1381:
409:(206 BC - ?) – Upon the founding of the dynasty, the first emperor awarded up to one-half of territory of Han as fiefdoms to various relatives, who ruled as princes. These fiefdoms collected their own taxes and established their own laws and were not directly administered by imperial government. Consolidation and centralization by succeeding emperors increased imperial controls, gradually dissolving the princedoms. During the period of Three kingdoms, Japan's king also sent tribute to Cao Rui stating about his status as a vassal to the Rui.
6577:
727:
2512:; excerpt, "China found instead that its policy of using trade and cultural exchanges and offering legitimacy and prestige to the Silla monarchy was effective in keeping Silla safely in the tributary system. Indeed, the relationship that was worked out in the late seventh and early eighth centuries can be considered the beginning of the mature tributary relationship that would characterize Sino-Korean interchange most of the time until the late nineteenth century;"
2186:; excerpt, "Japanese missions to the ... Tang Dynasties were recognized by the Chinese as bearers of imperial tribute; however, in the middle of the ninth century -- the early Heian Period -- Japan rescinded he sending of missions to the Tang Empire. Subsequently Japan conducted a flourishing trade with China and for the next five hundred years also imported much of Chinese culture, while nevertheless remaining outside the tribute system."
6601:
590:(50 - 220) – The Xiongnu split into northern and southern factions. The southern Xiongnu brought themselves into tributary relations with the Han. They were resettled along with large numbers of Chinese immigrants in frontier regions. Economically dependent on Han, they were obliged to provide military services under a tightened tributary system with greater direct imperial supervision.
3038:
325:
6014:
6589:
3725:"Reciprocating a tribute usually exceeded the tribute itself, which was a profitable government trade to the small nation but a big burden for China. Therefore, China requested for Joseon to send tribute only "once every three years," but in contrast, Joseon requested to send a tribute "thrice each year" or "four times per year" instead and achieved it."
1393:
3022:
6276:
6257:
6238:
6219:
6200:
5998:
714:
and Koryo. King Ch'ungson (1309–1313) married two Mongol women, Princess
Botasirin and a non-royal woman named Yesujin. She gave birth to a son and had a posthumous title of "virtuous concubine". In addition 1324, the Yuan court sent a Mongol princess of Wei named Jintong to the Koryo King Ch'ungsug.
1340:
Sin Kwi-saeng who, in 1398, got drunk and brandished a knife at a dinner in the presence of the king. Sino-Korean relations later became amiable, and Korean envoys' seating arrangement in the Ming court was always the highest among the tributaries. A total of 198 eunuchs were sent from Korea to Ming.
423:
dispatched an expedition to acquire their submission and the horses. The first expedition of 3,000 was woefully undermanned, but the second, numbering 100,000 besieged the capital, bringing them into submission after negotiations. The expedition returned with 10,000 horses along with a promise to pay
1339:
During Ming's early contentious relations with Joseon, when there were disputes such as competition for influence over the
Jurchens in Manchuria, Korean officials were even flogged by Korean-born Ming eunuch ambassadors, when their demands were not met. Some of the ambassadors were arrogant, such as
1371:
It is unknown who really was behind the anti-pig slaughter edict. The speculation of him becoming a Muslim is remembered alongside his excessive and debauched behavior along with his concubines of foreign origin. Muslim
Central Asian girls were favored by Zhengde, with Korean girls being favored by
709:
The
Mongols extracted tribute from throughout their empire. From Goryeo, they received gold, silver, cloth, grain, ginseng, and falcons. The tribute payments were a burden on Goryeo and subjugated polities in the empire. As with all parts of the Mongol Empire, Goryeo provided palace women, eunuchs,
1367:
adopted Islam, due to his use of Muslim eunuchs who commissioned the production of porcelain with
Persian and Arabic inscriptions in white and blue color. Muslim eunuchs contributed money in 1496 to repairing Niujie Mosque. Central Asian women were provided to the Zhengde Emperor by a Muslim guard
754:
started tributary relations in 1368, emissaries being sent to countries like Korea, Vietnam, Champa, Japan, of which Korea, Vietnam, and Champa sent back tribute in 1369. During Hongwu's rule, Liuch'iu sent 20, Korea sent 20, Champa sent 19, and
Vietnam sent 14 tribute missions. The tribute system
742:
Under the Ming dynasty, countries that wanted to have any form of relationship with China, political, economic or otherwise, had to enter the tribute system. As a result, tribute was often paid for opportunistic reasons rather than as a serious gesture of allegiance to the
Chinese emperor, and the
713:
Just as Korean women entered the Yuan court, the Korean Koryo kingdom also saw the entry of Mongol women. Great power was attained by some of the Korean women who entered the Yuan court. One example is the
Empress Ki (Qi) and her eunuch Bak Bulhwa when they attempted a major coup of Northern China
717:
The entry of Korean women into the Yuan court was reciprocated by the entry of Yuan princesses into the Goryeo court, and this affected relations between Korea and the Yuan. Marriages between the imperial family of Yuan existed between certain states. These included the
Onggirat tribe, Idug-qut's
2098:
1549:
In 1886, after
Britain took over Burma, they maintained the sending of tribute to China, putting themselves in a lower status than in their previous relations. It was agreed in the Burma convention in 1886 that China would recognize Britain's occupation of Upper Burma while Britain continued the
583:
in 73 AD. In 129: Fangqian, the king of Khotan, sent an envoy to offer tribute to Han. The Emperor pardoned the crime of the king of Khotan, ordering him to hand back the kingdom of Keriya. Fangqian refused. Two years later Fangqian send one of his sons to serve and offer tribute at the Chinese
1355:
Joseon sent a total of 114 women to the Ming dynasty, consisting of 16 virgin girls, accompanied by 48 female servants, 42 cooks (執饌女), and 8 musical performers (歌舞女). The women were sent to the Yongle and Xuande emperors in a total of 7 missions between 1408 and 1433. Xuande was the last Ming
1360:'s real mother was a Korean or Mongolian concubine. Relations between Ming China and Joseon Korea improved dramatically and became much more amicable and mutually profitable during Yongle's reign. Yongle and Xuande were said to have a penchant for Korean cuisine and women.
554:(105 BC - ?) – Central Asian people. Bitter enemies with the Xiongnu, they entered a military alliance with the Han. In 53 BC, the kingdom split into two following a succession dispute. Both continued to recognize Han sovereignty and remained faithful vassals.
755:
was an economically profitable form of government trade, and Korea requested and successfully increased the number of tributes sent to Ming from once every three years to three times each year starting in 1400, and eventually four times each year starting in 1531.
1351:
castrated some of their own children to become eunuchs in order to give them to Yongle. Yongle said that the boys who were castrated were innocent and didn't deserve castration, and he returned the boys to Ryukyu and instructed them not to send eunuchs again.
2095:
685:
The Song dynasty received 302 tribute missions from other countries. Vietnamese missions consisted of 45 of them, another 56 were from Champa. More tribute was sent by Champa in order to curry favor from China against Vietnam. Champa brought as tribute
1545:
The tribute system did not dissolve in 1875, but tribute embassies became less frequent and regular: twelve more Korean embassies until 1894, one more (abortive) from Liuqiu in 1877, three more from Vietnam, and four from Nepal, the last one in 1908.
743:
mere fact that tribute was paid may not be understood in a way that China had political leverage over its tributary. Also some tribute missions may just have been up by ingenious traders. A number of countries only paid tribute once, as a result of
6109:
6042:
5976:
5904:
2105:"The cross-cultural exchanges began with 5 missions between 600 and 614, initially to Sui China (on kenzuishi-sen), and at least 18 or 19 missions were sent to T'ang China from 630 to 894 although not all of them were designated kentoshi."
5821:
653:
in gold, 100,000 jin in silver, and 300,000 jin in copper in 445 as tribute to China. The final tribute paid to China from Lin Yi was in 749, among the items were 100 strings of pearls, 30 jin gharuwood, baidi, and 20 elephants.
1327:
There were Korean, Jurchen, Mongol, Central Asian, and Vietnamese eunuchs under the Yongle Emperor, including Mongol eunuchs who served him while he was the Prince of Yan. In 1381, Muslim and Mongol eunuchs were captured from
4781:
He, Li; Knight, Michael; Vinograd, Richard Ellis; Bartholomew, Terese Tse; Chan, Dany; Culture, Asian Art Museum--Chong-Moon Lee Center for Asian Art and; Art, Indianapolis Museum of; Museum, St Louis Art (2008-07-22).
4759:
514:. Under Zhao Tuo it paid nominal tribute to Han but his successors lost more and more power. After a coup d'état against the king, Han directly conquered the kingdom and directly administered it from then on.
4799:
544:. They entered tributary relations with the Han after several defeats, territorial losses, and internal conflicts. Tributary relationships terminated as a result of diplomatic fumblings during the reign of
4673:
1735:; excerpt, criticizing "the western tributary theory, which sees the world only from the viewpoint of the Chinese and overly simplifies the intricate domestic and international situations ...."
3000:
3095:
2036:; excerpt, "While other countries in East Asia were almost consistently emeshed within the Chinese tribute system, Japan found itself sometimes inside sometimes outside of the system ...."
3751:
4699:
634:
had conquered different principalities in Northwestern Cambodia after the end of the Yǒnghuī (永徽) era (i.e. after 31 January 656), which previously (in 638/39) paid tribute to China.
6283:
Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Fragments Toward the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century, Volume 2
3747:
Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Fragments Toward the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century, Volume 2
3133:
2962:
1836:
2753:
3712:
106:
1324:, and virgin girls came from: Ming's various ethnic-minority tribes, tribes on the Mongolian Plateau, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Central Asia, Siam, Champa, and Okinawa.
3811:
4743:
3674:
4783:
2449:
3790:
3881:
5665:
2883:"Working Papers of the Global Economic History Network (GEHN) No. 21/06 - The Nature and Linkages of China's Tributary System under the Ming and Qing Dynasties"
384:
6631:
6626:
4657:
5715:
The tribute taken to Beijing three or four times a year during most of the Joseon period provides an interesting insight into Korean products at this time.
