668:. The QPX parasite is unicellular and possesses at least one flagellum, like most other stramenopile organisms. Thraustochytrids are common protists in marine sediments and the water column, but only a few thraustochytrids are known as parasites of marine animals. Although QPX disease was first recorded on the Atlantic coast of Canada in the early 1960s, it did not become a major economic problem until its appearance in cultured clams at Prince Edward Island, Massachusetts in 1992, and Virginia in 1997. Infected clams are characterized by the presence of blisters or pustules in the mantle and later by gaping and death.
59:
72:
677:
529:
299:
685:
806:. Eating contaminated shellfish, raw or cooked, can be fatal. Some other kinds of algal blooms make the seawater appear red, but red tide blooms do not always discolor the water, nor are they related to tides.
512:
is important, clam farmers have bred specialized versions of these clams with distinctions needed for them to be distinguished in the marketplace. These are quite similar to common "wild type"
2506:
2501:
2290:
2342:
1166:
724:
in southern
European seafood dishes. The largest clams are quahogs or chowders and cherrystones; they have the toughest meat and are used in such dishes as
2536:
1060:
Dove, Alistair; Bowser (28 September 2020) . "Histological
Analysis of an Outbreak of QPX Disease in Wild Hard Clams Mercenaria mercenaria in New York".
2481:
1231:
592:
is situated right in the middle of "quahog country" and has supplied a quarter of the U.S.'s total annual commercial quahog catch. The quahog is the
2264:
798:, produced by marine algae. Filter-feeding shellfish are affected, such as clams, oysters, and mussels. As they filter microorganisms, clams ingest
2486:
2303:
642:. While little is known about the disease, research is currently under way in several laboratories. This research is fueled by the need to inform
884:
505:
word for commerce. Today people living in coastal New
England still use Algonquian words for the clam, as they have done for thousands of years.
2491:
282:, which, although superficially similar in shape, is in a different family of bivalves: it is rounder than the hard clam, usually has a black
2381:
935:
2516:
850:
Harte, M. E. 2001. "Systematics and taxonomy, Chapter 1", pp. 3–51, in
Kraeuter, J. N. and M. Castagna (eds.) "Biology of the Hard Clam",
317:
In fish markets, there are specialist names for different sizes of this species of clam. The smallest legally harvestable clams are called
2511:
2251:
967:
740:
493:; it is first attested in North American English in 1794. Native polities on the eastern Atlantic seaboard made valuable beads called
2355:
1133:
1098:
910:
878:
646:, who suffer financially because of the mortality rates in clams that QPX inflicts and the ensuing years in which runs must be left
461:
421:
381:
1013:"Influence Of Host Genetic Origin And Geographic Location On Qpx Disease In Northern Quahogs (=Hard Clams), Mercenaria Mercenaria"
2531:
2521:
2443:
802:
algae. This algae accumulates in the clams' tissues and is toxic to humans when they are consumed. The toxin affects the human
555:
196:
774:
for use as eel bait, the population became self-sustaining and can now be found in
Southampton Water and has also spread to
2308:
2526:
2329:
1224:
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2212:
963:
1191:
71:
2027:
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1816:
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1128:. Albert T. Klyberg (consultant) (Revised and Updated ed.). Mankato, Minn.: Capstone Press. pp. 18–19.
771:
593:
2152:
1848:
1604:
1217:
748:
1028:
261:. It is one of many unrelated edible bivalves that in the United States are frequently referred to simply as
2109:
2012:
1687:
1598:
1410:
1352:
1263:
661:
is caused by a poorly known protistan parasite. Its DNA sequence analysis places the QPX parasite among the
629:
1011:
Calvo, LMR; Ford, S. E.; Kraeuter, J. N.; Leavitt, D. F.; Smolowitz, R.; Burreson, E. M. (1 January 2007).
2167:
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1315:
873:. Rhode Island Sea Grant Publication No. RIU-B-92-001, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett. 60 pp.
