in the geologic record, and may have contributed to a number of
1820:
1803:
188:
50:
6073:
Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province
5978:
3807:
Ewart, A.; Milner, S.C.; Armstrong, R.A.; Duncan, A.R. (1998).
3528:"Volcanic Explosivity Index: Measuring the size of an eruption"
2202:
1748:
404:
Goboboseb–Messum volcanic centre—Springbok quartz latite unit
108:
77:. Volcanic eruptions can generally be characterized as either
58:
4914:
4709:. National Park Service and United States Geological Survey.
3139:"Sulfur Dioxide Initiates Global Climate Change in Four Ways"
2931:"Super Volcano Will Challenge Civilization, Geologists Warn"
187:
materials are the primary product, typically in the form of
4537:
10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0581:RGOBHA>2.0.CO;2
4402:
10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0875:GOVAFI>2.3.CO;2
3752:
3750:
1670:
Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the
1640:
Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the
1610:
Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the
1321:
Related to a 1050 cubic km tuff, the Bloodgood Canyon tuff
1291:
Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the
1025:
One of 2 previously unknown Yellowstone hotspot eruptions.
512:
Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the
4952:
Martin, B. S.; Petcovic, H. L.; Reidel, S. P. (May 2005).
3984:"4. Petrology – The Mid-Tertiary Ignimbrite Flare-Up"
732:
It is the only known supervolcano located directly on the
1440:
Related to a 1200 cubic km tuff, the Apache Springs tuff
2866:
Dates are an average of the range of dates of volcanics.
2219:
1765:
125:
4885:
Frank Press & Raymond Siever (1978). "Volcanism".
4853:"A Brief History of the Pu'u 'O'o Eruption of Kilauea"
2256:
Highly active periods of volcanism in what are called
5475:
European Geosciences Union Special Publication Series
5439:
Goodwin, Anna; Wyles, Jon & Morley, Alex (2001).
5373:"Introduction – The Mid-Tertiary Ignimbrite Flare-Up"
516:
and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 Ma.
5525:
O'Neill, C.; MĂĽller, R. D.; Steinberger, B. (2003).
4947:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4935:
1674:
and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 Ma
1644:
and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 Ma
1614:
and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 Ma
1295:
and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 Ma
620:
Volume estimate is uncertain to a factor of 2 or 3.
88:
There have probably been many such eruptions during
6058:
6012:
5884:Peate, Ingrid Ukstins; et al. (30 June 2003).
4456:
4454:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
2962:"Flood basalts, mantle plumes and mass extinctions"
1070:England, exposed in Northern Europe and Eastern US
878:One of the largest Yellowstone eruptions on record
3494:"What is a supervolcano? What is a supereruption?"
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3631:Takarada, Shinji; Hoshizumi, Hideo (2020-06-23).
2643:, believed to have been one of the causes of the
5702:Chatterjee, Sankar; Mehrotra, Naresh M. (2009).
4857:School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology
4893:: W. F. Freeman and Company. pp. 348–378.
4816:
4814:
2829:Supervolcano § Massive explosive eruptions
1955:Two flows with a total volume of 5,500 km
146:Supervolcano § Massive explosive eruptions
4467:The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan
4351:"Plate Tectonics from the Middle of the Plate"
4228:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
4121:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
3272:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
415:Paraná and Etendeka traps, Brazil and Namibia
5990:
5671:"India's Smoking Gun: Dino-Killing Eruptions"
5295:"Kerguelen Hotspot Magma Output since 130 Ma"
4880:
4878:
1704:Helped cause the exceptional preservation at
1621:Uncompahgre—Dillon & Sapinero Mesa Tuffs
8:
4159:
4157:
4155:
2051:One of the oldest large eruptions preserved
1078:One of the oldest large eruptions preserved
5265:Seventh Annual V. M. Goldschmidt Conference
4506:
4504:
4502:
4196:"Description: Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming"
3626:
3624:
3622:
2924:
2922:
2714:Consists of at least 150 individual flows.
2338:onto South America. Possibly linked to the
1408:Predates half of the uplift of the central
92:beyond those shown in these lists. However
5997:
5983:
5975:
2291:
1842:
198:
6121:Events in the geological history of Earth
5559:
5494:
5318:
4635:
4478:
4094:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3878:
3834:
3656:
3581:
3366:
3074:"The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth"
2809:List of large Holocene volcanic eruptions
2747:Associated with silicic, explosive tuffs
2639:A large igneous province of west-central
4548:
4546:
4305:
4303:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3347:Anais da Academia Brasileira de CiĂŞncias
2892:
2890:
2722:Ethiopia-Yemen Continental Flood Basalts
1868:Mahabaleshwar–Rajahmundry Traps (Upper)
1706:Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument
1248:Paintbrush tuff (Tonopah Spring Member)
61:, and various gases are expelled from a
5334:D. W. Jolley; B. R. Bell, eds. (2002).
5059:Coffin, Millard F.; Millard F. Coffin;
4822:"VHP Photo Glossary: Effusive Eruption"
3488:
3486:
3484:
2918:
2845:
2309:
2306:
1862:
1859:
1560:Elliptical caldera is ~35 km wide
216:
213:
81:, sudden ejections of rock and ash, or
5809:. Vol. NTS 86 O/6. Archived from
5044:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5037:
4996:
4985:
4687:
4676:
4064:
4062:
3964:
3953:
3739:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3732:
3128:
3126:
3124:
2316:Ontong Java–Manihiki–Hikurangi Plateau
2252:large igneous province (map in German)
700:Really a regional correlation of many
18:List of the largest volcanic eruptions
4799:from the original on 14 February 2012
4461:Daisuke, Miura; Yutaka, Wada (2007).
3938:. USGS Investigations Series I-2799.