3561:
2616:
5883:
2889:
3429:
1785:
2984:
1601:
6560:
3583:
3455:
3079:
1542:(義順). The Princess' name in Korean was Uisun, she was Prince Yi Kaeyoon's (Kumrimgoon) daughter. Dorgon married two Korean princesses at Lianshan.
567:'s reign, relations with many of the empire's allies and tributaries deteriorated, due in large part to Wang Mang's arrogance and inept diplomacy.
2657:
5878:
5577:
The Kazakh Khanates Between the Russian and Qing Empires: Central Eurasian International Relations During the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
669:(Tujue) and Tibetan girls were also sent to China. Prisoners captured from Liaodong, Korea, and Japan were sent as tribute to China from Balhae.
520:(53 BC - 10) – A nomadic confederation/empire in Central Asia and modern day Mongolia and extending their control to territories as far as
6621:
6293:
1746:
3745:
6484:
6442:
5776:
5531:
5492:
5454:
5415:
5339:
5300:
5262:
5231:
5201:
5171:
5096:
5066:
4695:
4067:
4029:
3990:
3951:
3913:
3836:
3508:
3127:
2924:
2651:
2204:
1501:
1621:
1356:
emperor to receive human tribute from Korea. with his death in 1435, 53 Korean women were repatriated. There was much speculation that the
4073:
3117:
2488:; excerpt, "The tributary relations between China and Korea came to an end when China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895."
5345:
5306:
5268:
5237:
5207:
5177:
5102:
5072:
5033:
4916:
4590:
4552:
4474:
4435:
4311:
4181:
4116:
3957:
3842:
3621:
George Qingzhi Zhao. Marriage as Political Strategy and Cultural Expression: Mongolian Royal Marriages from World Empire to Yuan Dynasty.
3514:
3320:
3278:
3198:
2946:
657:
Enslaved people from tributary countries were sent to Tang China by various groups, the Cambodians sent albinos, the Uyghurs sent Turkic
6323:
6071:
5782:
5498:
5460:
5421:
4994:
4955:
4877:
4838:
4634:
4513:
4396:
4357:
4035:
3996:
3919:
3398:
3359:
3236:
3061:
1853:
1574:
5383:
6306:
An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1794 and 1795,
5815:
5733:
An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1974 and 1795,
5027:
3547:
3192:
759:
6530:
6507:
6476:
6390:
6350:
6103:
6008:
5970:
5940:
5851:
5708:
5659:
5585:
5377:
4988:
4949:
4910:
4871:
4832:
4793:
4753:
4667:
4628:
4584:
4546:
4507:
4468:
4429:
4390:
4351:
4305:
4212:
4175:
4110:
3875:
3784:
3706:
3668:
3392:
3353:
3314:
3272:
3230:
3089:
3032:
2994:
2956:
2610:
2571:
2443:
1970:
243:
6419:
2359:
6298:
Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795.
5728:
Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1794;
4143:
2681:
1380:
2757:
1849:
1384:"Moghul embassy", seen by the Dutch visitors in Beijing in 1656. According to Lach & Kley (1993), modern historians (namely,
926:
330:
3696:
2669:
thus, between 1637 and 1881, Korea sent 435 special embassies to the Qing court, or an average of almost 1.5 embassies per year.
1949:
5805:
5575:
4899:
Weidner, Marsha Smith; Berger, Patricia Ann; Art, Helen Foresman Spencer Museum of; Francisco, Asian Art Museum of San (1994).
3773:
Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee, Luther Carrington Goodrich, Chao-ying Fang (1976).
2528:
2086:; excerpt, "... Japanese missions to the Sui (581–604) ... were recognized by the Chinese as bearers of imperial tribute ...."
387:; Zhouguke (周古柯), Hebatan (呵跋檀), Humidan (胡密丹), Baiti (白題, of similar Hephthalite people), who dwell close to Hephthalite; Mo (
186:
176:
4229:
2796:
747:'s expeditions. As of 1587, in Chinese sources the following countries are listed to have paid tribute to the Ming emperors:
2380:
163:
5537:
4056:
Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee; Luther Carrington Goodrich; 房兆楹 (January 1976).
2060:
5116:
5132:
3658:
2707:
2433:
1844:
1754:
1569:
3774:
2215:
641:
which was raiding the Rinan coast around 430s-440s by seizing Qusu, and then plundering the capital of the Cham around
3865:
102:
6304:
5737:
5649:
5328:
Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee; Luther Carrington Goodrich; 房兆楹 (1976).
4902:
Latter Days of the Law: Images of Chinese Buddhism, 850 - 1850; [exhibition, August 27 - October 9 1994 ...]
2557:; excerpt, "Korea's tributary relations with China began as early as the fifth century, were regularized during the
6567:
3539:
Marriage as Political Strategy and Cultural Expression: Mongolian Royal Marriages from World Empire to Yuan Dynasty
1797:
1579:
110:
1336:. Vietnamese eunuchs like Ruan Lang, Ruan An, Fan Hong, Chen Wu, and Wang Jin were sent by Zhang Fu to the Ming.
608:
1596:
380:
35:
3537:
2732:
6434:
2594:
1388:) think that the emissaries portrayed had actually come from Turfan, and not all the way from the Moghul India.
694:
336:
6093:
6036:
5960:
5898:
2882:
1372:
Xuande. A Uighur concubine was kept by Zhengde. Uighur and Mongol women were favored by the Zhengde emperor.
2948:
Money, markets, and trade in early Southeast Asia: the development of indigenous monetary systems to AD 1400
1321:
763:
406:
3421:
2046:
6226:
The encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Volume 15
1810:
1534:
Korea was forced to give several of their royal princesses as concubines to the Qing Manchu regent Prince
1437:
267:
2050:
419:. Hearing tales of their high-quality horses, which would be of great utility in combatting the Xiongnu,
4715:
4263:
3595:
3587:
3470:
3451:
441:
5678:
Joseon requested to send a tribute "thrice each year" or "four times per year" instead and achieved it.
2641:
5117:"Bonhams Auctioneers : A rare blue and white screen Zhengde six-character mark and of the period"
1195:
488:
launched a massive expedition, and forced their entire population to relocate within imperial borders.
5867:
1559:
317:
192:
5928:
The great enterprise : the Manchu reconstruction of imperial order in seventeenth-century China
2628:
Between 1392 and 1450, the Choson court dispatched 391 envoys to China: on average, seven each year.
1759:
1793:
1564:
1489:
301:
131:
6137:
5807:
Events that formed the modern world : from the European Renaissance through the War on Terror
1786:"Examining the Connection Between Ancient China and Borneo Through Santubong Archaeological Sites"
1425:
1400:
in 1795. The Dutch embassy was the last European embassy sent to China under the tributary system.
726:
438:, who annexed the kingdom into an imperial commandery but allowed local rulers to remain in power.
6313:
6169:
5630:
3805:
2114:
1270:
1165:
865:
701:
offered to send in tribute to the Chinese court a dancing elephant captured from Kashgar in 970.
312:
182:
6412:
1404:
This list covers states that sent tribute between 1662 and 1875, and were not covered under the
70:
In the 5th century, a status hierarchy was an explicit element of the tributary system in which
4057:
2245:
2242:
6553:
6534:
6526:
6511:
6503:
6488:
6480:
6472:
6446:
6438:
6408:
6394:
6386:
6372:
6354:
6346:
6331:
6099:
6004:
5966:
5936:
5847:
5811:
5772:
5704:
5655:
5622:
5581:
5527:
5521:
5488:
5450:
5411:
5373:
5335:
5329:
5296:
5290:
5258:
5252:
5227:
5221:
5197:
5191:
5167:
5161:
5092:
5086:
5062:
5056:
5023:
5017:
4984:
4945:
4906:
4900:
4867:
4828:
4789:
4749:
4663:
4624:
4620:
A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592-1598
4580:
4574:
4542:
4536:
4503:
4464:
4458:
4425:
4419:
4386:
4347:
4301:
4291:
4240:
4236:
4208:
4171:
4165:
4106:
4100:
4063:
4025:
3986:
3947:
3941:
3909:
3871:
3832:
3826:
3780:
3702:
3664:
3553:
3543:
3504:
3498:
3388:
3349:
3310:
3304:
3268:
3262:
3226:
3188:
3180:
3162:
3123:
3085:
3028:
2990:
2952:
2920:
2864:
2846:
2828:
2779:
2647:
2606:
2478:
2475:
2439:
2402:
2289:
2286:
2267:
in Chinese) was a system devised and monitored by the Chinese -- see Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric
2200:
2158:
2155:
2134:
2131:
1999:
1996:
1802:
1672:
1669:
1511:
1449:
1226:
1220:
1133:
1123:
1036:
990:
775:
698:
576:
485:
467:
459:
449:
435:
420:
294:
277:
117:
6063:
5766:
5482:
5444:
5405:
4978:
4939:
4861:
4822:
4618:
4497:
4380:
4337:
4019:
3980:
3903:
3542:. Vol. 60 of Asian thought and culture (illustrated ed.). Peter Lang. p. 182.
3382:
3343:
3220:
3116:
Richard Bulliet; Pamela Kyle Crossley; Daniel Headrick; Steven Hirsch; Lyman Johnson (2008).
3058:
2549:
2502:
2499:
2335:
2315:
2312:
2228:
2178:
2078:
2026:
2023:
1917:
1914:
1887:
1884:
1837:"Boni in Chinese Sources: Translations of Relevant Texts from the Song to the Qing Dynasties"
1702:
1699:
5932:
5614:
5367:
1725:
1722:
1591:
1483:
1461:
1397:
1302:
1085:
947:
889:
831:
616:
612:
587:
307:
284:
210:
148:
136:
17:
5872:
4235:. Working Paper Series (93). Asia Research Institute National University of Singapore: 75.
6605:
6423:
5741:
4728:
4276:
3608:
3483:
3065:
2532:
2363:
2102:
1638:
1431:
1409:
1364:
843:
690:, a fast-growing rice strain, to China, which massively increased Chinese yields of rice.
