Bariatric surgery - Knowledge (XXG)

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and late dumping syndrome. Dumping syndrome in some cases may be associate with more efficient weight loss, however it can be uncomfortable. Symptoms of dumping syndrome include nausea, diarrhea, painful abdominal cramps, bloating, and autonomic symptoms such as tachycardia, palpitations, flushing, and sweating. Early dumping syndrome (emptying within 1 hour of eating) is also associated with a rapid drop in blood pressure, which may cause fainting. Late dumping syndrome is characterized by low blood sugar 1–3 hours after a meal, presenting with palpitations, tremor, sweating, a feeling of faintness, and irritability. Dumping syndrome is best mitigated by consuming small meals and avoiding high carb or high fat foods.

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bariatric procedure is not always clearly defined, as multiple mechanisms may be used by a single procedure. For instance, while sleeve gastrectomy (discussed below) was initially thought to work simply by reducing the size of the stomach, research has begun to elucidate changes in gut hormone signaling as well. The two most frequently performed procedures are sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (also galled gastric bypass), with sleeve gastrectomy accounting for more than half of all procedures since 2014.

728:. This meta-analysis also found that median life-expectancy was 9.3 years longer for obese adults with diabetes who received bariatric surgery as compared to routine (non-surgical) care, whereas the life expectancy gain was 5.1 years longer for obese adults without diabetes. The risk of death in the period following surgery is less than 1 in 1,000. A 2016 review estimated bariatric surgery could reduce all-cause mortality by 30-50% in obese people. Bariatric surgery may also lower disease risk, including improvement in 870:) within the obese population show that 58% prioritize improvement of diabetes, while 33% pursued surgery for weight loss alone. While weight loss is essential in T2DM management, sustaining improvements long-term is challenging; 50% to 90% of people struggle to achieve adequate diabetes control, suggesting the need for alternative interventions. In this context, studies have reported an 85.3–90% resolution of T2DM after bariatric surgery, measured by reductions in fasting plasma glucose and 851:

protocol has not been found to be superior to the other. In one 2019 systematic review, estimated weight loss (EWL) for each surgical protocol is as follows: 56.7% for gastric bypass, 45.9% for gastric banding, 74.1% for biliopancreatic bypass +/- duodenal switch and 58.3% for sleeve gastrectomy. Most patients do remain obese (BMI 25-35) following surgery despite significant weight loss, and patients with BMI over 40 tended to lose more weight than those with BMI under 40.

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bariatric surgery patients was decreased by 44%, especially in colorectal, endometrial, breast, and ovarian cancer. Improvements in cardiovascular health are the most well described changes after bariatric surgery, with notable reductions in the incidence of stroke (except in patients with T2DM), heart attack, atrial fibrillation, all-cause cardiovascular mortality, and ischemic heart disease.

1361: 1106:), despite initial development to target reduction of food intake and/or nutrient absorption. This is especially important when considering the durability of weight loss compared to lifestyle changes. While diet and exercise are essential for maintaining a healthy weight and physical fitness, metabolism typically slows as the individual loses weight, a process known as 968:, and 5% after biliopancreatic diversion. Over a 10-year study while using a common data model to allow for comparisons, 9% of patients who received a sleeve gastrectomy required some form of reoperation within 5 years compared to 12% of patients who received a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Both of the effects were fewer than those reported with adjustable gastric banding. 5448: 36: 991:

gastric band. Gastric band malpositioning can be devastating, leading to gastric prolapse, overdistention, and resultingly, gastric ischemia and necrosis. Erosion and migration of the band may also occur post-operatively, in which case, if over 50% of the circumference of the band migrates, then surgical repositioning is necessary.

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3–8 kg within several study ranges. Weight loss with the gastric balloon tends to be more modest than other interventions. The intragastric balloon may be used prior to another bariatric surgery to assist the patient to reach a weight which is suitable for surgery, but can be used repeatedly and unrelated to other procedures.

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reduced overall long-term all-cause mortality compared to controls. However, obese populations maintain an elevated risk of disease and mortality compared to the general population even after surgery, therefore elevated mortality after surgery may be related to the ongoing complications of existing obesity-related disease.

1137: 1110:. Thus, efforts for obese individuals to lose weight often stall, or result in weight re-gain. Bariatric surgery is thought to affect the weight "set point," leading to a more durable weight loss. This is not completely understood, but may involve the cell-signaling pathways and hunger/satiety hormones. 1340:

Gastric plication significantly reduces the volume of the patient's stomach, so smaller amounts of food provide a feeling of satiety. In a 2020 review and meta-analysis, long-term weight loss was not as durable as other, more common bariatric techniques. Gastric plication has not performed as well as

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are common after Roux-En-Y gastric bypass, with estimates of prevalence ranging from 7-11%. All surgical modalities are associated with a significant increase in risk of kidney stones compared to nonsurgical weight loss treatment, with biliopancreatic diversion being the most associated at a ten-fold

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The relative risk reductions associated with bariatric surgery are 61%, 64%, and 77% for the development of T2DM, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, respectively, highlighting the efficacy of bariatric surgery in prevention as well as resolution of chronic obesity. Predictors for post-operative diabetes

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levels, and remission rates of up to 74% two years post-surgery. Furthermore, there is a difference in effectiveness between bariatric surgery and traditional interventions. The Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study demonstrated the difference in T2DM remission rates between conventional medical therapy

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Kominiarek MA, Jungheim ES, Hoeger KM, Rogers AM, Kahan S, Kim JJ (May 2017). "American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery position statement on the impact of obesity and obesity treatment on fertility and fertility therapy Endorsed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

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Weight loss following the surgery is largely due to alteration of gut hormones that control hunger and satiety, as well as the physical restriction of the stomach and decrease in nutrient absorption. Compared to the sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, BPD/DS produces better results with

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This was the most commonly performed bariatric surgery as of 2021 in the United States, and is one of the two most commonly performed bariatric surgeries in the world. Though initially thought to work strictly by reducing the size of the stomach, recent research has shown that there are also changes

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Procedures may reduce the amount of intestine that food passes through in an effort to decrease the absorption of nutrients from food. For example, a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass connects the stomach to a more distal part of the intestine, which reduces the ability of the intestines to absorb nutrients

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The overall risk of mortality is low in bariatric surgery at 0 to .01%. Severe complications, such as gastric perforation or necrosis, have been significantly reduced by improved surgical experience and training. Bariatric surgery morbidity is also low at 5%. In fact, several studies have reported a

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Among people seeking bariatric surgery, pre-operative mental health disorders are commonly reported. Some studies indicate that psychological health can improve after bariatric surgery, due in part to improved body image, self-esteem, and change in self-concept; these findings were found in children

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Bariatric surgery is also considered for individuals with new-onset T2DM and obesity, although the level of improvement may be slightly less. The International Diabetes Federation Task recommends bariatric surgery under certain circumstances, including failure of conventional weight and T2DM therapy

858:, bariatric surgery patients were able to achieve remission 2.4 times as often as those who underwent nonsurgical treatment. No significant difference was noted for changes cholesterol, or LDL, but HDL did increase in the surgical groups, and reduction in blood pressure was variable between studies. 1569:

Reviews have shown similar weight loss in adolescents following bariatric surgery as in adults. Reduction of eating disorders for several years after bariatric surgery has also been shown in adolescents after bariatric surgery. Long-term reduction in or resolution of weight-related conditions, such

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Bariatric surgical procedures available to adolescents include: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, vertical sleeve gastrectomy, and adjustable gastric banding. Multiple organizations have created guidelines for bariatric surgery indications in children and adolescents. In 2022-23, such guidelines overlapped

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Intragastric balloon involves placing a deflated balloon into the stomach, and then filling it to decrease the amount of gastric space, resulting in the feeling of fullness after a smaller meal. The balloon can be left in the stomach for a maximum of 6 months and results in weight loss of 3 BMI or

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The surgery is a permanent procedure that aims to decrease the absorption of nutrients due to the new, limited connection created. The surgery is also works by affecting gut hormones, resetting hunger and satiety levels. The physically-smaller stomach and increase in baseline satiety hormones help

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Bariatric procedures function by a variety of mechanisms, such as: alteration of gut hormones, reduction of the gut size (reducing the amount of food that may pass through), and reduction or blockage of nutrient absorption. The distinction in these mechanisms, and which are at work for a particular

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The most common complication, especially after sleeve gastrectomy, is GERD, which may occur in up to 25% of cases. Dumping syndrome (rapid emptying of undigested stomach contents) is another common complication of bariatric surgery, especially after Roux-en-Y, which is further classified into early

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When counseling a patient on bariatric procedures, providers take an interdisciplinary approach. Psychiatric screening is also critical for determining postoperative success. People with a BMI of 40 or greater have a 5-fold risk of depression, and half of bariatric surgery candidates are depressed.