3848:
3846:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
2972:from the original on 29 February 2012
2814:List of volcanic eruptions in Iceland
2645:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
2151:California Creek–Airway Heights flow
1567:Paintbrush tuff (Tiva Canyon Member)
532:Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex
442:Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex
7:
5959:from the original on 7 February 2012
5651:from the original on 8 December 2011
5097:from the original on 28 October 2011
4863:from the original on 7 February 2012
4591:from the original on 24 October 2021
4487:from the original on 6 December 2018
4206:from the original on 4 February 2012
4175:from the original on 9 December 2018
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3002:from the original on 11 October 2013
2992:"Effusive & Explosive Eruptions"
2081:Gran Canaria shield basalt eruption
1102:First of several eruptions from the
217:
5894:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
5747:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
5601:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
5535:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
5168:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
5120:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
4974:from the original on 3 October 2012
3942:from the original on 31 August 2010
2457:Caribbean–Colombian oceanic plateau
5800:Gittings, Fred W. (October 2008).
5683:from the original on 29 March 2010
4357:from the original on 10 March 2012
3894:Ort, Michael (22 September 1997).
2941:from the original on 23 March 2012
2929:Roy Britt, Robert (8 March 2005).
2604:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
2581:Central Atlantic magmatic province
885:Nohi Rhyolite—Gero Ash-Flow Sheet
704:originally thought to be distinct
25:
5781:from the original on 25 July 2011
5737:; Tung-Yi Lee; Genyao Wu (2002).
5714:from the original on 6 April 2010
5506:from the original on 24 July 2011
5158:Taylor, Brian (31 January 2006).
3988:University of Colorado at Boulder
3417:Ambrose, Stanley H. (June 1998).
3223:. Teton Tectonics. Archived from
3198:. Teton Tectonics. Archived from
2680:Permian–Triassic extinction event
2498:Permian–Triassic extinction event
1819:during the 1783–1784 eruption of
5274:from the original on 5 June 2011
4832:from the original on 27 May 2010
4759:"How Volcanos Work: Cerro Galan"
4713:from the original on 30 May 2010
4249:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.05.012
3292:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.008
2701:Mackenzie Large Igneous Province
2602:Believed to be the cause of the
2446:Caribbean large igneous province
2411:Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up
2206:
1752:
646:Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up
638:William's Ridge, central Nevada
191:. Eruptions the size of that at
112:
6025:Prediction of volcanic activity
5947:Topinka, Lyn (27 August 2002).
5338:. Special Publication No. 197.
5027:from the original on 2017-08-08
4921:from the original on 2012-10-24
4739:from the original on 2018-12-09
4560:Journal of Geophysical Research
3934:Lipman, Peter W. (2007-11-02).
3691:from the original on 2019-12-22
3608:from the original on 2021-04-23
3538:from the original on 2019-06-01
3504:from the original on 2019-09-25
3399:from the original on 2021-10-24
3306:from the original on 2021-10-24
3110:from the original on 2020-08-07
3101:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001
2819:List of impact craters on Earth
2384:North Atlantic Igneous Province
1788:Effusive eruption of lava from
996:Last of the eruptions from the
4705:Morgan, Lisa (30 March 2004).
2804:List of flood basalt provinces
2678:, may have contributed to the
1272:Bachelor—Carpenter Ridge tuff
1032:Sana'a Ignimbrite—Tephra 2W63
378:Sam Ignimbrite and Green Tuff
1:
6093:Quaternary volcanic eruptions
5919:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00192-4
5772:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00535-6
5570:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00368-6
5410:Geological Society of America
5243:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.01.019
4851:Ruben, Ken (6 January 2008).
4521:Geological Society of America
4386:Geological Society of America
4320:Geological Society of America
4194:Topinka, Lyn (25 June 2009).
4146:10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00270-5
3681:"Lexique du substrat rocheux"
3359:10.1590/0001-3765202020180981
1696:Thirtynine Mile volcanic area
1433:Mogollon-Datil volcanic field
1314:Mogollon-Datil volcanic field
1182:Mogollon-Datil volcanic field
743:Grey's Landing Supereruption
224:Guarapuava —Tamarana—Sarusas
5626:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90138-L
5340:Geological Society of London
2996:Geological Society of London
2966:Geological Society of London
1591:San Juan—Sapinero Mesa Tuff
360:Flat Landing Brook Formation
348:Flat Landing Brook Eruption
6126:Lists of volcanic eruptions
5320:10.1093/petrology/43.7.1121
3900:Northern Arizona University
2834:Types of volcanic eruptions
2755:Columbia River Basalt Group
2287:Columbia River Basalt Group
2183:Columbia River Basalt Group
2160:Columbia River Basalt Group
2137:Columbia River Basalt Group
2114:Columbia River Basalt Group
2067:Columbia River Basalt Group
2017:Columbia River Basalt Group
1994:Columbia River Basalt Group
1971:Columbia River Basalt Group
1947:Columbia River Basalt Group
1924:Columbia River Basalt Group
1900:Columbia River Basalt Group
1651:Platoro—Chiquito Peak tuff
1500:Last large eruption in the
1302:Bursum—Apache Springs Tuff
6152:
6083:Largest volcanic eruptions
6068:Extraterrestrial volcanoes
6030:Volcanic explosivity index
5466:Segev, A. (4 March 2002).