91:
6131:
5700:
1974:
621:
Supreme Military Commander of the Six States of Wa, Silla, Mimana, Gaya, Jinhan and Mahan
6523:
Ambassadors from the islands of immortals: China-Japan relations in the Han-Tang period.
6163:
5603:"The Tributary System in China's Historical Imagination: China and Hunza, ca. 1760–1960"
2525:
2356:
1726:
Ambassadors from the islands of immortals: China-Japan relations in the Han-Tang period,
105:
and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by
6593:
6364:
4139:
2685:
2057:
1539:
1517:
1495:
1472:
1385:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1286:
1127:
806:
751:
533:
455:
416:
83:
55:
6600:
646:
6615:
6500:
A concise history of Korea: from the neolithic period through the nineteenth century.
6286:
6267:
6248:
6229:
6210:
5634:
2064:
1945:
1586:
1455:
697:
named Zongchang sent a tribute mission to China. According to Chinese accounts, the
666:
6581:
6460:
4244:
3500:
Sourcebook of Korean Civilization: Volume One: From Early Times to the 16th Century
3222:
Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire: A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles
2869:
2851:
2833:
2803:
2784:
2554:
2509:
2485:
2407:
2340:
2322:
2296:
2252:
2233:
2183:
2165:
2141:
2083:
2033:
2006:
1924:
1894:
1732:
1709:
1679:
1611:
944:
Chijin (another group of Mongols?) (beginning in 1404, every five years since 1563)
731:
670:
604:
427:
388:
344:
172:
159:
39:
5926:
4788:. Asian Art Museum--Chong-Moon Lee Center for Asian Art and Culture. p. 153.
4140:"The Ming Connection: Notes on Korea's Experience In the Chinese Tributary System"
2561:(918–1392), and became fully institutionalized during the Yi dynasty (1392–1910)."
2376:
5693:
90:
and others. All diplomatic and trade missions were construed in the context of a
6464:
6456:
5124:
3166:
2935:
Wolters, "North-western Cambodia in the seventh century", p. 356 and pp. 374–375
2256:
1477:
1368:
and Sayyid Hussein from Hami. The guard was Yu Yung and the women were Uighur.
1316:
A number of Tibetan temples and tribes from the Tibetan border or the southwest.
1186:
861:
800:
687:
662:
580:
529:
289:
169:
5897:
Library of Congress. Orientalia Division (1943). Hummel, Arthur William (ed.).
5602:
5931:(Book on demand. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p.
5618:
5143:
1633:
1420:
1405:
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372:
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153:
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905:
564:
545:
525:
499:
324:
43:
797:?) (somewhere between 1426 and 1435, 1517, sometimes between 1522 and 1566)
199:
6538:
6492:
6398:
6358:
6335:
6184:(Colonial period Korea; WWC-5)(Original from the University of California)
5731:
2096:
Imperial envoys made perilous passages on kentoshi-sen ships to Tang China
466:
province. Brought into submission by an imperial expedition dispatched by
6515:
6450:
6416:
6376:
5871:
3264:
A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict
2027:
The Foundations of Japan's Modernization: a Comparison with China's Path,
1784:
Wan Kong Ann; Victor H. Mair; Paula Roberts; Mark Swofford (April 2013).
1616:
1333:
1154:
1066:
999:
938:
877:
869:
855:
744:
541:
511:
463:
376:
272:
257:
215:
3024:Тхе лонг роад: Сино-Руссиян экономик контактс фром анциент тимес то 1917
2919:
page 63 of the book, "MAPPING HISTORY WORLD HISTORY, by Dr. Ian Barnes.
642:
5768:
History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800
2159:
Articulating the Sinosphere: Sino-Japanese Relations in Space and Time,
1643:
1505:
1413:
1392:
1306:
1139:
1091:
1080:
1075:
1026:
849:
766:
were either started by or marked by disruptions in the tribute system.
658:
521:
517:
503:
495:
196:
75:
6266:, by William Woodville Rockhill, a publication from 1905, now in the
1504:(Thailand) (48 times, most of them after 1780 and before the reign of
1498:(every two years on average, 122 times in total between 1662 and 1875)
1416:
are not included, although they did send tribute in the period given:
3943:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644
2728:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1443:
1329:
1310:
1264:
1238:
1215:
1148:
1111:
1096:
1060:
953:
932:
909:
901:
893:
881:
837:
790:
770:
674:
638:
631:
491:
481:
477:
473:
445:
431:
412:
352:
348:
262:
249:
239:
221:
202:
141:
59:
6149:
burma was a tributary state of china british forward tribute peking.
3634:, in: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 6, no. 2 (1941), p. 137-150
2290:
The Cambridge history of China: The Ming dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 1,
1051:(1372, 1381, 1404, 1407, every three years for some time after 1443)
718:
Uighur tribe, the Oirat tribe, and the Koryo (Korean) royal family.
3155:
A Concrete Panoply of Intercultural Exchange: Asia in World History
1002:(beginning in 1404, annually from 1465, every five years from 1475)
32:
list of states that paid tribute to the Imperial dynasties of China
5564:, in: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 6, no. 2 (1941), p. 193ff
3647:, in: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 6, no. 2 (1941), p. 150ff
1391:
1379:
1249:
1232:
1180:
1159:
1105:
1042:
1017:
1011:
873:
826:
794:
735:
650:
551:
537:
507:
448:. Brought into submission by an imperial expedition dispatched by
368:
360:
356:
323:
233:
227:
95:
79:
71:
1466:
1434:(1681, 1685, 1735, 1738, 1742, 1743, 1745, 1746, 1752, and 1753)
1048:
885:
87:
6343:
East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute.
6098:(1. ed.). Beijing: Chinese Literature Press. p. 217.
5651:
The land of scholars: two thousand years of Korean Confucianism
5369:
Telling Stories: Witchcraft And Scapegoating in Chinese History
3698:
The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism
1703:
East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute,
1332:, and possibly among them was the great Ming maritime explorer
1280:) (beginning in 1403, annually, with interruptions, since 1458)
5446:
Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire
4980:
Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire
4941:
Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire
4499:
Defining Yongle: Imperial Art in Early Fifteenth-century China
4382:
Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire
3905:
Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire
3181:"Chapter 7, The Iranian Settlements to the East of the Pamirs"
2643:
East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute
1971:"The Kingdom of Funan and Chenla (First to Eighth Century AD)"
1446:(Korea) (three or four times a year; 435 embassies, 1637-1881)
494:(211 BC - 111 BC) – A kingdom situated today's northern
340:
4102:
Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics
971:
Doyan (?), Fuyü(?), Taining(?) (1388, twice a year from 1403)
6285:, by E. Bretschneider, a publication from 1888, now in the
6264:
China's intercourse with Korea from the XVth century to 1895
6165:
China's intercourse with Korea from the XVth century to 1895
458:(108 BC) – Located along the northeastern edge of the
6064:"The annals of the Joseon princesses. - The Gachon Herald"
4167:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty
1796:
and Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations,
1747:"Malaysia-Philippines Territorial Dispute: The Sabah Case"
6228:, by Hugh Chisholm, a publication from 1911, now in the
5844:
Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period : (1644 - 1912)
5133:"FINE2055 Crossing Cultures: China and the Outside World"
4745:
The Teleology of the Modern Nation-state: Japan and China
2986:
The golden peaches of Samarkand: a study of Tʻang exotics
734:
painting of a tribute giraffe, which was thought to be a
6247:, by Alfred Stead, a publication from 1901, now in the
5484:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
5055:
Jay A. Levenson; National Gallery of Art (U.S.) (1991).
2284:
Frederick W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank.
1363:
An anti pig slaughter edict led to speculation that the
1072:
Karakhodjo (1409, 1430, afterwards together with Turfan)
673:
China received 11 Japanese girl dancers as tribute from
645:. Around 100,000 jin in gold was the amount of plunder.
548:. Xinjiang passed to Chinese control after their defeat.
6316:"Tributary Trade and China's Relations with the West",
3940:
Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988).
2797:"The Political Economy of Philippines- China Relations"
974:
Ejijie (?), Hashin(?) (somewhere between 1522 and 1566)
4418:
Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John King (1978).
2259:
tribute system was profitable trade. The tally trade (
2197:
Ennin's travels in T'ang China: Chapter III - Kentoshi
1745:
Mohammad Al-Mahdi Tan Kho; Hurng-yu Chen (July 2014).
1550:
Burmese payment of tribute every ten years to Peking.
6565:
5804:
Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E., eds. (2012).
5691:
Robinson, Martin; Bender, Andrew; Whyte, Rob (2004).
2366:, KoreanHistoryProject.org. Retrieved on 30-01-2007.
5226:. Britannica Educational Publishing. pp. 176–.
5166:. Britannica Educational Publishing. pp. 176–.
3119:
The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History: to 1550
2754:"First Ruler of Melaka : Parameswara 1394-1414"
1203:(1387, 1389, 1391 etc., after 1523 every five years)
710:
Buddhist monks, and other personnel to the Mongols.
6561:
Ming occupation of Vietnam and Lam Son insurrection
4785:
Power and glory: court arts of China's Ming dynasty
3384:
Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols
3345:
Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols
2583:
435 special embassy missions between 1637 and 1881.
1120:
Liuchen (?) (1430, afterwards together with Turfan)
6469:Korea : a historical and cultural dictionary,
5692:
5220:Britannica Educational Publishing (1 April 2010).
5016:Schirokauer, Conrad; Brown, Miranda (2012-01-06).
4698:. Arts of Asia Publications. 1 January 2008: 120.
2352:
2350:
2348:
1267:(1430, 1497, 1509, 1510, every 5 years since 1523)
1136:(1405, 1411, 1412, 1414, 1424, 1434, 1445ff, 1459)
6429:Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005).
5965:(illustrated ed.). Hutchinson. p. 275.
5846:(Repr. ed.). Taipei: SMC Publ. p. 217.
5726:van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus. (1797).
5407:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Consumption
5295:. University of California Press. pp. 213–.
4748:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 209.
1675:(United Kingdom), No. 17, July 1884, pp. 605-619.
1486:(1732(?), 1792, 1794, 1795, 1823, 1842, and 1865)
430:(109 BC) – A kingdom located in modern-day
5810:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 200.
