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allegation. Some jurisdictions, like
California and Florida, still authorize general denials of each and every allegation in the complaint. At the time the defendant files an answer, the defendant also raises all "affirmative" defenses. The defendant may also assert counterclaims for damages or equitable relief against the plaintiff. For example, in the case of "compulsory counterclaims," the defendant must assert some form of counterclaim or risk having the counterclaim barred in any subsequent proceeding. In the case of making a counterclaim, the defendant is making a motion directed towards the plaintiff claiming that he/she was injured in some way or would like to sue the plaintiff. The plaintiff in this example would then receive some amount of time to make a reply to this counterclaim. The defendant may also file a "
1173:). The details of each kind of legal procedure differ greatly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and often from court to court even within the same jurisdiction. It is important for litigants to be aware of all relevant procedural rules (or to hire competent counsel who can either comply with such rules on their behalf or explain the rules to them), because the litigants ultimately dictate the timing and progression of the lawsuit. Litigants are responsible for obtaining the desired result and the timing of reaching this result. Failure to comply with procedural rules may result in serious limitations that can affect the ability of one to present claims or defenses at any subsequent trial, or even lead to the dismissal of the lawsuit altogether.
1215:). Within a "single" lawsuit, there can be any number of claims and defenses (all based on numerous laws) between any number of plaintiffs or defendants. Each of these participants can bring any number of cross claims and counterclaims against each other, and even bring additional parties into the suit on either side after it progresses. In reality however, courts typically have some power to sever claims and parties into separate actions if it is more efficient to do so. A court can do this if there is not a sufficient overlap of factual issues between the various associates, separating the issues into different lawsuits.
1530:
document stating reason for appeal, to the court. Decisions of the court can be made immediately after just reading the written brief, or there can also be oral arguments made by both parties involved in the appeal. The appellate court then makes the decision about what errors were made when the law was looked at more closely in the lower court. There were no errors made, the case would then end, but if the decision was reversed, the appellate court would then send the case back down to the lower court level. There, a new trial will be held and new information taken into account.
1526:(which may be structured as an intermediate appellate court) and/or a higher court then affirms the judgment, declines to hear it (which effectively affirms it), reverses—or vacates and remands. This process would then involve sending the lawsuit back to the lower trial court to address an unresolved issue, or possibly request for a whole new trial. Some lawsuits go up and down the appeals ladder repeatedly before final resolution.
65:
1658:
filed with an insurer or administrative agency. If the claim is denied, then the claimant, policyholder, or applicant files a lawsuit with the courts to seek review of that decision, and from that point forward participates in the lawsuit as a plaintiff. In other words, the terms "claimant" and "plaintiff" carry substantially different connotations of formality in
American English, in that only the latter risks an award of
1289:", which is the defendant's privilege to join another party or parties in the action with the belief that those parties may be liable for some or all of the plaintiff's claimed damages. An answer from the defendant in response to the claims made against him/her, can also include additional facts or a so-called "excuse" for the plead. Filing an answer "joins the cause" and moves the case into the pre-trial phase.
1296:(in the handful of jurisdictions where that is still allowed) or one or more "pre-answer motions," such as a motion to dismiss. It is important that the motion be filed within the time period specified in the summons for an answer. If all of the above motions are denied by the trial court, and the defendant loses on all appeals from such denials (if that option is available), and finally the defendant
1457:
1680:
1425:, for example, can usually be brought before, after, or during the actual presentation of the case. Motions can also be brought after the close of a trial to undo a jury verdict contrary to law or against the weight of the evidence, or to convince the judge to change the decision or grant a new trial.
1786:
can have large membership counts where the members contribute to the fund. Unlike legal financing from legal financing companies, legal defense funds provide a separate account for litigation rather than a one-time cash advancement, nevertheless, both are used for purposes of financing litigation and
1533:
Some jurisdictions, notably the United States, but prevalent in many other countries, prevent parties from relitigating the facts on appeal, due to a history of unscrupulous lawyers deliberately reserving such issues in order to ambush each other in the appellate courts (the "invited error" problem).