5193:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.049
5145:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.018
4763:San Diego State University
4569:American Geophysical Union
4036:Revista GeolĂłgica de Chile
3836:10.1093/petrology/39.2.227
3637:Frontiers in Earth Science
3562:Frontiers in Earth Science
3427:Journal of Human Evolution
2237:
1017:Located in southern Idaho
754:Located in southern Idaho
665:Paraná and Etendeka traps
585:Paraná and Etendeka traps
558:Paraná and Etendeka traps
470:Paraná and Etendeka traps
332:Paraná and Etendeka traps
308:of the human species (see
264:Paraná and Etendeka traps
143:
5863:10.1007/s00445-005-0428-4
4658:: 641–644. Archived from
4437:10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9
3786:10.1007/s00445-005-0428-4
3172:10.1016/j.tsf.2009.01.005
2542:Paraná and Etendeka traps
2283:Paraná and Etendeka traps
1502:Yellowstone National Park
959:Paraná and Etendeka traps
947:Palmas BRA-21—Wereldsend
236:Paraná and Etendeka traps
6098:Volcanic eruption deaths
6078:Large volcanic eruptions
5641:"CAMP site introduction"
5496:10.5194/smsps-2-171-2002
4637:10.1093/petrology/egi066
3658:10.3389/feart.2020.00170
3583:10.3389/feart.2014.00016
3215:Supplementary Table II:
2326:Southwest Pacific Ocean
2304:Volume (millions of km)
2298:Age (Millions of years)
1849:Age (Millions of years)
1365:—Ongatiti–Mangatewaiiti
1198:—Murou pyroclastic flow
829:Iftar Alkalb—Tephra 4 W
601:Jabal Kura'a Ignimbrite
459:Caxias do Sul—Grootberg
205:Age (millions of years)
5911:2003E&PSL.211..311U
5838:Bulletin of Volcanology
5764:2002E&PSL.198..449L
5708:Abstracts with Programs
5618:1992E&PSL.113..343O
5552:2003E&PSL.215..151O
5185:2006E&PSL.241..372T
5137:2006E&PSL.245..685W
4585:10.1029/JB089iB10p08713
4417:Bulletin of Volcanology
3761:Bulletin of Volcanology
3190:Supplementary Table I:
2436:San Juan volcanic field
2258:large igneous provinces
2199:Large igneous provinces
1672:San Juan volcanic field
1663:San Juan volcanic field
1642:San Juan volcanic field
1633:San Juan volcanic field
1612:San Juan volcanic field
1603:San Juan volcanic field
1293:San Juan volcanic field
1284:San Juan volcanic field
1006:McMullen Supereruption
803:—Kidnappers ignimbrite
654:Anita Garibaldi—Beacon
514:San Juan volcanic field
504:San Juan volcanic field
310:Toba catastrophe theory
6035:Volcanic Seven Summits
5256:Weis, D.; Frey, F. A.
4995:Cite journal requires
4686:Cite journal requires
4480:10.5575/geosoc.113.283
3963:Cite journal requires
3452:10.1006/jhev.1998.0219
2690:Coppermine River Group
2253:
2240:Large igneous province
2043:Gawler Range Volcanics
1891:Wapshilla Ridge flows
1793:
1391:Huaylillas Ignimbrite
859:Huckleberry Ridge Tuff
42:
5070:Reviews of Geophysics
4793:National Park Service
3758:volcanism in Yemen".
3081:Earth-Science Reviews
2738:Arabian-Nubian Shield
2391:North Atlantic Ocean
2247:
1787:
1420:Bloodgood Canyon Tuff
1224:Timber Mountain tuff
306:population bottleneck
144:Further information:
32:
5441:"The Siberian Traps"
5299:Journal of Petrology
4828:. 29 December 2009.
4789:"Wall Mountain Tuff"
4616:Journal of Petrology
3814:Journal of Petrology
3469:on 28 September 2010
2824:Lists of earthquakes
2361:South Indian Ocean,
2220:adding missing items
1806:flows. For example,
1766:adding missing items
1684:—Wall Mountain tuff
1578:Southwestern Nevada
1259:Southwestern Nevada
1235:Southwestern Nevada
1104:Heise volcanic field
998:Heise volcanic field
712:Gakkel Ridge Caldera
430:Wah Wah Springs Tuff
321:Guarapuava —Ventura
283:—Youngest Toba Tuff
126:adding missing items
6050:Volcano observatory
5928:on 20 November 2008
5855:2005BVol...68..135P
5487:2002SMSPS...2..171S
5418:2004Geo....32..697H
5311:2002JPet...43.1121C
5235:2007ChGeo.241..332K
5202:on 20 November 2008
5083:1994RvGeo..32....1C
4628:2005JPet...47...35W
4577:1984JGR....89.8713R
4529:2003GSAB..115..581B
4429:2004BVol...66..735M
4394:1992Geo....20..875H
4328:2005GSAB..117..288M
4278:1986Natur.319..578F
4241:2007JVGR..167...57S
4138:2001JVGR..106..145L
4087:2020Geo....48..934K
4043:(2). Archived from
3896:"La Garita Caldera"
3871:2013Geosp...9..864B
3827:1998JPet...39..227E
3778:2005BVol...68..135P
3649:2020FrEaS...8..170T
3574:2014FrEaS...2...16C
3444:1998JHumE..34..623A
3284:2018JVGR..355...98R
3164:2009TSF...517.3188W
3093:2010ESRv..102..207B
2782:Channeled Scablands
2666:Southwestern China
2260:have produced huge
2174:Stember Creek flow
1525:Main Ethiopian Rift
1493:Yellowstone hotspot
1479:Yellowstone Caldera
1377:TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
1343:TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
1170:—Kneeling Nun tuff
1127:TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
1058:Deicke and Millbrig
935:Southern Hemisphere
925:TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
869:Yellowstone hotspot
855:Yellowstone Caldera
815:TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
627:Windows Butte tuff
547:Jacui—Goboboseb II
152:explosive eruptions
105:Explosive eruptions
79:explosive eruptions
6131:Cenozoic volcanism
5679:. 10 August 2005.
4917:. Volcano.si.edu.
4769:on 6 February 2012
4733:"Corbetti Caldera"
3880:10.1130/GES00902.1
3230:on 20 January 2010
3205:on 20 January 2010
3181:on 20 January 2010
2340:Louisville hotspot
2254:
2218:; you can help by
2105:Joseph Creek flow
1915:McCoy Canyon flow
1797:Effusive eruptions
1794:
1764:; you can help by
1745:Effusive eruptions
1552:Catamarca Province
1196:Omine-Odai Caldera
772:—Atana ignimbrite
574:Ourinhos—Khoraseb
154:, the eruption of
124:; you can help by
83:effusive eruptions
43:
6106:
6105:
5645:Auburn University
5447:on 11 August 2010
5091:10.1029/93RG02508
4272:(6054): 578–582.