4460:Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China
4290:Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies (2011).
4170:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–284.
4164:Twitchett, Denis C.; Mote, Frederick W. (1998).
3985:. University of Washington Press. pp. 33–.
3660:Early Ming China: a political history, 1355-1435
2520:
2518:
579:– King Guangde of Khotan submitted to the
484:province. After an attack by the Minyue people,
6136:. LONDON: Hood, Douglas, & Howard. p.
5556:
5554:
4496:Watt, James C. Y.; Leidy, Denise Patry (2005).
1758:. NCCU Institutional Repository. Archived from
1069:and other tribes in the northeast (irregularly)
6003:(illustrated ed.). Penguin. p. 306.
4866:. University of Washington Press. p. 20.
3225:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 28–29.
2989:. University of California Press. p. 50.
2377:"The Ancient Ryukyus Period/The Sanzan Period"
1520:(1726, 1733, 1743, 1747, 1752, 1753, and 1754)
6383:The Korean peace process and the four powers.
5257:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 187–.
5196:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 176–.
5129:Oriental Blue and White, London, 1970, p.29.
5091:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 207–.
4656:Forges, Roger V. Des; Major, John S. (2005).
4230:"Ryukyu in the Ming Reign Annals 1380s-1580s"
4062:. Columbia University Press. pp. 1363–.
3946:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 212–.
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2700:"Kedah: The Birthplace of Malay Civilisation"
2479:The Korean peace process and the four powers,
8:
6554:Perpetual Happiness, The Ming Emperor Yongle
6502:Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
6152:(Original from the University of California)
5771:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 94–.
5334:. Columbia University Press. pp. 309–.
4863:Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle
4623:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 44.
3982:Perpetual happiness: the Ming emperor Yongle
3810:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3503:. Columbia University Press. pp. 681–.
3081:China and Vietnam: the politics of asymmetry
6345:New York : Columbia University Press.
6328:Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France.
5754:Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France.
5526:. Harvard University Press. pp. 657–.
4905:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 107.
4424:. Cambridge University Press. p. 301.
3779:. Columbia University Press. p. 1597.
3763:(Original from the New York Public Library)
3187:. Cambridge University Press. p. 271.
3084:. Cambridge University Press. p. 121.
2435:Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2144:; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Loui
1904:
1902:
1667:Gundry, R. S. "China and her Tributaries,"
1530:After the Second Manchu invasion of Korea,
1396:The Dutch embassy before the Court and the
6300:Philadelphia: M.L.E. Moreau de Saint-Méry.
5752:de Guignes, Chrétien-Louis-Joseph (1808).
5487:. Harvard University Press. pp. 64–.
5449:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 47–.
5160:Britannica Educational Publishing (2010).
4827:. Cambridge University Press. p. 47.
4502:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 12.
3908:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 36–.
3663:. Stanford University Press. p. 116.
2058:Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File
444:(108 BC) – City-state in modern-day
78:were ranked higher than others, including
6381:Kwak, Tae-Hwan and Seung-Ho Joo. (2003).
6369:Okinawa, the History of an Island People.
5058:Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration
4541:. Harvard University Press. p. 594.
3750:. LONDON: Trübner & Co. p. 291.
3309:. Harvard University Press. p. 157.
3267:. Indiana University Press. p. 172.
2646:. Columbia University Press. p. 59.
2316:Okinawa: The History of an Island People,
2306:
2304:
1888:Okinawa: The History of an Island People,
1033:(1391, 1406, 1413, 1418(?), 1437, 1457ff)
6320:(1942). Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 129–149.
6092:Kwan, Ling Li. Transl. by David (1995).
5884:United States Government Printing Office
5292:Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400-1900
5061:. Yale University Press. pp. 477–.
4983:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39.
4944:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 34.
4662:. Oxford University Press. p. 152.
4612:
4610:
4608:
4385:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39.
3387:. Harvard University Press. p. 48.
3348:. Harvard University Press. p. 49.
3169:(Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe), p. 839-840.
2246:Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644,
1878:
1876:
1874:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1602:List of recipients of tribute from China
725:
415:(102 BC) – Kingdom located in the
6572:
6525:Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
6294:van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus
6209:, a publication from 1884, now in the
5903:(reprint ed.). 經文書局. p. 217.
5331:Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644
5019:A Brief History of Chinese Civilization
4331:
4329:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4059:Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644
3776:Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644
3701:. Homa & Sekey Books. p. 179.
2543:
2541:
1660:
1428:(Vietnam) (annually, every three years)
4762:from the original on 26 September 2021
4724:
4713:
4702:from the original on 26 September 2021
4676:from the original on 26 September 2021
4272:
4261:
3825:Hugh Dyson Walker (20 November 2012).
3803:
3715:from the original on 26 September 2021
3604:
3593:
3479:
3468:
3298:
3296:
3256:
3254:
1929:Collected Statutes of the Qing Dynasty
532:, and modern day Chinese provinces of
434:province. Brought into subjugation by
5501:from the original on 25 December 2019
5309:from the original on 23 December 2019
5240:from the original on 30 December 2019
5105:from the original on 24 December 2019
5088:The Civilization of the Islamic World
4119:from the original on 22 December 2019
3999:from the original on 26 December 2019
3960:from the original on 28 December 2019
3845:from the original on 25 December 2019
3517:from the original on 2 September 2016
3401:from the original on 30 December 2019
3021:Михаил Иосифович Сладковский (1981).
1538:. In 1650, Dorgon married the Korean
912:(all somewhere between 1403 and 1425)
236:(63 tribute missions in 8th century)
7:
6281:This article incorporates text from
6262:This article incorporates text from
6243:This article incorporates text from
6224:This article incorporates text from
6205:This article incorporates text from
5879:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
5607:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
4821:Chase, Kenneth Warren (2003-07-07).
4344:Why Did Mongolia Not Destroy Goryeo?
4184:from the original on 8 December 2019
3979:Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1 July 2011).
2255:; note: the economic benefit of the
1622:Adoption of Chinese literary culture
27:Overview of Chinese tributary states
6632:Former countries in Chinese history
6627:Foreign relations of Imperial China
6162:William Woodville Rockhill (1905).
5730:see also 1798 English translation:
5085:Bernard O'Kane (15 December 2012).
4860:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (July 2001).
2595:"The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Part 2"
2125:Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "
1575:Foreign relations of imperial China
1313:. (somewhere between 1403 and 1424)
1223:(every three years since 1371-1448)
6371:Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle Co.
6168:. LONDON: Luzac & Co. p.
5785:from the original on 5 August 2020
5765:Geoffrey C. Gunn (1 August 2011).
5560:John K. Fairbank and Têng Ssu-yü:
5424:from the original on 5 August 2020
4997:from the original on 5 August 2020
4958:from the original on 5 August 2020
4919:from the original on 5 August 2020
4880:from the original on 5 August 2020
4824:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
4593:from the original on 5 August 2020
4579:. M.E. Sharpe. 2001. p. 661.
4555:from the original on 5 August 2020
4516:from the original on 5 August 2020
4438:from the original on 5 August 2020
4399:from the original on 5 August 2020
4360:from the original on 5 August 2020
4314:from the original on 5 August 2020
4298:World Travels of the Joseon People
3643:John K. Fairbank and Têng Ssu-yü:
3630:John K. Fairbank and Têng Ssu-yü:
3362:from the original on 5 August 2020
3323:from the original on 5 August 2020
3281:from the original on 5 August 2020
3239:from the original on 5 August 2020
3027:. Прогресс Публишерс. p. 13.
2951:. SEAP Publications. p. 210.
760:1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa
339:. Ambassadors from right to left:
25:
6324:de Guignes, Chrétien-Louis-Joseph
5404:Frank Trentmann (22 March 2012).
5289:Susan Naquin (16 December 2000).
5022:. Cengage Learning. p. 187.
3428:(1). Tianjin: 天津师范大学性别与社会发展研究中心.
3159:Asia in Western and World History
3122:. Cengage Learning. p. 279.
2438:. Psychology Press. p. 482.
1320:Tribute in the form of servants,
1151:(somewhere between 1426 and 1435)
884:?), Kuchani (?), Wushelatang(?),
6599:
6587:
6575:
6274:
6255:
6236:
6217:
6198:
5997:Dawson, Raymond Stanley (1976).
5959:Dawson, Raymond Stanley (1972).
4617:Swope, Kenneth M. (2013-04-29).
4463:. Lexington Books. p. 285.
3179:E. Yarshater, ed. (1983-04-14).
1918:International Relations of Asia,
1850:National University of Singapore
1480:(1663(?), 1667, 1686, and 1795).
876:, Lambri (Nanwuli, on Sumatra),
595:Jin, Northern and Southern, Tang
331:Portraits of Periodical Offering
6385:Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate.
6112:from the original on 2016-10-22
6074:from the original on 2021-07-23
6045:from the original on 2016-10-22
6017:from the original on 2021-07-31
5979:from the original on 2016-10-22
5907:from the original on 2016-10-22
5842:Hummel, Arthur W., ed. (1991).
5824:from the original on 2015-09-24
5668:from the original on 2021-09-26
5540:from the original on 2019-04-08
5481:Peter C Perdue (30 June 2009).
5463:from the original on 2019-12-28
5386:from the original on 2020-09-19
5348:from the original on 2016-09-02
5271:from the original on 2019-12-27
5210:from the original on 2019-12-24
5180:from the original on 2019-12-07
5075:from the original on 2019-12-31
5036:from the original on 2020-08-05
4841:from the original on 2020-08-05
4802:from the original on 2021-09-26
4637:from the original on 2020-08-05
4477:from the original on 2020-08-05
4146:from the original on 2014-01-10
4076:from the original on 2019-12-27
4038:from the original on 2020-08-05
4021:The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty
3922:from the original on 2019-12-28
3884:from the original on 2020-03-24
3867:The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty
3793:from the original on 2021-09-26
3754:from the original on 2021-09-26
3677:from the original on 2021-09-26
3564:from the original on 2021-09-26
3497:Peter H. Lee (13 August 2013).