1436:
The decisions that the jury makes are not put into effect until the judge makes a judgment, which is the approval to have this trial information be filed in public records. In a civil case, the judge is allowed at this time to make changes to the verdict that the jury came up with by either adding on
1657:
American terminology is slightly different, in that the term "claim" refers only to a particular count or cause of action alleged in a complaint. Similarly, "defense" refers to only one or more affirmative defenses alleged in an answer. Americans also use "claim" to describe an extrajudicial demand
1521:
from the judgment if they believe there had been a procedural error made by the trial court. It is not necessarily an automatic appeal after every judgment has been made, however, if there is a legal basis for the appeal, then one has the right to do so. The prevailing party may appeal, for example,
1338:
A pretrial discovery can be defined as "the formal process of exchanging information between the parties about the witnesses and evidence they'll present at trial" and allows for the evidence of the trial to be presented to the parties before the initial trial begins. The early stages of the lawsuit
1253:
is the most important step in a civil case because a complaint sets the factual and legal foundation for the entirety of a case. While complaints and other pleadings may ordinarily be amended by a motion with the court, the complaint sets the framework for the entire case and the claims that will be
1284:
If the defendant chooses to file an answer within the time permitted, the answer must address each of the plaintiffs' allegations. The defendant has three choices to make, which include either admitting to the allegation, denying it, or pleading a lack of sufficient information to admit or deny the
1590:
If all assets are located elsewhere, the plaintiff must file another suit in the appropriate court to seek enforcement of the other court's previous judgment. This can be a difficult task when crossing from a court in one state or nation to another, however, courts tend to grant each other respect
1397:
Usually, lawsuits end in a settlement, with an empirical analysis finding that less than 2% of cases end with a trial. It is sometimes said that 95% of cases end in settlement; few jurisdictions report settlements, but empirical analysis suggests that the settlement rate varies by type of lawsuit,
1358:
There is also the ability of one to make an under oath statement during the pretrial, also known as a deposition. The deposition can be used in the trial or just in the pretrial, but this allows for both parties to be aware of the arguments or claims that are going to be made by the other party in
1218:
The official ruling of a lawsuit can be somewhat misleading because post-ruling outcomes are often not listed on the internet. For example, in the case of
William J. Ralph Jr. v. Lind-Waldock & Company (September 1999), one would assume that Ralph lost the case when in fact, upon review of the
1794:
that shows why litigation financing can be practical and beneficial to the overall court system and lawsuits within the court. This study concluded that the new rules that were set for litigation financing actually did produce more settlements. Under conservative rules, there tended to be fewer
1428:
Also, at any time during this process from the filing of the complaint to the final judgment, the plaintiff may withdraw the complaint and end the whole matter, or the defendant may agree to a settlement. If the case settles, the parties might choose to enter into a stipulated judgment with the
1265:
by the plaintiff upon the defendant, together with a copy of the complaint. This service notifies the defendants that they are being sued and that they are limited in the amount of time to reply. The service provides a copy of the complaint in order to notify the defendants of the nature of the
1529:
The appeal is a review for errors rather than a new trial, so the appellate court will defer to the discretion of the original trial court if an error is not clear. The initial step in making an appeal consists of the petitioner filing a notice of appeal and then sending in a brief, a written
1420:
There are numerous motions that either party can file throughout the lawsuit to terminate it "prematurely"—before submission to the judge or jury for final consideration. These motions attempt to persuade the judge, through legal argument and sometimes accompanying evidence, that there is no
1779:, rent, medical expenses, or other bills to pay. Other times, litigants may simply need money to pay for the costs of litigation and attorneys' fees, and for this reason, many litigants turn to reputable legal financing companies to apply for a cash advance to help pay for bills.
1756:
in that the legal financing company does not look at credit history or employment history. Litigants do not have to repay the cash advance with monthly payments, but do have to fill out an application so that the legal financing company can review the merits of the case.