803:
2407:
2217:
2062:
2038:
2022:
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700:
or clam bars specialize in serving littlenecks and topnecks raw on an opened half-shell, usually with a
482:
176:
993:
881:
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1743:
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In coastal areas of the New
England states, Long Island, and New Jersey, restaurants known as
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cousin the "steamer". Littlenecks are often found in-the-shell in sauces, soups, stews, and
432:
392:
355:
2399:
2368:
1768:
1753:
1738:
1733:
1337:
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888:
866:
713:
712:. Sometimes littlenecks are steamed and dipped in butter, though not as commonly as their
662:
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2126:
2067:
2017:
2007:
1911:
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The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and
Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815
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strain of quahogs, which occur naturally in low numbers wherever quahogs are found.
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1778:
1300:
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717:
665:
597:
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283:
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clams, except that their shells bear distinctive markings. These are known as the
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1357:
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Species of bivalve mollusc native to the east coast of North and
Central America
2190:
736:, or are minced and mixed into dishes that use the smaller, more tender clams.
298:
2136:
1976:
1902:
1619:
1288:
1194:. Centre for Disease Control, British Columbia Health Services Authority. 2020
729:
689:
571:
533:
153:
1108:
578:. For example, the species is an important member of the suspension-feeding,
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1949:
1892:
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684:
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143:
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17:
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791:
697:
657:
Quahog parasite X (or quahog parasite unknown ) disease of the hard clam
651:
635:
567:
123:
113:
103:
314:. It is also known as the Northern quahog, round clam, or chowder clam.
2269:
1999:
1967:
1676:
1628:
1563:
1376:
1273:
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617:
605:
579:
574:, where seeding and harvesting them is an important commercial form of
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242:
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93:
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979:
Eldridge, P.J., W. Waltz, and H. Mills. 1975. Relative abundance of
2243:
497:
from the shells, especially those colored purple; the species name
2049:
1858:
1808:
1697:
1368:
1209:
1093:(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 97.
709:
683:
675:
527:
502:
297:
2386:
1255:
262:
2165:
1213:
404:
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to clear the disease. It was discovered along the coast of
441:
364:
450:
410:
370:
1029:
10.2983/0730-8000(2007)26[109:IOHGOA]2.0.CO;2
453:
413:
373:
276:
Confusingly, the "ocean quahog" is a different species,
616:. It reproduces sexually by females and males shedding
265:. Older literature sources may use the systematic name
826:, as well as for other alternative common names, see
462:
438:
435:
422:
401:
398:
382:
361:
720:, or substituted for European varieties such as the
2174:
2119:
2085:
2048:
1998:
1975:
1966:
1935:
1901:
1866:
1857:
1807:
1777:
1724:
1696:
1627:
1618:
1562:
1483:
1429:
1386:
1254:
1245:
983:
in estuaries of South
Carolina. Veliger 18:396-397.
447:
444:
407:
395:
367:
358:
33:. For the fictional setting of the animated sitcom
27:"Quahog" redirects here. For the ocean quahog, see
852:Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science
794:" refers to an accumulation of a toxin, such as
770:. Originally bred in the warm water outflows at
822:For the pronunciation and variant spellings of
1225:
1169:. Washington State Department of Health. 2020
566:; but they are particularly abundant between
8:
854:, Vol. 31. Elsevier Science B.V.: New York.
755:used the hard clam for food and ornaments.
542:) and encrusted after the death of the clam
2162:
1972:
1863:
1624:
1251:
1232:
1218:
1210:
57:
48:
1186:
1184:
1036:
869:(1992). The Northern Quahog: Biology of
954:, 3rd ed (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973)
245:that is native to the eastern shores of
2507:Fauna of the Southeastern United States
2502:Fauna of the Northeastern United States
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
843:
815:
546:Hard clams are quite common throughout
485:word "poquauhock", which is similar in
348:The most distinctive of these names is
930:(13th ed.). HarperCollins. 2018.
862:
860:
827:
758:A population of hard clams exists in
7:
747:, the shell beads exchanged in the
634:Quahog parasite unknown (QPX) is a
310:The hard clam has many alternative
2537:Seafood in Native American cuisine
968:A Key Into the Language of America
743:used the quahog as a component in
532:An old quahog shell that has been
25:
952:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
638:that affects the hard shell clam
2482:Marine molluscs of North America
1062:Journal of Aquatic Animal Health
905:(9th ed.). Chambers. 2003.