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Bariatric surgery has proven to be the most effective obesity treatment option for enduring weight loss. Along with this weight reduction, the procedure reduces risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, depression syndromes, among others. While often effective, numerous

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surgery. This operation can be performed laparoscopically, and is commonly referred to as a "lap band". Weight loss is predominantly due to the restriction of nutrient intake that is created by the small gastric pouch and the narrow outlet. It is considered somewhat of a safe surgical procedure,

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like iron (15%), vitamin D, vitamin B12, fat soluble vitamins, thiamine, and folate are common after bariatric procedures. Such deficiencies are potentiated by alterations in absorption and lack of appetite and often require supplementation. Notably, chronic vitamin D deficiency may contribute to

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Bariatric surgery is cost-effective when compared to savings estimated from treatment or prevention of obesity-related conditions. Cost-effectiveness occurs at the individual level due to fewer healthcare expenses for medications, and nationally with a reduction in the overall lifetime healthcare

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specialists. Follow-up after surgery is typically focused on helping avoid complications and tracking the progress toward body weight goals. Having a structure of social support in the post-operative time may be beneficial as people work through the changes that present physically and emotionally

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Difficulties surrounding obesity treatment selection among children and adolescents include ethical considerations when obtaining consent from those who may be unable to do so without adult guidance or understand the potential lasting effects of invasive procedures. Among high-quality randomized

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In adults, malabsorptive procedures lead to more weight loss than restrictive procedures, but they have a higher risk profile. Gastric banding is the least invasive, so it may offer fewer complications, while gastric bypass may offer the highest initial and most sustainable weight loss. A single

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surgical techniques made the procedure safer, and high-quality research showed effectiveness at improving health among various conditions. In October 2022, ASMBS/IFSO revised the eligibility criteria, which include all adult patients with BMI greater than 35, and those with BMI more than 30 with

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Pregnancy in patients post-bariatric surgery must be carefully monitored. Infant mortality, preterm birth, small fetal size, congenital anomalies, and NICU admission are all elevated in bariatric surgery patients. This elevation in adverse outcomes is thought to be because of malnutrition. Most

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Complications specific to the laparoscopic gastric band procedure include esophageal perforation from advancement of the calibration probe, gastric perforation from creation of a retrograde gastric tunnel, esophageal dilation, and acute dilation of the gastric pouch due to malpositioning of the

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In the 21st century, obesity rates increased globally, and with this, a proportional rise in related diseases and complication. In the United States during 2017-20, an estimated 40% of adults were obese, up from 30% in 1999-2000. The costs of treating obesity and related conditions has a large

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This is most commonly performed operation for weight loss in the United States, with approximately 140,000 gastric bypass procedures performed in 2005. Though, since 2013, sleeve gastrectomy has overtaken RYGB as the most common bariatric procedure. RYGB still remains to be one of the two most

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The position of the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery as of 2017 was that it was not clearly understood whether medical weight-loss treatments or bariatric surgery had an effect responsiveness to subsequent treatments for infertility in both men and women. Bariatric surgery

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respectively. It also found that median life-expectancy was 9 years longer for obese adults with diabetes who received bariatric surgery as compared to routine (non-surgical) care, whereas the life expectancy gain was 5 years longer for obese adults without diabetes. The overall cancer risk in

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In the vertical banded gastroplasty, a part of the stomach is permanently stapled to create a smaller, new stomach. This new stomach is physically restricted, allowing for people to feel full with smaller meals. Short term weight loss is similar to other bariatric procedures, but long-term

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Syn NL, Cummings DE, Wang LZ, Lin DJ, Zhao JJ, Loh M, et al. (May 2021). "Association of metabolic-bariatric surgery with long-term survival in adults with and without diabetes: a one-stage meta-analysis of matched cohort and prospective controlled studies with 174 772 participants".

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notably, a reduction in serum folate and iron are well-established correlates to neural tube defects and preterm birth, respectively. People considering pregnancy should consult with their physician before conceiving to optimize their health and nutritional status before pregnancy.

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Techniques for weight loss have been reported for decades, with a more formal transition to noting weight loss following surgical intervention in the 1950s when subsequent weight loss after surgical shortening of the small intestine in dogs and people was observed. Specifically,

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and soft proteins (1.0–1.5g/kg/day). During recovery, people must adapt to eating more slowly and to avoid eating past fullness; overeating may lead to nausea and vomiting. Alcohol is avoided completely in the first 6 months to 1 year after surgery. Some people may take a daily

1002:, kidney stones, and gallstones. Bowel obstruction tends to be more difficult to diagnose in post-bariatric surgery patients due to their reduced ability to vomit; symptoms mainly involve abdominal pain and are intermittent due to twisting and untwisting of the intestinal 1396:

This procedure where a device similar to a heart pacemaker that is implanted by a surgeon, with the electrical leads stimulating the external surface of the stomach, was under preliminary research in 2015. Electrical stimulation is thought to modify the activity of the

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or nutrient deficiency, since a person having bariatric surgery will likely undergo significant weight loss and changes in metabolism. Over many years, the rates of potential adverse maternal and fetal outcomes are reduced for mothers following bariatric surgery.

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Bariatric surgery as a treatment for obesity can lead to vitamin deficiencies. Long-term follow-up reported deficiencies for vitamins D, E, A, K and B12. There are guidelines for multivitamin supplementation, but adherence rates are reported to be less than 20%.

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Historically, eligibility for bariatric surgery was defined as a BMI greater than 40, or a BMI more than 35 with an obesity-associated comorbidity, as based on the 1991 NIH Consensus Statement. In the three decades that followed, obesity rates continued to rise,

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procedures, sometimes called body contouring, may be an option for people wishing to remove excess skin following the large change in weight. Targeted areas include the arms, buttocks and thighs, abdomen, and breasts, with changes occurring slowly over years.

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Ha J, Kwon Y, Kwon JW, Kim D, Park SH, Hwang J, et al. (July 2021). "Micronutrient status in bariatric surgery patients receiving postoperative supplementation per guidelines: Insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies".

791:. However, BMI is a limited measurement, for which factors such as ethnicity are not used in the BMI calculation. Eligibility criteria for bariatric surgery is modified for people who identify as a part of the Asian population to a BMI more than 27.5. 1545:

During the early 21st century, obesity among children and adolescents increased globally, as did treatment options including lifestyle changes, drug treatments, and surgical procedures. The medical complications and health concerns associated with

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liquid or soft-solid diet that is slightly increased in viscosity. This may consist of high protein, liquid or soft foods such as protein shakes, soft meats and dairy products. People in recovery are encouraged to compose their diet mainly of

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Procedures may reduce food intake by reducing the size of the stomach that is available to hold a meal (see below: gastric sleeve or stomach folding). Filling the stomach faster enables an individual to feel more full after a smaller meal.

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As of October 2022, the American Society of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery and International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity recommended consideration of bariatric surgery for adults meeting two specific criteria: people with a

1046:, especially at 6 and 18 months. Estimates for prevalence of symptomatic gallstones after Roux-En-Y gastric bypass range from 3–13%. The risk of gallstones following bariatric surgery has shown to be higher among those of the female sex. 1337:, rather than physically removing stomach tissue. This allows for the natural ability of the stomach to absorb nutrients to remain intact. This procedure is reversible, is a less invasive procedure, and does not use hardware or staples. 987:). Similar to other surgical procedures, there is a risk of atelectasis (collapse of small airways) and pleural effusion (fluid buildup in lungs), and pneumonia which tends to be less associated with minimally invasive procedures. 2678:"Long-Term Outcomes After Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Weight Loss at 10 or More Years for All Bariatric Procedures and a Single-Centre Review of 20-Year Outcomes After Adjustable Gastric Banding" 1267:(see above section) is performed. This part of the procedure causes food intake restriction due to the physical reduction of the stomach size, and is permanent. Next, the stomach is then disconnected from the upper part of the 692:

and obesity-related conditions. Long term weight loss with bariatric surgery may be achieved through alteration of gut hormones, physical reduction of stomach size, reduction of nutrient absorption, or a combination of these.

751:. However, these designated BMI ranges do not hold the same meaning in particular populations, such as among Asian individuals, for whom bariatric surgery may be considered when a BMI is more than 27.5. Similarly, the 1423:

Dietary restrictions after recovery from surgery depend in part on the type of surgery. In general, immediately after bariatric surgery, the person is restricted to a clear liquid diet, which includes foods such as

1025:; insufficiency fractures, especially of the upper extremity, are of higher incidence in bariatric surgery patients. Sleeve gastrectomy leads to fewer long-term vitamin deficiencies compared to gastric banding. 882:

Bariatric surgery likewise plays a role in the reduction of medication use. During post-operative follow-up, 76% of people discontinued use of insulin, while 62% no longer required T2DM medications at all.

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Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, Armstrong SC, Barlow SE, Bolling CF, et al. (February 2023). "Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Obesity".

2137:"2022 American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO): Indications for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery" 1409:

People are followed closely both before and after bariatric procedures by a healthcare team. The care team may include people in a variety of disciplines, such as social workers, dietitians, and medical

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between the medical provider and person affected include lack of insurance coverage or understanding how it functions, a lack of knowledge about procedures, conflicts with organizational priorities and

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Wu Z, Gao Z, Qiao Y, Chen F, Guan B, Wu L, et al. (June 2023). "Long-Term Results of Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents with at Least 5 Years of Follow-up: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

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Kurz CF, Rehm M, Holle R, Teuner C, Laxy M, Schwarzkopf L (November 2019). "The effect of bariatric surgery on health care costs: A synthetic control approach using Bayesian structural time series".

