58:: first-born male, "respected elder brothers", several other connotations), as they are affectionately called, fought for better working conditions in the fields, fair wages, and equal rights, paving the way and making life easier for the generations of Filipino Americans that followed. These men organized labor unions and successfully held strikes against exploitative growers.
43:, many young Filipino men made their homes in Stockton. The racism and discriminatory laws that persisted until the mid-1960s kept these mostly young men from pursuing the American dream of a US education, a family, and higher economic status, even barring them from crossing Main Street into what was then the exclusively white northern section of the city.
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laws were changed, and many
Manongs were able to marry and bring their brides to the US, starting families late in life and producing a generation of Filipino-Americans who knew little of their fathers' courageous struggles to survive in the US until they took college classes in Filipino-American history.
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In response, these
Filipino American pioneers built their own community south of Main Street. They set up businesses and organizations of all kinds to meet their own needs - restaurants, hotels, grocery stores, barber shops, the Rizal Social Club, the Daguhoy Lodge, a rescue mission, and many others,
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During World War II, the tide of
American public opinion about the Filipinos in their midst changed when Filipinos both in the Philippines and the US fought fiercely and bravely alongside Americans. Two all-Filipino regiments of the US Army were among the most highly decorated of the war. Afterward,
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In the 1950s and 1960s, large sections of Little Manila were bulldozed by the city to "improve" Stockton's downtown area. A freeway and some fast food establishments displaced many
Filipino homes and establishments and disrupted community life. The freeway, locally known as the Crosstown Freeway,
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that successfully concluded in 1939. Until World War II, Filipino
Americans, rather than Mexican Americans, were the primary groups performing agriculture labor. These courageous Filipino farm workers and labor leaders were the unsung heroes behind the success of the UFW and its iconic leader
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prohibiting marriage between men of color and white women forced most of the
Manongs to remain single for most if not all of their lives. A small number were able to marry white or Mexican women by eloping to neighboring states, mainly Colorado and Texas, but they did so at their peril.
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An unprecedented
Filipino-American community effort succeeded in raising money to build the Filipino Plaza, completed in 1972 and now home to once-displaced neighborhood families, some businesses, and the Barrio Fiesta, an annual Filipino cultural event held in mid-August.
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and Little Manila
Executive Director, and filmmaker Dillon Delvo (both the offspring of Manongs), the Mariposa Hotel, the Rizal Social Club, the Filipino Recreation Center and the entire Little Manila District was named one of the nation's
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all worked out of
Stockton at one time or another. Historic labor union meetings were held at the Mariposa Hotel on Lafayette Street. Mensalvas and Mangaoang were at the forefront of the ground-breaking
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from its previous alignment, and was widely but unsuccessfully opposed by the community, and was built in the early 1970s.
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Little Manila Is in the Heart: The Making of the
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Antonio T. Tiongson; Edgardo V. Gutierrez; Ricardo Valencia Gutierrez; Ricardo V. Gutierrez (2006).
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Positively No Filipinos Allowed: Building Communities and Discourse
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The project Little Manila Virtually Recreated was completed at
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Little Manila: Filipinos in California's Heartland - KVIE
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to recreate the historical Little Manila neighborhood in
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Today, the Little Manila Foundation, a Stockton-based
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Dean Devlin, Dawn Bohulano Mabalon (1 October 2013).
193:. Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project.
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339:"The Little Manila Historic Site Walking Tour"
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240:. Temple University Press. pp. 81–83.
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329:. Sacramento: KVIE – via YouTube.
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157:by the
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56:Ilocano
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35:History
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342:(PDF)
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