431:
391:
354:
269:; this species is in the family
70:
1192:"Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning"
1167:"Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning"
970:. London: Gregory Dexter, 1643.
2487:Molluscs of the Atlantic Ocean
1125:Rhode Island Facts and Symbols
608:coast of North America and in
290:in the interior of the shell.
1:
2492:Molluscs of the United States
1017:Journal of Shellfish Research
337:, and the largest are called
981:Mercenaria mercenaria notata
600:. The species has also been
37:named after the quahog, see
2517:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
481:). The word comes from the
2553:
2512:Molluscs described in 1758
928:Collins English Dictionary
627:
26:
2361:hard-clam-northern-quahog
2150:
1734:Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian
772:Southampton Power Station
654:, Massachusetts in 1995.
182:
175:
67:Scientific classification
65:
56:
51:
1605:Placopecten magellanicus
1449:New Zealand green-lipped
749:North American fur trade
2532:Native American culture
2522:Symbols of Rhode Island
2110:Acanthopleura granulata
1679:(group of four species)
1087:White, Richard (1991).
903:The Chambers Dictionary
828:the appropriate section
630:Quahog parasite unknown
302:Left valve interior of
2103:Acanthopleura echinata
2013:Atlantic white-spotted
1464:Asian/Philippine green
1122:Feeney, Kathy (2003).
950:"Quahaug, quahog", in
871:Mercenaria mercenaria
804:central nervous system
693:
688:Raw top neck clams in
681:
543:
307:
2408:Paleobiology Database
2205:Mercenaria_mercenaria
2176:Mercenaria mercenaria
2039:Amphioctopus fangsiao
1683:South African abalone
1555:("true oyster" genus)
1321:California butterclam
687:
679:
659:Mercenaria mercenaria
640:Mercenaria mercenaria
604:and is farmed on the
596:of the U.S. state of
531:
333:. Above that are the
304:Mercenaria mercenaria
301:
215:), also known as the
212:Mercenaria mercenaria
186:Mercenaria mercenaria
2527:Rhode Island cuisine
1764:Ribbed Mediterranean
1279:Grooved carpet shell
508:In many areas where
491:Algonquian languages
255:Prince Edward Island
39:Quahog, Rhode Island
1759:Rayed Mediterranean
1353:Japanese littleneck
582:fauna of the lower
554:, and all down the
325:, next size up are
273:, the venus clams.
2497:Molluscs of Mexico
2132:Land snail farming
1546:Gillardeau oysters
1264:Atlantic jackknife
887:2022-06-16 at the
786:Clams and red tide
776:Portsmouth Harbour
694:
682:
594:official shellfish
544:
501:is related to the
308:
286:, and there is no
168:M. mercenaria
2459:
2458:
2395:Open Tree of Life
2168:Taxon identifiers
2159:
2158:
2137:Gastropod anatomy
2096:Chiton magnificus
2081:
2080:
2058:New Zealand arrow
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1833:Kelletia lischkei
1798:Littorina sitkana
1744:Yellow-foot opihi
1614:
1613:
1508:Colchester native
1074:10.1577/H03-052.1
937:978-0-008-28437-4
780:Langstone Harbour
760:Southampton Water
714:soft-shelled clam
708:, and often with
294:Alternative names
279:Arctica islandica
259:Yucatán Peninsula
203:
202:
30:Arctica islandica
16:(Redirected from
2544:
2452:
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2207:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2163:
1973:
1887:Chorus giganteus
1864:
1625:
1588:Pecten jacobaeus
1295:Mactra stultorum
1252:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1211:
1204:
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1002:
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998:Marine Symbiosis
990:
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942:
941:
923:
917:
916:
898:
892:
864:
855:
848:
831:
820:
741:Native Americans
620:into the water.
612:and continental
556:Eastern seaboard
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267:Venus mercenaria
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61:
49:
21:
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2369:Observation.org
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2189:
2188:
2183:
2170:
2160:
2155:
2146:
2142:Bivalve anatomy
2115:
2077:
2063:Japanese flying
2044:
1994:
1954:
1931:
1897:
1853:
1803:
1773:
1754:Common European
1720:
1692:
1610:
1594:Peruvian calico
1558:
1479:
1476:(mussel family)
1425:
1382:
1327:Senilia senilis
1241:
1240:Edible mollusks
1238:
1208:
1207:
1197:
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1190:
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899:
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889:Wayback Machine
865:
858:
849:
845:
840:
835:
834:
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817:
812:
788:
674:
663:thraustochytrid
632:
626:
526:
489:and some other
464:
434:
430:
423:
394:
390:
383:
357:
353:
296:
251:Central America
235:, is an edible
199:
190:
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69:
45:
42:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2127:Oyster farming
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2120:Related topics
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1068:(4): 246–250.
