395:. Copernicus states that whenever the point e1 lies on the line joining the Earth to the centre of its orbit (represented by the dotted line OTC in the diagram, of which only the point T here lies in the Moon's orbital plane), the Moon M will lie precisely between e1 and e2. However, this can occur only once every 19 years, when this line coincides with the line of nodes WTE. At other times it does not lie in the moon's orbital plane and the point e1 cannot therefore pass through it. In general, then, while the Moon will be
38:
428:
361:
297:
successively shorter periods of revolution, Saturn's being between 29 and 30 years, Jupiter's between 11 and 12, Mars's between 2 and 3, Earth's exactly one, Venus's between 8 and 9 months, and
Mercury's between 2 and 3 months. The Moon's sphere, however, revolves around the Earth in a period of one month, and moves with it around the Sun like an
372:
which precesses from east to west around an axis perpendicular to that plane, with a period of between 18 and 19 years with respect to the fixed stars. The remaining three motions, which take place within this orbital plane, are depicted in the diagram to the right. The first of these is that of the first, and larger, of two
330:
of the Earth's axis of rotation about an axis perpendicular to the plane of its orbit. Copernicus specified the rate of this precession with respect to the radial line from the Earth to the centre of its orbit as being slightly less than a year, with an implied direction as being from west to east.
423:
that he assumes to remain fixed, the mechanism he uses to model them does cause tiny oscillations in the lines of nodes as well. As Kepler later pointed out, the necessity for assuming oscillations in the inclinations of the outer planets' orbital planes is an artefact of
Copernicus's having taken
438:
Like the Moon's motion, that of the outer planets, represented in the diagram to the right, is produced by a combination of a deferent and two epicycles. The centre of the first, and larger of the two epicycles, represented by the point e1 in the diagram, revolves uniformly from west to east around
347:
Here
Copernicus asserts that the motion of the equinoxes and celestial poles has not been uniform, and argues that consequently they should not be used to define the reference frame with respect to which the motions of the planets are measured, and that the periods of the various planetary motions
418:
with that of the Earth, but do share its centre as their own common centre, and lie in planes that are only slightly inclined to the Earth's orbital plane. Unlike the Moon's orbital plane, those of the superior planets do not precess. Their inclinations to the Earth's orbital plane do oscillate,
371:
Including the annual revolution around the Sun, which the Moon shares with the Earth in his system, Copernicus explains the Moon's motion as composed of five independent motions. Its motion around the Earth lies in a plane which is inclined at an angle of 5° to the plane of the Earth's orbit, and
296:
In this section, the heavenly spheres are given in order from outermost to innermost. The outermost sphere is that of the fixed stars, which remains perfectly stationary. Then follow those of Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Earth, Venus and
Mercury, which each revolve about the Sun from west to east with
679:
The period referred to here is the time between two successive passages of the epicycle's centre through its ascending node (represented in the diagram by the point W), or two successive passages through its descending node (represented in the diagram by the point E). Copernicus does not always
164:
The
Commentariolus is subdivided into eight sections (or chapters), of which all but the first bear brief descriptive titles. After a brief introduction, the first section states seven postulates from which Copernicus proposes to show that the apparent motion of the planets can be explained
309:
This section explains how the apparent motion of the Sun could arise from three separate motions of the Earth. The first motion is a uniform revolution, with a period of one year, from west to east along a circular orbit whose centre is offset from the Sun by 1/25 of the orbit's radius.
1251:
155:
circulated for a time after
Copernicus's death, it subsequently lapsed into obscurity, and its previous existence remained known only indirectly, until a surviving manuscript copy was discovered and published in the second half of the nineteenth century.
461:
EW, and the point e2 describes an eccentric circle whose radius is equal to that of the deferent, and whose centre, represented by the point O in the diagram, is offset from that of the deferent by the radius of the first epicycle. In his later work,
471:
The planet itself, represented by the point P in the diagram, revolves uniformly from west to east around the circumference of the second epicycle, whose radius is exactly one third of that of the first, at twice the rate of revolution of e1 about
579:
Mercury's orbit is harder than any of the other planets' to study because it is visible for only a few days a year. Mercury, just like Venus, has two epicycles, one greater than another. It takes almost three months to complete a revolution.
