924:
59:
1838:
5168:
899:
966:
911:
1253:
While the allocation formula is important, equally important is the district magnitude (number of seats in a constituency). The higher the district magnitude, the more proportional an electoral system becomes, with the most proportional results being when there is no division into constituencies at
999:
In these systems, parties provide lists of candidates to be elected, or candidates may declare their affiliation with a political party (in some open-list systems). Seats are distributed by election authorities to each party, in proportion to the number of votes the party receives. Voters may cast
1094:
In a closed list system, each political party has pre-decided who will receive the seats allocated to that party in the elections, so that the candidates positioned highest on this list will always get a seat in the parliament while the candidates positioned very low on the closed list will not.
2128:
Party lists run-off, but only if necessary to ensure stable majority of 54% if it is not achieved either immediately (one party) or through building a coalition. If a party would win more than 2/3 seats, at least 1/3 seats are distributed to the other parties.
1258:
for parties, and in constituencies for candidates, with local party-lists seen as fractions of general, national lists. In this case, magnitude of local constituencies is irrelevant, seat apportionment being calculated at national level.
1875:
The table below lists countries that use a proportional electoral system to fill a nationally elected legislative body. Detailed information on electoral systems applying to the first chamber of the legislature is maintained by the
4764:
1525:
4807:
1476:
1438:
1400:
1553:
1362:
5858:
1109:
An open list describes any variant of a party-list where voters have at least some influence on the order in which a party's candidates are elected. Open lists can be anywhere from
2043:
952:
4814:
5243:
2404:
5853:
3148:
5048:
4240:
4615:
2394:: voters cast a single vote for a presidential candidate and their party's list and local candidates at the same time (vote splitting is not possible/allowed)
1291:
Adams' method greatly favor smaller parties, giving 2 seats to the smallest party, and would give at least 1 seat to every party receiving at least one vote.
5693:
5461:
1281:
Webster's method yields the same result (though this is not always the case). Otherwise, all other methods give a different number of seats to the parties.
643:
3758:
4119:
1482:
5589:
5441:
4743:
1889:
675:
537:
532:
5688:
5466:
4732:
945:
638:
4961:
5236:
3480:
2569:
4326:
844:
5815:
3127:
2281:
95:
1068:
The order in which a party's list candidates get elected may be pre-determined by some method internal to the party or the candidates (a
5498:
3661:
2856:
2761:
2399:
1278:
Below it can be seen how different apportionment methods yield different results when apportioning 100 seats. Here, parties B and A are
4875:
938:
5229:
4468:
4282:
839:
5683:
5629:
3306:
829:
579:
550:
490:
5481:
1444:
5810:
2707:
2061:
1877:
561:
86:
5069:
1406:
1368:
1262:
List proportional representation may also be combined with other apportionment methods in various mixed systems, using either
5833:
5609:
4563:
4186:
3407:
2910:
624:
4940:
1254:
all and the entire country is treated as a single constituency. In some countries the electoral system works on two levels:
1223:
5216:
2358:
1982:
1531:
1340:
266:
251:
236:
1056:
a party list. Some open-list systems allow voters to support different candidates across multiple lists, which is called
5652:
5637:
5456:
4847:
4534:
4089:
3475:
3346:
2821:
2477:
2440:
882:
502:
425:
346:
5202:
5703:
5426:
5416:
5277:
4845:
Smrek, Michal. "Mavericks or
Loyalists? Popular Ballot Jumpers and Party Discipline in the Flexible-List PR Context".
4499:
4450:
2101:
1926:
1305:
1151:
981:
314:
296:
137:
1145:
867:
5668:
5359:
4631:
4610:
4485:
3688:
2218:
2185:
2018:
2004:
758:
741:
708:
688:
472:
460:
430:
231:
189:
122:
566:
5718:
5673:
5619:
5531:
4463:
4201:
3938:
3840:
3817:
2318:
614:
607:
91:
5708:
5594:
5552:
5471:
5396:
5332:
5290:
4693:
4440:
4362:
4268:
4255:
4181:
4046:
3907:
3274:
2851:
2391:
2333:
2048:
1916:
1263:
1246:
1126:
993:
989:
668:
596:
585:
448:
435:
418:
395:
373:
336:
326:
5327:
3749:
If needed to ensure a stable majority, the two best-placed parties participate in a run-off vote to receive a
5733:
5723:
5698:
5514:
5391:
4789:
4703:
4640:
4554:
4014:
3726:
3416:
3301:
2790:
2625:
2509:
2304:
1175:
794:
648:
331:
5774:
5713:
5576:
5519:
4351:
4211:
4150:
4009:
3647:
3547:
3235:
3206:
3139:
3122:
3012:
2986:
2836:
2500:
2416:
2380:
2123:
2056:
1968:
1885:
1139:
823:
703:
633:
440:
4918:
1288:(shown in red text) and favors the largest party by "rounding" an ideal apportionment of 35.91 up to 37.
5678:
5599:
5364:
5181:
5127:
Elgie, Robert (2016). "Government
Systems, Party Politics, and Institutional Engineering in the Round".
4584:
4529:
4520:
4216:
4114:
4084:
3893:
3866:
3750:
3656:
3563:
3377:
3070:
2591:
2564:
2472:
2385:
2344:
2087:
1944:
731:
571:
455:
261:
240:
172:
150:
5190:
923:
789:
2457:
2% distributed in at least 9 Federation Units with at least 1% of the valid votes in each one of them
1117:
where the order of the list completely depends on the number of votes each individual candidate gets.