2790:
2789:
2766:Pacific Northwest
2468:Galápagos hotspot
2374:Kerguelen hotspot
2363:Kerguelen Islands
2350:Kerguelen Plateau
2295:Igneous province
2236:
2235:
2196:
2195:
1985:Pruitt Draw flow
1962:Sand Hollow flow
1782:
1781:
1742:
1741:
1363:Mangakino Caldera
1160:Aso-4 ignimbrite
1113:Mangakino Caldera
1096:Blacktail, Idaho
801:Mangakino Caldera
791:resurgent caldera
682:Oxaya ignimbrites
487:La Garita Caldera
281:Lake Toba Caldera
253:Santa Maria—Fria
202:Volcano—eruption
142:
141:
47:volcanic eruption
16:(Redirected from
6143:
6020:Decade Volcanoes
5999:
5992:
5985:
5976:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5927:
5921:. Archived from
5890:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5815:
5808:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5780:
5743:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5578:
5572:. Archived from
5563:
5531:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5505:
5498:
5472:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5426:10.1130/G20574.1
5395:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5375:. Archived from
5368:
5362:
5361:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5305:(7): 1121–1137.
5290:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5273:
5262:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5229:(3–4): 332–353.
5223:Chemical Geology
5218:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5201:
5195:. Archived from
5164:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5043:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5026:
5019:
5011:
5005:
5004:
4998:
4993:
4991:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4973:
4965:10.2172/15016367
4958:
4949:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4889:(2nd ed.).
4882:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4818:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4765:. Archived from
4755:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4689:
4684:
4682:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4664:
4657:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4508:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4482:
4458:
4449:
4448:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4349:Stetten, Nancy.
4346:
4340:
4339:
4336:10.1130/B25519.1
4307:
4298:
4297:
4286:10.1038/319578a0
4259:
4253:
4252:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4161:
4150:
4149:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4098:
4096:10.1130/G47384.1
4066:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3990:. Archived from
3979:
3973:
3972:
3966:
3961:
3959:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3931:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3902:. Archived from
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3850:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3738:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3721:
3715:. Archived from
3714:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3660:
3628:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3524:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3490:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3462:. Archived from
3423:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3370:
3353:(2): e20180981.
3338:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3263:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3222:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3174:. Archived from
3147:Thin Solid Films
3143:
3137:(2 April 2009).
3130:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3078:
3069:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2926:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2850:
2799:Extinction event
2776:Well exposed by
2773:
2768:, United States
2762:
2744:
2711:
2697:
2671:
2647:. Linked to the
2636:
2625:
2599:
2588:
2567:
2549:
2527:
2519:
2493:
2463:
2453:
2423:
2396:
2369:
2358:
2331:
2323:
2292:
2279:mass extinctions
2262:oceanic plateaus
2231:
2228:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2185:, United States
2179:
2162:, United States
2156:
2139:, United States
2133:
2116:, United States
2110:
2086:
2069:, United States
2063:
2039:
2038:
2031:Moonaree Dacite
2019:, United States
2013:
1996:, United States
1990:
1973:, United States
1967:
1949:, United States
1943:
1926:, United States
1920:
1902:, United States
1896:
1873:
1843:
1777:
1774:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1724:
1723:
1692:
1691:
1659:
1658:
1629:
1628:
1599:
1598:
1575:
1574:
1548:
1547:
1521:
1520:
1489:
1457:
1456:
1448:Okueyama Caldera
1429:
1428:
1399:
1398:
1373:
1372:
1339:
1333:Oruanui eruption
1310:
1309:
1280:
1279:
1256:
1255:
1232:
1231:
1206:
1205:
1178:
1177:
1148:
1123:
1122:
1093:
1092:
1067:
1066:
1040:
1039:
1014:
1013:
984:
983:
955:
954:
921:
893:
892:
875:
865:
837:
836:
811:
810:
780:
779:
751:
750:
721:
720:
691:
690:
662:
661:
635:
634:
617:
609:
608:
582:
581:
555:
554:
529:
500:
499:
491:Fish Canyon Tuff
467:
466:
448:
439:
438:
412:
411:
394:
386:
385:
367:
356:
355:
329:
328:
300:
288:
261:
260:
232:
231:
219:
199:
137:
134:
116:
115:
109:
75:mass extinctions
21:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6102:
6054:
6040:Volcanic winter
6008:
6003:
5973:
5972:
5962:
5960:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5888:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5834:
5833:
5829:
5819:
5817:
5816:on 15 July 2011
5813:
5806:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5741:
5733:Lo, Ching-Hua;
5732:
5731:
5727:
5717:
5715:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5686:
5684:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5654:
5652:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5582:
5580:
5579:on 26 July 2011
5576:
5561:10.1.1.716.4910
5529:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5450:
5448:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5382:
5380:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5350:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5260:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5100:
5098:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5015:"Archived copy"
5013:
5012:
5008:
4994:
4984:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4933:
4924:
4922:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4884:
4883:
4876:
4866:
4864:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4835:
4833:
4820:
4819:
4812:
4802:
4800:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4770:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4742:
4740:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4714:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4685:
4675:
4668:
4666:
4665:on 21 July 2011
4662:
4655:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4594:
4592:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4510:
4509:
4500:
4490:
4488:
4460:
4459:
4452:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4358:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4309:
4308:
4301:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4163:
4162:
4153:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4068:
4067:
4060:
4050:
4048:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4012:
4011:
4007:
3997:
3995:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3962:
3952:
3945:
3943:
3933:
3932:
3919:
3909:
3907:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3852:
3851:
3844:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3710:"Archived copy"
3708:
3707:
3703:
3694:
3692:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3630:
3629:
3620:
3611:
3609:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3541:
3539:
3526:
3525:
3516:
3507:
3505:
3492:
3491:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3402:
3400:
3340:
3339:
3318:
3309:
3307:
3265:
3264:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3141:
3133:
3131:
3122:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2795:
2778:Missoula Floods
2771:
2760:
2742:
2709:
2705:Canadian Shield
2695:
2669:
2634:
2623:
2597:
2586:
2572:Tristan hotspot
2565:
2547:
2525:
2517:
2502:mass extinction
2491:
2461:
2451:
2421:
2401:Iceland hotspot
2394:
2367:
2356:
2329:
2321:
2271:supercontinents
2242:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2207:
2201:
2177:
2154:
2131:
2108:
2084:
2061:
2036:
2034:
2011:
1988:
1965:
1941:
1918:
1894:
1871:
1856:
1840:(Þjórsárhraun).