1207:
are resolved without a trial. Domestic courts are also often called upon to apply foreign law, or to act upon foreign defendants, over whom they may not even have the ability to enforce a judgment if the defendant's assets are theoretically outside their reach.
1563:
from relitigating any of the issues, even under different legal theories. Judgments are typically a monetary award. If the defendant fails to pay, the court has various powers to seize any of the defendant's assets located within its jurisdiction, such as:
1138:
The word "lawsuit" derives from the combination of law and suit. Suit derives from the old French "suite, sieute" meaning to pursue or follow. This term was derived from the Latin "secutus", the past participle of "sequi" meaning to attend or follow.
1534:
The idea is that it is more efficient to force all parties to fully litigate all relevant issues of fact before the trial court. Thus, a party who does not raise an issue of fact at the trial court level generally cannot raise it on appeal.
1051:" is found in only a small number of laws still in effect today. The term "lawsuit" is used with respect to a civil action brought by a plaintiff (a party who claims to have incurred loss as a result of a defendant's actions) who requests a
1125:
Conducting a civil action is called litigation. The plaintiffs and defendants are called litigants and the attorneys representing them are called litigators. The term litigation may also refer to the conducting of criminal actions (see
1222:
Cases such as this illustrate the need for more comprehensive information than mere internet searches when researching legal decisions. While online searches are appropriate for many legal situations, they are not appropriate for all.
1281:) a lawsuit begins when one or more plaintiffs properly serve a summons and complaint upon the defendants. In such jurisdictions, nothing must be filed with the court until a dispute develops requiring actual judicial intervention.
1602:
Indigent judgment-proof defendants are no longer imprisoned; debtor's prisons have been outlawed by statute, constitutional amendment, or international human rights treaties in the vast majority of common law jurisdictions.
1665:
In medieval times, both "action" and "suit" had the approximate meaning of some kind of legal proceeding, but an action terminated when a judgment was rendered, while a suit also included the execution of the judgment.
1370:
or the case may proceed as a bench trial. A bench trial is only heard by the judge if the parties waive a jury trial or if the right to a jury trial is not guaranteed for their particular claim (such as those under
1543:, meaning the plaintiff may not bring another action based on the same claim again. In addition, other parties who later attempt to re-litigate a matter already ruled on in a previous lawsuit will be
2146:
1611:
Scholars in law, economics and management have studied why firms involved in a dispute choose between private dispute resolution—such as negotiation, mediation, and arbitration—and litigation.
1654:(1883), in which the "statement of claim" and "defence" replaced the traditional complaint and answer as the pleadings by which parties placed their case at issue before the trial court.
635:
1405:
At trial, each person presents witnesses and the evidence collected is recorded. After this occurs, the judge or jury renders their decision. Generally speaking, the plaintiff has the
1782:
Defendants, civil rights organizations, public interest organizations, and government public officials can all set up an account to pay for litigation costs and legal expenses. These
1417:
that ensures they meet the necessary elements of their case or (when the opposing party has the burden of proof) to ensure the opponent will not be able to meet his or her burden.
1257:
It is likewise important that the plaintiff select the proper venue with the proper jurisdiction to bring the lawsuit. The clerk of a court signs or stamps the court seal upon a
1015:
1798:
Legal financing can become an issue in some cases, varying from case to case and person to person. It can be beneficial in many situations, however also detrimental in others.
1245:
A lawsuit begins when a complaint or petition, known as a pleading, is filed with the court. A complaint should explicitly state that one or more plaintiffs seek(s) damages or
1191:), or vice versa. It is also possible for one state to apply the law of another in cases where additionally it may not be clear which level (or location) of court actually has
2171:
Barkai, John; Kent, Elizabeth (2014-01-01). "Let's Stop
Spreading Rumors About Settlement and Litigation: A Comparative Study of Settlement and Litigation in Hawaii Courts".
1270:
stating their defenses to the plaintiff's claims, which includes any challenges to the court's jurisdiction, and any counterclaims they wish to assert against the plaintiff.