384:. The centre of the second, smaller epicycle (represented by the point e2 in the diagram) moves uniformly from east to west around the circumference of the first so that the period of the angle β in the diagram is one
452:
The centre of the second epicycle, represented by the point e2 in the diagram, revolves uniformly from east to west around the circumference of the first, with the same period relative to the radial line joining
488:
by a distance one and a third times the radius of
Copernicus's first epicycle. The centre of the planet's deferent, with the same radius as Copernicus's, would lie at the point C, mid-way between
419:
however, between the limits 0°10′ and 1°50′ for Mars, 1°15′ and 1°40′ for
Jupiter, and 2°15′ and 2°40′ for Saturn. Although Copernicus supposes these oscillations to take place around the orbits'
414:
for the motions of the outer planets all have the same general structure, and only differ in the values of the various parameters needed to specify their motions completely. Their orbits are not
484:
for the motions of the outer planets. In a heliocentric version of
Ptolemy's models, his equant would lie at the point Q in the diagram, offset along the line of apses EW from the point
391:
The Moon itself, represented by the point M in the diagram, moves uniformly from west to east around the circumference of the second epicycle so that the period of the angle Îł is half a
124:
in Latin by 1514 and circulated copies to his friends and colleagues. It thus became known among
Copernicus's contemporaries, though it was never printed during his lifetime. In 1533,
1349:
492:
and Q. The planet itself would lie at the point of intersection of this deferent with the line QP. While this point only coincides exactly with P whenever they are both at an
1257:
424:
them as passing through the centre of the Earth's orbit. If he had taken them as passing through the Sun, he would not have needed to introduce these oscillations.
1117:
689:
That is, a circle whose centre is offset from what would be regarded as the natural centre of the planet's orbit—in this case, the centre of the Earth's orbit.
707:
Copernicus does not give these ratios directly, but expresses the radii of the planets' deferents and epicycles in terms of a unit of length which is
898:
Bardi, A. (2024). Copernicus and Axiomatics. In: Sriraman, B. (eds) Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Mathematical Practice. Springer, Cham.
680:
distinguish which periods and which types of month he is referring to, but these can be inferred from our knowledge of the actual motion of the Moon.
148:
and since the preceding year a cardinal, wrote to Copernicus from Rome and asked him for a copy of his writings "at the earliest possible moment".
571:
In the last two sections Copernicus talks about Venus and Mercury. The first has a system of circles and takes 9 months to complete a revolution.
348:
are more accurately determinable if those motions are measured with respect to the fixed stars. He maintains that he had found the length of the
1286:
457:
to e1. As a consequence, the direction of the radial line joining e1 to e2 remains fixed relative to the fixed stars, parallel to the planet's
1281:
1276:
1266:
1344:
979:
1291:
1169:
464:
109:
1090:
313:
The second motion is the daily rotation about an axis which passes through the Earth's centre and is inclined at an angle of about 23
107:
of the universe. After further long development of his theory, Copernicus published the mature version in 1543 in his landmark work,
1235:
1110:
1060:
1005:
958:
919:
399:
conjunction or opposition to the Sun whenever it lies precisely between e1 and e2, these events will not be precisely simultaneous.
201:
The Earth is moved in a sphere around the Sun, causing the apparent annual migration of the Sun; the Earth has more than one motion.
191:
The distance between the Earth and the Sun is an insignificant fraction of the distance from the Earth and the Sun to the stars, so
649:
Copernicus does not specify which type of month he is referring to. His period for Venus would be correct if he were referring to
402:
The ratio which Copernicus took as that for the relative lengths of the small epicycle, large epicycle and deferent is 4:19:180.
468:, Copernicus uses this eccentric circle directly, rather than representing it as a combination of a deferent and an epicycle.
1176:
496:, the difference between their positions is always negligible in comparison with the inaccuracies inherent to both theories.
125:
376:, whose center (represented by the point e1 in the diagram) moves uniformly from west to east around the circumference of a
1103:
1020:
Three Copernican Treatises: The Commentariolus of Copernicus; The Letter against Werner; The Narratio Prima of Rheticus
856:
807:
1329:
1308:
533:
for Saturn. For the ratios of the radii of their deferents to the radii of the larger of their epicycles, it gives 6
1206:
1076:
1052:
335:, this precession is very slow, and in the opposite direction—from east to west—and explains the phenomenon of the
1303:
141:
1082:
204:
The Earth’s orbital motion around the Sun causes the seeming reverse in direction of the motions of the planets.
1334:
1140:
997:
104:
615:
obtained a copy in 1575, and subsequently presented copies to students and colleagues as tokens of his esteem.
1339:
1183:
938:
928:
439:
the circumference of a deferent whose centre is the centre of the Earth's orbit, represented by the point
137:
37:
1229:
1190:
1145:
1271:
1246:
1091:
https://web.archive.org/web/20090803215559/http://www.geocities.com/soho/gallery/8084/copernicus.htm
1126:
905:
145:
100:
51:
198:
The stars are immovable; their apparent daily motion is caused by the daily rotation of the Earth.
