1484:
582:, it was hard to find Serbs in this area since the Byzantine sources were limited to the southern coast, but it is possible that among other tribes existed a tribe or group of small tribes of Serbs. Živković's 2011 interpretation of the Latin text says the second-hand accounts given to the Franks by their agents in Siscia and Croatia establish the existence of some sort of a Serbian claim over parts of (Roman) Dalmatia, similar to the analogous Frankish claim, but not necessarily settlement outside of places already known from other sources. According to
284:
436:
47:
791::Pokušaj da se Ajnhardovi Srbi, među koje je 822. godine pobegao Ljudevit, vežu za Bosnu i time potkrepi pretpostavka da je Bosna bila tada naseljena Srbima, pa da je zato sasvim moguće da je i u H veku bila u sastavu Srbije, smatramo sasvim bespredmetnim. Ljudevitovo bekstvo među Srbe ne može se nikako odnositi na Bosnu bez obzira na to da li je i koliko Srba bilo u to vreme u njoj.
564:
concurred with him, concluding such an idea is "misleading" and "not well established", because the source talks about Serbs not Srb, as holding a large part of
Dalmatia and not some "small area around the town of Srb" among others, that "much more accurate to understand that Ludovicus escaped from
258:
river. The
Frankish forces had numerical advantage, so they pushed Ljudevit and his men from Carniola across the Drava. Ljudevit had to fall back to central parts of his realm. Baldric didn't chase Ljudevit, since he had to pacify the Carantanians. Borna moved with Ljudevit's father-in-law Dragomuž
392:
The
Emperor discussed again about war plans against Ljudevit on that Council. The Franks decided to repeat the progress, and push towards Ljudevit from three sides again. Ljudevit saw that it was obvious that he couldn't fight the Franks on open field, so he began to construct massive
351:
The Franks have opened ways for the southern and northern Armies, so they launched a total invasion. Ljudevit concluded that all resistance would be futile, so he retreated to a stronghold that he built on top of hill that was heavily fortified; while his people took shelter in local
622:. This title is translated as "Duke of Lower Pannonia". In older Croatian historiography, his title was claimed to have been "Duke of Pannonian Croatia", which is erroneous, as it is anachronistic. The Croat ethnonym was first mentioned in the late 9th century.
274:
as their best ally to exhaust the
Pannonian forces. Harsh winter came to the hill areas, forcing Ljudevit to retreat. According to Borna's reports to the Frankish Emperor, Ljudevit suffered heavy casualties: 3,000 soldiers, over 300 horses and much food.
661:... in the unsuccessful rebellion of Ljudevit of Posavia (Ljudevit Posavski), leader of the Pannonic Slavs, against the Franks, the semi-independence of the land was definitely at an end. From 828 onward it was administered by Bavarian counts.
319:
that were going to simultaneously invade
Ljudevit's lands in the spring. The northern Frankish group moved from Bavaria across Pannonia to make an invasion across the river of Drava. Ljudevit's forces successfully stopped this
192:(814-840) sent Cadolah to quell the rebellion. The Frankish Frontier forces led by Cadolah have raided the land and tortured the population, most notably the children. As the Pannonian Slavs were amassing forces, so did the
594:
Soon after the incident with the Serbs, Ljudevit sent an envoy to the
Frankish court, claiming that he is ready to recognize the Frankish Emperor Louis the Pious as his supreme ruler. However, he again fled, now to
376:
lost their internal independence and were forced to recognize the
Friulian margrave Balderic as their ruler, while some remained loyal to Ljudevit. Prince Borna died in 821, and was succeeded by Ljudevit's nephew,
1254:
951:
The report refers to the uprising of
Liudewitus, dux Pannoniae inferioris (Ljudevit Posavski), which was joined by the inhabitants of Carniola (Annales regni Francorum, ad a. 818 — 823).
1365:
207:
Ljudevit's emissaries offered truce conditions, but
Emperor Louis refused; demanding more concessions to him. Ljudevit started to gather allies for his plight. His original ally was
829:
360:. Ljudevit did not negotiate with the Franks. The Franks eventually retreated from his lands, with their ranks thinned by disease which the northern forces caught in the
1247:
263:, his own Guduscani abandoned Borna and crossed to Ljudevit's side; while Dragomuž was killed. Borna escaped from the battlefield with the help of his bodyguards.
299:. The plan was to crush Ljudevit's realm with a joint-attack from three sides. As soon as the winter retreated, massive Frankish armies were being amassed in
1358:
1495:
1240:
475:
that description of the Serbs is omitted. Ljudevit later killed the local
Serbian župan who took him in and temporarily took over the rule in his župa.