1249:
from one or more stated defendants, and also should state the relevant factual allegations supporting the legal claims brought by the plaintiffs. As the initial pleading, a
1437:
or reducing the punishment. In criminal cases the situation is a little different, because in this case the judge does not have the authority to change the jury decision.
75:
477:
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between the parties. Discovery is meant to eliminate surprises, clarify what the lawsuit is about, and also to make the parties decide if they should settle or drop
1219:
evidence, it was found that Ralph was correct in his assertion that improper activity took place on the part of Lind-Waldock, and Ralph settled with Lind-Waldock.
1867:
2142:
628:
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is entered in favor of the plaintiff, and the Court may impose the legal and/or equitable remedies available against the defendant (respondent). A variety of
2117:
1250:
1639:(1938) abolished the distinction between actions at law and suits in equity in federal practice, in favor of a single form referred to as a "civil action."
1142:
Similarly, the word "sue", derives from the old French "suir, sivre" meaning to pursue or follow after. This was also derived from the Latin word "sequi".
1008:
1690:
1176:
Though the majority of lawsuits are settled before ever reaching trial, they can still be very complicated to litigate. This is particularly true in
1292:
Instead of filing an answer within the time specified in the summons, the defendant can choose to dispute the validity of the complaint by filing a
621:
2379:
1355:
or defenses. At this point the parties may also engage in pretrial motions to exclude or include particular legal or factual issues before trial.
927:
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is treated as if it were a private party in a civil case, either as a plaintiff with a civil cause of action to enforce certain laws, or as a
1934:
1001:
125:
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reasonable way that the other party could legally win and therefore there is no sense in continuing with the trial. Motions for
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in actions contesting the legality of the state's laws or seeking monetary damages for injuries caused by agents of the state.
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892:
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can be a practical means for litigants to obtain financing while they wait for a monetary settlement or an award in their
167:
1204:
526:
141:
1619:
During the 18th and 19th centuries, it was common for lawyers to speak of bringing an "action" at law and a "suit" in
511:
162:
1705:
1467:
91:
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with torts settling around 90% of the time and overall civil cases settling 50% of the time; other cases end due to
1651:
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claims. Once the defendants are served with the summons and complaint, they are subject to a time limit to file an
959:
866:
276:
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Particularly in the United States, plaintiffs and defendants who lack financial resources for litigation or other
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1471:
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178:
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of 1873 and 1875 led to the collapse of that distinction, so it became possible to speak of a "lawsuit." In the
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709:
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801:
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2004:
Galanter, Marc; Cahill, Mia (1993). "Most Cases Settle: Judicial
Promotion and Regulation of Settlements".
1925:. Chicago: National Association for Law Placement, Harcourt Legal & Professional Publications. p.
1822:
1744:. Legal financing companies can provide a cash advance to litigants in return for a share of the ultimate
1041:
400:
395:
172:
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or award. If the case ultimately loses, the litigant does not have to pay any of the money funded back.
1406:
1286:
1196:
876:
495:
432:
195:
35:
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The following is a generalized description of how a lawsuit may proceed in a common law jurisdiction:
1832:
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1088:
942:
576:
244:
183:
49:
1862:
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in making his claims, however, the defendant may have the burden of proof on other issues, such as
871:
770:
747:
651:
427:
332:
306:
208:
2040:"WILLIAM J. RALPH, JR., Complainant, v. LIND-WALDOCK & COMPANY and JEFFREY KUNST, Respondents"
2401:
2393:
2275:
2267:
2228:
2021:
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1311:, but in many courts persons can file papers and represent themselves, which is called appearing
1262:
1158:
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902:
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377:
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312:
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When the lawsuit is finally resolved, or the allotted time to appeal has expired, the matter is
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2199:
2180:
2176:
1930:
1737:
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2299:
1926:
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2013:
1903:
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1348:
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387:
1807:
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1107:
949:
856:
840:
780:
382:
372:
271:
238:
2248:"Firms, courts, and reputation mechanisms: Toward a positive theory of private ordering"
1650:. England and Wales began to turn away from traditional common law terminology with the
1557:
When a final judgment is entered, the plaintiff is usually barred under the doctrine of
1827:
1596:
1591:
when there is not a clear legal rule to the contrary. A defendant who has no assets in
1414:
1388:
1344:
1200:
1115:
1072:
922:
506:
352:
42:
31:
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2405:
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lawsuit. Often, plaintiffs who were injured or forced to leave their jobs still have
1646:
the term "claim" is far more common; the person initiating proceedings is called the
1632:
1188:
1181:
1162:
1092:
974:
964:
775:
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150:
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Lawsuits can become additionally complicated as more parties become involved (see
2219:
Bebchuk, Lucian (1984). "Litigation and settlement under imperfect information".