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Arterburn D, Tuzzio L, Anau J, Lewis CC, Williams N, Courcoulas A, et al. (February 2023). "Identifying barriers to shared decision-making about bariatric surgery in two large health systems".

822:, and idiopathic hypertension or a BMI above 40 without comorbidities. Surgery is contraindicated with a medically correctable cause of obesity, substance abuse, concurrent or planned pregnancy, 1566:

with recommendations for potential bariatric surgical management in children and adolescents with a BMI of 40 or higher, or a BMI of 35 or higher while also experiencing related experiences.

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The restriction of the stomach also can be created using a silicone band, which can be adjusted by addition or removal of saline through a port placed just under the skin, a procedure called

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Hedjoudje A, Abu Dayyeh BK, Cheskin LJ, Adam A, Neto MG, Badurdeen D, et al. (May 2020). "Efficacy and Safety of Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

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and bariatric surgery: while conventional methods achieved a 21% remission at two years and 12% at 10 years, bariatric surgery exhibited a 72% remission at two years and 37% at 10 years.

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of the stomach, which is interpreted by the brain to give a sense of satiety, or fullness. Early evidence suggests that it is less effective than other forms of bariatric surgery.

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Kwong W, Tomlinson G, Feig DS (June 2018). "Maternal and neonatal outcomes after bariatric surgery; a systematic review and meta-analysis: do the benefits outweigh the risks?".

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Worldwide, the prevalence of obesity in women of reproductive age is increasing. Bariatric surgery is currently viewed as the most effective, long-term solution for this problem

941:(see Considerations in adolescent patients below). Bariatric surgery has consistently been associated with postoperative decreases in depression symptoms and reduced severity. 887:

in individuals with a BMI of 30–35. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, however, maintain their recommendation of bariatric surgery for only those of BMI above 35.

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Image of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass showing the new connection, formed by staples, of the smaller portion of the stomach connected to a further part of the small intestine.

6629: 1275:, creating the alimentary limb. The leftover section of the far part of the small intestine is then used to make a connection that brings digestive fluids from the 4196:

Suarez DF, Gangemi A (January 2021). "How Bad Is "Bad"? A Cost Consideration and Review of Laparoscopic Gastric Plication Versus Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy".

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Beaulac J, Sandre D (May 2017). "Critical review of bariatric surgery, medically supervised diets, and behavioural interventions for weight management in adults".

6400: 4021:"Comparative effectiveness of bariatric surgeries in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 3692:

Chen L, Chen Y, Yu X, Liang S, Guan Y, Yang J, et al. (July 2024). "Long-term prevalence of vitamin deficiencies after bariatric surgery: a meta-analysis".

2858:"Association of bariatric surgery with all-cause mortality and incidence of obesity-related disease at a population level: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 2798:"Association of bariatric surgery with all-cause mortality and incidence of obesity-related disease at a population level: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 6361: 4148:

van Wezenbeek MR, Smulders JF, de Zoete JP, Luyer MD, van Montfort G, Nienhuijs SW (August 2015). "Long-Term Results of Primary Vertical Banded Gastroplasty".

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results from direct treatment of obesity, treatment of obesity-related conditions, as well as other economic losses from decreased workforce productivity.

664: 3459:"Interventions and Operations 5 Years After Bariatric Surgery in a Cohort From the US National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network Bariatric Study" 1881:

Zarshenas N, Tapsell LC, Neale EP, Batterham M, Talbot ML (May 2020). "The Relationship Between Bariatric Surgery and Diet Quality: a Systematic Review".

1500:, was performed. During the late 1960s, the initiation of bariatric surgery followed development of a procedure to bypass portions of the stomach – the 895:

A 2021 meta-analysis found that bariatric surgery was associated with 59% and 30% reductions in all-cause mortality among obese adults with or without

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recommended bariatric surgery without age-based eligibility limits under the following indications: BMI more than 35 with severe comorbidity, such as

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Contival N, Menahem B, Gautier T, Le Roux Y, Alves A (February 2018). "Guiding the non-bariatric surgeon through complications of bariatric surgery".

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about overweight or body image exist for those with childhood obesity; self-harm among children and adolescents bullied for their weight also occurs.

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Risks of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass include anastomotic stenosis (narrowing of the intestine where the two segments are rejoined), bleeding, leaks,

709:, from which weight loss is largely achieved by altering gut hormone levels responsible for hunger and satiety, leading to a new hormonal weight 4662:

Moshiri M, Osman S, Robinson TJ, Khandelwal S, Bhargava P, Rohrmann CA (July 2013). "Evolution of bariatric surgery: a historical perspective".

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English WJ, Williams DB (July 2018). "Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: An Effective Treatment Option for Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease".

4077: 1574:, occurred in adolescents after bariatric surgery. Long-term effects of bariatric surgery in adolescents remains under research, as of 2023. 5879: 5714: 1318: 1313: 803: 879:

resolution include current method of diabetes control, adequate blood sugar control, age, duration of diabetes, and waist circumference.

5928: 3048:"Diabetes and weight in comparative studies of bariatric surgery vs conventional medical therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1009:

Sleeve gastrectomy also carries a small risk of stenosis, staple line leak, stricture formation, leaks, fistula formation, bleeding and

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bariatric surgery requires an average hospital stay of 2–5 days, barring potential complications. Minimally invasive procedures (i.e.

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Image of sleeve gastrectomy showing the reduced, new stomach (the gastric sleeve) and the removed stomach tissue (resected stomach).

815: 205: 3875:"Metabolic adaptation following massive weight loss is related to the degree of energy imbalance and changes in circulating leptin" 1481:

between upper and lower portions of the small intestine to skip, or bypass, part of the small intestine led to what was called the

1260:(BPD/DS) is a slightly less common bariatric procedure, but is increasing in use with proven efficacy for sustainable weight loss. 949:

Weight loss surgery in adults is associated with an elevated risk of complications compared to nonsurgical treatments for obesity.

5250:"Improving Access to Child and Adolescent Weight Loss Surgery: A Review of Updated National and International Practice Guidelines" 5540: 1215: 1167: 1098:

Studies have shown that bariatric procedures may have additional affects on the hormones that affect hunger and satiety (such as

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recommends bariatric surgery for adolescents 13 and older with a BMI greater than 120% of the 95th percentile for age and sex.

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In morbidly obese people, bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for weight loss and reducing complications. A 2021

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Marchese SH, Pandit AU (December 2022). "Psychosocial Aspects of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgeries and Endoscopic Therapies".

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control trial data for surgical treatment of obesity, many studies are not specific to children and adolescents. Concerns for

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Bariatric surgery in older patients is a safety concern; the relative benefits and risks in this population are not known.

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In general, women are advised to avoid pregnancy for 12–24 months after a bariatric surgery to reduce the possibility of

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Among bariatric surgery candidates and those who undergo bariatric surgery, mental health-related conditions including

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the sleeve gastrectomy, with the sleeve gastrectomy associated with greater weight loss and fewer complications.

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Snoek KM, Steegers-Theunissen RP, Hazebroek EJ, Willemsen SP, Galjaard S, Laven JS, et al. (October 2021).

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Larsen AT, Højgaard B, Ibsen R, Kjellberg J (February 2018). "The Socio-economic Impact of Bariatric Surgery".

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Maciejewski ML, Arterburn DE, Van Scoyoc L, Smith VA, Yancy WS, Weidenbacher HJ, et al. (November 2016).

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Morledge MD, Pories WJ (April 2020). "Mental Health in Bariatric Surgery: Selection, Access, and Outcomes".

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Panteliou E, Miras AD (April 2017). "What is the role of bariatric surgery in the management of obesity?".

1972:"The effects of bariatric surgery on periconception maternal health: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 6590: 6405: 5869: 5738: 5670: 1501: 1398: 1303:

showing staples and a gastric band creating the reduced, new stomach (labeled stomach pouch in the image).

1219: 1210: 984: 839: 729: 698: 580: 54: 4608: 3768:"Pregnancy after bariatric surgery and adverse perinatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 1485:. A modified version of this procedure showed long-term improvement of lipid levels in people with known 6565: 6495: 6351: 5945: 5906: 5585: 5555: 5473: 3873:

Knuth ND, Johannsen DL, Tamboli RA, Marks-Shulman PA, Huizenga R, Chen KY, et al. (December 2014).

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Zhang R, Borisenko O, Telegina I, Hargreaves J, Ahmed AR, Sanchez Santos R, et al. (October 2016).

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Rogers AM (March 2020). "Current State of Bariatric Surgery: Procedures, Data, and Patient Management".

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Thenappan A, Nadler E (April 2019). "Bariatric Surgery in Children: Indications, Types, and Outcomes".

