406:
569:
610:
606:
conductivity at room temperature. To improve the ionic conductivity at room temperature, gelled electrolyte is added resulting in the formation of GPEs. GPEs are formed by incorporating an organic liquid electrolyte in the polymer matrix. Liquid electrolyte is entrapped by a small amount of polymer network, hence the properties of GPE is characterized by properties between those of liquid and solid electrolytes. The conduction mechanism is similar for liquid electrolytes and polymer gels, but GPEs have higher thermal stability and a low volatile nature which also further contribute to safety.
430:
668:
of cell went into the market in 1998. However, Scrosati argues that, in the strictest sense, gelled membranes cannot be classified as "true" polymer electrolytes but rather as hybrid systems where the liquid phases are contained within the polymer matrix. Although these polymer electrolytes may be dry to the touch, they can still include 30% to 50% liquid solvent. In this regard, how to define a "polymer battery" remains an open question.
376:
541:, and with stability and safety improvements confidence in the technology is growing. Their power-to-size and weight ratio is seen as a major benefit in many industries requiring critical power backup, including data centers where space is often at a premium. The longer cycle life, usable energy (Depth of discharge), and thermal runaway are also seen as a benefit of using Li-po batteries over VRLA batteries.
1866:
45:
1123:
I've not yet heard of a LiPo that burst into flames during storage. All of the fire incidents that I'm aware of occurred during charge or discharge of the battery. Of those cases, the majority of problems happened during charge. Of those cases, the fault usually rested with either the charger or the
328:
and de-intercalation of lithium ions from a positive electrode material and a negative electrode material, with the liquid electrolyte providing a conductive medium. To prevent the electrodes from touching each other directly, a microporous separator is in between, which allows only the ions and not
667:
started research on lithium-ion cells with gelled polymer electrolytes (GPE) in 1988, before the commercialisation of the liquid-electrolyte lithium-ion cell in 1991. At that time, polymer batteries were promising, and it seemed polymer electrolytes would become indispensable. Eventually, this type
601:
Polymer electrolytes can be divided into two large categories: dry solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) and gel polymer electrolytes (GPE). In comparison to liquid electrolytes and solid organic electrolytes, polymer electrolytes offer advantages such as increased resistance to variations in the volume
343:
The voltage of a single LiPo cell depends on its chemistry and varies from about 4.2 V (fully charged) to about 2.7â3.0 V (fully discharged). The nominal voltage is 3.6 or 3.7 volts (about the middle value of the highest and lowest value) for cells based on lithium-metal-oxides (such as
588:
and, thus, bad contact with the internal layers of the cell, which in turn diminishes the reliability and overall cycle life. This is very noticeable for LiPos, which can visibly inflate due to the lack of a hard case to contain their expansion. Lithium polymer batteries' safety characteristics
605:
Solid polymer electrolyte was initially defined as a polymer matrix swollen with lithium salts, now called dry solid polymer electrolyte. Lithium salts are dissolved in the polymer matrix to provide ionic conductivity. Due to its physical phase, there is poor ion transfer, resulting in poor
694:
PEO exhibits the most promising performance as a solid solvent for lithium salts, mainly due to its flexible ethylene oxide segments and other oxygen atoms that comprise a strong donor character, readily solvating Li cations. PEO is also commercially available at a very reasonable cost.
309:
replacing the lithium-metal-oxide. The main difference between lithium-ion polymer cells and lithium-ion cells is the physical phase of the electrolyte, such that LiPo cells use dry solid, gel-like electrolytes, whereas Li-ion cells use liquid electrolytes.
289:(PP); thus, even when the cell has a liquid electrolyte, it will still contain a "polymer" component. In addition to this, the positive electrode can be further divided into three parts: the lithium-transition-metal-oxide (such as LiCoO
549:
The battery used to start a vehicle engine is typically 12 V or 24 V, so a portable jump starter or battery booster uses three or six LiPo batteries in series (3S1P/6S1P) to start the vehicle in an emergency instead of the
452:, and large-scale model trains, where the advantages of lower weight and increased capacity and power delivery justify the price. Test reports warn of the risk of fire when the batteries are not used per the instructions.