3458:from the original on 2018-07-06
3432:from the original on 2018-07-06
3201:from the original on 2021-09-26
3136:from the original on 2021-09-26
3098:from the original on 2021-09-26
3041:from the original on 2021-09-26
3003:from the original on 2021-09-26
2965:from the original on 2021-09-26
2895:from the original on 2017-01-10
2735:from the original on 2012-02-02
2710:from the original on 2012-02-04
2660:from the original on 2021-09-26
2619:from the original on 2021-09-26
2452:from the original on 2021-06-22
2383:from the original on 2007-09-27
1952:from the original on 2007-11-09
1592:History of China#Imperial China
738:by court officials, from Bengal
637:The Chinese retaliated against
5925:Wakeman, Frederic Jr. (1985).
5601:LIN, HSIAO-TING (2009-09-09).
5562:On the Ch'ing Tributary System
5254:A Handbook of Chinese Ceramics
5251:Suzanne G. Valenstein (1988).
4421:The Cambridge History of China
3870:. SUNY Press. pp. 14–16.
3831:. AuthorHouse. pp. 259–.
3645:On the Ch'ing Tributary System
3632:On the Ch'ing Tributary System
2888:. London School of Economics.
2599:The Cambridge History of China
2236:; Goodrich, Luther Carrington
1273:(every three years since 1369)
1183:(1383, 1405, 1407, 1431, 1435)
1177:(1368, 1371, 1373, 1375, 1377)
1023:Huotan (identical to Khujand?)
935:(every three years since 1369)
846:(1371, 1405, 1408, 1414, 1425)
787:Anding (?) (beginning in 1374)
615:and the emperors promoted the
480:people situated in modern-day
1:
6622:Tributaries of Imperial China
4457:Hua, Hsieh Bao (2014-06-18).
4105:. Columbia University Press.
4018:Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996).
3864:Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996).
3420:崔 CUI, 鲜香 Xian-xiang (2010).
3185:The Cambridge History of Iran
1206:Saolan (identical to Sairam?)
1130:, every two years since 1368)
1117:Lanbang (?) (1376, 1403–1435)
5410:. OUP Oxford. pp. 47–.
4228:Wade, Geoff (July 1, 2007).
4024:. SUNY Press. pp. 14–.
3734:Fernquest autumn 2006: 51–52
3536:George Qingzhi Zhao (2008).
2682:"Chinese Sui Dynasty annals"
2195:Edwin O. Reischauer (1955).
2000:The Encyclopædia Britannica,
1845:Universiti Brunei Darussalam
1755:National Chengchi University
1570:Emperor at home, king abroad
1492:(1670, 1678, 1752, and 1753)
1254:Tieli (?), Zhiloxiashi (?),
607:) sent five tributes to the
476:(138 BC - ?) – A
424:an annual tribute in horses.
18:List of tributaries of China
4535:Mote, Frederick W. (2003).
3381:Robinson, David M. (2009).
3342:Robinson, David M. (2009).
2503:A concise history of Korea,
1852:. p. 1. Archived from
38:. It encompassed states in
6648:
6310:London : R. Phillips.
5654:. Homa & Sekey Books.
5520:Frederick W. Mote (2003).
4346:] (in Korean). 역사의아침.
3219:Allsen, Thomas T. (1997).
2983:Edward H. Schafer (1963).
2216:Old book of Tang, vol. 199
1798:University of Pennsylvania
1580:Foreign relations of China
1347:expressed horror when the
986:Gulibanzu (Pansur?) (1405)
335:. 6th-century painting in
100:
6498:Seth, Michael J. (2006).
6318:The Far Eastern Quarterly
6303:_______________. (1798).
5699:. Lonely Planet. p.
5619:10.1017/s1356186309990071
4977:Dardess, John W. (2012).
4938:Dardess, John W. (2012).
4742:Fogel, Joshua A. (2005).
4659:The Asian World, 600-1500
4379:Dardess, John W. (2012).
4300:] (in Korean). 글항아리.
4207:. 아르케. pp. 581~585.
3744:E. Bretschneider (1888).
3657:Edward L. Dreyer (1982).
2593:Clark, Donald N. (1998).
2497:Seth, Michael J. (2006).
2153:Fogel, Joshua A. (2009).
2047:Book of Later Han vol. 85
1597:Tributary system of China
1343:On 30 Jan 1406, the Ming
896:, Shelaqi(?), Bakoyi(?),
6521:Wang, Zhenping. (2005).
6471:Richmond: Curzon Press.
6435:Harvard University Press
5443:John W. Dardess (2012).
5190:Kathleen Kuiper (2010).
4293:조선 사람의 세계여행 (규장각 교양총서05)
4099:Wang, Yuan-kang (2010).
3902:John W. Dardess (2012).
3828:East Asia: A New History
2945:Robert S. Wicks (1992).
2524:Korean History Project,
2432:Pratt, Keith L. (1999).
1994:Chisholm, Hugh. (1911).
1801:. Sino-Platonic Papers.
1720:Wang, Zhenping. (2005).
1145:Niekoli (or Miekoli) (?)
929:(1411, 1412, 1445, 1459)
793:(Tienfang, identical to
337:National Museum of China
6557:pp. 178–180.
6341:Kang, David C. (2010).
6245:China and her mysteries
6133:China and her mysteries
5947:dorgon korean princess.
5523:Imperial China 900-1800
5366:B. J. ter Haar (2006).
4538:Imperial China 900-1800
3078:Brantly Womack (2006).
2640:Kang, David C. (2010).
1697:Kang, David C. (2010).
1054:Jienzhou (?) (annually)
900:, Heigada(?), Lasa(?),
764:Ming Turpan Border Wars
693:In 969 the son of King
599:In the 5th century the
498:, and the provinces of
377:in present-day Malaysia
252:(826 tribute missions)
218:(173 tribute missions)
6041:. 梨大史學會. p. 105.
6035:梨大史學會 (Korea) (1968).
5580:. BRILL. p. 142.
5372:. BRILL. pp. 4–.
4723:Cite journal requires
4271:Cite journal requires
3695:Kang, Jae-eun (2006).
3603:Cite journal requires
3586:. 延边大学. Archived from
3478:Cite journal requires
3306:A New History of Korea
3153:Lynda Noreen Shaffer,
2403:"Ryūkyū," pp. 615-616.
2310:Kerr, George. (2000).
2051:zh:s:Frédéric Nussbaum
1882:Kerr, George. (2000).
1401:
1389:
880:, Qilani(?), Xialabi (
739:
528:, the areas along the
392:
230:(19 tribute missions)
224:(45 tribute missions)
6407:Seoul: Korea Herald.
6403:Korea Herald. (2004)
6289:in the United States.
6270:in the United States.
6251:in the United States.
6232:in the United States.
6213:in the United States.
6130:Alfred Stead (1901).
5868:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
5648:Kang, Jae-un (2006).
4576:The Taiping Rebellion
3303:Lee, Ki-Baik (1984).
3261:Kim, Jinwung (2012).
2865:"Annam," pp. 613-615.
2847:"Tibet," pp. 610-611.
2780:"Nepal," pp. 609-610.
2574:between 1392 and 1450
1395:
1383:
784:(annually since 1570)
729:
327:
156:(16 tribute missions)
6068:www.gachonherald.com
5223:The Culture of China
5193:The Culture of China
5163:The Culture of China
2881:Giovanni Andornino.
2829:"Siam," pp. 616-619.
2115:Book of Sui, vol. 81
1908:Shambaugh, David L.
1560:Chinese expansionism
858:(Chenla, since 1371)
661:, the Japanese sent
506:founded by a former
107:adding missing items
6431:Japan Encyclopedia.
6207:The National Review
4339:몽골은 왜 고려를 멸망시키지 않았나
4250:on 5 September 2009
2357:"Tribute and Trade"
2273:Japan Encyclopedia,
2135:Japan encyclopedia,
1794:Tsinghua University
1565:Chinese nationalism
1452:(between 1774–1798)
263:Tanah Merah Kingdom
187:20 tribute missions
177:16 tribute missions
66:List of tributaries
6422:2016-04-04 at the
5740:2009-02-15 at the
5574:Noda, Jin (2016).
3422:"高丽女性在高丽与蒙元关系中的作用"
3064:2016-04-24 at the
2531:2008-11-20 at the
2362:2007-09-27 at the
2101:2011-01-28 at the
1835:Johannes L. Kurz.
1490:Empire of Portugal
1402:
1390:
1189:(1372, 1405, 1576)
1014:(1402, 1409, 1437)
950:(1370, 1372, 1403)
918:(1405, 1407, 1409)
834:(1408, 1414, 1438)
740:
619:to the title like
603:(Japan during the
393:
244:The envoy missions
183:Ashikaga shogunate
164:5 tribute missions
94:relationship with
6485:978-0-7007-0464-4
6443:978-0-674-01753-5
6314:Fairbank, John K.
5900:清代名人傳略: 1644-1912
5778:978-988-8083-34-3
5533:978-0-674-01212-7
5494:978-0-674-04202-5
5456:978-1-4422-0491-1
5417:978-0-19-162435-3
5341:978-0-231-03801-0
5302:978-0-520-92345-4
5264:978-0-8109-1170-3
5233:978-1-61530-183-6
5203:978-1-61530-140-9
5173:978-1-61530-183-6
5131:Dr. Yeewan Koon.
5098:978-1-4488-8509-1
5068:978-0-300-05167-4
4138:Donald N. Clark.
4069:978-0-231-03833-1
4031:978-0-7914-2687-6
3992:978-0-295-80022-6
3953:978-0-521-24332-2
3915:978-1-4422-0490-4
3838:978-1-4772-6517-8
3584:"论元丽联姻及其对高丽的政治影响"
3510:978-0-231-51529-0
3163:Ainslie T. Embree
3129:978-0-618-99238-6
2925:978-1-84573-323-0
2704:www.sabrizain.org
2688:on June 27, 2006.