1817:
1812:
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settlements, however under the older rules they tended to be larger on average.
1659:
1574:
1456:
1170:
1103:
1076:
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726:
692:
667:
658:
459:
229:
201:
2068:"WILLIAM J. RALPH, JR., Complainant, v. LIND-WALDOCK & COMPANY, Respondent"
1599:." The term is generally a colloquialism to describe an impecunious defendant.
2397:
1847:
1367:
1274:
1177:
1155:
1084:
607:
551:
322:
1623:. An example of that distinction survives today in the codified text of the
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1064:
1037:
1033:
917:
830:
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815:
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488:
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1433:, so that the settlement agreement is never entered into the court record.
1951:
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may be issued in connection with or as part of the judgment to enforce a
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721:
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297:
254:
1114:. A lawsuit may also involve issues of public law in the sense that the
17:
2271:
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2025:
1258:
1212:
672:
556:
327:
1978:
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the trial. It is notable that the depositions can be written or oral.
2196:
Foundations of
Insurance Economics: Readings in Economics and Finance
1518:
1446:
1313:
1308:
589:
2263:
2017:
1203:
to participate in a lawsuit. About 98 percent of civil cases in the
2388:
2367:
1180:
systems, where a federal court may be applying state law (e.g. the
1083:, award damages or restitution, or impose a temporary or permanent
1872:
1429:
settlement agreement attached, or the plaintiff may simply file a
1384:
1080:
1060:
449:
1753:
1579:
1363:
483:
41:"Litigators" redirects here. For the novel by John Grisham, see
2368:"The Effects of Litigation Financing Rules on Settlement Rates"
1517:
After a final decision has been made, either party or both may
1673:
1450:
1339:
may involve initial disclosures of evidence by each party and
785:
682:
58:
74:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1375:
in the U.S.) or for any lawsuits within their jurisdiction.
1063:. The defendant is required to respond to the plaintiff's
1362:
At the close of discovery, the parties may either pick a
1169:, and constitutional provisions (especially the right to
1697:
1627:. The fusion of common law and equity in England in the
1701:
83:
1522:
if they wanted a larger award than was granted. The
2293:
2291:
2289:
1413:. The attorneys are held responsible in devising a
1161:of dispute resolution. Procedural rules arise from
2175:. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.
1918:
1199:over the defendant, or whether the plaintiff has
30:"Civil action" redirects here. For the book, see
2118:"How Courts Work: Steps in a Trial – Discovery"
1868:Strategic lawsuit against public participation
1036:or claimant) against one or more parties (the
1009:
629:
72:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1402:, lack of a valid claim, and other reasons.
1273:In a handful of jurisdictions (notably, the
1032:is a proceeding by one or more parties (the
48:"Suing" redirects here. For other uses, see
1917:Abram, Lisa L. (2000). "Civil Litigation".
1485:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1016:
1002:
647:
636:
622:
121:
2387:
2335:Drafting Legal Documents in Plain English
2301:Drafting Legal Documents in Plain English
1724:Learn how and when to remove this message
1607:Research in law, economics and management
1505:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
2173:Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution
1696:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1254:asserted throughout the entire lawsuit.