671:
Other terms used in the literature for this system include hybrid polymer electrolyte (HPE), where "hybrid" denotes the combination of the polymer matrix, the liquid solvent, and the salt. It was a system like this that
554:. The price of a lead-acid jump starter is less but they are bigger and heavier than comparable lithium batteries. So such products have mostly switched to LiPo batteries or sometimes lithium iron phosphate batteries.
355:
The exact voltage ratings should be specified in product data sheets, with the understanding that the cells should be protected by an electronic circuit that won't allow them to overcharge or over-discharge under use.
387:) case, so they are relatively unconstrained. Moderate pressure on the stack of layers that compose the cell results in increased capacity retention, because the contact between the components is maximised and
679:
A solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) is a solvent-free salt solution in a polymer medium. It may be, for example, a compound of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) and high molecular weight
622:
Cells with solid polymer electrolytes have not been fully commercialised and are still a topic of research. Prototype cells of this type could be considered to be between a traditional
405:
247:
In the 1970s, the original polymer design used a solid dry polymer electrolyte resembling a plastic-like film, replacing the traditional porous separator soaked with electrolyte.
963:
Nagai, Aisaku (2009). "Chapter 6: Applications of
Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Related Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries". In Yoshio, Masaki; Brodd, Ralph J.; Kozawa, Akiya (eds.).
1433:
Wang, Xiaoen; Chen, Fangfang; Girard, Gaetan M.A.; Zhu, Haijin; MacFarlane, Douglas R.; Mecerreyes, David; Armand, Michel; Howlett, Patrick C.; Forsyth, Maria (November 2019).
250:
The solid electrolyte can typically be classified into three types: dry SPE, gelled SPE, and porous SPE. The dry SPE was the first used in prototype batteries, around 1978 by
413:
LiPo cells provide manufacturers with compelling advantages. They can easily produce batteries of almost any desired shape. For example, the space and weight requirements of
1249:"Gel Polymer Electrolytes: Gel/Solid Polymer Electrolytes Characterized by In Situ Gelation or Polymerization for Electrochemical Energy Systems (Adv. Mater. 20/2019)"
1102:
871:
455:
The voltage for long-time storage of LiPo battery used in the R/C model should be 3.6~3.9 V range per cell, otherwise it may cause damage to the battery.
1538:
Nishi, Yoshio (2002). "Chapter 7: Lithium-Ion
Secondary batteries with gelled polymer electrolytes". In van Schalkwijk, Walter A.; Scrosati, Bruno (eds.).
905:
Murata, Kazuo; Izuchi, Shuichi; Yoshihisa, Youetsu (3 January 2000). "An overview of the research and development of solid polymer electrolyte batteries".
676:
used to develop an early lithium-polymer cell in 1996, which was called a "plastic" lithium-ion cell (PLiON) and subsequently commercialised in 1999.
1729:
Zhai, Wei; Zhu, Hua-jun; Wang, Long (1 July 2014). "Study of PVDF-HFP/PMMA blended micro-porous gel polymer electrolyte incorporating ionic liquid BF
1795:
732:) as a plasticizer in a microporous polymer matrix like poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PVDF-HFP/PMMA).
885:
M. B. Armand, J. M. Chabagno & M. Duclot (1979). "Poly-ethers as solid electrolytes". In P. Vashitshta; J.N. Mundy & G.K. Shenoy (eds.).
1522:
988:
944:
568:
197:
Lithium polymer cells have evolved from lithium-ion and lithium-metal batteries. The primary difference is that instead of using a liquid
1648:; Gozdz, A. S.; Schmutz, C.; Shokoohi, F.; Warren, P. C. (July 1996). "Performance of Bellcore's plastic rechargeable Li-ion batteries".
2066:
1953:
1671:
Zhang, Heng; Liu, Chengyong; Zheng, Liping (1 July 2014). "Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide/poly(ethylene oxide) polymer electrolyte".
602:
of the electrodes throughout the charge and discharge processes, improved safety features, excellent flexibility, and processability.
189:'s first commercial cylindrical lithium-ion cell in 1991. After that, other packaging forms evolved, including the flat pouch format.
1572:
1547:
1478:
1317:
1217:
756:
2106:
1042:
Cannarella, John; Arnold, Craig B. (1 January 2014). "Stress evolution and capacity fade in constrained lithium-ion pouch cells".