2215:"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Obesity" 1463:

After a person successfully loses weight following bariatric surgery, excess skin may occur. Bariatric

6162: 5625: 5620: 2989: 2073:

Robertson AG, Wiggins T, Robertson FP, Huppler L, Doleman B, Harrison EM, et al. (August 2021).

1493: 1486: 1478: 1382: 1054: 913: 770: 596: 548: 282: 2911: 1174:, sutures, or both) to leave the stomach shaped more like a tube, or a sleeve, with a banana shape. 317: 50: 6537: 6461: 6356: 6261: 6236: 6152: 6147: 6091: 5886: 5685: 5675: 5560: 5530: 5105:

Martinelli V, Singh S, Politi P, Caccialanza R, Peri A, Pietrabissa A, et al. (January 2023).

4609:"Quality of life among adults following bariatric and body contouring surgery: a systematic review" 1571: 1107: 871: 736: 616: 527: 428: 392: 292: 239: 5156:

Torbahn G, Brauchmann J, Axon E, Clare K, Metzendorf MI, Wiegand S, et al. (September 2022).

4296:

Fernandes M, Atallah AN, Soares BG, Humberto S, Guimarães S, Matos D, et al. (January 2007).

6031: 5874: 5690: 5650: 5630: 5535: 5425: 5325: 5230: 5087: 4928: 4778: 4639: 4221: 4173: 3852: 3766:

Akhter Z, Rankin J, Ceulemans D, Ngongalah L, Ackroyd R, Devlieger R, et al. (August 2019).

3439: 3342: 3299: 2949: 2592: 2438: 2386: 2343: 2166: 2135:

Eisenberg D, Shikora SA, Aarts E, Aminian A, Angrisani L, Cohen RV, et al. (December 2022).

2055: 1952: 1906: 1688: 1482: 1264: 1155: 1150: 965: 855: 788: 748: 702: 694: 453: 244: 6597: 6481: 6443: 6289: 6199: 5913: 5645: 5635: 5510: 5505: 5417: 5379: 5317: 5281: 5222: 5187: 5138: 5079: 5038: 4982: 4920: 4885: 4829: 4770: 4735: 4679: 4631: 4589: 4548: 4499: 4435: 4381: 4327: 4275: 4213: 4165: 4127: 4073: 4050: 3992: 3958: 3904: 3844: 3799: 3745: 3709: 3674: 3625: 3537: 3488: 3457:

Courcoulas A, Coley RY, Clark JM, McBride CL, Cirelli E, McTigue K, et al. (March 2020).

3431: 3396: 3334: 3291: 3253: 3217: 3149: 3077: 3017: 2941: 2889: 2829: 2767: 2707: 2658: 2584: 2544: 2490: 2430: 2378: 2335: 2271: 2158: 2106: 2047: 2001: 1944: 1898: 1863: 1811: 1762: 1680: 1624: 1550:

may have short or long-term effects, with a growing concern of a potential decline in overall

1547: 1497: 1492:

Further modification of the bypass procedure achieved weight loss in obesity, during which an

1411: 999: 312: 201: 191: 132: 4250:

Wideochirurgia I Inne Techniki Maloinwazyjne = Videosurgery and Other Miniinvasive Techniques

6601: 6438: 5844: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5640: 5575: 5466: 5409: 5369: 5361: 5309: 5271: 5261: 5214: 5177: 5169: 5128: 5118: 5069: 5028: 5020: 4972: 4962: 4912: 4875: 4867: 4819: 4809: 4762: 4725: 4717: 4671: 4623: 4579: 4538: 4530: 4489: 4479: 4425: 4415: 4371: 4363: 4317: 4309: 4265: 4257: 4205: 4157: 4117: 4109: 4040: 4032: 3948: 3938: 3894: 3886: 3834: 3826: 3789: 3779: 3737: 3701: 3664: 3656: 3615: 3605: 3527: 3519: 3478: 3470: 3423: 3386: 3376: 3326: 3283: 3245: 3207: 3199: 3139: 3129: 3067: 3059: 3007: 2997: 2931: 2923: 2879: 2869: 2819: 2809: 2757: 2749: 2736:

Gloy VL, Briel M, Bhatt DL, Kashyap SR, Schauer PR, Mingrone G, et al. (October 2013).

2697: 2689: 2650: 2576: 2534: 2524: 2480: 2472: 2420: 2370: 2327: 2261: 2253: 2148: 2096: 2086: 2039: 1991: 1983: 1936: 1890: 1853: 1845: 1801: 1793: 1752: 1744: 1672: 1540: 1434: 831: 710: 543: 538: 418: 302: 297: 264: 234: 186: 2676:

O'Brien PE, Hindle A, Brennan L, Skinner S, Burton P, Smith A, et al. (January 2019).

1242: 826:, or inability to adhere to postoperative recommendations and mandatory lifestyle changes. 6639: 6416: 6412: 6395: 6390: 6177: 6073: 6063: 6038: 6026: 6013: 5965: 5570: 1612: 1551: 1464: 1272: 1268: 1257: 1251: 1223: 1201: 1171: 896: 867: 835: 823: 744: 725: 706: 518: 473: 423: 373: 350: 344: 287: 259: 70: 1321:

was more commonly used in the 1980s, and is not typically performed in the 21st century.

1166:

size is reduced by the surgical removal of a large portion of the stomach, following the

5374: 5349: 5276: 5249: 4951:"Bariatric surgery for obese children and adolescents: a review of the moral challenges" 3669: 3644: 2993: 1360: 1333:

This procedure is similar to the sleeve gastrectomy surgery, but a sleeve is created by

1181:

and is not reversible. It has been found to produce a weight loss comparable to that of

6644: 6471: 6334: 6279: 5985: 5955: 5849: 5790: 5773: 5182: 5157: 5133: 5107:"Ethics of Bariatric Surgery in Adolescence and Its Implications for Clinical Practice" 5106: 5033: 5009:"Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management" 5008: 4977: 4950: 4880: 4855: 4824: 4797: 4730: 4705: 4584: 4567: 4543: 4518: 4494: 4467: 4430: 4403: 4376: 4351: 4350:

Singh S, de Moura DT, Khan A, Bilal M, Chowdhry M, Ryan MB, et al. (August 2020).

4322: 4297: 4270: 4245: 4122: 4097: 4045: 4020: 3953: 3926: 3899: 3874: 3794: 3767: 3620: 3593: 3532: 3507: 3483: 3458: 3391: 3364: 3212: 3187: 3144: 3117: 3072: 3047: 3012: 2977: 2884: 2857: 2824: 2797: 2762: 2737: 2702: 2677: 2539: 2512: 2485: 2460: 2266: 2241: 1996: 1971: 1858: 1833: 1806: 1781: 1757: 1732: 811: 721: 631: 458: 368: 307: 224: 5024: 2043: 1733:"Mechanisms underlying the weight loss effects of RYGB and SG: similar, yet different" 6659: 6555: 6284: 6214: 5950: 5785: 5602: 5590: 5580: 5429: 5329: 5234: 5091: 4782: 4225: 3506:

Małczak P, Pisarska M, Piotr M, Wysocki M, Budzyński A, Pędziwiatr M (January 2017).

3346: 2953: 2596: 2442: 2390: 2170: 2059: 1956: 1910: 1692: 1017: 921: 717: 591: 512: 443: 196: 4643: 4177: 3856: 2654: 2347: 956:

The percentage of procedures requiring reoperations due to complications was 8% for

6532: 6346: 6241: 6226: 6081: 5173: 5058:"Pediatric Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: Evidence, Barriers, and Best Practices" 4932: 4468:"Medical management of patients after bariatric surgery: Principles and guidelines" 4313: 3443: 3303: 3203: 2409:"Pediatric Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: Evidence, Barriers, and Best Practices" 1439: 1178: 1022: 976: 636: 571: 553: 448: 438: 378: 3830: 2912:"Systematic review of risk prediction models for diabetes after bariatric surgery" 1364:

Image of an adjustable gastric band in place over the upper portion of the stomach

932:, infertility, and the overall prevalence of PCOS is reduced at 12 and 23 months. 4627: 3784: 3002: 2874: 2814: 2476: 100: 6522: 6378: 6341: 6209: 6204: 6189: 6053: 5940: 5923: 5901: 5891: 5795: 5520: 5515: 4871: 3508:"Enhanced Recovery after Bariatric Surgery: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 3249: 2153: 2136: 1276: 1159: 783: 732: 533: 468: 463: 176: 171: 161: 5413: 4367: 4209: 3984: 3705: 3660: 3610: 3474: 3287: 3134: 2511:

Lin HY, Huang CK, Tai CM, Lin HY, Kao YH, Tsai CC, et al. (January 2013).

2331: 2257: 1915:

Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective treatment for morbid obesity.

1894: 1849: 1797: 1676: 6585: 6527: 6504: 6271: 6139: 5918: 5896: 5500: 5218: 4916: 4721: 4534: 4161: 3523: 3063: 2693: 2580: 1940: 1748: 498: 388: 166: 156: 5365: 5313: 4607:

Gilmartin J, Bath-Hextall F, Maclean J, Stanton W, Soldin M (November 2016).