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985:
972:
964:Roger Williams
956:
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739:Historically,
702:cocktail sauce
673:
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644:aquaculturists
628:Main article:
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584:Chesapeake Bay
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2023:Pacific giant
2021:
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1919:Helix lucorum
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1372:(razor genus)
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753:Narragansetts
750:
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734:stuffed clams
731:
727:
723:
719:
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680:Steamed clams
678:
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664:
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631:
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610:Great Britain
607:
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560:United States
557:
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550:, north into
549:
541:
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469:, also spelt
468:
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428:
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418:
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351:
346:
344:
343:chowder clams
340:
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328:
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305:
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293:
291:
289:
288:pallial sinus
285:
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247:North America
244:
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177:Binomial name
174:
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149:
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145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
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130:Superfamily:
129:
128:
125:
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119:
118:
115:
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109:
108:
105:
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60:
55:
50:
47:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
2175:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2037:
2028:Southern red
1924:
1917:
1910:
1885:
1859:Other snails
1831:
1796:
1603:
1586:
1572:Atlantic bay
1550:
1538:
1503:Southern mud
1375:
1367:
1325:
1306:Ocean quahog
1293:
1283:
1196:. Retrieved
1171:. Retrieved
1124:
1117:
1089:
1082:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1020:
1016:
1006:
997:
988:
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975:
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951:
946:
927:
921:
902:
896:
870:
851:
846:
823:
818:
799:
789:
757:
738:
726:clam chowder
718:clams casino
695:
658:
656:
639:
633:
598:Rhode Island
590:Rhode Island
588:
545:
537:
524:Distribution
517:
513:
507:
498:
483:Narragansett
478:
474:
470:
349:
347:
342:
338:
335:cherrystones
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
316:
312:common names
309:
303:
284:periostracum
277:
275:
266:
232:
228:
225:hard-shelled
224:
220:
216:
211:
210:
206:
204:
185:
183:
167:
166:
154:
46:
34:
29:
2421:SeaLifeBase
2317:NatureServe
2278:iNaturalist
2073:Neon flying
1779:Periwinkles
1739:Turtle/talc
1672:Green ormer
1582:New Zealand
1552:Crassostrea
1533:Sydney rock
1411:New Zealand
1333:Smooth clam
1301:Blunt gaper
1023:: 109–119.
706:horseradish
576:aquaculture
548:New England
536:(producing
510:aquaculture
327:littlenecks
2466:Categories
1990:Bottletail
1977:Cuttlefish
1937:Freshwater
1881:Korean mud
1844:Pear whelk
1620:Gastropods
1577:Great/king
1523:Windowpane
1518:Portuguese
1454:California
1358:Razor clam
1338:Soft-shell
926:"quahog".
901:"quahog".
867:Rice, M.A.