344:. Ljudevit attempted to halt its advance three times, but every single time would the Franks win, using numerical advantage. When this Army reached the
524:
tried to connect Ljudevit and the Guduscani with the Roman city of Guduscum in eastern Serbia, but using only the interpretation of a single comma in
185:
refused to make peace. Ljudevit raised a rebellion against his Frankish rulers in 819 after he was seriously accused by the Frankish court. The
1351:
1333:
1226:
1199:
1171:
1147:
1080:
974:
858:
707:
478:
The location and nature of these Serbs mentioned in the primary sources has been a topic of interest for historians since the 19th century.
1530:
1403:
556:
acknowledged and accepted the theory that it was located in Srb, but advocated against misinterpreting the scarce historical records.
65:
1049:
586:, it's difficult to pinpoint a place within the former province of Dalmatia, but most probably was in central or eastern Bosnia.
419:
During the last and final Frankish invasion of 822, the Patriarch from Grado, Fortunat, who was a supporter of Ljudevit, fled to
992:"Od Hrvata pak koji su stigli u Dalmaciju odvojio se jedan dio i zavladao Ilirikom i Panonijom: Razmatranja uz DAI c. 30, 75-78"
1525:
1296:
1290:
196:
led by Cadolah return in 819. But the Frankish forces were soon defeated; and Cadolah himself had to retreat back to his home
905:
644:
John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, p. 255
1483:
1119:
510:
mentioned the flight to the Serbs, but didn't expound on it. The 1953 "History of the peoples of Yugoslavia" published by
1535:
1034:
ed. G. H. Pertz. Monumenta Germanicae Historica, Scriptores rerum Germanicarum 6, (Hannover 1895) for the years 819-822.
875:
991:
600:
1520:
1374:
579:
1062:), ed. E. Tremp. Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores rerum Germanicarum 64 (Hannover 1995) chapters 31-35.
569:, the mentioning of "Dalmatia" in 822 and 833 as an old geographical term by the authors of Frankish Annals was
1540:
467:
Siscia civitate relicta, ad Sorabos, quae natio magnam Dalmatiae partem obtinere dicitur, fugiendo se contulit.
219:
if he helped the Franks to crush Ljudevit's rebellion; so Borna accepted. Ljudevit found assistance among the
876:"Od karolinškoga dužnosnika do hrvatskoga vladara. Hrvati i Karolinško Carstvo u prvoj polovici IX. stoljeća"
1264:
1031:
533:
521:
288:
120:
91:
336:. Ljudevit was successful again, as he stopped them before crossing the Alps. The central group moved from
1399:
283:
186:
557:
507:
699:
449:
696:
Cultural and historical monuments of Banija with an overview of history Banija from prehistory to 1881.
270:
in December. Borna was too weak, so the Dalmatians defended themselves through sneaky tactics and used
254:
to meet Ljudevit in autumn, the same year while he was conscripting more Carantanian troops along the
1436:
1418:
1157:
844:
561:
537:
378:
495:
1515:
1472:
1466:
1460:
479:
1091:
566:
529:
1454:
1442:
540:
considered that the argumentation about Bosnia is "pointless" and couldn't be related to Bosnia.
247:
483:
1160:(2011). "The Origin of the Royal Frankish Annalist's Information about the Serbs in Dalmatia".
1108:
1430:
1222:
1195:
1167:
1143:
1076:
1045:
1003:
970:
964:
901:
886:. Institute for Historical Sciences of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zadar: 32.
880:
Radovi/Institute for Historical Sciences of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zadar
854:
703:
512:
386:
271:
251:
224:
174:
1448:
1393:
1382:
1185:
833:
691:
Kulturno – historijski spomenici Banije s pregledom povijesti Banije od prapovijesti do 1881
520:
discussed the original text and whether it was a reference to a single fort or a territory.
435:
424:
398:
267:
208:
1066:
619:
337:
189:
163:
525:
135:
domination. Having lost the war against the Franks, he fled to the south, presumably to
1059:
471:
394:
260:
100:
1075:(2nd revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies.
1509:
1104:
689:
571:
553:
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491:
236:
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1412:
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220:
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46:
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with a vague perception of what this geographical term actually referred to.
549:
409:
405:
373:
325:
1007:
1424:
596:
544:
thought that the place Ljudevit fled to was actually the medieval county of
401:
212:
204:
148:
1217:
215:(Gačani), but the Frankish ruler had promised Borna that he would make him
1278:
341:
329:
316:
178:
171:
167:
136:
565:
Siscia by the river Sava to the mouth of Vrbas into Sava". According to
17:
1313:
444:
361:
308:
304:
295:
In January of 820, Borna made an alliance with the Frankish Emperor in
240:
160:
128:
453:, following the final Frankish attack, Ljudevit fled from his seat in
1041:
Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories
357:
353:
312:
296:
239:) also joined him, because they were jeopardized by the neighbouring
228:
197:
193:
182:
132:
1319:
853:. Belgrade: The Institute of History, Čigoja štampa. p. 254.