1778:
1772:
1769:
1753:
1747:
1721:
1719:
1689:
1687:
1682:Mount Princeton
1656:
1654:
1626:
1624:
1596:
1594:
1572:
1570:
1545:
1543:
1518:
1516:
1487:
1483:Lava Creek Tuff
1454:
1452:
1426:
1424:
1396:
1394:
1370:
1368:
1337:
1307:
1305:
1277:
1275:
1253:
1251:
1229:
1227:
1203:
1201:
1175:
1173:
1146:
1120:
1118:
1090:
1088:
1085:Blacktail tuff
1064:
1062:
1037:
1035:
1011:
1009:
981:
979:
952:
950:
933:Largest in the
919:
890:
888:
873:
863:
834:
832:
808:
806:
777:
775:
748:
746:
734:mid-ocean ridge
718:
716:
688:
686:
659:
657:
632:
630:
615:
606:
604:
579:
577:
552:
550:
527:
497:
495:
464:
462:
446:
436:
434:
409:
407:
392:
383:
381:
365:
353:
351:
326:
324:
298:
286:
258:
256:
229:
227:
171:magma, high in
148:
138:
132:
129:
113:
107:
98:plate tectonics
90:Earth's history
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6149:
6147:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6113:
6112:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6088:Earth timeline
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6064:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6045:Volcano Number
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6006:Volcano topics
6004:
6002:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5979:
5971:
5970:
5939:
5903:Elsevier B. V.
5876:
5827:
5792:
5725:
5694:
5662:
5639:McHone, Greg.
5631:
5610:Elsevier B. V.
5590:
5544:Elsevier B. V.
5517:
5458:
5431:
5390:
5371:Cannon, Eric.
5363:
5348:
5326:
5285:
5248:
5213:
5177:Elsevier B. V.
5150:
5129:Elsevier B. V.
5108:
5051:
5006:
4997:|journal=
4931:
4906:
4899:
4874:
4843:
4810:
4780:
4750:
4724:
4697:
4688:|journal=
4643:
4602:
4542:
4498:
4473:(7): 283–295.
4450:
4423:(8): 735–748.
4407:
4368:
4341:
4299:
4254:
4235:(1–4): 57–80.
4217:
4186:
4151:
4130:Elsevier B. V.
4109:
4081:(9): 934–938.
4058:
4047:on 7 July 2011
4021:
4005:
3982:Cannon, Eric.
3974:
3965:|journal=
3917:
3906:on 19 May 2011
3886:
3865:(4): 864–950.
3842:
3821:(2): 227–253.
3799:
3746:
3701:
3685:dnr-mrn.gnb.ca
3672:
3618:
3602:www2.bgs.ac.uk
3589:
3548:
3514:
3480:
3436:Elsevier B. V.
3409:
3316:
3241:
3156:Elsevier B. V.
3135:Ward, Peter L.
3120:
3013:
2983:
2952:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2898:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2857:distinguished.
2844:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2676:Siberian Traps
2672:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2659:Emeishan Traps
2655:
2654:
2652:
2637:
2632:
2629:Deccan Plateau
2626:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:Linked to the
2568:
2563:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2500:, the largest
2494:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:Siberian Traps
2474:
2473:
2471:
2466:Linked to the
2464:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2399:Linked to the
2397:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2372:Linked to the
2370:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2352:–Broken Ridge
2346:
2345:
2343:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2250:Siberian Traps
2248:Extent of the
2238:Main article:
2234:
2233:
2227:September 2015
2213:
2211:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2129:
2128:Ginkgo Basalt
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1939:
1938:Umtanum flows
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1780:
1779:
1773:September 2015
1759:
1757:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:, New Zealand
1374:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1345:, New Zealand
1340:
1335:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1209:Honshū, Japan
1207:
1199:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1171:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:, New Zealand
1124:
1116:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1007:
1003:
1002:
1000:
994:
991:
989:Kilgore, Idaho
985:
977:
973:
972:
970:
966:
961:
956:
948:
944:
943:
941:
931:
928:
927:, New Zealand
922:
917:
911:
910:
908:
905:
900:
894:
886:
882:
881:
879:
876:
871:
866:
861:
851:
850:
848:
846:
841:
838:
830:
826:
825:
823:
821:
818:
817:, New Zealand
812:
804:
797:
796:
794:
787:
784:
781:
773:
770:Pacana Caldera
766:
765:
763:
760:
755:
752:
744:
740:
739:
737:
730:
727:
722:
714:
708:
707:
705:
698:
695:
692:
684:
678:
677:
675:
671:
666:
663:
655:
651:
650:
648:
642:
639:
636:
628:
624:
623:
621:
618:
613:
610:
602:
598:
597:
595:
591:
586:
583:
575:
571:
570:
568:
564:
559:
556:
548:
544:
543:
541:
538:
533:
530:
524:
520:
519:
517:
510:
507:
501:
493:
483:
482:
480:
476:
471:
468:
460:
456:
455:
453:
450:
443:
440:
432:
426:
425:
423:
419:
416:
413:
405:
401:
400:
398:
395:
390:
387:
379:
375:
374:
372:
369:
362:
357:
349:
345:
344:
342:
338:
333:
330:
322:
318:
317:
313:
302:
295:
289:
284:
277:
276:
274:
270:
265:
262:
254:
250:
249:
247:
243:
238:
233:
225:
221:
220:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
181:carbon dioxide
140:
139:
133:September 2015
119:
117:
106:
103:
55:volcanic bombs
39:Mount Pinatubo
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6148:
6137:
6136:Lists by size
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6109:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6000:
5995:
5993:
5988:
5986:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5943:
5940:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5887:
5880:
5877:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5831:
5828:
5812:
5805:
5804:
5796:
5793:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5740:
5736:
5735:Sun-Lin Chung
5729:
5726:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5698:
5695:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5676:Science Daily
5672:
5666:
5663:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5635:
5632:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5602:
5594:
5591:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5528:
5521:
5518:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5459:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5432:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5394:
5391:
5379:on 2008-12-02
5378:
5374:
5367:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5349:1-86239-108-4
5345:
5341:
5337:
5330:
5327:
5321:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5289:
5286:
5270:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5217:
5214:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5161:
5154:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5112:
5109:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5023:
5016:
5010:
5007:
5002:
4989:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4902:
4900:0-7167-0289-4
4896:
4892:
4891:San Francisco
4888:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4847:
4844:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4698:
4693:
4680:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4644:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4603:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4571:: 8713–8732.
