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and other micro-organisms form part of the diet. Other movements of the body wall draw water into and out of the anal vesicles and respiratory gases are exchanged. The worm periodically reverses its position in its burrow. The proboscis can extend to a length of 20 centimetres (7.9 in) and,
255:
movements and this washes the pellets out of the second aperture of the tube. They accumulate nearby in little piles, the presence of which may show where these spoon worms are buried. The faecal pellets get ingested during further feeding activities and it is probable that rapidly growing
231:
is found along the coast of North
America ranging from northern California as far south as Baja California at depths between about 18 to 155 metres (59 to 509 ft). It lives in a burrow in fine grained sands and mud with a high content of organic matter.
261:
feeding from the two burrow apertures, each worm can sweep an area of sediment of 0.25 square metres (2.7 sq ft). The feeding activities of this worm, occurring as it does in large numbers, has a considerable effect on the seabed
306:
into juvenile spoon worms. They seem to be attracted to settle in areas of fine, nutrient-rich sediment but the mechanism for this discrimination is unclear. The juveniles become sexually mature in another six to twelve months.
251:. The sediment passes through the gut where the nutritive parts are digested and absorbed, and the residue is ejected through the anus as faecal pellets. The worm creates a current of water through the tube by
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at densities of up to 1,500 individuals per square metre (11 square feet). The burrowing and feeding activities of these worms redistributed and aerated the sediment and promoted a more diverse community of
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has a plump, sausage-shaped body about 4 centimetres (1.6 in) long and 2 to 3 centimetres (0.79 to 1.18 in) wide. An extensible spoon-shaped
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with the ventral side upwards. Sediment is scooped up by the proboscis and is wafted along a central groove to the mouth by the action of
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lives in a U-shaped burrow in the sediment. Its body remains below the surface while it extends its flexible proboscis across the
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projects from the anterior (front) end of the body and the mouth is at its base on the ventral side. There is a pair of hooked
216:
is at the posterior end of the body. There are two anal vesicles on either side of the rear end of the gut which are used for
189:. It is found in shallow seas in the North East Pacific off the coast of California. It lives in a burrow in soft sediments.
654:
36:
302:. After several developmental stages over a period of about six months, the larvae settle on the seabed and undergo
560:(Echiura) on coastal shelf benthic communities and sediments modified by a major California wastewater discharge".
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220:. The body is a translucent green colour and there are eight longitudinal bundles of muscle in the body wall.
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area. The worms flourished for several years before disappearing from the area but their legacy of improved
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A number of other invertebrates take up occupation in this spoon worm's burrow and live there as
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that the burrow provides and the nutrient rich stream of water passing through the burrow.
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before being liberated into the sea in the late winter or spring. After fertilisation, the
208:(bristles) projecting from the ventral surface of the body behind the mouth and a pair of
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500:"The Annual Cycle of Oogenesis, Spawning, and Larval Settlement of the Echiuran
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Stull, Janet K.; Haydock, C.Irwin; Montagne, David E. (1986). "Effects of
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or body cavity. Here they mature and are then stored in the
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393:than would otherwise have existed in this heavily
346:. These probably benefit from the protection from
276:are located beside the anal vesicles and liberate
532:. Holt-Saunders International. pp. 870–873.
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563:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
457:Encyclopedia of Marine Invertebrates
357:on by bottom feeding fish such as
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435:World Register of Marine Species
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1:
576:10.1016/0272-7714(86)90020-X
460:. TFH Publications. p.
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528:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
319:. These include the small
268:The sexes are separate in
748:Animals described in 1946
163:
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32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
504:off Southern California"
498:Pilger, John F. (1980).
454:Walls, Jerry G. (1982).
370:Myliobatis californicus
185:is a species of marine
16:Species of annelid worm
384:discharge outlets off
364:Microstomus pacificus
600:Listriolobus pelodes
558:Listriolobus pelodes
530:Invertebrate Zoology
502:Listriolobus pelodes
425:Listriolobus pelodes
378:Listriolobus pelodes
270:Listriolobus pelodes
241:Listriolobus pelodes
229:Listriolobus pelodes
198:Listriolobus pelodes
182:Listriolobus pelodes
167:Listriolobus pelodes
25:Listriolobus pelodes
421:Murina, G. (2012).
353:The spoon worm is
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689:Open Tree of Life
592:Taxon identifiers
343:Hesperonoe laevis
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367:) and bat rays (
325:Pinnixa schmitti
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511:Pacific Science
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380:was found near
339:polychaete worm
330:bivalve mollusc
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149:L. pelodes
82:Pleistoannelida
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376:In the 1970s,
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334:Mysella tumida
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210:nephridiopores
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539:0-03-056747-5
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517:(2): 128–142.
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427:Fisher, 1946"
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173:Fisher, 1946
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158:Binomial name
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438:. Retrieved
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224:Distribution
212:nearby. The
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136:Listriolobus
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702:SeaLifeBase
570:(1): 1–17.
386:Los Angeles
297:trochophore
292:hatch into
253:peristaltic
218:respiration
193:Description
115:Echiuroidea
737:Categories
440:2012-11-11
408:References
404:remained.
382:wastewater
317:commensals
294:planktonic
187:spoon worm
125:Echiuridae
101:Subclass:
95:Sedentaria
743:Echiurans
402:diversity
359:flounders
348:predators
286:nephridia
280:into the
263:ecosystem
245:substrate
202:proboscis
143:Species:
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
642:10003784
615:Q2339954
609:Wikidata
395:polluted
337:and the
258:bacteria
121:Family:
69:Annelida
65:Phylum:
59:Animalia
45:Domain:
694:1029498
629:5234373
399:benthic
311:Ecology
278:gametes
236:Biology
131:Genus:
111:Order:
105:Echiura
720:266792
681:266792
655:155070
536:
468:
355:preyed
328:, the
300:larvae
282:coelom
274:gonads
272:. The
715:WoRMS
707:60643
668:61850
637:IRMNG
507:(PDF)
431:WoRMS
391:fauna
249:cilia
206:setae
89:Clade
76:Clade
676:OBIS
663:NCBI
650:ITIS
624:GBIF
534:ISBN
466:ISBN
321:crab
290:eggs
214:anus
572:doi
462:263
373:).
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568:22
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548:^
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480:^
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265:.
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443:.
423:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