1563:
Brodd, Ralf J. (2002). "Chapter 9: Lithium-Ion cell production processes". In van
Schalkwijk, Walter A.; Scrosati, Bruno (eds.).
2116:
935:
Yazami, Rachid (2009). "Chapter 5: Thermodynamics of
Electrode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries". In Ozawa, Kazunori (ed.).
627:
609:
2278:
2044:
817:
751:
711:
590:
348:). This compares to 3.6â3.8 V (charged) to 1.8â2.0 V (discharged) for those based on lithium-iron-phosphate (LiFePO
383:
Unlike lithium-ion cylindrical and prismatic cells, with a rigid metal case, LiPo cells have a flexible, foil-type (polymer
2126:
1469:
Scrosati, Bruno (2002). "Chapter 8: Lithium polymer electrolytes". In van
Schalkwijk, Walter A.; Scrosati, Bruno (eds.).
1788:
1349:"Inorganic Fillers in Composite Gel Polymer Electrolytes for High-Performance Lithium and Non-Lithium Polymer Batteries"
684:
534:
2091:
1110:
1958:
642:
205:
2131:
2101:
2086:
2054:
494:, and other applications where small form factors are sought. The high energy density outweighs cost considerations.
2146:
1893:
1183:
1435:"Poly(Ionic Liquid)s-in-Salt Electrolytes with Co-coordination-Assisted Lithium-Ion Transport for Safe Batteries"
445:
325:
237:
156:
2161:
1007:
Vetter, J.; NovĂĄk, P.; Wagner, M.R.; Veit, C. (9 September 2005). "Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries".
784:
2059:
1407:
506:
2166:
2111:
2096:
2029:
1988:
1963:
1943:
1923:
1702:; Brandell, Daniel (1 September 2014). "Polycarbonate-based solid polymer electrolytes for Li-ion batteries".
746:
1781:
634:
510:
441:
302:
241:
1158:
2255:
2156:
487:
434:
429:
31:
2017:
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1938:
741:
502:
1983:
1999:
1968:
1804:
1603:
1502:
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1197:
1051:
1016:
968:
551:
491:
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125:
375:
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2071:
2039:
2034:
1850:
1699:
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1591:
830:
722:
680:
563:
400:
391:
and deformation is prevented, which is associated with increase of cell impedance and degradation.
338:
319:
229:
172:
129:
185:
cells, which underwent extensive research during the 1980s, reaching a significant milestone with
2141:
2012:
1865:
1823:
1627:
1323:
865:
653:
649:
418:
367:
may monitor the charge per cell so that all cells are brought to the same state of charge (SOC).
221:
217:
522:
258:
of Canada. Since 1990, several organisations, such as Mead and
Valence in the United States and
2215:
1933:
1903:
1619:
1568:
1543:
1518:
1474:
1388:
1370:
1313:
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984:
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233:
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17:
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1446:
1378:
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1305:
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1229:
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1024:
976:
914:
160:
1296:
Naskar, Anway; Ghosh, Arkajit; Roy, Avinava; Chattopadhyay, Kinnor; Ghosh, Manojit (2022),
1948:
1875:
1247:
Cho, YoonâGyo; Hwang, Chihyun; Cheong, Do Sol; Kim, YoungâSoo; Song, HyunâKon (May 2019).
710:" cell. Still, it has also been tested with a common lithium-ion cathode material such as
707:
581:
525:, which is used in car-sharing schemes in several cities, also uses this type of battery.
213:
182:
144:
55:
1594:; Armand, Michele (2001). "Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries".
440:
LiPo batteries are now almost ubiquitous when used to power commercial and hobby drones (
255:
1607:
1506:
1297:
1264:
1055:
1020:
972:
363:, with cells connected in series and parallel, have separate pin-outs for every cell. A
2184:
1838:
1383:
1348:
1309:
1077:
77:
918:
856:
M. B. Armand; J. M. Chabagno; M. Duclot (20â22 September 1978). "Extended
Abstracts".
584:(SOC) or overcharge due to slight vaporisation of the electrolyte. This may result in
2272:
1818:
1657:
1327:
475:
414:
364:
286:
266:
in the United States announced a rechargeable lithium polymer cell using porous SPE.