989:
427:
1056:
1001:
975:
954:
915:
839:
600:
823:
791:
755:
1241:
1212:
751:
481:
336:
283:
133:
909:
499:
For the ratios of the radii of the outer planets' deferents to radius of the Earth, the
946:
1323:
1027:
420:
392:
349:
599:
is contained in a library catalogue, dated 1 May 1514, of a 16th-century historian,
360:
1015:
380:
centred on the Earth (represented by point T in the diagram), with a period of one
443:
in the diagram, with a period relative to the fixed stars as given in the section
1046:
1030:(December 1973), "The derivation and first draft of Copernicus's planetary theory
969:
17:
1298:
1077:
http://www.fh-augsburg.de/%7Eharsch/Chronologia/Lspost16/Copernicus/kop_c00.html
899:
658:
654:
650:
636:, p. 76) that a very poor copy was published in the 1854 Warsaw edition of
612:
385:
381:
932:
792:
Schönberg, Nicholas, Letter to Nicolaus Copernicus, translated by Edward Rosen
327:
230:"Equal motion should be measured not by the equinoxes but by the fixed stars"
458:
71:
934:
Tycho Brahe; a picture of scientific life and work in the sixteenth century
343:
Equal motion should be measured not by the equinoxes but by the fixed stars
1022:(Second Edition, Revised ed.). New York, NY: Dover Publications, Inc.
140:
heard the lectures and were interested in the theory. On 1 November 1536,
415:
377:
373:
298:
192:
181:
is the centre of the lunar sphere—the orbit of the Moon around the Earth.
255:
226:
Quod aequalitas motum non ad aequinoctia sed ad stellas fixas referatur
1095:
431:
Diagram of an outer planet's orbit, as described by Copernicus in his
477:
251:
493:
426:
359:
271:
178:
61:
31:
De hypothesibus motuum coelestium a se constitutis commentariolus
259:
239:
129:
1099:
911:
The manuscripts of Nicholas Copernicus' minor works; facsimiles
632:
was discovered in Vienna and published in 1878. It was said by
364:
Diagram of the Moon's orbit, as described by Copernicus in his
185:
867:
865:
994:
The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli
174:
Celestial bodies do not all revolve around a single point.
103:'s brief outline of an early version of his revolutionary
698:
At all other times it will lie strictly between Q and P.
1032:
A translation of the Commentariolus with commentary.",
476:. This device enabled Copernicus to dispense with the
670:
A value that lies within one minute of what it is now.
603:, so it must have begun circulating before that date.
352:
to have always been 365 days 6 hours and 10 minutes.
1079:
Complete Latin text online at Bibliotheca Augustana.
1222:
1199:
1154:
1133:
208:The remaining seven sections are titled, in order,
77:
67:
57:
47:
323:° to the perpendicular to the plane of its orbit.
1034:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1258:Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God
246:De tribus superioribus: Saturno, Jove et Marte
1111:
900:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40846-5_110
445:
8:
1350:Manuscripts of the Austrian National Library
42:Ms. Austrian National Library, 10530, f. 34r
30:
657:. Venus's period is, however, less than 8
406:The outer planets, Saturn, Jupiter and Mars
188:, which is near the centre of the Universe.
1118:
1104:
1096:
743:
628:, pp. 6–7), a manuscript copy of the
115:On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
36:
29:
1085:
971:Copernicus and the Aristotelian tradition
779:
883:
871:
739:
728:
588:
914:, Krakow: Polish Academy of Sciences,
819:
803:
717:th of the radius of the Earth's orbit.
852:
835:
767:
747:
735:
633:
625:
410:The theories Copernicus gives in the
7:
1170:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
465:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
218:De motibus qui circa solem apparent
110:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
1083:Edward Rosen's English translation
908:(1992), Czartoryski, Pawel (ed.),
184:All the spheres rotate around the
128:delivered a series of lectures in
25:
1236:Nicolaus Copernicus Gesamtausgabe
222:"The apparent motions of the Sun"
480:, a much-criticised feature of
333:With respect to the fixed stars
1177:Locationes mansorum desertorum
974:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
305:The apparent motion of the Sun
132:outlining Copernicus' theory.
126:Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter
1:
953:. London: William Heinemann.
640:. This seems to be a mistake.
195:is not observed in the stars.