838:References
790:The term "
730:clam cakes
690:New Jersey
602:introduced
572:New Jersey
514:Mercenaria
499:mercenaria
319:countnecks
221:hard-shell
217:round clam
155:Mercenaria
134:Veneroidea
52:Hard clam
35:Family Guy
18:Littleneck
2477:Veneridae
1985:Spineless
1849:Lightning
1817:Channeled
1474:Mytilidae
1363:Pod razor
1284:Hard clam
1198:10 August
1173:10 August
1109:772696326
1038:1912/3240
800:K. brevis
796:saxitoxin
764:Hampshire
672:Human use
487:Wampanoag
271:Veneridae
231:, or the
207:hard clam
162:Species:
144:Veneridae
90:Kingdom:
84:Eukaryota
2322:2.107614
2296:11189339
2191:Q2279087
2185:Wikidata
2153:Category
2068:Humboldt
2018:Big blue
1876:Mud-flat
1827:Kellet's
1667:Greenlip
1662:Blacklip
1564:Scallops
1247:Bivalves
1144:51204649
1047:86080870
885:Archived
882:web link
792:red tide
698:raw bars
652:Cape Cod
636:parasite
624:Parasite
568:Cape Cod
331:topnecks
193:Linnaeus
140:Family:
124:Venerida
114:Bivalvia
104:Mollusca
100:Phylum:
94:Animalia
80:Domain:
2270:2287668
2087:Chitons
2000:Octopus
1968:Inkfish
1950:Nerites
1839:Knobbed
1726:Limpets
1711:Elegant
1698:Conches
1688:Chilean
1629:Abalone
1513:Pacific
1498:Olympia
1493:Eastern
1485:Oysters
1431:Mussels
1388:Cockles
1377:Paphies
1274:Geoduck
768:England
618:gametes
606:Pacific
580:benthic
564:Florida
558:of the
539:Entobia
471:quahaug
339:quahogs
329:, then
323:peanuts
257:to the
243:mollusk
240:bivalve
150:Genus:
120:Order:
110:Class:
2449:141919
2436:511981
2433:uBio:
2413:108656
2387:141919
2283:125758
2244:MERCME
2008:Common
1893:Bailer
1822:Common
1809:Whelks
1792:Banded
1787:Common
1769:Rustic
1541:/Bluff
1416:Sydney
1406:Goolwa
1396:Common
1348:Tuatua
1142:
1132:
1107:
1097:
1045:
934:
909:
877:
824:quahog
751:. The
745:wampum
732:, and
722:cockle
648:fallow
614:Europe
552:Canada
518:notata
495:wampum
475:quohog
350:quahog
237:marine
233:quahog
2472:Clams
2444:WoRMS
2426:48853
2400:80121
2374:19984
2309:81496
2291:IRMNG
2257:61919
2252:EUNIS
2231:3ZTFD
2218:31244
2050:Squid
2033:Mimic
1945:Apple
1749:China
1706:Queen
1652:Green
1647:Black
1637:White
1599:Yesso
1459:Brown
1401:Blood
1369:Ensis
1316:Venus
1289:Horse
1256:Clams
1043:S2CID
994:"QPX"
810:Notes
710:lemon
704:with
534:bored
503:Latin
479:cohog
429:, or
263:clams
253:from
2382:OBIS
2356:NOAA
2348:6596
2343:NCBI
2304:ITIS
2265:GBIF
2239:EPPO
2213:BOLD
1903:Land
1677:Pāua
1657:Pink
1528:Rock
1469:Date
1439:Blue
1200:2020
1175:2020
1140:OCLC
1130:ISBN
1105:OCLC
1095:ISBN
932:ISBN
907:ISBN
875:ISBN
778:and
570:and
463:kwə-
426:-hog
424:KWAW
386:-hog
249:and
229:clam
223:(or
205:The
197:1758
2330:NBN
2226:CoL
2200:ADW
1868:Sea
1716:Dog
1642:Red
1070:doi
1033:hdl
1025:doi
762:in
562:to
477:or
465:HOG
384:KOH
341:or
321:or
2468::
2446::
2423::
2410::
2397::
2384::
2371::
2358::
2345::
2332::
2319::
2306::
2293::
2280::
2267::
2254::
2241::
2228::
2215::
2202::
2187::
1183:^
1152:^
1138:.
1103:.
1066:16
1064:.
1041:.
1031:.
1021:26
1019:.
1015:.
996:.
966:,
859:^
782:.
766:,
728:,
586:.
473:,
405:ɔː
389:,
365:oʊ
345:.
227:)
219:,
195:,
1233:e
1226:t
1219:v
1202:.
1177:.
1146:.
1111:.
1076:.
1072::
1049:.
1035::
1027::
1000:.
940:.
915:.
891:.
830:.
692:.
457:/
454:ɡ
451:ɒ
448:h
445:ˈ
442:ə
439:w
436:k
433:/
417:/
414:ɡ
411:ɒ
408:h
402:w
399:k
396:ˈ
393:/
377:/
374:ɡ
371:ɒ
368:h
362:k
359:ˈ
356:/
352:(
306:.
209:(
41:.
20:)
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