2380:University of California, Santa Barbara
1921:The Official Guide to Legal Specialties
1888:
1662:in favor of an adversary in a lawsuit.
1154:govern the conduct of a lawsuit in the
884:
848:
800:
755:
739:
657:
650:
588:
448:
408:
361:
253:
228:
149:
124:
2338:. Milan: Giuffrè Editore. p. 18.
2304:. Milan: Giuffrè Editore. p. 23.
1708:to additional sources at this section.
1343:, which is the structured exchange of
1087:to prevent an act or compel an act. A
928:Forum (alternative dispute resolution)
27:Civil action brought in a court of law
2366:Inglis, Laura; McCabe, Kevin (2010).
2166:
2164:
2098:. New York State Unified Court System
1896:Brian A. Garner, ed. (2014). "Suit".
7:
1483:adding citations to reliable sources
1146:Rules of procedure and complications
1790:There was a study conducted in the
1689:relies largely or entirely upon a
1324:to assist people without lawyers.
1071:. If the plaintiff is successful,
25:
2149:from the original on 24 June 2015
1752:is different from a typical bank
1678:
1637:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
1455:
1091:may be issued to prevent future
137:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
63:
1853:List of environmental lawsuits
893:Alternative dispute resolution
522:Notwithstanding verdict (JNOV)
362:
1:
2372:Supreme Court Economic Review
1977:Online Etymology Dictionary.
1950:Online Etymology Dictionary.
1792:Supreme Court Economic Review
2145:. American Bar Association.
1595:jurisdiction is said to be "
1205:United States federal courts
142:Doctrines of civil procedure
1983:Online Etymology Dictionary
1956:Online Etymology Dictionary
1261:or citation, which is then
86:, discuss the issue on the
2441:
1652:Rules of the Supreme Court
1444:
1382:
1331:
1238:
960:Peace and conflict studies
867:Mutual assured destruction
277:Case Information Statement
47:
40:
29:
2221:RAND Journal of Economics
512:As a matter of law (JMOL)
2194:Dionne, Georges (1992).
2143:"Glossary D: Deposition"
2122:American Bar Association
955:Non-aggression principle
913:Conflict style inventory
717:Nonviolent Communication
409:Resolution without trial
54:Lawsuit (disambiguation)
2332:Steadman, Jean (2013).
2298:Steadman, Jean (2013).
2246:Richman, Barak (2004).
1393:Settlement (litigation)
802:International relations
732:Speaking truth to power
1899:Black's Law Dictionary
1740:may be able to obtain
1100:resolution of disputes
1098:A lawsuit may involve
401:Request for production
396:Request for admissions
1769:workers' compensation
1317:. Many courts have a
1287:third party complaint
1197:personal jurisdiction
1187:, for example in the
1150:Rules of criminal or
1106:between individuals,
877:Nuclear proliferation
434:Involuntary dismissal
36:A Civil Action (film)
1833:Compensation culture
1702:improve this article
1479:improve this section
1411:affirmative defenses
1102:involving issues of
1089:declaratory judgment
1047:. The archaic term "
943:Paradox of tolerance
577:Declaratory judgment
245:Forum non conveniens
128:in the United States
92:create a new article
84:improve this article
50:Sue (disambiguation)
34:. For the film, see
2252:Columbia Law Review
2096:"Pleading: AxonHCS"
2006:Stanford Law Review
1863:Restorative justice
1858:Private prosecution
1843:Indispensable party
1784:legal defense funds
1431:voluntary dismissal
872:Nuclear disarmament
771:Conflict escalation
748:Conflict management
652:Conflict resolution
527:Motion to set aside
428:Voluntary dismissal
333:Indispensable party
307:affirmative defense
1328:Pretrial discovery
1195:over the claim or
1159:adversarial system
1128:criminal procedure
990:Track II diplomacy
938:Prisoner's dilemma
908:Conflict continuum
903:Conflict avoidance
688:Dispute resolution
378:Initial conference
363:Pretrial procedure
1936:978-0-15-900391-6
1902:(10th ed.).