4570:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4369:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4258:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4221:
4218:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4187:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4113:
4110:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4025:
4022:
4017:
4009:
4006:
3994:on 2012-10-13
3993:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3975:
3970:
3957:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3722:on 2019-12-12
3718:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3549:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3420:
3413:
3410:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3226:
3219:
3201:
3194:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3158:: 3188–3203.
3157:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2960:Self, Steve.
2956:
2953:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2902:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2266:flood basalts
2263:
2259:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2230:
2221:
2217:
2214:This list is
2212:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2058:Rosalia flow
2057:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1905:5,000–10,000
1904:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1776:
1767:
1763:
1760:This list is
1758:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1515:
1513:
1512:Awasa Caldera
1510:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1329:TaupĹŤ Volcano
1327:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1172:
1169:
1168:Emory Caldera
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:Afro-Arabian
1042:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1001:
999:
995:
992:
990:
986:
978:
976:Kilgore tuff
975:
974:
971:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
949:
946:
945:
942:
940:
936:
932:
929:
926:
923:
918:
916:
913:
912:
909:
906:
904:
901:
898:
895:
887:
884:
883:
880:
877:
872:
870:
867:
862:
860:
856:
853:
852:
849:
847:
845:
842:
840:Afro-Arabian
839:
831:
828:
827:
824:
822:
819:
816:
813:
805:
802:
799:
798:
795:
792:
788:
785:
782:
774:
771:
768:
767:
764:
761:
759:
756:
753:
745:
742:
741:
738:
735:
731:
728:
726:
723:
715:
713:
710:
709:
706:
703:
699:
696:
693:
685:
683:
680:
679:
676:
672:
670:
667:
664:
656:
653:
652:
649:
647:
643:
640:
637:
629:
626:
625:
622:
619:
614:
611:
603:
600:
599:
596:
592:
590:
587:
584:
576:
573:
572:
569:
565:
563:
560:
557:
549:
546:
545:
542:
539:
537:
534:
531:
525:
522:
521:
518:
515:
511:
508:
505:
502:
494:
492:
488:
485:
484:
481:
477:
475:
472:
469:
461:
458:
457:
454:
451:
449:
444:
441:
433:
431:
428:
427:
424:
420:
417:
414:
406:
403:
402:
399:
396:
391:
388:
380:
377:
376:
373:
370:
368:
363:
361:
358:
350:
347:
346:
343:
339:
337:
334:
331:
323:
320:
319:
316:
314:
311:
307:
303:
301:
296:
293:
290:
285:
282:
279:
278:
275:
271:
269:
266:
263:
255:
252:
251:
248:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
226:
223:
222:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
153:
147:
136:
127:
123:
120:This list is
118:
111:
110:
104:
102:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
63:volcanic vent
60:
56:
52:
48:
40:
36:
35:1991 eruption
31:
27:
19:
6108:
6082:
5961:. Retrieved
5942:
5930:. Retrieved
5923:the original
5898:
5892:
5879:
5842:
5836:
5830:
5820:20 September
5818:. Retrieved
5811:the original
5802:
5795:
5783:. Retrieved
5751:
5745:
5728:
5718:22 September
5716:. Retrieved
5707:
5697:
5685:. Retrieved
5674:
5665:
5653:. Retrieved
5634:
5605:
5599:
5593:
5583:20 September
5581:. Retrieved
5574:the original
5539:
5533:
5520:
5508:. Retrieved
5478:
5474:
5461:
5449:. Retrieved
5445:the original
5434:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5381:. Retrieved
5377:the original
5366:
5335:
5329:
5302:
5298:
5288:
5276:. Retrieved
5264:
5251:
5226:
5222:
5216:
5206:20 September
5204:. Retrieved
5197:the original
5172:
5166:
5153:
5124:
5118:
5111:
5099:. Retrieved
5074:
5068:
5061:Olav Eldholm
5054:
5029:. Retrieved
5009:
4988:cite journal
4976:. Retrieved
4923:. Retrieved
4909:
4886:
4865:. Retrieved
4846:
4834:. Retrieved
4801:. Retrieved
4783:
4771:. Retrieved
4767:the original
4753:
4741:. Retrieved
4727:
4715:. Retrieved
4700:
4679:cite journal
4667:. Retrieved
4660:the original
4646:
4622:(1): 35–69.
4619:
4615:
4605:
4593:. Retrieved
4564:
4558:
4516:
4513:GSA Bulletin
4512:
4489:. Retrieved
4470:
4466:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4359:. Retrieved
4344:
4315:
4312:GSA Bulletin
4311:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4208:. Retrieved
4189:
4177:. Retrieved
4125:
4119:
4112:
4100:. Retrieved
4078:
4074:
4049:. Retrieved
4045:the original
4040:
4034:
4024:
4015:
4008:
3996:. Retrieved
3992:the original
3977:
3956:cite journal
3944:. Retrieved
3908:. Retrieved
3904:the original
3889:
3862:
3858:
3818:
3812:
3802:
3765:
3759:
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3717:the original
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3684:
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3636:
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3601:
3592:
3565:
3561:
3551:
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3531:
3506:. Retrieved
3498:www.usgs.gov
3497:
3471:. Retrieved
3464:the original
3431:
3425:
3412:
3401:. Retrieved
3368:10183/220249
3350:
3346:
3308:. Retrieved
3275:
3271:
3232:. Retrieved
3225:the original
3207:. Retrieved
3200:the original
3183:. Retrieved
3176:the original
3151:
3145:
3112:. Retrieved
3087:(3–4): 207.