251:
152:
1763:
1746:
1684:
2022:
1978:
1913:
1855:
1833:
1631:
1063:
1028:
725:
585:
538:
462:, where their higher discharge currents and better energy density than traditional
388:
360:
282:
198:
305:(PVdF). The negative electrode material may have the same three parts, only with
2250:
2235:
1973:
1898:
1451:
1434:
1408:"Solid state battery breakthrough could double the density of lithium-ion cells"
623:
518:
483:
274:
201:
178:
136:
1768:
2194:
1928:
1908:
1715:
1514:
980:
573:
514:
479:
1374:
1282:
808:
Bruno
Scrosati, K. M. Abraham, Walter A. van Schalkwijk, Jusef Hassoun (ed),
2240:
2230:
2220:
2189:
1845:
761:
699:
421:
can be met. They also have a low self-discharge rate of about 5% per month.
379:
An experimental lithium-ion polymer battery made by
Lockheed Martin for NASA
270:
84:
62:
1623:
1392:
1273:
1248:
1198:"Lithium-ion vs Lithium Iron: Which is the most suitable for a UPS system?"
44:
1918:
1365:
673:
576:'s Lithium-ion battery, which has expanded due to a short-circuit failure
490:, wireless controllers for video game consoles, wireless PC peripherals,
384:
263:
259:
1773:
698:
The performance of these proposed electrolytes is usually measured in a
2225:
1233:
721:
Other attempts to design a polymer electrolyte cell include the use of
703:
466:
batteries have very noticeable performance gain (higher rate of fire).
459:
278:
133:
147:
than other lithium battery types. They are used in applications where
1615:
306:
148:
2210:
608:
567:
428:
404:
374:
88:
537:(UPS) systems. They offer numerous benefits over the traditional
143:) polymers form this electrolyte. These batteries provide higher
1347:
Hoang Huy, Vo Pham; So, Seongjoon; Hur, Jaehyun (1 March 2021).
1136:
664:
463:
186:
1777:
533:
Lithium-ion batteries are becoming increasingly commonplace in
329:
the electrode particles to migrate from one side to the other.
262:
in Japan, have developed batteries using gelled SPEs. In 1996,
2245:
228:), the battery uses a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) such as
140:
139:
instead of a liquid electrolyte. Highly conductive semisolid (
1497:
Yoshio, Masaki; Brodd, Ralph J.; Kozawa, Akiya, eds. (2009).
1298:"Polymer-Ceramic Composite Electrolyte for Li-Ion Batteries"
641:(PAN), gelled with conventional salts and solvents, such as
626:
battery (with liquid electrolyte) and a completely plastic,
831:"Lithium Battery Configurations and Types of Lithium Cells"
66:
633:
The simplest approach is to use a polymer matrix, such as
887:
Fast ion
Transport in Solids. Electrodes and Electrolytes
810:
Lithium Batteries: Advanced Technologies and Applications
728:
such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BF
409:
Hexagonal lithium polymer battery for underwater vehicles
1159:"2011 Hyundai Sonata Hybrid: Hi, tech. Bye, performance"
1103:"Battery Guide: The Basics of Lithium-Polymer Batteries"
30:"Li-Po" and "LiPo" redirect here. For other uses, see
779:
777:
254:, and 1985 by ANVAR and Elf Aquitaine of France, and
1218:"Polymer electrolytes for lithium polymer batteries"
1124:
person who was operating the chargerâŠbut not always.
613:
Schematic of a lithium polymer battery based on GPEs
269:
A typical cell has four main components: a positive
49:
A lithium polymer battery used to power a smartphone
2203:
2175:
1997:
1873:
1811:
76:
54:
858:Second International Meeting on Solid Electrolytes
301:), a conductive additive, and a polymer binder of
1137:"A LIPO BATTERY GUIDE TO UNDERSTAND LIPO BATTERY"
1302:Encyclopedia of Materials: Plastics and Polymers
687:(PTMC), polypropylene oxide (PPO), poly (MEEP),
425:Drones, radio-controlled equipment, and aircraft
324:Like other lithium-ion cells, LiPos work on the
702:configuration against an electrode of metallic
339:Lithium-ion battery § Charge and discharge
27:Lithium-ion battery using a polymer electrolyte
1764:Electropaedia on Lithium Battery Manufacturing
900:
898:
896:
1789:
1184:"Sustainability | Kia Global Brand Site"
8:
1586:
1584:
618:Lithium cells with solid polymer electrolyte
273:, a negative electrode, a separator, and an
177:Lithium polymer cells follow the history of
37:
320:Lithium-ion battery § Electrochemistry
1796:
1782:
1774:
870:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
580:All Li-ion cells expand at high levels of
371:Applying pressure on lithium polymer cells
1769:Electropaedia on Lithium Battery Failures
1492:
1490:
1464:
1462:
1450:
1382:
1364:
1272:
505:uses this type of battery in some of its
1002:
1000:
958:
956:
939:. Wiley-Vch Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
930:
928:
1236:– via Royal Society of Chemistry.