5748:
5317:
5049:"Sri Lanka electors can vote for one party, three preferences in 2020 general elections: polls chief"
4769:
4494:
4321:
4235:
4220:
4172:
4000:
3972:
3697:
3516:
3446:
3372:
3337:
3251:
3096:
2960:
2816:
2734:
2654:
2426:
2353:
2276:
2180:
2096:
1977:
1939:
862:
849:
817:
81:
5034:
5728:
5322:
4716:
4664:
4445:
4356:
4312:
4305:
4277:
4128:
3787:
3619:
3525:
3221:
3192:
3162:
3153:
3041:
2681:
2463:
2435:
2153:
2013:
1921:
1827:
768:
602:
255:
1125:
Many variations on seat allocation within party-list proportional representation exist. Different
5769:
5379:
5144:
5109:
4831:
4384:
4223:
4165:
3995:
3967:
2600:
2538:
2313:
2148:
928:
799:
410:
194:
5337:
3641:
5% threshold or more for single parties, 8% or more for coalitions or 0% or more for minorities
877:
17:
5211:
5738:
5647:
5604:
5524:
5446:
5369:
5354:
5312:
5136:
5037:[Electoral Code] (94) (in Romanian). Parliament Republic of Moldova. 21 November 1997.
4688:
4544:
4509:
4404:
4370:
4341:
4297:
4104:
4033:
3987:
3924:
3676:
3636:
3589:
3497:
3392:
3322:
2933:
2868:
2452:
2373:
2293:
2266:
2165:
2113:
2076:
2033:
1957:
1179:
1133:
1045:
1029:
834:
804:
726:
663:
497:
224:
199:
182:
50:
1113:, where a candidate can move up a predetermined list only with a certain number of votes, to
5779:
5411:
5267:
5252:
5099:
4856:
915:
872:
763:
751:
465:
341:
167:
161:
143:
132:
127:
115:
76:
38:
4882:
5827:
5743:
5584:
5562:
5374:
5295:
5285:
5263:
5206:
5173:
5073:
1881:
1267:
985:
903:
736:
591:
556:
477:
388:
291:
214:
156:
34:
4365:, the same ballot is used for electing the president (first round) and the two chambers
58:
5642:
5347:
5307:
4749:
4737:
1077:
773:
713:
698:
509:
378:
353:
204:
5167:
5016:
4990:
1837:
898:
5847:
5386:
4154:
782:
482:
270:
108:
71:
46:
5113:
5401:
5342:
5066:
4759:
522:
286:
279:
209:
4740:(party block voting), a term usually given to less or non proportional equivalents
4991:"Armenia, Parliamentary Elections, 2 April 2017: Needs Assessment Mission Report"
1859: Countries with party-list proportional representation (partially open list)
5784:
5547:
5486:
5406:
5302:
5104:
5087:
4876:"Which Electoral Formula Is the Most Proportional? A New Look with New Evidence"
4698:
4671:
4647:
4620:
4596:
4571:
4539:
4504:
4473:
4394:
4331:
4287:
4245:
4055:
3977:
3945:
3794:
3765:
3704:
3666:
3596:
3570:
3541:
3453:
3423:
3382:
3353:
3169:
3048:
3019:
2826:
2768:
2632:
2605:
2574:
2516:
2363:
2323:
2134:
2066:
2023:
1520:{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{votes}}{\sqrt {{\text{seats}}({\text{seats}}+1)}}}}
1231:
1163:
1089:
1069:
1025:
1013:
400:
358:
301:
246:
5557:
5493:
5163:
4860:
2489:
2241:
2203:
1994:
1285:
1157:
969:
Poster for the
European Parliament election 2004 in Italy, showing party lists
965:
5140:
1016:); or for candidates whose vote totals are pooled together to parties, as in
5794:
5789:
5199:
4196:
4191:
4143:
4138:
4099:
4094:
4026:
4019:
3900:
3873:
3847:
3733:
3629:
3535:
3490:
3485:
3316:
3311:
3281:
3228:
3199:
3132:
3103:
3077:
2993:
2967:
2940:
2890:
2883:
2861:
2797:
2741:
2714:
2688:
2661:
2545:
2482:
2445:
2409:
2286:
2260:
2255:
2232:
2227:
2195:
2190:
2158:
2106:
1987:
1950:
1908:
1867:
1227:
1104:
1073:
1057:
1049:
1033:
368:
363:
4900:
2051:
use to elect the
President and the National Assembly at the same election.
4765:
910:
5614:
4995:
4226:
3530:
2237:
10% on the regional (state) level (among votes for the candidates party)
1845: Countries with party-list proportional representation (closed list)
1255:
1199:
1195:
619:
5148:
5088:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"
2263:: 7% of the on the federal level (among votes for the candidates party)
5476:
4754:
4133:
1852: Countries with party-list proportional representation (open list)
1211:
1207:
1203:
1187:
1183:
1017:
405:
5764:
4389:
1239:
1235:
1215:
1191:
1021:
1009:
1005:
5221:
4808:"Proportional Representation Open List Electoral Systems in Europe"
1044:
In most party list systems, a voter will only support one party (a
3506:
threshold, but an effective threshold of 0.67% (1/150) for a seat
1836:
1219:
1001:
964:
2200:
14% on the district level (among votes for the candidates party)
1170:
The apportionment methods can be classified into two categories:
4813:. International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Archived from
3624:
5225:
3334:
Four multi-member constituencies, ranging from 7 to 23 members
1095:
Voters vote only for the party, not for individual candidates.