4404:"Gastric Electrical Stimulation with the Enterra System: A Systematic Review" 4261: 3943: 3427: 1987: 1042:

Rapid weight loss after obesity surgery can contribute to the development of

6382: 6185: 6096: 6086: 6043: 5973: 5777: 4967: 4484: 1043: 1003: 929: 928:, post-operatively there tends to be a reduction in menstrual irregularity, 576: 5421: 5383: 5321: 5285: 5226: 5191: 5142: 5123: 5083: 5074: 5057: 5042: 4986: 4924: 4889: 4833: 4814: 4774: 4739: 4683: 4635: 4593: 4552: 4503: 4439: 4385: 4331: 4279: 4217: 4169: 4131: 4054: 3996: 3962: 3908: 3848: 3839: 3803: 3749: 3713: 3678: 3629: 3541: 3492: 3435: 3400: 3338: 3295: 3257: 3221: 3153: 3081: 3021: 2945: 2936: 2893: 2833: 2771: 2711: 2662: 2588: 2548: 2529: 2494: 2434: 2425: 2408: 2382: 2339: 2275: 2162: 2110: 2051: 2005: 1948: 1902: 1867: 1815: 1766: 1684: 1628: 5447: 4420: 3381: 2091: 2074: 1554:. Childhood obesity may affect mental health and impact eating practices. 1170:

of the stomach. The open edges are then attached together (typically with

6453: 6194: 5350:"Long-term Outcomes Following Adolescent Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery" 5348:

Beamish AJ, Ryan Harper E, Järvholm K, Janson A, Olbers T (August 2023).

5266: 4856:"Role of bariatric surgery in a COVID-19 era: a review of economic costs" 4675: 3116:

Liao J, Yin Y, Zhong J, Chen Y, Chen Y, Wen Y, et al. (2022-10-28).

1559: 1429: 1334: 1280: 523: 354: 340: 17: 5830: 5489: 4113: 4019:

Ding L, Fan Y, Li H, Zhang Y, Qi D, Tang S, et al. (August 2020).

1820:

Bariatric surgery represents the most effective approach to weight loss

1163: 1099: 998:

formation, ulcers (ulcers near the rejoined segment), internal hernia,

995: 689: 508: 358: 146: 4517:

Toma T, Harling L, Athanasiou T, Darzi A, Ashrafian H (October 2018).

4036: 3890: 3741: 3643:

Laurenius A, Sundbom M, Ottosson J, Näslund E, Stenberg E (May 2023).

3330: 2927: 2753: 2374: 1193:

in gut signaling hormones with this procedure leading to weight loss.

110: 6547: 6111: 5056:

Armstrong SC, Bolling CF, Michalsky MP, Reichard KW (December 2019).

4766: 2407:

Armstrong SC, Bolling CF, Michalsky MP, Reichard KW (December 2019).

1103: 601: 2856:

Wiggins T, Guidozzi N, Welbourn R, Ahmed AR, Markar SR (July 2020).

2796:

Wiggins T, Guidozzi N, Welbourn R, Ahmed AR, Markar SR (July 2020).

6316: 5158:"Surgery for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents" 1496:

between the small intestine and upper lower intestine, known as a

1425: 1359: 1294: 1241: 1200: 1135: 383: 5111:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

4802:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

3925:

Cornejo-Pareja I, Clemente-Postigo M, Tinahones FJ (2019-09-19).

398: 5710: 5462: 4244:

Meyer HH, Riauka R, Dambrauskas Z, Mickevicius A (March 2021).

69:"Obesity surgery" redirects here. For the medical journal, see 3186:

Colquitt JL, Pickett K, Loveman E, Frampton GK (August 2014).

1832:

Bettini S, Belligoli A, Fabris R, Busetto L (September 2020).

1222:

between a smaller portion of the stomach to the middle of the

1136: 920:

in women who later become pregnant, but increases the risk of

720:

found that bariatric surgery was associated with reduction in

29: 4616:

JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports

3118:"Bariatric surgery and health outcomes: An umbrella analysis" 2513:"Psychiatric disorders of patients seeking obesity treatment" 2075:"Perioperative mortality in bariatric surgery: meta-analysis" 1442:

to compensate for reduced absorption of essential nutrients.

983:) tend to have less complications than open procedures (i.e. 4798:"Economic Burden of Obesity: A Systematic Literature Review" 3927:"Metabolic and Endocrine Consequences of Bariatric Surgery" 2242:"Bariatric Surgery and Long-term Durability of Weight Loss" 688:) is a medical term for surgical procedures used to manage 5458: 4068:

Brethauer SA, Schauer PR, Schirmer BD, eds. (2015-03-03).

1780:

Müller TD, Blüher M, Tschöp MH, DiMarchi RD (March 2022).

4796:

Tremmel M, Gerdtham UG, Nilsson PM, Saha S (April 2017).

3365:"The impact of bariatric surgery on psychological health" 2190:"After 30 Years — New Guidelines For Weight-Loss Surgery" 4854:

Liu D, Cheng Q, Suh HR, Magdy M, Loi K (December 2021).

2976:

Baskota A, Li S, Dhakal N, Liu G, Tian H (2015-07-13).

1287:

lasting weight loss and resolution of type 2 diabetes.

3920: 3918: 1782:"Anti-obesity drug discovery: advances and challenges" 1230:

people to feel full with less food after the surgery.

5007:

Jebeile H, Kelly AS, O'Malley G, Baur LA (May 2022).

4143: 4141: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 1234:

commonly performed bariatric surgeries in the world.

5354:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

4098:"Recent advancements in bariatric/metabolic surgery" 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2194:

American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery

1611:

Schroeder R, Harrison TD, McGraw SL (January 2016).

773:, and tools supporting people who need the surgery. 6610: 6578: 6546: 6503: 6494: 6452: 6377: 6315: 6306: 6270: 6176: 6138: 6110: 6072: 6012: 6003: 5964: 5829: 5772: 5763: 5754: 5611: 4466:Elrazek AE, Elbanna AE, Bilasy SE (November 2014). 3046:Ribaric G, Buchwald JN, McGlennon TW (March 2014). 1665:

Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology

1613:"Treatment of Adult Obesity with Bariatric Surgery" 802:(Apnea-Hypopnea Index above 0.5), type 2 diabetes, 93: 85: 80: 5248:Elkhoury D, Elkhoury C, Gorantla VR (April 2023). 1834:"Diet approach before and after bariatric surgery" 866:Studies of bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes ( 4291: 4289: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2102:20.500.11820/24849bd8-665f-406f-aac2-b8b1fc0fbb16 1218:involves the creation of a new connection in the 3985:"Biliopancreatic Diversion With Duodenal Switch" 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2562: 2560: 2558: 1158:, also known as a gastric sleeve, is a surgical 5343: 5341: 5339: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 3991:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 3363:Kubik JF, Gill RS, Laffin M, Karmali S (2013). 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 4191: 4189: 4187: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3761: 3759: 1838:Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders 1658: 1258:biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch 1252:biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch 1238:Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch 707:biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch 6362:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt 5722: 5474: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4239: 4237: 4235: 3868: 3866: 3358: 3356: 3276:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 3269: 3267: 3111: 2905: 2903: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1606: 1604: 658: 8: 4014: 4012: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2184: 2182: 2180: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1263:This procedure has multiple steps. First, a 27:Surgical procedure for management of obesity 5162:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4568:"Plastic Surgery after Massive Weight Loss" 4402:Lal N, Livemore S, Dunne D, Khan I (2015). 4397: 4395: 4302:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4091: 4089: 3192:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2506: 2504: 2459:Yen YC, Huang CK, Tai CM (September 2014). 2454: 2452: 6500: 6312: 6009: 5769: 5760: 5729: 5715: 5707: 5481: 5467: 5459: 5395: 5393: 4944: 4942: 2461:"Psychiatric aspects of bariatric surgery" 665: 651: 119: 5373: 5275: 5265: 5181: 5132: 5122: 5073: 5032: 4976: 4966: 4879: 4823: 4813: 4729: 4583: 4542: 4493: 4483: 4472:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 4429: 4419: 4375: 4321: 4269: 4121: 4044: 3952: 3942: 3898: 3838: 3793: 3783: 3668: 3619: 3609: 3531: 3482: 3390: 3380: 3211: 3143: 3133: 3071: 3011: 3001: 2935: 2883: 2873: 2823: 2813: 2761: 2701: 2569:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 2538: 2528: 2484: 2424: 2265: 2152: 2100: 2090: 1995: 1857: 1805: 1756: 1737:Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 6168:Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization 5013:The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology 4860:Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 3238:Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 2141:Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 1929:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 1459:Post-operative bariatric plastic surgery 6325:Artificial extracorporeal liver support 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 1731:Pucci A, Batterham RL (February 2019). 1600: 1271:and connected to a farther part of the 131: 4706:"A brief history of bariatric surgery" 4664:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology 4408:Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2402: 2400: 924:, and maternal anemia. For women with 77: 4102:Annals of Gastroenterological Surgery 7: 5880:Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery 4096:Lee WJ, Almalki O (September 2017). 4070:Minimally Invasive Bariatric Surgery 1314:Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery 1013:(also known as GERD, or heartburn). 804:idiopathic intracranial hypertension 5929:Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy 5737:Tests and procedures involving the 3592:Dai Y, Luo B, Li W (January 2023). 3188:"Surgery for weight loss in adults" 2320:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 918:hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 724:among obese adults with or without 106: 6367:Distal splenorenal shunt procedure 4298:"Intragastric balloon for obesity" 1291:Other related bariatric procedures 249:Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome 25: 842:are also more commonly reported. 816:slipped capital femoral epiphysis 5541:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome 5446: 5207:Current Gastroenterology Reports 3983:Conner J, Nottingham JM (2023). 1541:Informed consent § Children 1373:with a mortality rate of 0.05%. 1216:Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery 1197:Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery 1011:gastro-esophageal reflux disease 34: 6158:Lateral internal sphincterotomy 2655:10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2017.10.012 1518:economic impact globally. This 1452:intrauterine growth restriction 1392:Implantable gastric stimulation 891:Reduced mortality and morbidity 820:gastroesophageal reflux disease 5865:Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty 5816:Functional Lumen Imaging Probe 5174:10.1002/14651858.CD011740.pub2 4314:10.1002/14651858.CD004931.pub2 3204:10.1002/14651858.CD003641.pub4 2916:The British Journal of Surgery 2219:American Academy of Pediatrics 2079:The British Journal of Surgery 1786:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 1589:Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty 796:American Academy of Pediatrics 753:American Academy of Pediatrics 622:Social determinants of obesity 1: 6247:Lower gastrointestinal series 5991:Upper gastrointestinal series 5025:10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00047-X 3831:10.1080/13697137.2017.1262638 3416:Perspectives in Public Health 2465:Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2044:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00591-2 1446:Fertility and family planning 1325:complications may be higher. 255:Metabolically healthy obesity 6513:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage 6232:Double-contrast barium enema 6059:Partial ileal bypass surgery 5936:Esophagogastric dissociation 4628:10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003182 3785:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002866 3598:Lipids in Health and Disease 3003:10.1371/journal.pone.0132335 2875:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003206 2815:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003206 2477:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000085 1584:Revision weight loss surgery 1319:Vertical banded gastroplasty 1308:Vertical banded gastroplasty 1301:Vertical banded gastroplasty 808:nonalcoholic steatohepatitis 412:Obesity-associated morbidity 6330:Bioartificial liver devices 6257:Transrectal ultrasonography 5566:Obesity and the environment 4872:10.1016/j.soard.2021.07.015 3250:10.1016/j.soard.2017.02.006 2643:Journal of Visceral Surgery 2154:10.1016/j.soard.2022.08.013 1177:The procedure is performed 739:, and diabetes management. 607:Obesity and the environment 43:It has been suggested that 6687: 6252:Small-bowel follow-through 6120:Abdominoperineal resection 5979:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy 5414:10.1007/s11695-023-06593-4 4368:10.1007/s11695-020-04644-8 4210:10.1007/s11695-020-05018-w 3931:Frontiers in Endocrinology 3706:10.1007/s00423-024-03422-9 3661:10.1007/s11695-023-06561-y 3611:10.1186/s12944-023-01774-7 3475:10.1001/jamasurg.2019.5470 3288:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.02.003 3236:and the Obesity Society". 3135:10.3389/fendo.2022.1016613 3122:Frontiers in Endocrinology 2332:10.1016/j.pcad.2018.06.003 2258:10.1001/jamasurg.2016.2317 1895:10.1007/s11695-020-04392-9 1850:10.1007/s11154-020-09571-8 1798:10.1038/s41573-021-00337-8 1677:10.1016/j.tvir.2020.100654 1538: 1487:high levels of cholesterol 1380: 1353: 1311: 1148: 1062:Micronutrient malnutrition 958:adjustable gastric banding 777:Eligibility and guidelines 68: 6612:Clinical prediction rules 6518:Intraperitoneal injection 6222:Abdominal ultrasonography 6130:Total mesorectal excision 6049:Intestine transplantation 5839:Sengstaken–Blakemore tube 5821:High resolution manometry 5811:Esophageal motility study 5745: 5526:Classification of obesity 5496: 5219:10.1007/s11894-019-0691-8 4917:10.1007/s11695-017-2834-z 4722:10.1016/j.pbj.2017.01.008 4535:10.1007/s11695-018-3323-8 4162:10.1007/s11695-014-1543-0 4072:. Springer. p. 273. 3524:10.1007/s11695-016-2438-z 3064:10.1007/s11695-013-1160-3 2694:10.1007/s11695-018-3525-0 2581:10.1016/j.gtc.2022.07.005 1976:Human Reproduction Update 1941:10.1016/j.cgh.2019.08.022 1749:10.1007/s40618-018-0892-2 1617:American Family Physician 1489:following the procedure. 1246:Biliopancreatic diversion 230:Classification of obesity 107: 46:Stomach reduction surgery 6467:Pancreas transplantation 6125:Lower anterior resection 5806:Esophageal pH monitoring 5748:Digestive system surgery 5314:10.1542/peds.2022-060640 4949:Hofmann B (April 2013). 4710:Porto Biomedical Journal 4262:10.5114/wiitm.2020.97424 3944:10.3389/fendo.2019.00626 3428:10.1177/1757913916653425 1283:to the alimentary limb. 1183:Roux-en-Y gastric bypass 962:Roux-en-Y gastric bypass 862:Type 2 diabetes mellitus 627:Social stigma of obesity 60:Proposed since May 2024. 6561:Inguinal hernia surgery 6477:Pancreaticoduodenectomy 5860:Adjustable gastric band 5801:Impedance–pH monitoring 5551:Anti-obesity medication 4968:10.1186/1472-6939-14-18 4485:10.4240/wjgs.v6.i11.220 1419:Dietary recommendations 1370:adjustable gastric band 1356:Adjustable gastric band 1350:Adjustable gastric band 1273:small intestine (ileum) 1114:Restricting food intake 1058:increase in one study. 1000:small bowel obstruction 981:adjustable gastric band 945:Risks and complications 907:Fertility and pregnancy 800:obstructive sleep apnea 587:Fat acceptance movement 494:Anti-obesity medication 182:Gestational weight gain 6591:Exploratory laparotomy 6406:Hepatoportoenterostomy 5870:Gastric bypass surgery 5739:human digestive system 5366:10.1210/clinem/dgad155 5124:10.3390/ijerph20021232 5075:10.1542/peds.2019-3223 4815:10.3390/ijerph14040435 2530:10.1186/1471-244X-13-1 2426:10.1542/peds.2019-3223 1988:10.1093/humupd/dmab022 1399:enteric nervous system 1365: 1304: 1247: 1220:gastrointestinal tract 1211:Gastric bypass surgery 1206: 1141: 1132:Most common techniques 766:shared decision making 730:cardiovascular disease 6566:Femoral hernia repair 6352:Liver transplantation 5946:Nissen fundoplication 5586:Obesity and sexuality 5556:Management of obesity 3694:Langenbecks Arch Surg 3569:"AGEB – AGEB Article" 1513:Economic implications 1363: 1298: 1245: 1204: 1168:along the major curve 1139: 612:Obesity and sexuality 487:Management of obesity 363:Binge eating disorder 323:Waist-to-height ratio 6671:Surgical specialties 6163:Rubber band ligation 6102:Hartmann's operation 5455:at Wikimedia Commons 5267:10.7759/cureus.38117 4676:10.2214/AJR.12.10131 2038:(10287): 1830–1841. 