1734:
1733:
1726:
1644:England and Wales
1569:Writ of execution
1515:
1514:
1507:
1307:are drafted by a
1108:business entities
1026:
1025:
898:Anti-war movement
862:Nuclear blackmail
766:Communal violence
646:
645:
120:
119:
112:
94:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
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2258:(8): 2328–2368.
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2012:(6): 1339–1391.
2001:
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1985:. Douglas Harper
1974:
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1585:Wage garnishment
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1490:
1459:
1451:
1423:summary judgment
1400:default judgment
1366:and then have a
1353:frivolous claims
1300:file an answer.
1247:equitable relief
1069:default judgment
1057:equitable remedy
1018:
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1808:Actio popularis
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1765:personal injury
1761:Legal financing
1750:Legal financing
1742:legal financing
1738:attorney's fees
1730:
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1713:
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1704:by introducing
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1629:Judicature Acts
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1549:from doing so.
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1152:civil procedure
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950:Liaison officer
857:Nuclear warfare
841:Multilateralism
781:Just war theory
642:
613:
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496:Burden of proof
444:
433:
392:
383:Interrogatories
357:
291:
272:Cause of action
269:
239:Change of venue
222:
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126:Civil procedure
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2227:(3): 404–415.
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1828:Civil recovery
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1700:. Please help
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1597:judgment-proof
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1445:Main article:
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1389:Judgment (law)
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1332:Main article:
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78:of the subject
76:worldwide view
71:
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62:
43:The Litigators
32:A Civil Action
26:
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1714:December 2023
1707:
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1699:
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1692:
1691:single source
1687:This section
1685:
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1633:United States
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1573:Bank account
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1498:
1495:December 2023
1488:
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1469:
1464:This section
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1368:trial by jury
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1189:United States
1186:
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1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:statutory law
1160:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:organizations
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:or else risk
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
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1046:
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1019:
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1007:
1005:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
975:Peacebuilding
973:
971:
968:
966:
965:Peace process
963:
961:
958:
956:
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948:
944:
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916:
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847:
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839:
837:
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808:
807:
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803:
799:
792:
789:
788:
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784:
782:
779:
777:
776:De-escalation
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
762:
761:
758:
754:
749:
746:
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733:
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718:
715:
711:
708:
707:
706:
703:
699:
698:Collaborative
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
684:
681:
679:
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669:
666:
665:
664:
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639:
634:
632:
627:
625:
620:
619:
617:
616:
610:
609:
605:
603:
602:
598:
597:
595:
594:
591:
587:
578:
575:
572:
569:
567:
566:American rule
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
548:
545:
544:
542:
536:
534:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
508:
505:
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485:
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468:
466:
463:
462:
461:
458:
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436:
431:
429:
426:
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407:
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393:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
368:
367:
364:
360:
354:
353:Other motions
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
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308:
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185:
182:
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135:
134:
133:
132:
129:
123:
114:
111:
103:
100:November 2022
93:
89:
85:
79:
77:
70:
61:
60:
55:
51:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2334:
2327:
2315:. Retrieved
2300:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2198:. Springer.
2195:
2189:
2172:
2151:. Retrieved
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2112:
2102:December 14,
2100:. Retrieved
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:
2062:
2050:. Retrieved
2046:
2034:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1982:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1955:
1945:
1920:
1912:
1897:
1891:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1773:civil rights
1759:
1735:
1720:
1711:
1688:
1664:
1656:
1641:
1618:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1589:
1560:res judicata
1558:
1556:
1544:
1540:res judicata
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1516:
1501:
1492:
1477:Please help
1465:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1404:
1396:
1361:
1357:
1337:
1319:
1312:
1303:Usually the
1302:
1297:
1291:
1283:
1272:
1256:
1244:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1193:jurisdiction
1182:
1175:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1124:
1097:
1077:court orders
1053:legal remedy
1048:
1045:court of law
1029:
1027:
970:Peace treaty
821:Brinkmanship
678:Conciliation
606:
599:
571:English rule
532:
517:Renewed JMOL
487:
476:
348:Intervention
343:Interpleader
318:Counterclaim
282:Class action
243:
216:Quasi in rem
214:
207:
200:
179:Supplemental
151:Jurisdiction
106:
97:
73:
2351:31 December
2317:31 December
1818:Brief (law)
1813:Arbitration
1615:Terminology
1575:garnishment
1553:Enforcement
1171:due process
1104:private law
1049:suit in law
985:Rule of man
980:Peacemaking
933:Game theory
811:Appeasement
727:Negotiation
693:Rule of law
668:Arbitration
659:Nonviolence
535:(new trial)
388:Depositions
202:In personam
2382:: 135–15.