1833:
List of countries using party-list proportional representation
3644:
41 multi-member constituencies, ranging from 7 to 20 members
5194:
5185:
1870:, a form of open-list party-list proportional representation
1052:
systems may allow voters to support more than one candidate
57:
1072:
system) or it may be determined by the voters at large (an
4147:(5% of the party vote to override the default party-list)
1471:{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{votes}}{{\text{seats}}+0.5}}}
3319:(number of votes equal to the number of members elected)
1433:{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{votes}}{{\text{seats}}+1}}}
1395:{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{votes}}{{\text{seats}}+1}}}
1249:, including the Hamilton (Hare) method and Droop method.
4941:"Electoral Systems Comparative Data, Table by Country"
3494:(25% of the quota to override the default party-list)
1534:
1485:
1447:
1409:
1371:
1343:
4832:"Système électoral du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg(fr)"
1548:{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{votes}}{\text{seats}}}}
1357:{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{votes}}{\text{seats}}}}
5803:
5757:
5661:
5628:
5575:
5540:
5507:
5434:
5425:
5276:
3397:5% (party), 7% (electoral block), 2% (independent)
2044:
Parliamentary republic with an executive presidency
4746:, a kind of party-list proportional representation
1547:
1519:
1470:
1432:
1394:
1356:
4962:"Final Report on Algeria's Legislative Elections"
4919:"Electoral Systems Comparative Data, World Map"
2211:Single-member districts within federal states (
4939:ACE Project: The Electoral Knowledge Network.
4917:ACE Project: The Electoral Knowledge Network.
5859:Proportional representation electoral systems
5237:
4302:7%. No threshold for independent candidates.
4241:Assembly of the Representatives of the People
946:
8:
5694:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives
4971:. National Democratic Institute. 10 May 2012
5212:Apportionment, or How to Round Seat Numbers
5431:
5244:
5230:
5222:
953:
939:
29:
5103:
5086:Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005).
2271:Single federal (nationwide) constituency
1535:
1533:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1344:
1342:
1284:Notice how the D'Hondt method breaks the
996:proportional to their share of the vote.
4744:Mixed-member proportional representation
4427:
4309:(some provinces are further subdivided)
1894:
1293:
5689:Independence of irrelevant alternatives
5467:Sequential proportional approval voting
5182:Advantages and disadvantages of List PR
4781:
4733:Comparison of the Hare and Droop quotas
4169:(some counties are further subdivided)
45:
5854:Party-list proportional representation
974:Party-list proportional representation
5067:Elections in Sweden: The way its done
4790:"Proportional Representation Systems"
1884:(mixed-member majoritarian) or other
1129:may favor smaller or larger parties:
7:
1999:5% of votes in respective district.
1962:4% nationally or 2.5% in a district
5499:Indirect single transferable voting
5200:Handbook of Electoral System Choice
1178:(or divisor method), including the
2040:5 member districts and nationwide
1880:. Countries using PR as part of a
25:
4379:(single nationwide constituency)
4079:(single nationwide constituency)
3513:(single nationwide constituency)
3404:(single nationwide constituency)
5166:
922:
909:
897:
845:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem
491:Semi-proportional representation
123:First preference plurality (FPP)
18:List proportional representation
1878:ACE Electoral Knowledge Network
5610:Mixed ballot transferable vote
5217:Glossary of Electoral Formulas
4901:"The D'Hondt Method Explained"
3408:Unitary parliamentary republic
1511:
1497:
1247:largest remainder (LR) methods
1182:(Jefferson method) is used in
1166:(biased towards large parties)
1154:(biased towards small parties)
1136:(biased towards large parties)
883:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
840:Moulin's impossibility theorem
805:Conflicting majorities paradox
1:
4120:Assembly-independent republic
1064:Selection of party candidates
709:Frustrated majorities paradox
5811:Comparison of voting systems
5653:Satisfaction approval voting
5638:Single non-transferable vote
5457:Proportional approval voting
5065:Swedish Election Authority:
4848:Political Research Quarterly
2460:States and Federal District
1226:(Webster method) is used in
1121:Apportionment of party seats
878:Condorcet dominance theorems
818:Social and collective choice
5417:Graduated majority judgment
5191:Open, Closed and Free Lists
5105:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087
4030:(up to 3 preference votes)
3544:(50% of votes to override)
1076:system) or by districts (a
992:a certain number of seats
982:proportional representation
544:By mechanism of combination
315:Proportional representation
5875:
5669:Condorcet winner criterion
5360:First-past-the-post voting
4632:Semi-presidential republic
4616:National People's Assembly
4486:Semi-presidential republic
4327:Chamber of Representatives
3689:Semi-presidential republic
2570:Chamber of Representatives
2219:Semi-presidential republic
2005:Semi-presidential republic
1983:People's National Assembly
1825:
1102:
1087:
742:Multiple districts paradox
473:Fractional approval voting
461:Interactive representation
5824:
5816:Voting systems by country
5719:Mutual majority criterion
5674:Condorcet loser criterion
5620:Vote linkage mixed system
5532:Largest remainders method
5259:
4861:10.1177/10659129221087961
4588:
4583:
4562:
4408:
4360:
4355:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4320:
4202:Hagenbach-Bischoff system
4137:
4050:
4045:
4013:
4008:
3919:
3904:
3899:
3897:
3892:
2589:
2563:
2282:Chamber of Representative
2222:
2217:
2207:
2184:
2179:
2127:
2122:
2118:5% (parties), 7% (blocs)
2117:
2112:
2100:
2095:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1264:additional member systems
1000:votes for parties, as in
689:Paradoxes and pathologies
538:Mixed-member proportional
533:Mixed-member majoritarian
528:By results of combination
419:Approval-based committees
5709:Majority loser criterion
5595:Additional member system
5553:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota
5472:Single transferable vote
5397:Positional voting system
5333:Minimax Condorcet method
5291:Combined approval voting
4363:double simultaneous vote
4269:Semi-presidential system
4256:Largest remainder method
4162:in a given constituency
4047:Semi-presidential system
3662:Assembly of the Republic
3481:House of Representatives
2392:double simultaneous vote
2334:Largest remainder method
2081:3% of registered voters
2049:Double simultaneous vote
988:, with each party being
868:Condorcet's jury theorem
669:Double simultaneous vote
644:Rural–urban proportional
639:Dual-member proportional
601:
590:
557:Parallel (superposition)
449:Fractional social choice
436:Expanding approvals rule
265:
250:
235:
166:
155:
131:
27:Family of voting systems
5734:Resolvability criterion
5724:Participation criterion
5699:Later-no-harm criterion
5515:Highest averages method
4704:Highest averages method
4555:Constitutional monarchy
4283:Grand National Assembly
3128:House of Representative
2405:House of Representative
2305:Constitutional monarchy
1327:Sainte-Laguë (Webster)
1176:highest averages method
984:based on preregistered
795:Tyranny of the majority
572:Fusion (majority bonus)
389:Quota-remainder methods
5775:First-preference votes
5714:Monotonicity criterion
5684:Independence of clones
5387:Simple majoritarianism
4834:. elections.public.lu.
4352:Departments of Uruguay
4212:Cantons of Switzerland
3648:Parliamentary republic
2501:Parliamentary republic
2400:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2124:Parliamentary republic
1969:Parliamentary republic
1872:
1549:
1521:
1472:
1434:
1396:
1358:
1146:Huntington–Hill method
970:
929:Mathematics portal
835:Majority impossibility
824:Impossibility theorems
620:Negative vote transfer
441:Method of equal shares
62:
5679:Consistency criterion
5600:Alternative vote plus
5365:Instant-runoff voting
4585:Presidential republic
4521:Presidential republic
4424:Authoritarian regimes
4217:Semi-direct democracy
4115:Districts of Suriname
3759:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3531:Parliament (Storting)
2592:presidential republic
2464:Presidential republic
2386:Presidential republic
2345:Presidential republic
2088:Presidential republic
1866: Countries with
1840:
1550:
1522:
1473:
1435:
1397:
1359:
1127:apportionment methods
968:
732:Best-is-worst paradox
721:Pathological response
456:Direct representation
109:Single-winner methods
61:
5749:Seats-to-votes ratio
5520:Webster/Sainte-Laguë
4770:Outline of democracy
4568:Chamber of Deputies
4455:Governmental system
4441:Apportionment method
4221:assembly-independent
4173:Parliamentary system
4160:4% nationally or 12%
4023:(for 196/225 seats)
4001:Parliamentary system
3973:Congress of Deputies
3517:Parliamentary system
3338:Parliamentary system
2857:Legislative Assembly
2427:directorial republic
1931:Governmental system
1917:Apportionment method
1892:) are not included.
1532:
1483:
1445:
1407:
1369:
1341:
1324:D'Hondt (Jefferson)
916:Economics portal
863:Median voter theorem
82:Comparative politics
5729:Plurality criterion
5328:Kemeny–Young method
4717:Presidential system
4446:Electoral threshold
4371:Chamber of Senators
4357:Presidential system
4313:Presidential system
4306:Provinces of Turkey
4151:Sainte-Laguë method
4059:(for 29/225 seats)
4040:(per constituency)
3548:Sainte-Laguë method
3307:Chamber of Deputies
3236:Sainte-Laguë method
3207:Sainte-Laguë method
3154:Presidential system
3140:Sainte-Laguë method
2837:Sainte-Laguë method
2441:Chamber of Deputies
2417:Sainte-Laguë method
2359:Chamber of Senators
2062:Chamber of Deputies
1922:Electoral threshold
1828:Electoral threshold
1822:Electoral threshold
1310:Largest remainders
1295:
1224:Sainte-Laguë method
1140:Sainte-Laguë method
904:Politics portal
615:Vote linkage system
586:Seat linkage system
173:Ranked-choice (RCV)
5770:Election threshold
5704:Majority criterion
5380:Supplementary vote
5205:2010-04-28 at the
5072:2009-02-25 at the
4166:Counties of Sweden
3996:Provinces of Spain
2762:Dominican Republic
1873:
1545:
1517:
1468:
1430:
1392:
1354:
1294:
1160:(roughly unbiased)
1148:(roughly unbiased)
1142:(roughly unbiased)
971:
800:Discursive dilemma
759:Lesser evil voting
634:Supermixed systems
337:Largest remainders
195:Round-robin voting
63:
5841:
5840:
5739:Reversal symmetry
5648:Cumulative voting
5630:Semi-proportional
5605:Mixed single vote
5571:
5570:
5447:Mixed single vote
5355:Exhaustive ballot
5318:Copeland's method
5313:Condorcet methods
5253:Electoral systems
5055:. August 4, 2020.