1383:Intragastric balloon 1377:Intragastric balloon 1345:Implants and devices 1189:or type 2 diabetes. 1162:procedure where the 1108:metabolic adaptation 1085:Mechanisms of action 914:gestational diabetes 912:reduces the risk of 597:Health at Every Size 549:Weight loss coaching 283:Body adiposity index 53:into this article. ( 6538:Peritoneal dialysis 6357:Portal hypertension 6262:Virtual colonoscopy 6237:Endoanal ultrasound 6153:Anorectal manometry 6148:Anal sphincterotomy 6092:Colonic polypectomy 5887:Collis gastroplasty 5561:Obesity and walking 5531:Genetics of obesity 4566:Cabbabe SW (2016). 4421:10.1155/2015/762972 3382:10.1155/2013/837989 2994:2015PLoSO..1032335B 2092:10.1093/bjs/znab245 1935:(5): 1043–1053.e4. 1572:high blood pressure 1530:Special populations 1508:Society and culture 1483:jejuno-ileal bypass 1415:following surgery. 1123:Nutrient absorption 737:fatty liver disease 722:all-cause mortality 697:procedures include 686:weight loss surgery 617:Sedentary lifestyle 429:Fatty liver disease 393:Starvation response 293:Body fat percentage 240:Genetics of obesity 89:Weight loss surgery 6032:Jejunoileal bypass 5875:Sleeve gastrectomy 5536:Obesity and cancer 5308:(2): e2022060640. 4955:BMC Medical Ethics 4114:10.1002/ags3.12030 3369:Journal of Obesity 1498:jejunocolic bypass 1366: 1305: 1265:sleeve gastrectomy 1248: 1207: 1156:Sleeve gastrectomy 1151:Sleeve gastrectomy 1145:Sleeve gastrectomy 1142: 1094:Hormone regulation 966:sleeve gastrectomy 856:metabolic syndrome 789:metabolic syndrome 749:metabolic syndrome 703:sleeve gastrectomy 454:Obesity and cancer 335:Related conditions 245:Metabolic syndrome 6666:Bariatric surgery 6653: 6652: 6598:Rapid urease test 6574: 6573: 6490: 6489: 6482:Puestow procedure 6444:Cholescintigraphy 6302: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6290:Stool guaiac test 6200:Capsule endoscopy 6022:Bariatric surgery 5999: 5998: 5914:Gastroenterostomy 5855:Bariatric surgery 5704: 5703: 5546:Bariatric surgery 5511:Abdominal obesity 5506:Childhood obesity 5453:Bariatric surgery 5451:Media related to 4866:(12): 2091–2096. 4761:(11): 1293–1307. 4704:Faria GR (2017). 4572:Missouri Medicine 4529:(10): 3333–3341. 4079:978-1-4939-1637-5 4037:10.1111/obr.13030 3891:10.1002/oby.20900 3885:(12): 2563–2569. 3742:10.1111/obr.13249 3331:10.1002/oby.22752 2928:10.1002/bjs.10255 2922:(11): 1420–1427. 2754:10.1136/bmj.f5934 2375:10.1002/oby.23647 2252:(11): 1046–1055. 2147:(12): 1345–1356. 1548:childhood obesity 1435:plant-based foods 1412:weight management 1329:Gastric plication 832:anxiety disorders 771:care coordination 682:metabolic surgery 678:Bariatric surgery 675: 674: 504:Bariatric surgery 313:Relative Fat Mass 202:Childhood obesity 192:Weight management 133:Human body weight 118: 117: 81:Bariatric surgery 67: 66: 62: 16:(Redirected from 6678: 6635:Child–Pugh score 6602:Urea breath test 6501: 6462:Frey's procedure 6439:Cholecystography 6313: 6010: 5845:Nasogastric tube 5770: 5761: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5708: 5576:Parental obesity 5483: 5476: 5469: 5460: 5450: 5434: 5433: 5408:(6): 1730–1745. 5397: 5388: 5387: 5377: 5360:(9): 2184–2192. 5345: 5334: 5333: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5279: 5269: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5185: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5136: 5126: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5077: 5068:(6): e20193223. 5053: 5047: 5046: 5036: 5004: 4991: 4990: 4980: 4970: 4946: 4937: 4936: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4883: 4851: 4838: 4837: 4827: 4817: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4767:10.1002/hec.3941 4755:Health Economics 4750: 4744: 4743: 4733: 4701: 4688: 4687: 4659: 4648: 4647: 4613: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4587: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4546: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4497: 4487: 4463: 4444: 4443: 4433: 4423: 4399: 4390: 4389: 4379: 4362:(8): 3010–3029. 4347: 4336: 4335: 4325: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4273: 4241: 4230: 4229: 4193: 4182: 4181: 4156:(8): 1425–1430. 4145: 4136: 4135: 4125: 4093: 4084: 4083: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4048: 4016: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3980: 3967: 3966: 3956: 3946: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3902: 3870: 3861: 3860: 3842: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3797: 3787: 3763: 3754: 3753: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3672: 3655:(5): 1564–1570. 3640: 3634: 3633: 3623: 3613: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3565: 3546: 3545: 3535: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3486: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3394: 3384: 3360: 3351: 3350: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3271: 3262: 3261: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3215: 3183: 3158: 3157: 3147: 3137: 3113: 3086: 3085: 3075: 3043: 3026: 3025: 3015: 3005: 2973: 2958: 2957: 2939: 2907: 2898: 2897: 2887: 2877: 2853: 2838: 2837: 2827: 2817: 2793: 2776: 2775: 2765: 2733: 2716: 2715: 2705: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2638: 2601: 2600: 2564: 2553: 2552: 2542: 2532: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2488: 2456: 2447: 2446: 2428: 2419:(6): e20193223. 2404: 2395: 2394: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2315: 2280: 2279: 2269: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2186: 2175: 2174: 2156: 2132: 2115: 2114: 2104: 2094: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2026: 2013: 2012: 1999: 1982:(6): 1030–1055. 1967: 1961: 1960: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1889:(5): 1768–1792. 1878: 1872: 1871: 1861: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1809: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1760: 1728: 1697: 1696: 1660: 1633: 1632: 1608: 1570:as diabetes and 1179:laparoscopically 1172:surgical staples 1029:Gastrointestinal 1016:Deficiencies of 836:eating disorders 794:As of 2019, the 699:Roux en-Y bypass 695:Standard of care 667: 660: 653: 544:Weight loss camp 539:Obesity medicine 419:Arteriosclerosis 303:Corpulence index 298:Body Shape Index 265:Set point theory 235:Exercise paradox 219:Medical concepts 187:Diet (nutrition) 141:General concepts 120: 111:edit on Wikidata 103: 78: 58: 38: 37: 30: 21: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6640:Ranson criteria 6606: 6570: 6542: 6486: 6448: 6417:Cholangiography 6413:Medical imaging 6396:Cholecystostomy 6391:Cholecystectomy 6373: 6294: 6266: 6178:Medical imaging 6172: 6134: 6106: 6068: 6064:Strictureplasty 6039:Bowel resection 6027:Duodenal switch 5995: 5966:Medical imaging 5960: 5825: 5756:Digestive tract 5750: 5741: 5735: 5705: 5700: 5671:Pacific islands 5607: 5571:Obesity paradox 5492: 5487: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5402:Obesity Surgery 5399: 5398: 5391: 5347: 5346: 5337: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5168:(9): CD011740. 5155: 5154: 5150: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5006: 5005: 4994: 4948: 4947: 4940: 4905:Obesity Surgery 4902: 4901: 4897: 4853: 4852: 4841: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4703: 4702: 4691: 4661: 4660: 4651: 4622:(11): 240–270. 4611: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4523:Obesity Surgery 4516: 4515: 4511: 4478:(11): 220–228. 4465: 4464: 4447: 4401: 4400: 4393: 4356:Obesity Surgery 4349: 4348: 4339: 4308:(1): CD004931. 4295: 4294: 4287: 4243: 4242: 4233: 4198:Obesity Surgery 4195: 4194: 4185: 4150:Obesity Surgery 4147: 4146: 4139: 4095: 4094: 4087: 4080: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4025:Obesity Reviews 4018: 4017: 4010: 4001: 3999: 3982: 3981: 3970: 3924: 3923: 3916: 3872: 3871: 3864: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3778:(8): e1002866. 3765: 3764: 3757: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3649:Obesity Surgery 3642: 3641: 3637: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3577: 3575: 3567: 3566: 3549: 3512:Obesity Surgery 3505: 3504: 3500: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3362: 3361: 3354: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3273: 3272: 3265: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3198:(8): CD003641. 3185: 3184: 3161: 3115: 3114: 3089: 3052:Obesity Surgery 3045: 3044: 3029: 2988:(7): e0132335. 2975: 2974: 2961: 2909: 2908: 2901: 2868:(7): e1003206. 2855: 2854: 2841: 2808:(7): e1003206. 2795: 2794: 2779: 2735: 2734: 2719: 2682:Obesity Surgery 2675: 2674: 2670: 2640: 2639: 2604: 2566: 2565: 2556: 2510: 2509: 2502: 2458: 2457: 2450: 2406: 2405: 2398: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2317: 2316: 2283: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2224: 2222: 2221:. 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269: 260:Obesity paradox 220: 212: 211: 142: 114: 99: 74: 71:Obesity Surgery 63: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6684: 6682: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6658: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6645:Milan criteria 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6552: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6509: 6507: 6498: 6496:Abdominopelvic 6492: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6472:Pancreatectomy 6469: 6464: 6458: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6387: 6385: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6335:Liver dialysis 6332: 6321: 6319: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6280:Fecal fat test 6276: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6144: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6116: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6078: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6018: 6016: 6007: 6005:Lower GI tract 6001: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5986:Barium swallow 5983: 5982: 5981: 5970: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5956:Schilling test 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5889: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5852: 5850:Gastric lavage 5847: 5842: 5835: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5791:Heller myotomy 5788: 5782: 5780: 5767: 5765:Upper GI tract 5758: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5711: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5617: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5442: 5441:External links 5439: 5436: 5435: 5389: 5335: 5291: 5240: 5197: 5148: 5097: 5048: 5019:(5): 351–365. 