773:
1109:. Whalerock Industries. Archived from
889:. North Holland Publishers, Amsterdam.
863:
458:LiPo packs also see widespread use in
36:
1211:
1209:
1207:
7:
1078:"Lithium Polymer Battery Technology"
529:Uninterruptible power supply systems
1652:. 86â88 (Part 1). Elsevier: 49â54.
1310:10.1016/b978-0-12-820352-1.00123-1
937:Lithium ion rechargeable batteries
173:Lithium-ion battery § History
25:
1565:Advances in Lithium-ion batteries
1540:Advances in Lithium-ion batteries
1471:Advances in Lithium-ion batteries
1157:Brown, Warren (3 November 2011).
757:Research in lithium-ion batteries
564:Lithium-ion battery § Safety
1864:
1304:, Elsevier, pp. 1031â1039,
1222:Journal of Materials Chemistry A
591:lithium iron phosphate batteries
474:LiPo batteries are pervasive in
281:, such as a microporous film of
277:. The separator itself may be a
43:
1747:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.076
1685:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.099
1406:Blain, Loz (27 November 2019).
683:(PEO), a high molecular weight
628:solid-state lithium-ion battery
401:Lithium-ion battery § Uses
1567:. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
1542:. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
1473:. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
1064:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.165
1029:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.01.006
812:, John Wiley & Sons, 2013
752:Lithium iron phosphate battery
1:
1698:Sun, Bing; Mindemark, Jonas;
919:10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00365-5
193:Design origin and terminology
18:Lithium ion polymer batteries
1733:for Lithium ion batteries".
1658:10.1016/0167-2738(96)00330-X
1101:Dunn, Terry (5 March 2015).
685:poly(trimethylene carbonate)
535:Uninterruptible power supply
433:Three-cell LiPo battery for
1452:10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.008
333:Voltage and state of charge
206:lithium hexafluorophosphate
106:lithium-ion polymer battery
2295:
561:
484:very thin laptop computers
398:
336:
317:
170:
29:
1954:Metalâair electrochemical
1862:
1716:10.1016/j.ssi.2013.08.014
1515:10.1007/978-0-387-34445-4
981:10.1007/978-0-387-34445-4
519:battery-electric Kia Soul
446:radio-controlled aircraft
303:poly(vinylidene fluoride)
242:poly(vinylidene fluoride)
238:poly(methyl methacrylate)
157:radio-controlled aircraft
42:
1044:Journal of Power Sources
1009:Journal of Power Sources
860:. St. Andrews, Scotland.
552:other jump-start methods
442:unmanned aerial vehicles
706:, making the system a "
635:polyvinylidene fluoride
102:lithium polymer battery
38:Lithium polymer battery
2256:Semipermeable membrane
2045:Lithiumâironâphosphate
1274:10.1002/adma.201970144
789:Clean Energy Institute
712:lithium-iron-phosphate
614:
577:
488:portable media players
437:
410:
380:
32:Li Po (disambiguation)
2279:Lithium-ion batteries
2127:Rechargeable alkaline
1805:Electrochemical cells
1499:Lithium-ion batteries
965:Lithium-ion batteries
785:"Lithium-Ion Battery"
742:List of battery types
612:
589:differ from those of
571:
503:Hyundai Motor Company
492:electronic cigarettes
450:radio-controlled cars
432:
408:
378:
151:is critical, such as
104:, or more correctly,
2107:Nickelâmetal hydride
1592:Tarascon, Jean-Marie
1366:10.3390/nano11030614
681:poly(ethylene oxide)
663:Nishi mentions that
597:Polymer electrolytes
470:Personal electronics
126:rechargeable battery
2117:Polysulfideâbromide
1959:Nickel oxyhydroxide
1851:Thermogalvanic cell
1735:Electrochimica Acta
1673:Electrochimica Acta
1608:2001Natur.414..359T
1507:2009liba.book.....Y
1265:2019AdM....3170144C
1228:(26): 10038â10069.