4899:Wilson, Helen J.
4874:Benoit, Kenneth.
4724:
4723:
4694:National Assembly
4564:Equatorial Guinea
4535:National Assembly
4500:National Assembly
4469:National Assembly
4434:Legislative body
4421:
4420:
4090:National Assembly
3908:Largest remainder
2822:National Congress
2478:National Assembly
2319:National Assembly
2102:National Assembly
2019:National Assembly
1901:Legislative body
1819:
1818:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1466:
1457:
1452:
1428:
1419:
1414:
1390:
1381:
1376:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1313:Highest averages
1111:relatively closed
1046:choose-one ballot
1030:mixed single vote
986:political parties
980:) is a system of
963:
962:
850:Gibbard's theorem
790:Dominance paradox
727:Perverse response
431:Phragmen's method
297:Majority judgment
225:Positional voting
183:Condorcet methods
51:electoral systems
16:(Redirected from
5866:
5780:Liquid democracy
5432:
5412:Two-round system
5323:Dodgson's method
5246:
5239:
5232:
5223:
5176:
5171:
5170:
5153:
5152:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5107:
5083:
5077:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4966:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4881:. Archived from
4880:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4812:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4786:
4428:
4361:Ballots use the
4187:National Council
3147:3 to 10 members
2390:Ballots use the
2246:Federal states (
2186:National Council
1912:(if applicable)
1895:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1330:Huntington-Hill
1296:
1115:completely open,
955:
948:
941:
927:
926:
914:
913:
902:
901:
857:Positive results
752:Strategic voting
649:Majority jackpot
606:
595:
466:Liquid democracy
342:National remnant
332:Highest averages
269:
254:
239:
171:
162:Alternative vote
160:
144:Partisan primary
136:
77:Mechanism design
30:
21:
5874:
5873:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5820:
5799:
5753:
5744:Smith criterion
5657:
5624:
5585:Parallel voting
5567:
5563:Imperiali quota
5536:
5503:
5421:
5375:Contingent vote
5338:Nanson's method
5296:Unified primary
5286:Approval voting
5272:
5255:
5250:
5207:Wayback Machine
5174:Politics portal
5172:
5165:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5092:French Politics
5085:
5084:
5080:
5074:Wayback Machine
5064:
5060:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5035:CODUL ELECTORAL
5033:
5032:
5028:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5001:
4999:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4974:
4972:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4945:
4943:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4903:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4885:
4878:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4817:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4729:
4713:Constituencies
4605:Constituencies
4581:Constituencies
4551:Constituencies
4517:Constituencies
4482:Constituencies
4426:
4401:
4378:
4338:
4308:
4294:
4265:Constituencies
4252:
4168:
4161:
4146:
4078:
4064:
4058:
4043:Constituencies
4039:
4029:
4022:
3984:
3952:
3801:
3772:
3711:
3673:
3603:
3512:
3493:
3460:
3430:
3403:
3389:
3176:
3055:
3026:
2833:
2775:
2639:
2612:
2581:
2523:
2497:Constituencies
2370:
2341:Constituencies
2330:
2301:Constituencies
2199:
2141:
2073:
2030:
1882:parallel voting
1871:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1530:
1529:
1481:
1480:
1453:
1443:
1442:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1377:
1367:
1366:
1339:
1338:
1276:
1268:parallel voting
1123:
1107:
1101:
1092:
1086:
1066:
1042:
959:
921:
920:
908:
896:
888:
887:
854:
830:Arrow's theorem
820:
810:
809:
778:
748:
737:No-show paradox
718:
704:Cloning paradox
694:Spoiler effects
691:
681:
680:
655:
542:
525:
515:
514:
487:
478:Maximal lottery
445:
426:Thiele's method
415:
385:
317:
307:
306:
292:Approval voting
280:Cardinal voting
276:
221:
215:Maximal lottery
179:
111:
101:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5872:
5870:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5846:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5643:Limited voting
5640:
5634:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5581:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5438:
5436:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5370:Coombs' method
5362:
5357:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5348:Schulze method
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5310:
5308:Bucklin voting
5305:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5282:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5197:
5188:
5178:
5177:
5161:
5160:External links
5158:
5155:
5154:
5129:Insight Turkey
5119:
5098:(3): 323–351.
5078:
5058:
5040:
5026:
5017:"DocumentView"
5008:
4982:
4953:
4931:
4909:
4891:
4888:on 2010-06-24.
4866:
4855:(1): 323–336.
4837:
4823:
4820:on 2014-12-24.