1989:12 January
1979:"sue (v.)"
1962:12 January
1884:References
1848:Legal case
1746:settlement
1379:Resolution
1349:statements
1275:U.S. state
1156:common law
1085:injunction
836:Deterrence
608:Certiorari
552:Injunction
440:Settlement
323:Crossclaim
2406:154317478
2080:3 October
2052:3 October
1823:Civil law
1777:mortgages
1706:citations
1698:talk page
1670:Financing
1466:does not
1341:discovery
1305:pleadings
1251:complaint
1227:Procedure
1134:Etymology
1120:defendant
1065:complaint
1038:defendant
1034:plaintiff
918:Democracy
831:Diplomacy
826:Ceasefire
816:Armistice
740:Workplace
705:Mediation
489:voir dire
470:defendant
465:plaintiff
373:Discovery
338:Impleader
267:Complaint
255:Pleadings
173:Diversity
88:talk page
2425:Lawsuits
2419:Category
2280:43455841
2153:June 23,
2147:Archived
2127:June 23,
2075:Cftc.gov
2047:Cftc.gov
1802:See also
1648:claimant
1546:estopped
1345:evidence
1294:demurrer
1279:New York
1241:Pleading
1235:Pleading
1201:standing
1185:doctrine
1167:case law
1073:judgment
757:Violence
722:Pacifism
601:Mandamus
507:Judgment
298:Demurrer
288:) )
286:2005 Act
196:Personal
82:You may
18:Litigant
2272:4099361
2233:2555448
2181:2398550
2026:1229161
1487:removed
1472:sources
1259:summons
1213:joinder
1178:federal
1059:from a
1040:) in a
1030:lawsuit
849:Nuclear
791:studies
673:Auction
557:Damages
537: )
533:De novo
486: (
460:Parties
328:Joinder
305: (
284: (
184:Removal
2404:
2396:
2342:
2308:
2278:
2270:
2231:
2202:
2179:
2024:
1933:
1635:, the
1621:equity
1519:appeal
1447:Appeal
1441:Appeal
1391:, and
1373:equity
1320:pro se
1314:pro se
1309:lawyer
1268:answer
1263:served
590:Appeal
547:Remedy
478:Pro se
303:Answer
209:In rem
2402:S2CID
2394:JSTOR
2378:(1).
2276:S2CID
2268:JSTOR
2229:JSTOR
2071:(PDF)
2043:(PDF)
2022:JSTOR
1879:Notes
1873:Trial
1771:, or
1660:costs
1580:Liens
1385:Trial
1322:clerk
1116:state
1081:right
1061:court
1042:civil
885:Other
450:Trial
313:Reply
230:Venue
90:, or
2353:2022
2340:ISBN
2319:2022
2306:ISBN
2200:ISBN
2177:SSRN
2155:2015
2129:2015
2104:2018
2082:2017
2054:2017
1991:2023
1964:2023
1931:ISBN
1904:West
1754:loan
1470:any
1468:cite
1364:jury
1347:and
1298:must
1183:Erie
484:Jury
52:and
2384:doi
2260:doi
2256:104
2014:doi
1642:In
1593:any
1481:by
1277:of
1130:).
1055:or
786:War
683:Law
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