1345:Works by Nicolaus Copernicus
1309:Copernicus (Martian crater)
482:Claudius Ptolemy's theories
337:precession of the equinoxes
1366:
1207:Lucas Watzenrode the Elder
1053:Cambridge University Press
1045:Thoren, Victor E. (1990).
214:"The order of the spheres"
1304:Copernicus (lunar crater)
35:
1141:Copernican heliocentrism
998:Cornell University Press
851:English translations by
746:, pp. 20, 208–52);
446:The order of the spheres
292:The order of the spheres
1086:(2004, pp.57–65))
929:Dreyer, John Louis Emil
151:Although copies of the
1184:Monetae cudendae ratio
939:Adam and Charles Black
435:
368:
326:The third motion is a
142:Nikolaus von Schönberg
1230:Scientific Revolution
1191:Theophylact Simocatta
1146:Copernican Revolution
1048:The Lord of Uraniborg
968:Goddu, André (2010).
430:
363:
120:Copernicus wrote the
1247:Copernican principle
951:The Book Nobody Read
906:Copernicus, Nicolaus
742:, pp. 423–24);
250:"The outer planets:
169:The seven postulates
1127:Nicolaus Copernicus
738:, pp. 18–28);
595:A reference to the
553:for Jupiter, and 11
146:Archbishop of Capua
105:heliocentric theory
101:Nicolaus Copernicus
52:Nicolaus Copernicus
32:
1330:16th-century books
1252:Frombork Cathedral
874:, pp. 456–57.
601:Matthew of Miechow
523:for Jupiter, and 9
436:
369:
177:The centre of the
138:Catholic cardinals
27:Work by Copernicus
1317:
1316:
1134:Scientific career
1028:Swerdlow, Noel M.
981:978-90-04-18107-6
638:De revolutionibus
386:anomalistic month
97:Little Commentary
87:
86:
18:Little Commentary
16:(Redirected from
1357:
1213:Lucas Watzenrode
1189:Translations of
1120:
1113:
1106:
1097:
1066:
1041:
1023:
1011:
990:Koyré, Alexandre
985:
964:
942:
924:
887:
881:
875:
869:
860:
849:
843:
833:
827:
817:
811:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
744:Copernicus (1992
733:
718:
716:
715:
711:
705:
699:
696:
690:
687:
681:
677:
671:
668:
662:
647:
641:
622:
616:
610:
604:
593:
562:
561:
557:
552:
551:
547:
542:
541:
537:
532:
531:
527:
522:
521:
517:
512:
511:
507:
491:
487:
475:
456:
442:
382:draconitic month
322:
321:
317:
210:De ordine orbium
165:systematically.
134:Pope Clement VII
79:Publication date
40:
33:
21:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1335:Astronomy books
1320:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1218:
1195:
1150:
1129:
1124:
1073:
1063:
1044:
1031:
1026:
1014:
1008:
988:
982:
967:
961:
947:Gingerich, Owen
945:
927:
922:
904:
895:
890:
882:
878:
870:
863:
850:
846:
834:
830:
818:
814:
802:
798:
790:
786:
778:
774:
766:
762:
734:
730:
726:
721:
713:
709:
708:
706:
702:
697:
693:
688:
684:
678:
674:
669:
665:
655:sidereal months
648:
644:
623:
619:
611:
607:
594:
590:
586:
577:
569:
559:
555:
554:
549:
545:
544:
539:
535:
534:
529:
525:
524:
519:
515:
514:
509:
505:
504:
489:
485:
473:
454:
440:
408:
358:
345:
319:
315:
314:
307:
294:
171:
162:
80:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1363:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1340:Texts in Latin
1337:
1332:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1242:Copernicus law
1239:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1163:Commentariolus
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1071:External links
1069:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1042:
1024:
1012:
1006:
996:. Ithaca, NY:
986:
980:
965:
959:
943:
925:
920:
902:
894:
891:
889:
888:
886:, p. 486.
876:
861:
844:
828:
812:
796:
784:
780:Gingerich 2004
772:
760:
740:Swerdlow (1973
727:
725:
722:
720:
719:
700:
691:
682:
672:
663:
659:synodic months
642:
630:Commentariolus
617:
605:
597:Commentariolus
587:
585:
582:
576:
573:
568:
565:
501:Commentariolus
433:Commentariolus
421:lines of nodes
412:Commentariolus
407:
404:
366:Commentariolus
357:
354:
344:
341:
306:
303:
293:
290:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
189:
182:
175:
170:
167:
161:
158:
153:Commentariolus
122:Commentariolus
92:Commentariolus
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
49:
45:
44:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1362:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1209:(grandfather)
1208:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1062:0-521-35158-8
1058:
1054:
1051:. Cambridge:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:Rosen, Edward
1013:
1009:
1007:0-8014-0504-1
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
977:
973:
972:
966:
962:
960:0-434-01315-3
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
937:. Edinburgh:
936:
935:
930:
926:
923:
921:83-01-10562-3
917:
913:
912:
907:
903:
901:
897:
896:
892:
885:
884:Swerdlow 1973
880:
877:
873:
872:Swerdlow 1973
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
848:
845:
841:
837:
832:
829:
825:
821:
816:
813:
809:
805:
800:
797:
793:
788:
785:
782:, p. 32.