4799:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4750:Leveling seats
4747:
4741:
4738:General ticket
4735:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4714:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4569:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4545:D'Hondt method
4542:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4510:D'Hondt method
4507:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4451:Constituencies
4448:
4443:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4407:
4405:d'Hondt method
4402:
4399:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4342:d'Hondt method
4339:
4336:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4310:
4303:
4300:
4298:d'Hondt method
4295:
4292:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4266:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4170:
4163:
4158:
4155:leveling seats
4148:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4105:d'Hondt method
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4073:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4034:d'Hondt method
4031:
4024:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3990:
3988:d'Hondt method
3985:
3982:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3943:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:d'Hondt method
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:(Droop quota)
3905:
3903:
3898:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3763:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3751:majority bonus
3747:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3679:
3677:d'Hondt method
3674:
3671:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3637:d'Hondt method
3634:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3498:d'Hondt method
3495:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3405:
3398:
3395:
3393:d'Hondt method
3390:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3325:
3323:d'Hondt method
3320:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3149:constituencies
3145:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:D'Hondt method
2866:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2708:Czech Republic
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2453:D'Hondt method
2450:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2425:Parliamentary
2423:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2374:d'Hondt method
2371:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2294:D'Hondt method
2291:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2267:d'Hondt method
2264:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:D'Hondt method
2163:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:D'Hondt method
2111:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:d'Hondt method
2074:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2034:d'Hondt method
2031:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1958:d'Hondt method
1955:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1927:Constituencies
1924:
1919:
1914:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1826:Main article:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1527:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1499:
1478:
1464:
1461:
1440:
1426:
1423:
1402:
1388:
1385:
1364:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1275:
1272:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1180:D'Hondt method
1168:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1134:D'Hondt method
1122:
1119:
1103:Main article:
1100:
1097:
1088:Main article:
1085:
1082:
1065:
1062:
1041:
1038:
961:
960:
958:
957:
950:
943:
935:
932:
931:
919:
918:
906:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
853:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
821:
816:
815:
812:
811:
808:
807:
802:
797:
792:
777:
776:
774:Turkey-raising
771:
766:
761:
747:
746:
745:
744:
734:
729:
717:
716:
714:Center squeeze
711:
706:
701:
699:Spoiler effect
692:
687:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
673:
672:
671:
658:By ballot type
654:
653:
652:
651:
646:
641:
631:
630:
629:
628:
627:
622:
612:
611:
610:
599:
576:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
541:
540:
535:
526:
521:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
510:Limited voting
507:
506:
505:
486:
485:
480:
475:
470:
469:
468:
463:
444:
443:
438:
433:
428:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
384:
383:
382:
381:
379:Localized list
376:
371:
366:
361:
351:
350:
349:
347:Biproportional
344:
339:
334:
318:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
299:
294:
289:
275:
274:
259:
244:
220:
219:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
192:
178:
177:
176:
175:
164:
151:Instant-runoff
148:
147:
146:
138:Jungle primary
125:
114:Single vote -
112:
107:
106:
103:
102:
100:
99:
89:
84:
79:
74:
68:
65:
64:
54:
53:
43:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5871:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5278:Single-winner
5275:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5242:
5240:
5235:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5062:
5059:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5009:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4970:
4963:
4957:
4954:
4942:
4935:
4932:
4920:
4913:
4910:
4902:
4895:
4892:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4867:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4816:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4795:
4794:mtholyoke.edu
4791:
4785:
4782:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4611:Guinea-Bissau
4609:
4608:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4406:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4343:
4333:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3275:Liechtenstein
3273:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
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3242:
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3237:
3234:
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3225:
3223:
3220:
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3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3098:
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3094:
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3023:
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3018:
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2926:
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2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2911:Faroe Islands
2909:
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2905:
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2901:
2898:
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2894:
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2801:
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2609:
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2599:
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2547:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1907:Variation of
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1528:
1508:
1505:
1479:
1462:
1459:
1441:
1424:
1421:
1403:
1386:
1383:
1365:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1307:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
967:
956:
951:
949:
944:
942:
937:
936:
934:
933:
930:
925:
917:
912:
907:
905:
900:
895:
894:
892:
891:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
873:May's theorem
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
859:
858:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
826:
825:
819:
814:
813:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
786:
785:
784:
783:majority rule
781:Paradoxes of
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
755:
754:
753:
743:
740:
739:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
724:
723:
722:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
695:
690:
685:
684:
677:
674:
670:
667:
666:
665:
662:
661:
660:
659:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
635:
632:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
616:
613:
609:
604:
600:
598:
593:
589:
588:
587:
584:
583:
582:
581:
577:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
552:
547:
546:
545:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
529:
524:
523:Mixed systems
519:
518:
511:
508:
504:
501:
500:
499:
496:
495:
494:
493:
492:
484:
483:Random ballot
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
457:
454:
453:
452:
451:
450:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
422:
421:
420:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
392:
391:
390:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:
352:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
328:
327:Apportionment
325:
324:
323:
322:
316:
311:
310:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
283:
282:
281:
272:
268:
263:
262:Antiplurality
260:
257:
253:
248:
245:
242:
238:
233:
230:
229:
228:
227:
226:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
196:
193:
191:
190:Condorcet-IRV
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
174:
169:
165:
163:
158:
154:
153:
152:
149:
145:
142:
141:
139:
134:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
119:
117:
110:
105:
104:
97:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
72:Social choice
70:
69:
67:
66:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:Social choice
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
5832:
5826:
5451:
5442:Mixed-member
5427:Proportional
5402:Score voting
5343:Ranked pairs
5262:Part of the
5261:
5135:(4): 79–92.