1056:2014JPS...245..745C
1021:2005JPS...147..269V
973:2009liba.book.....Y
907:Electrochimica Acta
747:Lithiumâair battery
639:poly(acrylonitrile)
365:specialized charger
230:polyethylene glycol
132:technology using a
39:
1880:(non-rechargeable)
1824:Concentration cell
1704:Solid State Ionics
1650:Solid State Ionics
1253:Advanced Materials
1234:10.1039/C6TA02621D
913:(8â9): 1501â1508.
615:
578:
438:
419:notebook computers
411:
381:
124:and others), is a
2264:
2263:
1700:Edström, Kristina
1602:(6861): 359â367.
1524:978-0-387-34444-7
1445:(11): 2687â2702.
1216:Mater, J (2016).
990:978-0-387-34444-7
946:978-3-527-31983-1
498:Electric vehicles
314:Working principle
234:polyacrylonitrile
161:electric vehicles
98:
97:
71:(0.36â0.95 MJ/kg)
16:(Redirected from
2286:
2060:Lithiumâtitanate
2005:
1881:
1868:
1829:Electric battery
1798:
1791:
1784:
1775:
1751:
1750:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1695:
1689:
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1668:
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1642:
1636:
1635:
1616:10.1038/35104644
1588:
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1403:
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1244:
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1213:
1202:
1201:
1194:
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1171:
1169:
1154:
1148:
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1133:
1127:
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1120:
1118:
1113:on 16 March 2017
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1015:(1â2): 269â281.
1004:
995:
994:
960:
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950:
932:
923:
922:
902:
891:
890:
882:
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847:
846:
844:
842:
827:
821:
806:
800:
799:
797:
795:
781:
507:battery-electric
108:(abbreviated as
94:
93:(0.90â2.63 MJ/L)
91:
72:
69:
47:
40:
21:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2199:
2178:
2171:
2092:Nickelâhydrogen
2050:Lithiumâpolymer
2006:
2003:
2002:
1993:
1882:
1879:
1878:
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1646:Tarascon, J.-M.
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1259:(20): 1970144.
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837:. 25 March 2021
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582:state of charge
566:
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523:Bolloré Bluecar
511:hybrid vehicles
500:
472:
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403:
397:
373:
351:
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296:
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214:organic solvent
211:
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145:specific energy
92:
82:
70:
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56:Specific energy
50:
35:
28:
23:
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2185:Atomic battery
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2173:
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2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2157:Vanadium redox
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2132:Silverâcadmium
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2102:Nickelâlithium
2099:
2094:
2089:
2087:Nickelâcadmium
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2055:Lithiumâsulfur
2052:
2047:
2042:
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2027:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2004:(rechargeable)
2000:Secondary cell
1998:
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1839:Trough battery
1836:
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1758:External links
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476:mobile devices
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2147:Sodiumâsulfur
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2125:
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2122:Potassium ion
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748:
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743:
740:
739:
735:
733:
727:
726:ionic liquids
724:
719:
713:
709:
708:lithium-metal
705:
701:
696:
692:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
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368:
366:
362:
361:battery packs
357:
353:
340:
332:
330:
327:
326:intercalation
321:
313:
311:
308:
304:
288:
287:polypropylene
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:Michel Armand
248:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
212:) held in an
207:
203:
200:
192:
190:
188:
184:
183:lithium-metal
180:
174:
166:
164:
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146:
142:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:lithium-poly,
119:
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75:
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59:
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53:
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19:
2266:
2162:Zincâbromine
2049:
1969:Silver oxide
1904:Chromic acid
1876:Primary cell
1856:Voltaic pile
1834:Flow battery
1738:
1734:
1724:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1649:
1640:
1599:
1595:
1564:
1558:
1539:
1533:
1501:. Springer.