3084:
3080:
3004:. Retrieved
2986:
2974:. Retrieved
2955:
2943:. Retrieved
2901:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2848:
2618:Deccan Traps
2606:. Formed as
2512:Karoo-Ferrar
2255:
2224:
2090:Gran Canaria
2045:, Australia
2008:Museum flow
1877:Deccan Traps
1835:eruption of
1833:Þjórsárhraun
1815:occurred in
1795:
1770:
1715:Aira Caldera
1554:, Argentina
1466:
1351:Most recent
1212:
1115:—Rocky Hill
1073:
1046:
1020:
963:
937:in the Late
902:
843:
757:
725:Gakkel Ridge
668:
644:Part of the
588:
561:
535:
473:
445:
366:2,000–12,000
364:
335:
315:
299:2,000–13,200
297:
294:, Indonesia
267:
240:
211:Volume (km)
149:
130:
87:
44:
26:
5905:: 311–327.
5849:: 135–156.
5758:: 449–458.
5612:: 343–364.
5546:: 151–168.
5481:: 171–191.
5412:: 697–700.
5383:9 September
5179:: 372–380.
5131:: 685–701.
5077:(1): 1–36.
4978:1 September
4735:. VOGRIPA.
4523:: 581–595.
4388:: 875–878.
4322:: 288–306.
4165:"Mangakino"
4132:: 145–173.
3772:: 135–156.
3532:geology.com
3438:: 623–651.
3234:8 September
3209:8 September
2935:LiveScience
2674:Along with
2594:continents
2100:p. 17
1837:Bárðarbunga
1698:, Colorado
1539:Cerro Galán
1355:8 eruption
1142:Aso Caldera
874:2,450–2,500
702:ignimbrites
616:3,797–3,803
506:, Colorado
447:5,500–5,900
393:6,797–6,803
185:Pyroclastic
177:water vapor
6115:Categories
5031:2018-06-20
4925:2015-12-16
4743:9 December
4491:6 December
4179:9 December
3726:2019-09-11
3695:2019-12-22
3612:2021-04-23
3542:2019-09-12
3508:2019-09-12
3403:2021-06-15
3310:2021-06-15
3278:: 98–114.
3185:2010-03-19
3114:2020-03-11
2913:References
2530:Formed as
2216:incomplete
2085:14.5 to 14
1762:incomplete
1733:940–1,040
1157:930–1,860
939:Quaternary
523:Lund Tuff
122:incomplete
5871:140160158
5556:CiteSeerX
5358:0305-8719
5101:27 August
4867:27 August
4836:25 August
4595:18 August
4445:129680497
3859:Geosphere
3794:140160158
3667:2296-6463
3598:"VOGRIPA"
3393:214583807
3377:1678-2690
3300:0377-0273
3006:28 August
2976:27 August
2945:27 August
2651:hotspot.
2610:broke up
2534:broke up
2488:, Russia
2301:Location
1852:Location
1846:Eruption
1792:, Iceland
1021:>1,700
915:Whakamaru
758:>2,800
292:Sunda Arc
208:Location
193:Lake Toba
173:volatiles
5963:5 August
5957:Archived
5932:5 August
5847:Springer
5785:5 August
5776:Archived
5756:Elsevier
5712:Archived
5687:5 August
5681:Archived
5655:5 August
5649:Archived
5510:5 August
5501:Archived
5451:5 August
5278:5 August
5269:Archived
5095:Archived
5063:(1994).
5040:cite web
5022:Archived
4969:Archived
4919:Archived
4861:Archived
4830:Archived
4803:5 August
4797:Archived
4773:5 August
4737:Archived
4717:5 August
4711:Archived
4669:5 August
4589:Archived
4485:Archived
4361:5 August
4355:Archived
4210:6 August
4204:Archived
4173:Archived
4051:5 August
3998:5 August
3946:6 August
3940:Archived
3910:5 August
3770:Springer
3735:cite web
3689:Archived
3606:Archived
3536:Archived
3502:Archived
3473:5 August
3397:Archived
3385:32187251
3304:Archived
3105:Archived
3000:Archived
2970:Archived
2939:Archived
2852:Certain
2793:See also
2730:Ethiopia
2631:, India
2592:Laurasia
2532:Gondwana
2432:rhyolite
2428:andesite
2336:accreted
2285:and the
2273:such as
2092:, Spain
1879:, India
1730:, Japan
1463:, Japan
1402:Bolivia
1154:, Japan
899:, Japan
789:Forms a
5907:Bibcode
5901:(3–4).
5851:Bibcode
5760:Bibcode
5754:(3–4).
5614:Bibcode
5548:Bibcode
5542:(1–2).
5483:Bibcode
5414:Bibcode
5401:Geology
5307:Bibcode
5231:Bibcode
5181:Bibcode
5175:(3–4).
5133:Bibcode
5127:(3–4).
5079:Bibcode
4624:Bibcode
4573:Bibcode
4567:(B10).
4525:Bibcode
4425:Bibcode
4390:Bibcode
4378:Geology
4324:Bibcode
4318:(3–4).
4294:4332421
4274:Bibcode
4237:Bibcode
4169:VOGRIPA
4134:Bibcode
4128:(1–2).
4102:21 June
4083:Bibcode
4075:Geology
3867:Bibcode
3823:Bibcode
3774:Bibcode
3645:Bibcode
3643:: 170.
3570:Bibcode
3460:9650103
3440:Bibcode
3280:Bibcode
3160:Bibcode
3089:Bibcode
2780:in the
2732:/Yemen/
2649:RĂ©union
2608:Pangaea
2561:Namibia
2486:Siberia
2426:Mostly
1817:Iceland
1812:Hawaiʻi
1808:KÄ«lauea
1418:Bursum—
165:silicic
161:viscous
94:erosion
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6013:Topics
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5558:
5356:
5346:
4897:
4443:
4384:(10).