5132:
5128:
5122:
5095:
5091:
5081:
5061:
5052:
5043:
5029:
5021:www.arlis.am
5020:
5011:
5000:. Retrieved
4994:
4985:
4973:. Retrieved
4968:
4956:
4944:. Retrieved
4934:
4922:. Retrieved
4912:
4894:
4883:the original
4869:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4826:
4815:the original
4802:
4793:
4784:
4760:Ley de Lemas
4709:No threshold
4708:
4464:Burkina Faso
4410:No threshold
4409:
4375:
4347:No threshold
4346:
4261:No threshold
4260:
4207:No threshold
4206:
4110:No threshold
4109:
4075:
4071:No threshold
4070:
3939:South Africa
3841:Sint Maarten
3818:Sierra Leone
3682:No threshold
3681:
3509:
3503:
3400:
3328:
2247:
2236:
2212:
1911:
1886:mixed system
1874:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1729:
1697:
1665:
1633:
1620:
1599:
1577:
1565:
1321:Droop quota
1290:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1261:
1252:
1169:
1152:Adams method
1124:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1093:
1067:
1053:
1043:
1014:closed lists
998:
977:
973:
972:
856:
855:
822:
780:
779:
764:Exaggeration
750:
749:
720:
719:
693:
657:
656:
625:Mixed ballot
580:Compensatory
578:
551:compensatory
548:
543:
527:
489:
488:
447:
446:
417:
416:
387:
386:
374:List-free PR
320:
319:
287:Score voting
278:
277:
223:
222:
210:Ranked pairs
181:
180:
113:
5785:Spoilt vote
5548:Droop quota
5487:Schulze STV
5462:Rural–urban
5407:STAR voting
5303:Borda count
5195:ACE Project
5193:- from the
5186:ACE Project
5184:- from the
5053:EconomyNext
4969:ACE Project
4699:Closed list
4672:Closed list
4648:Closed list
4621:Closed list
4597:Closed list
4572:Closed list
4540:Closed list
4505:Closed list
4474:Closed list
4395:Closed list
4332:Closed list
4288:Closed list
4246:Closed list
4224:directorial
4182:Switzerland
4056:Closed list
3978:Closed list
3946:Closed list
3795:Closed list
3766:Closed list
3705:Closed list
3667:Closed list
3597:Closed list
3571:Closed list
3542:Closed list
3476:Netherlands
3454:Closed list
3424:Closed list
3383:Closed list
3354:Closed list
3170:Closed list
3049:Closed list
3020:Closed list
2852:El Salvador
2827:Closed list
2769:Closed list
2633:Closed list
2606:Closed list
2575:Closed list
2517:Closed list
2381:Departments
2364:Closed list
2324:Closed list
2135:Closed list
2067:Closed list
2024:Closed list
1306:Entitlement
1232:New Zealand
1090:Closed list
1084:Closed list
1070:closed list
1026:Netherlands
664:Single vote
567:Conditional
562:Coexistence
411:Quota Borda
401:Schulze STV
359:Closed list
302:STAR voting
247:Borda count
5848:Categories
5804:Comparison
5558:Hare quota
5508:Allocation
5494:Spare vote
5482:Hare-Clark
5452:Party-list
5002:2022-05-30
4975:10 January
4946:24 October
4924:24 October
4776:References
4641:Mozambique
4437:List type
4015:Parliament
3727:San Marino
3417:Montenegro
3378:Parliament
3331:threshold
3302:Luxembourg
2791:East Timor
2626:Costa Rica
2510:Cape Verde
2490:Hare quota
2242:Hare quota
2204:Hare quota
2154:Parliament
2084:Provinces
1995:Hare quota
1947:(Kuvendi)
1945:Parliament
1909:open lists
1904:List type
1286:quota rule
1222:; and the
1078:local list
1024:, and the
769:Truncation
498:Cumulative
321:Party-list
96:By country
87:Comparison
5795:Unseating
5790:Sortition
5392:Plurality
5268:Economics
5141:1302-177X
5076:(page 16)
4219:under an
4197:Panachage
4192:Open list
4144:More open
4139:Open list
4100:Most open
4095:Open list
4027:Panachage
4020:Open list
4010:Sri Lanka
3901:Open list
3874:Open list
3848:Open list
3734:Open list
3630:Open list
3540:De facto
3536:Open list
3491:More open
3486:Open list
3347:Macedonia
3317:Panachage
3312:Open list
3282:Open list
3229:Open list
3200:Open list
3133:Open list
3123:Indonesia
3104:Open list
3078:Open list
3013:Guatemala
2994:Open list
2987:Greenland
2968:Open list
2941:Open list
2891:Open list
2862:Open list
2798:Open list
2742:Open list
2715:Open list
2689:Open list
2662:Open list
2546:Open list
2483:Open list
2446:Open list
2410:Open list
2287:Open list
2261:More open
2256:Open list
2233:More open
2228:Open list
2196:More open
2191:Open list
2159:Open list
2107:Open list
2057:Argentina
1988:Open list
1965:Counties
1951:Open list
1868:Panachage
1771:100 seats
1228:Indonesia
1105:Open list
1099:Open list
1080:system).