1498:
1470:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1411:
1401:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1331:, retrieved
1301:
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1242:
1225:
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1192:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:
1152:
1140:. Retrieved
1131:
1122:
1115:. Retrieved
1111:the original
1106:
1096:
1084:. Retrieved
1072:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1012:
1008:
967:. Springer.
964:
936:
910:
906:
886:
880:
857:
851:
839:. Retrieved
834:
825:
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804:
792:. Retrieved
788:
720:
697:
693:
688:
678:
670:
662:
632:
621:
604:
600:
586:delamination
579:
548:
545:Jump starter
539:VRLA battery
532:
501:
473:
457:
454:
439:
412:
395:Applications
389:delamination
382:
358:
354:
342:
323:
283:polyethylene
268:
256:Hydro-Québec
249:
246:
199:lithium-salt
196:
176:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
99:
2251:Salt bridge
2236:Electrolyte
2167:Zincâcerium
2152:Solid state
2137:Silverâzinc
2112:Nickelâzinc
2097:Nickelâiron
2072:Molten salt
2040:Dual carbon
2035:Lithium ion
2030:Lithiumâair
1989:Zincâcarbon
1964:Siliconâair
1944:Lithiumâair
1741:: 623â630.
1710:: 738â742.
1679:: 529â538.
1333:22 November
1168:25 November
1142:3 September
1050:: 745â751.
835:Power Sonic
624:lithium-ion
480:power banks
275:electrolyte
202:electrolyte
179:lithium-ion
159:, and some
137:electrolyte
130:lithium-ion
2204:Cell parts
2195:Solar cell
2177:Other cell
2142:Sodium ion
2013:Automotive
1418:6 December
1359:(3): 614.
841:14 October
818:1118615395
768:References
637:(PVdF) or
574:iPhone 3GS
515:Kia Motors
240:(PMMA) or
2241:Half-cell
2231:Electrode
2190:Fuel cell
2067:Metalâair
2018:Leadâacid
1934:Leclanché
1846:Fuel cell
1412:New Atlas
1375:2079-4991
1328:241881975
1283:0935-9648
866:cite book
794:6 January
762:E-scooter
723:inorganic
700:half-cell
435:RC models
271:electrode
216:(such as
204:(such as
2273:Category
2221:Catalyst
2082:Nanowire
2077:Nanopore
2023:gelâVRLA
1984:Zincâair
1889:Alkaline
1624:11713543
1414:. Gizmag
1393:33804462
1117:15 March
1086:14 March
820:,page 44
736:See also
674:Bellcore
385:laminate
285:(PE) or
264:Bellcore
260:GS Yuasa
244:(PVdF).
83:250â670
61:100â265
2226:Cathode
1979:Zamboni
1949:Mercury
1914:Daniell
1632:2468398
1604:Bibcode
1503:Bibcode
1384:8001111
1261:Bibcode
1052:Bibcode
1017:Bibcode
969:Bibcode
714:(LiFePO
704:lithium
517:in its
460:airsoft
293:or LiMn
279:polymer
236:(PAN),
232:(PEG),
167:History
134:polymer
118:Li-poly
2216:Binder
1974:Weston
1899:Bunsen
1630:
1622:
1596:Nature
1571:
1546:
1521:
1477:
1391:
1381:
1373:
1326:
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1107:Tested
987:
943:
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572:Apple
558:Safety
521:. The
307:carbon
208:, LiPF
149:weight
2211:Anode
1929:Grove
1909:Clark
1812:Types
1628:S2CID
1439:Joule
1324:S2CID
1081:(PDF)
359:LiPo
344:LiCoO
2246:Ions
1620:PMID
1569:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1420:2019
1389:PMID
1371:ISSN
1335:2022
1314:ISBN
1279:ISSN
1170:2011
1144:2021
1119:2017
1088:2016
985:ISBN
941:ISBN
872:link
843:2021
814:ISBN
796:2022
665:Sony
643:LiPF
513:and
509:and
464:NiMH
417:and
187:Sony
181:and
110:LiPo
1919:Dry
1743:doi
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1712:doi
1708:262
1681:doi
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1654:doi
1612:doi
1600:414
1511:doi
1447:doi
1379:PMC
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1269:doi
1230:doi
1060:doi
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658:DEC
654:DMC
648:in
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222:DMC
141:gel
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