4292:
4265:Nature
3792:
3665:
3568:: 16.
3458:
3391:
3383:
3375:
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2854:felsic
2761:
2696:
2663:256.5
2624:
2587:
2557:Angola
2553:Brazil
2548:
2518:
2504:ever.
2482:249.4
2452:
2357:
2322:
2307:Notes
2275:Pangea
2188:1,200
2165:1,500
2142:1,600
2119:1,850
2095:1,000
2072:1,900
2048:2,050
2037:
2022:2,350
1999:2,350
1976:2,660
1952:2,750
1929:4,300
1882:9,300
1860:Notes
1855:Volume
1829:Eldgjá
1790:Krafla
1728:Kyushu
1722:
1701:1,000
1690:
1667:1,000
1657:
1637:1,000
1627:
1607:1,000
1597:
1581:1,000
1573:
1557:1,000
1546:
1529:1,000
1519:
1497:1,000
1461:Kyūshū
1455:
1437:1,050
1427:
1405:1,100
1397:
1382:1,150
1371:
1348:1,170
1318:1,200
1308:
1288:1,200
1278:
1262:1,200
1254:
1238:1,200
1230:
1204:
1186:1,310
1176:
1152:Kyushu
1132:1,495
1121:
1099:1,500
1091:
1065:
1038:
1012:
993:1,800
982:
953:
930:2,000
897:Honshū
891:
835:
820:2,760
809:
786:2,800
783:Chile
778:
749:
729:3,000
719:
697:3,000
694:Chile
689:
660:
641:3,500
633:
612:Yemen
607:
580:
553:
528:
509:5,000
498:
465:
437:
418:6,340
410:
389:Yemen
384:
354:
327:
259:
230:
214:Notes
169:felsic
6060:Lists
5926:(PDF)
5889:(PDF)
5867:S2CID
5845:(2).
5814:(PDF)
5807:(PDF)
5779:(PDF)
5742:(PDF)
5608:(3).
5577:(PDF)
5530:(PDF)
5504:(PDF)
5471:(PDF)
5408:(8).
5272:(PDF)
5261:(PDF)
5200:(PDF)
5163:(PDF)
5025:(PDF)
5018:(PDF)
4972:(PDF)
4957:(PDF)
4887:Earth
4663:(PDF)
4656:(PDF)
4519:(5).
4441:S2CID
4290:S2CID
3790:S2CID
3768:(2).
3720:(PDF)
3713:(PDF)
3467:(PDF)
3434:(6).
3422:(PDF)
3389:S2CID
3228:(PDF)
3221:(PDF)
3203:(PDF)
3196:(PDF)
3179:(PDF)
3142:(PDF)
3108:(PDF)
3077:(PDF)
2840:Notes
2726:28.5
2641:India
2415:32.5
2388:55.5
2330:59–77
2310:Refs
2035:1591
1942:~15.6
1895:~15.5
1863:Refs
1857:(km)
1827:(the
1825:Katla
1801:mafic
1504:area
1488:0.639
1467:1,030
1410:Andes
1338:0.027
1213:1,260
1147:0.087
1074:1,509
1047:1,600
987:Near
964:1,900
920:0.254
903:2,200
864:2.059
844:2,700
669:3,450
589:3,900
562:4,350
536:4,400
474:5,650
435:30.06
336:7,600
287:0.073
268:7,800
241:8,600
175:like
156:magma
71:Earth
45:In a
5965:2010
5953:USGS
5934:2010
5822:2010
5787:2010
5720:2010
5689:2010
5657:2010
5585:2010
5512:2010
5453:2010
5385:2010
5354:ISSN
5344:ISBN
5280:2010
5208:2010
5103:2010
5046:link
5001:help
4980:2010
4895:ISBN
4869:2010
4838:2010
4826:USGS
4805:2010
4775:2010
4745:2018
4719:2010
4692:help
4671:2010
4597:2010
4493:2018
4363:2010
4212:2010
4200:USGS
4181:2018
4104:2022
4053:2010
4000:2010
3969:help
3948:2010
3912:2010
3741:link
3663:ISSN
3475:2010
3456:PMID
3381:PMID
3373:ISSN
3296:ISSN
3236:2010
3211:2010
3008:2010
2978:2010
2947:2010
2772:0.18
2743:0.35
2734:Afar
2710:0.65
2694:1267
2559:and
2264:and
2178:15.6
2155:15.6
2132:15.3
2109:16.5
2062:14.5
2012:15.6
1989:16.5
1966:15.3
1919:15.6
1872:64.8
1821:Laki
1804:lava
1720:0.03
1688:35.3
1655:28.2
1625:28.1
1571:12.7
1517:1.09
1453:13.7
1425:28.5
1369:1.21
1306:28.5
1252:12.8
1228:11.6
1202:13.7
1036:29.5
1010:8.99
951:29.5
833:29.5
807:1.01
747:8.72
658:~132
631:31.4
605:29.6
578:~132
551:~132
526:29.2
496:27.8
463:~132
382:29.5
325:~132
257:~132
218:Ref.
189:tuff
179:and
96:and
65:and
51:lava
33:The
5915:doi
5899:211
5859:doi
5768:doi
5752:198
5622:doi
5606:113
5566:doi
5540:215
5491:doi
5422:doi
5315:doi
5239:doi
5227:241
5189:doi
5173:241
5141:doi
5125:245
5087:doi
4961:doi
4632:doi
4581:doi
4533:doi
4517:115
4475:doi
4471:113
4433:doi
4398:doi
4332:doi
4316:117
4282:doi
4270:319
4245:doi
4233:167
4142:doi
4126:106
4091:doi
3875:doi
3831:doi
3782:doi
3653:doi
3578:doi
3448:doi
3363:hdl
3355:doi
3288:doi
3276:355
3168:doi
3152:517
3097:doi
3085:102
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