1074:open list
1058:panachage
1050:Open list
1034:panachage
990:allocated
676:Dual-vote
369:Panachage
364:Open list
354:List type
232:Plurality
128:Two-round
116:plurality
39:Economics
5662:Criteria
5615:Scorporo
5264:politics
5203:Archived
5149:26300453
5114:73642272
5070:Archived
4996:osce.org
4727:See also
4530:Cambodia
4431:Country
4227:republic
4085:Suriname
3894:Slovenia
3867:Slovakia
3657:Portugal
3564:Paraguay
3071:Honduras
2590:Unitary
2565:Colombia
2473:Bulgaria
1898:Country
1256:at-large
1200:Cambodia
1196:Bulgaria
1164:LR-Droop
396:Hare STV
35:Politics
33:A joint
5834:Project
5525:D'Hondt
5477:CPO-STV
5435:Systems
4755:List MP
4593:Senate
4495:Burundi
4322:Uruguay
4236:Tunisia
4134:Riksdag
3698:Romania
3504:de jure
3447:Namibia
3373:Moldova
3329:de jure
3252:Lebanon
3097:Iceland
2961:Finland
2884:Estonia
2817:Ecuador
2735:Denmark
2655:Croatia
2354:Bolivia
2277:Belgium
2181:Austria
2097:Armenia
1978:Algeria
1940:Albania
1274:Example
1212:Finland
1208:Estonia
1204:Croatia
1188:Austria
1184:Armenia
1158:LR-Hare
1018:Finland
994:roughly
978:list-PR
406:CPO-STV
256:Baldwin
205:Schulze
200:Minimax
118:methods
5828:Portal
5765:Ballot
5541:Quotas
5270:series
5147:
5139:
5112:
4665:Rwanda
4458:Notes
4390:Senedd
4278:Turkey
4129:Sweden
3788:Serbia
3620:Poland
3526:Norway
3222:Latvia
3193:Kosovo
3181:3.25%
3163:Israel
3042:Guyana
2682:Cyprus
2601:Senate
2436:Brazil
2248:Länder
2213:Länder
2014:Angola
1934:Notes
1888:(e.g.
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1333:Adams
1302:Votes
1299:Party
1240:Sweden
1238:, and
1236:Norway
1218:, and
1216:Poland
1192:Brazil
1054:within
1040:Voting
1022:Brazil
1010:Israel
1008:, and
1006:Turkey
271:Coombs
41:series
5758:Other
5577:Mixed
5145:JSTOR
5110:S2CID
4965:(pdf)
4904:(PDF)
4886:(PDF)
4879:(PDF)
4818:(PDF)
4811:(PDF)
4385:Wales
3968:Spain
3742:3.5%
2539:Chile
2314:BĂ©nin
2149:Aruba
1757:Total
1596:1000
1562:1017
1541:seats
1538:votes
1502:seats
1494:seats
1489:votes
1456:seats
1451:votes
1418:seats
1413:votes
1380:seats
1375:votes
1350:seats
1347:votes
1318:Hare
1220:Spain
1002:Spain
608:'MMP'
597:'AMS'
5266:and
5137:ISSN
4977:2015
4948:2017
4926:2017
4689:Togo
4578:10%
4376:None
4076:None
3625:Sejm
3590:Peru
3510:None
3401:None
2934:Fiji
2338:10%
1764:2832
1732:.48
1700:.22
1668:.55
1662:327
1636:.52
1630:383
1602:.31
1568:.91
1245:The
1174:The
549:Non-
503:SNTV
92:List
49:and
37:and
5590:MMP
5100:doi
4857:doi
4514:2%
3992:3%
3929:4%
3913:4%
3882:5%
3806:3%
3608:5%
3552:4%
3502:No
3435:3%
3327:No
3290:8%
3240:5%
3144:4%
2949:5%
2899:5%
2750:2%
2723:5%
2670:5%
2494:4%
2298:5%
2208:4%
1890:MMP
1813:100
1806:100
1799:100
1792:100
1785:100
1778:100
1726:42
1694:63
1686:12
1683:12
1680:12
1677:11
1674:12
1671:12
1654:14
1651:13
1648:14
1645:13
1642:13
1639:14
1617:35
1614:35
1611:36
1608:36
1605:35
1588:35
1585:36
1582:36
1574:36
1571:36
1463:0.5
1266:or
1048:).
1036:).
1032:or
267:el.
252:el.
241:IRV
237:el.
5850::
5831:—
5143:.
5133:18
5131:.
5108:.
5094:.
5090:.
5051:.
5019:.
4993:.
4967:.
4853:76
4851:.
4792:.
4157:)
4067:?
4038:5%
3753:.
2250:)
2235::
2215:)
1750:2
1747:2
1744:1
1741:1
1738:1
1735:1
1723:F
1718:3
1715:2
1712:2
1709:2
1706:2
1703:2
1691:E
1666:11
1659:D
1634:13
1627:C
1621:34
1600:35
1593:B
1578:37
1566:35
1559:A
1270:.
1234:,
1230:,
1214:,
1210:,
1206:,
1202:,
1198:,
1194:,
1190:,
1186:,
1060:.
1020:,
1004:,
603:NZ
592:UK
168:US
157:UK
140:)
133:US
5245:e
5238:t
5231:v
5151:.
5116:.
5102::
5096:3
5023:.
5005:.
4979:.
4950:.
4928:.
4906:.
4863:.
4859::
4796:.
4400:—
4337:—
4293:—
4251:—
4153:(
4063:—
3983:—
3951:—
3800:—
3771:—
3710:—
3672:—
3602:—
3459:—
3429:—
3388:—
3175:—
3054:—
3025:—
2832:—
2774:—
2638:—
2611:—
2580:—
2522:—
2369:—
2329:—
2198::
2140:—
2072:—
2029:—
1730:1
1698:2
1512:)
1509:1
1506:+
1498:(
1460:+
1425:1
1422:+
1387:1
1384:+
1242:.
1028:(
1012:(
976:(
954:e
947:t
940:v
605::
594::
273:)
264:(
258:)
249:(
243:)
234:(
170::
159::
135::
130:(
98:)
94:(
20:)
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