4992: 4938: 4911:(2): 338–348. 4895: 4839: 4788: 4745: 4689: 4670:(1): W40–W48. 4649: 4599: 4578:(3): 202–206. 4558: 4509: 4445: 4391: 4337: 4285: 4231: 4204:(1): 307–316. 4183: 4137: 4108:(3): 171–179. 4085: 4078: 4060: 4008: 3968: 3914: 3862: 3809: 3755: 3719: 3684: 3635: 3584: 3547: 3518:(1): 226–235. 3498: 3469:(3): 194–204. 3449: 3422:(3): 162–172. 3406: 3352: 3325:(4): 689–695. 3309: 3282:(6): 573–580. 3263: 3244:(5): 750–757. 3227: 3159: 3087: 3058:(3): 437–455. 3027: 2959: 2899: 2839: 2777: 2717: 2668: 2602: 2575:(4): 785–798. 2554: 2517:BMC Psychiatry 2500: 2471:(5): 374–379. 2448: 2396: 2369:(2): 565–573. 2353: 2326:(2): 253–269. 2281: 2232: 2206: 2176: 2116: 2085:(8): 892–897. 2065: 2014: 1962: 1919: 1873: 1844:(3): 297–306. 1824: 1792:(3): 201–223. 1772: 1743:(2): 117–128. 1698: 1634: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1579: 1576: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1502:gastric bypass 1473: 1470: 1460: 1457: 1447: 1444: 1420: 1417: 1406: 1403: 1393: 1390: 1381:Main article: 1378: 1375: 1354:Main article: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1330: 1327: 1312:Main article: 1309: 1306: 1292: 1289: 1250:Main Article: 1239: 1236: 1209:Main article: 1198: 1195: 1149:Main article: 1146: 1143: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1121: 1115: 1112: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1072: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1051: 1048: 1039: 1036: 1030: 1027: 1018:micronutrients 973: 970: 946: 943: 937: 934: 908: 905: 892: 889: 863: 860: 847: 844: 812:Blount disease 778: 775: 760: 757: 673: 672: 670: 669: 662: 655: 647: 644: 643: 640: 639: 634: 632:Weight cutting 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 574: 568: 566:Social aspects 565: 564: 561: 560: 557: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 521: 516: 506: 501: 496: 490: 485: 484: 481: 480: 477: 476: 471: 466: 461: 459:Osteoarthritis 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 415: 410: 409: 406: 405: 402: 401: 396: 386: 381: 376: 371: 369:Food addiction 366: 348: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 320: 315: 310: 308:Lean body mass 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 279: 276: 275: 272: 271: 268: 267: 262: 257: 252: 242: 237: 232: 227: 225:Adipose tissue 221: 218: 217: 214: 213: 210: 209: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 143: 140: 139: 136: 135: 129: 128: 116: 115: 108: 105: 104: 97: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 65: 64: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6683: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6556:Hernia repair 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6493: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6285:Fecal pH test 6283: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6215:Sigmoidoscopy 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6002: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5951:Pyloromyotomy 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5786:Esophagectomy 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5727: 5725: 5720: 5718: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5697: 5696:United States 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5603:Overnutrition 5601: 5599: 5598:Social stigma 5596: 5592: 5591:Fat fetishism 5589: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5581:Infectobesity 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5479: 5477: 5472: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5295: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5260:(4): e38117. 5259: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4031:(8): e13030. 4030: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4013: 4009: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3840:10044/1/48057 3836: 3832: 3828: 3825:(2): 97–102. 3824: 3820: 3813: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3772:PLOS Medicine 3769: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3736:(7): e13249. 3735: 3731: 3723: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3585: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2937:10044/1/43870 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2862:PLOS Medicine 2859: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802:PLOS Medicine 2799: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2236: 2233: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1671:(1): 100654. 1670: 1666: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1542: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1391: 1389: 1384: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1362: 1357: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1244: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1203: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1144: 1138: 1131: 1129: 1122: 1120: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1093: 1091: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1070: 1068: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055:Kidney stones 1050:Kidney stones 1049: 1047: 1045: 1037: 1035: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 988: 986: 982: 978: 972:Postoperative 971: 969: 967: 963: 959: 954: 950: 944: 942: 936:Mental health 935: 933: 931: 927: 923: 922:preterm birth 919: 915: 906: 904: 901: 898: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 873: 869: 861: 859: 857: 852: 845: 843: 841: 840:substance use 837: 833: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 792: 790: 785: 776: 774: 772: 767: 758: 756: 754: 750: 746: 740: 738: 734: 731: 727: 723: 719: 718:meta-analysis 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 691: 687: 683: 679: 668: 663: 661: 656: 654: 649: 648: 646: 645: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 592:Fat fetishism 590: 588: 585: 582: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 563: 562: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 529: 525: 522: 520: 517: 514: 513:List of diets 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 488: 483: 482: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 444:Heart disease 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 413: 408: 407: 400: 397: 394: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 364: 360: 356: 352: 349: 346: 342: 339: 338: 332: 331: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 280: 274: 273: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 250: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 222: 216: 215: 207: 203: 200: 198: 197:Overnutrition 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 152: 148: 145: 144: 138: 137: 134: 130: 126: 122: 121: 112: 102: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 79: 76: 72: 61: 56: 52: 48: 47: 41: 32: 31: 19: 6533:Paracentesis 6347:Liver biopsy 6242:Enteroclysis 6227:Defecography 6082:Appendectomy 6021: 5854: 5681:Saudi Arabia 5613:Epidemiology 5545: 5405: 5401: 5357: 5353: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5257: 5253: 5243: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5114: 5110: 5100: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5016: 5012: 4958: 4954: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4863: 4859: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4716:(3): 90–92. 4713: 4709: 4667: 4663: 4619: 4615: 4602: 4575: 4571: 4561: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4475: 4471: 4411: 4407: 4359: 4355: 4305: 4301: 4256:(1): 10–18. 4253: 4249: 4201: 4197: 4153: 4149: 4105: 4101: 4069: 4063: 4028: 4024: 4000:. Retrieved 3988: 3934: 3930: 3882: 3878: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3775: 3771: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3576:. Retrieved 3572: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3466: 3463:JAMA Surgery 3462: 3452: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3372: 3368: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3279: 3275: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3195: 3191: 3125: 3121: 3055: 3051: 2985: 2981: 2919: 2915: 2865: 2861: 2805: 2801: 2745: 2741: 2685: 2681: 2671: 2649:(1): 27–40. 2646: 2642: 2572: 2568: 2520: 2516: 2468: 2464: 2416: 2412: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2323: 2319: 2249: 2246:JAMA Surgery 2245: 2235: 2223:. Retrieved 2209: 2198:. Retrieved 2196:. 2022-10-21 2193: 2144: 2140: 2082: 2078: 2068: 2035: 2031: 2009: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1914: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1841: 1837: 1827: 1819: 1789: 1785: 1775: 1740: 1736: 1668: 1664: 1623:(1): 31–37. 1620: 1616: 1568: 1564: 1556: 1544: 1524: 1516: 1491: 1475: 1462: 1449: 1440:multivitamin 1422: 1408: 1395: 1386: 1367: 1339: 1332: 1323: 1317: 1285: 1262: 1255: 1249: 1232: 1228: 1214: 1208: 1191: 1176: 1154: 1126: 1117: 1097: 1088: 1074: 1065: 1053: 1041: 1032: 1023:osteoporosis 1015: 1008: 993: 989: 977:Laparoscopic 975: 955: 951: 948: 939: 910: 902: 894: 885: 881: 877: 865: 853: 849: 828: 793: 784:laparoscopic 780: 764:barriers to 762: 759:Medical uses 741: 733:risk factors 715: 685: 681: 677: 676: 637:Weight class 572:Comfort food 554:Yo-yo effect 503: 449:Hypertension 439:Gynecomastia 379:Malnutrition 277:Measurements 206:Epidemiology 151:Epidemiology 75: 59: 44: 6523:Laparoscopy 6379:Gallbladder 6342:Hepatectomy 6272:Stool tests 6210:Proctoscopy 6205:Enteroscopy 6190:Colonoscopy 6074:Large bowel 6054:Jejunostomy 6014:Small bowel 5941:Hill repair 5924:Gastrostomy 5902:Billroth II 5892:Gastrectomy 5796:Sialography 5521:Weight loss 5516:Weight gain 5117:(2): 1232. 3819:Climacteric 3128:: 1016613. 2688:(1): 3–14. 1535:Adolescents 1494:anastomosis 1479:anastomosis 1299:Image of a 1277:gallbladder 1160:weight-loss 960:, 6% after 846:Weight loss 534:Liposuction 469:Sleep apnea 464:Prediabetes 177:Weight loss 172:Weight gain 162:Underweight 86:Other names 6660:Categories 6586:Laparotomy 6528:Omentopexy 6505:Peritoneum 6140:Anal canal 5919:Gastropexy 5897:Billroth I 5501:Overweight 5302:Pediatrics 5062:Pediatrics 4808:(4): 435. 4414:: 762972. 4002:2023-11-08 3989:StatPearls 3700:(1): 226. 3578:2023-11-06 3375:: 837989. 2413:Pediatrics 2200:2022-11-07 1595:References 1539:See also: 1044:gallstones 1038:Gallstones 499:Bariatrics 389:Starvation 167:Body shape 157:Overweight 6383:bile duct 6308:Accessory 6186:Endoscopy 6097:Colostomy 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