781:
776:
773:
770:, p. 85.
769:
764:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
729:
723:
704:
701:
695:
692:
686:
683:
676:
673:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
646:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
624:According to
621:
618:
614:
609:
606:
602:
598:
592:
589:
583:
581:
574:
572:
566:
564:
502:
497:
495:
483:
479:
469:
467:
466:
460:
459:line of apses
450:
448:
447:
434:
429:
425:
422:
417:
413:
405:
403:
400:
398:
394:
393:synodic month
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
367:
362:
355:
353:
351:
350:sidereal year
342:
340:
338:
334:
329:
324:
311:
304:
302:
300:
291:
289:
287:
285:
279:
275:
273:
267:
263:
261:
257:
253:
247:
243:
241:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
203:
200:
197:
194:
190:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
172:
168:
166:
159:
157:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:
82:
76:
73:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
39:
34:
19:
1256:
1234:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1047:
1040:(6): 423–512
1037:
1033:
1019:
993:
970:
950:
933:
910:
893:Bibliography
879:
847:
831:
815:
799:
787:
775:
763:
731:
703:
694:
685:
675:
666:
645:
637:
629:
620:
608:
596:
591:
578:
570:
563:for Saturn.
543:for Mars, 12
500:
498:
470:
463:
451:
444:
437:
432:
411:
409:
401:
396:
390:
370:
365:
346:
332:
325:
312:
308:
295:
281:
277:
269:
265:
249:
245:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
207:
163:
152:
150:
136:and several
121:
119:
114:
108:
96:
91:
90:
88:
1299:Copernicium
1272:Los Angeles
855:, pp.
853:Rosen (2004
838:, pp.
822:, pp.
820:Thoren 1990
804:Dreyer 1890
750:, pp.
748:Rosen (2004
736:Koyré (1973
634:Koyré (1973
626:Rosen (2004
613:Tycho Brahe
513:for Mars, 5
278:De Mercurio
1324:Categories
1263:Monuments
836:Goddu 2010
806:, p.
768:Koyré 1973
724:References
328:precession
1018:(2004) .
374:epicycles
266:De Venere
72:Astronomy
1277:Montreal
992:(1973).
949:(2004).
931:(1890).
651:tropical
416:coplanar
397:close to
378:deferent
356:The Moon
299:epicycle
193:parallax
58:Language
1267:Chicago
1223:Related
1215:(uncle)
712:⁄
575:Mercury
558:⁄
548:⁄
538:⁄
528:⁄
518:⁄
508:⁄
503:gives 1
449:above.
318:⁄
284:Mercury
256:Jupiter
234:De Luna
160:Summary
68:Subject
1292:Warsaw
1287:KrakĂłw
1200:Family
1059:
1004:
978:
957:
918:
840:243-46
478:equant
276:) and
252:Saturn
48:Author
1282:Toruń
1155:Works
857:57–65
824:98–99
756:57–90
584:Notes
567:Venus
494:apsis
272:Venus
238:"The
179:Earth
99:) is
62:Latin
1057:ISBN
1002:ISBN
976:ISBN
955:ISBN
916:ISBN
560:1181
260:Mars
258:and
240:Moon
130:Rome
89:The
83:1514
1038:117
752:6–7
653:or
556:859
550:606
546:553
540:167
536:138
288:).
264:),
244:),
232:),
224:),
216:),
186:Sun
117:).
1326::
1055:.
1036:,
1000:.
864:^
859:).
842:).
808:83
758:).
754:,
714:25
530:30
520:60
516:13
510:25
506:13
388:.
339:.
301:.
254:,
144:,
1186:"
1182:"
1119:e
1112:t
1105:v
1065:.
1010:.
984:.
963:.
941:.
826:.
810:.
794:.
710:1
661:.
526:7
490:S
486:S
474:S
455:S
441:S
320:2
316:1
286:"
282:"
280:(
274:"
270:"
268:(
262:"
248:(
242:"
236:(
228:(
220:(
212:(
113:(
95:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