2653:978-0-231-15318-8
2205:978-89-460-3814-1
2045:According to the
1478:Empire of Holland
1450:Khanate of Kokand
980:Gumala (?) (1420)
820:Baihua (?) (1378)
649:then paid 10,000
626:According to the
486:Emperor Wu of Han
468:Emperor Wu of Han
460:Taklamakan Desert
450:Emperor Wu of Han
436:Emperor Wu of Han
421:Emperor Wu of Han
379:); Dengzhi (鄧至) (
278:Malacca Sultanate
16:(Redirected from
6639:
6604:
6603:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6571:
6278:
6277:
6259:
6258:
6240:
6239:
6221:
6220:
6202:
6201:
6185:
6183:
6178:
6176:
6159:
6153:
6151:
6146:
6144:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6022:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5875:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5762:
5756:
5750:
5744:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5698:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5674:
5673:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5571:
5565:
5558:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5149:on 21 March 2012
5148:
5142:. Archived from
5137:
5128:
5123:. Archived from
5114:
5112:
5110:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4726:
4721:
4719:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4614:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4333:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4274:
4269:
4267:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4249:
4243:. Archived from
4234:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4096:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3654:
3648:
3641:
3635:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3591:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3176:
3170:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3075:
3069:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2917:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2887:
2878:
2872:
2860:
2854:
2842:
2836:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2808:
2802:. Archived from
2801:
2793:
2787:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2756:. Archived from
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2684:. Archived from
2678:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2545:
2536:
2522:
2513:
2495:
2489:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2429:
2410:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2373:
2367:
2354:
2343:
2331:
2325:
2308:
2299:
2282:
2276:
2224:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2193:
2187:
2174:
2168:
2151:
2145:
2123:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2093:
2087:
2074:
2068:
2043:
2037:
2015:
2009:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1973:. Archived from
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1927:citing the 1818
1906:
1897:
1880:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1841:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1809:. Archived from
1790:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1751:
1742:
1736:
1718:
1712:
1695:
1682:
1665:
1462:Lanfang Republic
1398:Qianlong Emperor
1045:(every 10 years)
968:Danba (?) (1377)
965:Dahui (?) (1405)
613:Liu Song dynasty
588:Southern Xiongnu
584:Imperial Palace.
407:Internal vassals
137:Kingdom of Funan
111:reliable sources
36:tributary system
21:
6647:
6646:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6598:
6588:
6586:
6576:
6574:
6566:
6549:
6544:
6457:Pratt, Keith L.
6424:Wayback Machine
6365:Kerr, George H.
6275:
6256:
6237:
6218:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6188:
6174:
6172:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6142:
6140:
6129:
6128:
6124:
6115:
6113:
6106:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6077:
6075:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6048:
6046:
6034:
6033:
6029:
6020:
6018:
6011:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5982:
5980:
5973:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5943:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5910:
5908:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5827:
5825:
5818:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5788:
5786:
5779:
5764:
5763:
5759:
5751:
5747:
5742:Wayback Machine
5725:
5721:
5711:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5671:
5669:
5662:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5559:
5552:
5543:
5541:
5534:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5504:
5502:
5495:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5466:
5464:
5457:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5427:
5425:
5418:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5389:
5387:
5380:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5351:
5349:
5342:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5312:
5310:
5303:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5274:
5272:
5265:
5250:
5243:
5241:
5234:
5219:
5213:
5211:
5204:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5174:
5159:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5135:
5130:
5115:
5108:
5106:
5099:
5084:
5078:
5076:
5069:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5039:
5037:
5030:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5000:
4998:
4991:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4961:
4959:
4952:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4913:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4883:
4881:
4874:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4844:
4842:
4835:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4805:
4803:
4796:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4765:
4763:
4756:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4722:
4712:
4705:
4703:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4679:
4677:
4670:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4640:
4638:
4631:
4616:
4615:
4606:
4596:
4594:
4587:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4549:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4519:
4517:
4510:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4478:
4471:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4441:
4439:
4432:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4402:
4400:
4393:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4361:
4354:
4335:
4334:
4327:
4317:
4315:
4308:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4270:
4260:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4187:
4185:
4178:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4149:
4147:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4122:
4120:
4113:
4098:
4097:
4088:
4079:
4077:
4070:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4041:
4039:
4032:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3993:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3961:
3954:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3925:
3923:
3916:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3887:
3885:
3878:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3846:
3839:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3787:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3718:
3716:
3709:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3680:
3678:
3671:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3642:
3638:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3602:
3592:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3567:
3565:
3550:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3511:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3477:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3435:
3433:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3395:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3356:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3317:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3275:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3233:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3204:
3202:
3195:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3152:
3148:
3139:
3137:
3130:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3092:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3066:Wayback Machine
3057:
3053:
3044:
3042:
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2582:
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2569:
2565:
2546:
2539:
2533:Wayback Machine
2523:
2516:
2496:
2492:
2469:Kwak, Tae-Hwan
2468:
2464:
2455:
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2446:
2431:
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2413:
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2364:Wayback Machine
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2103:Wayback Machine
2094:
2090:
2075:
2071:
2044:
2040:
2016:
2012:
2002:Vol. 15, p. 224
1993:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1933:DaQing hui-tien
1907:
1900:
1881:
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1834:
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1768:
1766:
1762:
1749:
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1743:
1739:
1719:
1715:
1696:
1685:
1673:National Review
1666:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1639:Tributary state
1556:
1526:(1673 and 1686)
1458:(1757 and 1758)
1378:
1365:Zhengde Emperor
1005:Handong (?) (?)
908:, Qianlida(?),
724:
707:
683:
630:the kingdom of
597:
573:
561:
403:
398:
114:
68:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6645:
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6609:
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6596:
6584:
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6548:
6547:External links
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6181:tribute china.
6154:
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6038:梨大史苑, Volume 7
6027:
6009:
6000:Imperial China
5989:
5971:
5962:Imperial China
5951:
5941:
5917:
5889:
5886:. p. 217.
5873:"Dorgon"
5870:, ed. (1943).
5859:
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5816:
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5757:
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5613:(4): 489–507.
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5202:
5172:
5127:on 2016-08-21.
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4696:"Arts of Asia"
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3605:|journal=
3590:on 2018-07-06.
3574:
3549:978-1433102752
3548:
3528:
3509:
3489:
3480:|journal=
3442:
3412:
3393:
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3250:
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2585:
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2572:envoy missions
2563:
2559:Goryeo dynasty
2537:
2514:
2490:
2462:
2444:
2411:
2393:
2368:
2344:
2326:
2300:
2277:
2251:, p. 1316, at
2219:
2208:
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2169:
2146:
2118:
2107:
2088:
2069:
2063:2012-05-24 at
2038:
2017:Yoda, Yoshiie
2010:
1987:
1962:
1937:
1898:
1870:
1859:on 22 May 2014
1827:
1816:on 14 May 2016
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1540:Princess Uisun
1528:
1527:
1521:
1518:Sulu Sultanate
1515:
1509:
1499:
1493:
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1481:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1386:Luciano Petech
1377:
1374:
1358:Yongle Emperor
1345:Yongle Emperor
1318:
1317:
1314:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1274:
1268:
1262:
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1235:(Fulin?, 1371)
1230:
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1178:
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1128:Ryukyu Islands
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1103:
1100:
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840:(Solo?) (1406)
835:
829:
824:
821:
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815:
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804:
798:
788:
785:
779:
773:
752:Hongwu Emperor
723:
720:
706:
703:
699:King of Khotan
682:
679:
596:
593:
592:
591:
585:
572:
569:
560:
557:
556:
555:
549:
534:Inner Mongolia
515:
489:
471:
462:in modern-day
453:
439:
425:
417:Fergana Valley
410:
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322:
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305:
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67:
64:
56:Southeast Asia
26:
24:
14:
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10:
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3:
2:
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6417:OCLC 43438924
6414:
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6299:
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6287:public domain
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6268:public domain
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6249:public domain
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6101:
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6095:Son of Heaven
6088:
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6028:
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3585:
3582:兰, 阳 (2007).
3578:
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3450:李, 鹏 (2006).
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2867:
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2809:on 2007-06-21
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2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2618:
2614:
2612:0-521-24333-5
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2526:Unified Silla
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:, p. 100, at
2483:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2451:
2447:
2445:9780700704637
2441:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2406:, p. 615, at
2405:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2295:, p. 491, at
2294:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:, p. 102, at
2163:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:, p. 511, at
2139:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2065:archive.today
2062:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:, p. 224, at
2004:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1977:on 2006-05-03
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1951:
1948:. About.com.
1947:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1765:on 9 May 2016
1761:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:, p. 605, at
1677:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:Greater China
1585:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:Great Britain
1471:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1408:. Therefore,
1407:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1294:Yesücheng (?)
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:Quxian (1437)
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
767:
765:
761:
756:
753:
748:
746:
737:
733:
728:
721:
719:
715:
711:
704:
702:
700:
696:
691:
689:
680:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
594:
589:
586:
582:
578:
575:
574:
570:
568:
566:
558:
553:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
516:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:
469:
465:
461:
457:
454:
451:
447:
443:
440:
437:
433:
429:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:
408:
405:
404:
400:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
332:
326:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
303:
300:
296:
293:
292:
291:
288:
286:
283:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
268:Kedah Kingdom
266:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
251:
248:
245:
241:
238:
235:
234:Unified Silla
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
212:
209:
204:
201:
198:
194:
191:
188:
184:
181:
178:
174:
171:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
125:
122:
121:
119:
116:
115:
112:
108:
104:
99:
98:, including:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
65:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6552:
6522:
6499:
6468:
6461:Richard Rutt
6430:
6404:
6382:
6368:
6342:
6327:
6317:
6305:
6297:
6284:
6280:
6265:
6261:
6246:
6242:
6227:
6223:
6208:
6204:
6180:
6175:February 19,
6173:. Retrieved
6164:
6157:
6148:
6143:February 19,
6141:. Retrieved
6132:
6125:
6114:. Retrieved
6094:
6087:
6076:. Retrieved
6067:
6058:
6047:. Retrieved
6037:
6030:
6019:. Retrieved
5999:
5992:
5981:. Retrieved
5961:
5954:
5946:
5927:
5920:
5909:. Retrieved
5899:
5892:
5877:
5862:
5843:
5837:
5826:. Retrieved
5806:
5799:
5787:. Retrieved
5767:
5760:
5753:
5748:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5714:
5694:
5686:
5677:
5676:
5670:. Retrieved
5650:
5643:
5610:
5606:
5596:
5576:
5569:
5561:
5542:. Retrieved
5522:
5515:
5505:22 September
5503:. Retrieved
5483:
5476:
5465:. Retrieved
5445:
5438:
5426:. Retrieved
5406:
5399:
5388:. Retrieved
5368:
5361:
5350:. Retrieved
5330:
5323:
5313:22 September
5311:. Retrieved
5291:
5284:
5273:. Retrieved
5253:
5242:. Retrieved
5222:
5212:. Retrieved
5192:
5182:. Retrieved
5162:
5151:. Retrieved
5144:the original
5139:
5125:the original
5120:
5107:. Retrieved
5087:
5077:. Retrieved
5057:
5050:
5040:13 September
5038:. Retrieved
5018:
5011:
5001:13 September
4999:. Retrieved
4979:
4972:
4962:13 September
4960:. Retrieved
4940:
4933:
4923:13 September
4921:. Retrieved
4901:
4894:
4884:13 September
4882:. Retrieved
4862:
4855:
4845:13 September
4843:. Retrieved
4823:
4816:
4806:13 September
4804:. Retrieved
4784:
4776:
4766:13 September
4764:. Retrieved
4744:
4737:
4716:cite journal
4706:13 September
4704:. Retrieved
4690:
4680:13 September
4678:. Retrieved
4658:
4651:
4641:13 September
4639:. Retrieved
4619:
4597:13 September
4595:. Retrieved
4575:
4569:
4559:13 September
4557:. Retrieved
4537:
4530:
4520:13 September
4518:. Retrieved
4498:
4491:
4481:13 September
4479:. Retrieved
4459:
4452:
4440:. Retrieved
4420:
4413:
4401:. Retrieved
4381:
4374:
4362:. Retrieved
4343:
4338:
4336:김운회 (2015).
4316:. Retrieved
4297:
4292:
4285:
4264:cite journal
4252:. Retrieved
4245:the original
4223:
4204:
4203:김한규 (1999).
4198:
4186:. Retrieved
4166:
4159:
4148:. Retrieved
4133:
4121:. Retrieved
4101:
4078:. Retrieved
4058:
4051:
4040:. Retrieved
4020:
4013:
4001:. Retrieved
3981:
3974:
3962:. Retrieved
3942:
3935:
3924:. Retrieved
3904:
3897:
3886:. Retrieved
3866:
3859:
3847:. Retrieved
3827:
3820:
3795:. Retrieved
3775:
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3746:
3739:
3730:
3717:. Retrieved
3697:
3690:
3679:. Retrieved
3659:
3652:
3644:
3639:
3631:
3626:
3617:
3596:cite journal
3588:the original
3577:
3566:. Retrieved
3538:
3531:
3521:22 September
3519:. Retrieved
3499:
3492:
3471:cite journal
3460:. Retrieved
3452:"元代入华高丽女子探析"
3445:
3434:. Retrieved
3425:
3415:
3403:. Retrieved
3383:
3376:
3364:. Retrieved
3344:
3337:
3325:. Retrieved
3305:
3283:. Retrieved
3263:
3241:. Retrieved
3221:
3214:
3203:. Retrieved
3184:
3174:
3161:, edited by
3158:
3154:
3149:
3138:. Retrieved
3118:
3111:
3100:. Retrieved
3080:
3073:
3059:Schafer 1963
3054:
3043:. Retrieved
3023:
3016:
3005:. Retrieved
2985:
2978:
2967:. Retrieved
2947:
2940:
2931:
2897:. Retrieved
2876:
2870:Google Books
2863:
2858:
2852:Google Books
2845:
2840:
2834:Google Books
2827:
2822:
2811:. Retrieved
2804:the original
2791:
2785:Google Books
2778:
2773:
2762:. Retrieved
2758:the original
2748:
2737:. Retrieved
2723:
2712:. Retrieved
2703:
2694:
2686:the original
2676:
2668:
2662:. Retrieved
2642:
2635:
2627:
2621:. Retrieved
2602:
2598:
2588:
2579:
2566:
2558:
2555:Google Books
2553:, p. 99, at
2548:
2510:Google Books
2508:, p. 64, at
2504:
2498:
2493:
2486:Google Books
2480:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2454:. Retrieved
2434:
2408:Google Books
2401:
2396:
2385:. Retrieved
2371:
2341:Google Books
2339:, p. 66, at
2334:
2329:
2323:Google Books
2321:, p. 74, at
2317:
2311:
2297:Google Books
2292:pp. 491-492.
2291:
2285:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:Google Books
2247:
2241:
2237:
2234:Google Books
2232:, p. 27, at
2227:
2222:
2211:
2196:
2191:
2184:Google Books
2182:, p. 40, at
2177:
2172:
2166:Google Books
2161:pp. 102-107.
2160:
2154:
2149:
2142:Google Books
2136:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2110:
2091:
2084:Google Books
2082:, p. 40, at
2077:
2072:
2054:
2041:
2034:Google Books
2032:, p. 40, at
2028:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2007:Google Books
2001:
1995:
1990:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:the original
1965:
1954:. Retrieved
1940:
1932:
1928:
1925:Google Books
1923:, p. 54, at
1919:
1913:
1909:
1895:Google Books
1893:, p. 65, at
1889:
1883:
1861:. Retrieved
1854:the original
1843:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1811:the original
1792:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1760:the original
1753:
1740:
1733:Google Books
1727:
1721:
1716:
1710:Google Books
1708:, p. 59, at
1704:
1698:
1680:Google Books
1674:
1668:
1663:
1627:
1626:
1612:Sinocentrism
1548:
1544:
1529:
1514:(since 1791)
1403:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1342:
1338:
1326:
1319:
1246:(1387, 1391)
1229:(1417, 1421)
1209:Shadiman (?)
1168:(1378, 1414)
996:Halie'er (?)
956:(1404, 1412)
941:(since 1406)
874:Burma (Yawa)
757:
749:
741:
716:
712:
708:
695:Li Shengtian
692:
684:
671:Tang dynasty
656:
636:
628:Xīn Táng shū
627:
625:
620:
605:Kofun period
598:
562:
428:Dian Kingdom
345:Hephthalites
329:
103:dynamic list
69:
40:Central Asia
31:
29:
6465:James Hoare
6433:Cambridge:
5121:bonhams.com
3167:Carol Gluck
2265:kanhe maoyi
2261:kangō bōeki
2257:Sinocentric
1731:, p. 4, at
1297:Zhilo (?),
1187:Philippines
983:Guosasü (?)
688:Champa rice
611:and to the
581:Han dynasty
571:Eastern Han
530:Caspian Sea
401:Western Han
320:(Sri Lanka)
290:Philippines
173:Heian Japan
160:Asuka Japan
6616:Categories
6467:. (1999).
6405:Korea now.
6326:. (1808).
6296:. (1797).
6116:2016-05-02
6078:2016-05-02
6049:2016-05-02
6021:2016-05-02
5983:2016-05-02
5911:2016-05-02
5828:2020-10-18
5672:2020-10-18
5544:2016-09-22
5467:2016-09-22
5428:13 October
5390:2019-01-26
5352:2016-09-22
5275:2019-01-26
5244:26 January
5214:2019-01-26
5184:2019-01-26
5153:12 January
5109:26 January
5079:2019-01-26
4150:2019-01-26
4080:2019-01-26
4042:2019-01-26
4003:26 January
3964:26 January
3926:2019-01-26
3888:2010-06-28
3849:26 January
3797:2010-07-04
3758:2011-06-09
3681:2010-06-28
3568:2020-10-18
3462:2018-07-15
3454:. 广西师范大学.
3436:2018-07-15
3205:2020-12-15
3157:(1997) in
3140:2010-11-28
3102:2010-11-28
3045:2016-04-07
3007:2011-01-09
2969:2010-06-28
2899:2016-10-31
2813:2007-06-08
2764:2012-01-11
2739:2012-01-11
2729:"Kelantan"
2714:2012-01-11
2664:2020-10-18
2623:2020-10-18
2456:2021-02-01
2387:2007-06-08
1981:2007-06-06
1956:2007-06-02
1920:p. 54 n15.
1650:References
1634:Suzerainty
1469:(17 times)
1421:Badakhshan
1406:Lifan Yuan
1299:Badakhshan
1256:Marinduque
1212:Shehei (?)
1110:Kuncheng (
977:Ganshi (?)
960:Coimbatore
939:Pangasinan
898:Coimbatore
823:Baiyin (?)
813:Badakhshan
782:Altan Khan
617:five kings
524:, western
396:By dynasty
373:Langkasuka
304:(Thailand)
154:Wa (Japan)
101:This is a
52:South Asia
48:North Asia
34:under the
30:This is a
6539:260081991
6493:245844259
6413:1739-225X
6399:156055048
6359:562768984
6336:417277650
5635:154623203
5627:1356-1863
3806:cite book
3558:0893-6870
3426:Pku Cssci
2400:Gundry,
1807:2157-9687
1655:Citations
1607:Silk Road
1349:Ryukyuans
1283:Wulun (?)
1244:Tamerlane
1221:Sukhothai
1201:Samarkand
1175:Palembang
1102:Koqie (?)
1031:Beshbalik
989:Hadilan (
906:Mogadishu
565:Wang Mang
546:Wang Mang
526:Manchuria
510:general,
500:Guangdong
126:Poni (渤泥)
92:tributary
44:East Asia
6606:Politics
6516:65407346
6451:48943301
6420:Archived
6377:39242121
6367:(1965).
6110:Archived
6072:Archived
6043:Archived
6015:Archived
5977:Archived
5905:Archived
5822:Archived
5783:Archived
5738:Archived
5666:Archived
5538:Archived
5499:Archived
5461:Archived
5422:Archived
5384:Archived
5346:Archived
5307:Archived
5269:Archived
5238:Archived
5208:Archived
5178:Archived
5103:Archived
5073:Archived
5034:Archived
4995:Archived
4956:Archived
4917:Archived
4878:Archived
4839:Archived
4800:Archived
4760:Archived
4700:Archived
4674:Archived
4635:Archived
4591:Archived
4553:Archived
4514:Archived
4475:Archived
4436:Archived
4397:Archived
4364:12 March
4358:Archived
4318:12 March
4312:Archived
4205:한중관계사 II
4182:Archived
4144:Archived
4117:Archived
4074:Archived
4036:Archived
3997:Archived
3958:Archived
3920:Archived
3882:Archived
3843:Archived
3791:Archived
3752:Archived
3713:Archived
3675:Archived
3562:Archived
3515:Archived
3456:Archived
3430:Archived
3399:Archived
3360:Archived
3321:Archived
3279:Archived
3237:Archived
3199:Archived
3134:Archived
3096:Archived
3068:, p. 66.
3062:Archived
3039:Archived
3001:Archived
2963:Archived
2890:Archived
2862:Gundry,
2844:Gundry,
2826:Gundry,
2777:Gundry,
2733:Archived
2708:Archived
2658:Archived
2617:Archived
2529:Archived
2473:(2003).
2450:Archived
2381:Archived
2360:Archived
2271:(2005).
2248:p. 1316.
2240:(1976).
2127:Kentoshi
2099:Archived
2061:Archived
1950:Archived
1912:(2008).
1628:General:
1617:Zheng He
1554:See also
1432:Dzungars
1334:Zheng He
1291:Yaxi (?)
1171:Pala (?)
1155:Nishapur
1086:Khorasan
1067:Jurchens
1057:Jong (?)
1008:Hasan(?)
991:Khotelan
878:Kelantan
870:Maldives
856:Cambodia
745:Zheng He
732:Ming-era
677:in 777.
542:Xinjiang
512:Zhao Tuo
464:Xinjiang
333:of Liang
273:Kelantan
258:Malaysia
216:Goguryeo
132:Cambodia
6594:History
6568:Portals
6330:Paris.
6308:Vol. I.
6192:Sources
5735:Vol. I.
4241:1317152
3719:29 June
2605:: 280.
2481:p. 100.
2275:p. 471.
2226:Fogel,
2021:(1996)
1946:"Funan"
1728:pp. 4-5
1644:Tribute
1506:Rama IV
1426:Đại Nam
1414:Khalkha
1412:or the
1322:eunuchs
1307:Isfahan
1303:Andkhui
1287:Yarkand
1271:Vietnam
1181:Samudra
1140:Melinde
1134:Malacca
1092:Khujand
1081:Kashmir
1076:Kashgar
1063:(Korea)
1037:Jaunpur
1027:Ilbalik
1020:(1408?)
922:Chalish
916:Calicut
850:Bukhara
776:Almalik
667:Göktürk
659:Karluks
563:During
522:Siberia
518:Xiongnu
508:Chinese
504:Guangxi
496:Vietnam
313:Vietnam
197:Hokuzan
84:Ryukyus
76:Vietnam
6537:
6529:
6514:
6506:
6491:
6483:
6475:
6463:, and
6449:
6441:
6411:
6397:
6389:
6375:
6357:
6349:
6334:
6279:
6260:
6241:
6222:
6203:
6102:
6007:
5969:
5939:
5850:
5814:
5789:29 May
5775:
5707:
5658:
5633:
5625:
5584:
5530:
5491:
5453:
5414:
5376:
5338:
5299:
5261:
5230:
5200:
5170:
5095:
5065:
5026:
4987:
4948:
4909:
4870:
4831:
4792:
4752:
4666:
4627:
4583:
4545:
4506:
4467:
4442:3 July
4428:
4403:1 July
4389:
4350:
4304:
4254:6 July
4239:
4211:
4188:3 July
4174:
4123:1 July
4109:
4066:
4028:
3989:
3950:
3912:
3874:
3835:
3783:
3705:
3667:
3556:
3546:
3507:
3405:8 June
3391:
3366:8 June
3352:
3327:8 June
3313:
3285:8 June
3271:
3243:8 June
3229:
3191:
3126:
3088:
3031:
2993:
2955:
2923:
2650:
2609:
2550:p. 99.
2547:Kwak,
2471:et al.
2442:
2336:p. 66.
2333:Kerr,
2318:p. 74.
2269:et al.
2238:et al.
2229:p. 27.
2203:
2179:p. 40.
2176:Yoda,
2137:p. 511
2079:p. 40.
2076:Yoda,
2029:p. 40.
2019:et al.
1910:et al.
1890:p. 65.
1863:1 June
1820:14 May
1805:
1705:p. 59.
1536:Dorgon
1532:Joseon
1524:Turpan
1512:Sikkim
1496:Ryukyu
1456:Kirgiz
1444:Joseon
1440:(1761)
1330:Yunnan
1311:Shiraz
1278:Oirads
1276:Wala (
1265:Turfan
1261:Togmak
1258:(1405)
1239:Tabriz
1216:Shiraz
1196:Sairam
1166:Pahang
1162:(1405)
1149:Medina
1142:(1414)
1124:Liuqiu
1112:Kunduz
1099:(1407)
1097:Kollam
1088:(1432)
1061:Joseon
1039:(1420)
962:(1411)
954:Cochin
933:Champa
927:Ceylon
910:Kannur
902:Barawa
894:Bengal
882:Arabia
866:Djofar
844:Brunei
838:Borneo
832:Bengal
817:Bai(?)
809:(1408)
803:(1407)
791:Arabia
771:Alania
675:Balhae
665:, and
647:Lin Yi
632:Zhēnlà
577:Khotan
492:Nanyue
482:Fujian
478:Baiyue
474:Minyue
456:Loulan
446:Turpan
432:Yunnan
413:Dayuan
353:Baekje
349:Persia
318:Ceylon
250:Joseon
240:Goryeo
222:Baekje
203:Nanzan
200:Chūzan
142:Zhenla
123:Borneo
118:Brunei
82:, the
60:Europe
58:, and
6582:China
5695:Korea
5631:S2CID
5147:(PDF)
5136:(PDF)
4342:[
4296:[
4248:(PDF)
4233:(PDF)
2893:(PDF)
2886:(PDF)
2807:(PDF)
2800:(PDF)
2505:p. 64
2129:" in
1857:(PDF)
1840:(PDF)
1814:(PDF)
1789:(PDF)
1769:9 May
1763:(PDF)
1750:(PDF)
1484:Nepal
1438:Hunza
1410:Tibet
1250:Tibet
1233:Syria
1160:Ormus
1106:Kucha
1043:Japan
1018:Hotan
1012:Herat
948:Chola
827:Balkh
795:Mecca
736:Qilin
552:Wusun
538:Gansu
442:Jushi
389:Qiemo
385:Ngawa
381:Qiang
369:Japan
361:Qiuci
357:Korea
308:Tibet
285:Nepal
228:Silla
211:Korea
170:Nara/
149:Japan
120:(文萊)
109:with
96:China
80:Japan
72:Korea
6535:OCLC
6527:ISBN
6512:OCLC
6504:ISBN
6489:OCLC
6481:ISBN
6473:ISBN
6447:OCLC
6439:ISBN
6409:ISSN
6395:OCLC
6387:ISBN
6373:OCLC
6355:OCLC
6347:ISBN
6332:OCLC
6177:2011
6145:2011
6100:ISBN
6005:ISBN
5967:ISBN
5937:ISBN
5848:ISBN
5812:ISBN
5791:2017
5773:ISBN
5705:ISBN
5656:ISBN
5623:ISSN
5582:ISBN
5528:ISBN
5507:2016
5489:ISBN
5451:ISBN
5430:2016
5412:ISBN
5374:ISBN
5336:ISBN
5315:2016
5297:ISBN
5259:ISBN
5246:2019
5228:ISBN
5198:ISBN
5168:ISBN
5155:2022
5111:2019
5093:ISBN
5063:ISBN
5042:2016
5024:ISBN
5003:2016
4985:ISBN
4964:2016
4946:ISBN
4925:2016
4907:ISBN
4886:2016
4868:ISBN
4847:2016
4829:ISBN
4808:2016
4790:ISBN
4768:2016
4750:ISBN
4729:help
4708:2016
4682:2016
4664:ISBN
4643:2016
4625:ISBN
4599:2016
4581:ISBN
4561:2016
4543:ISBN
4522:2016
4504:ISBN
4483:2016
4465:ISBN
4444:2019
4426:ISBN
4405:2019
4387:ISBN
4366:2019
4348:ISBN
4320:2019
4302:ISBN
4277:help
4256:2014
4237:SSRN
4209:ISBN
4190:2019
4172:ISBN
4125:2019
4107:ISBN
4064:ISBN
4026:ISBN
4005:2019
3987:ISBN
3966:2019
3948:ISBN
3910:ISBN
3872:ISBN
3851:2019
3833:ISBN
3812:link
3781:ISBN
3721:2016
3703:ISBN
3665:ISBN
3609:help
3554:ISSN
3544:ISBN
3523:2016
3505:ISBN
3484:help
3407:2019
3389:ISBN
3368:2019
3350:ISBN
3329:2019
3311:ISBN
3287:2019
3269:ISBN
3245:2019
3227:ISBN
3189:ISBN
3165:and
3124:ISBN
3086:ISBN
3029:ISBN
2991:ISBN
2953:ISBN
2921:ISBN
2648:ISBN
2607:ISBN
2570:391
2440:ISBN
2201:ISBN
1865:2014
1822:2016
1803:ISSN
1771:2016
1502:Siam
1467:Laos
1376:Qing
1227:Sulu
1049:Java
1029:and
1000:Hami
886:Aden
862:Cail
762:and
758:The
750:The
722:Ming
705:Yuan
681:Song
663:Ainu
639:Cham
540:and
502:and
328:The
302:Siam
295:Sulu
88:Siam
74:and
6138:100
5933:892
5615:doi
2263:or
2055:see
890:Rum
852:(?)
807:Ava
801:Aru
778:(?)
651:jin
643:Huế
609:Jin
559:Xin
371:);
359:);
347:);
341:Uar
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