618:
He was mentioned as "Liudewitus, dux Pannoniae inferioris" in the
458:
454:
434:
420:
413:
369:
365:
345:
333:
300:
282:
255:
144:
124:
599:, Borna's uncle in Dalmatia which was the time ruled by new duke
828:, 2010; in the Yearbook of the Center for Balkan Studies of the
487:
321:
140:
116:
1347:
1236:
1118:(in Croatian). XXXVII (1). Savez povijesnih društava Hrvatske,
131:). As the ruler of the Pannonian Slavs, he led a resistance to
545:
532:
thought there was a consensus that the place was somewhere in
482:
did not attempt to define the area where Ljudevit fled, while
462:
850:
Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550-1150
266:
Ljudevit seized the opportunity and breached into and raided
927:
925:
878:[From A Carolingian Official to a Croatian Ruler].
516:
added apparently fictitious details to the original story.
1166:. Belgrade: The Institute for History. pp. 381–398.
259:
and their forces from the south-west. At the heat of the
536:, but called the claims of exact locations speculation.
1221:
Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums,
671:
669:
348:, Ljudevit had to fall back to the heart of his realm.
830:
Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina
760:
758:
143:župa (a topic of historical debates), and then to the
1072:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
1381:
1306:
1271:
659:. Vol. 3. Studia Slovenica. 1960. p. 21.
231:, were jeopardized the same as the Pannonians. The
71:
61:
53:
32:
324:at the river. The southern group moved across the
603:. In the end Ljudemisl treacherously killed him.
211:(Dux Dalmatiae et Liburniae) - the leader of the
123:from 810 to 823. The capital of his realm was in
1139:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250
721:
719:
287:Map of central Europe in the 9th century, with "
826:On the Beginnings of Bosnia in the Middle Ages
227:Slavs who, as neighbours of the margravate of
109:
1359:
1248:
8:
1109:"Ponovno o Srbima u Hrvatskoj u 9. stoljeću"
898:When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans
246:The Franks sent a large army led by the new
1366:
1352:
1344:
1255:
1241:
1233:
170:. They described the horrors conducted by
45:
29:
1142:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1093:Gde se nalazila Srbija od VII do XII veka
788:
640:
638:
916:
1096:. Narodna knjiga i Istorijski institut.
1002:(11 (1)). Croatian Historical Society.
966:The Land Between: A History of Slovenia
634:
611:
159:In 818 Ljudevit sent his emissaries to
675:
1038:Scholz, Bernhard Walter, ed. (1970).
931:
900:p. 35; University of Michigan Press,
764:
749:
737:
698:] (in Serbian). Zagreb, Croatia:
90:
7:
1192:Croatian history from 550 until 1100
949:. Vol. 5–7. 1977. p. 114.
439:Slavic principalities in ca. 814 AD.
1163:Homage to Academician Sima Ćirković
812:
800:
776:
725:
25:
1496:Rulers of Slavs in Lower Pannonia
1187:Hrvatska povijest od 550. do 1100
200:, where soon he died of disease.
1482:
1218:Die Karolingerzeit in Pannonien.
1044:. University of Michigan Press.
151:, who treacherously killed him.
560:argued against the theory, and
383:Prince of Dalmatia and Liburnia
990:Gračanin, Hrvoje (June 2008).
896:John V. A. (Jr.) Fine; (2010)
381:. Emperor Louis recognized as
291:" in light blue at the bottom.
203:In July 819 on the Council in
1:
1390:Unnamed (c. 635–c. 660)
1375:Early medieval Croatian dukes
1334:Early medieval Croatian dukes
1194:]. Leykam international.
1120:Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb
969:. Peter Lang. pp. 109–.
506:, near the Dalmatian Croats.
502:to the southeast of Sava and
235:(living around the valley of
155:Rebellions against the Franks
1307:Primarily north of the Drava
1272:Primarily south of the Drava
1531:9th-century dukes in Europe
1215:Szőke, Béla Miklós (2021).
1058:Life of the Emperor Louis (
1557:
1491:
1480:
1329:
1090:Novaković, Relja (1981).
580:John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.
177:(800-819) and his men in
44:
37:
528:'s text and conjecture.
1265:Slavs in Lower Pannonia
1032:Annales Regni Francorum
1030:Royal Frankish Annales
688:Škiljan, Filip (2008).
469:). In the contemporary
397:. He was helped by the
385:in February 821 at the
121:Slavs in Lower Pannonia
1526:9th century in Croatia
874:Ančić, Mladen (1998).
832:, p. 153, in Serbian,
522:Svetislav M. Prvanović
440:
404:Fortunat who sent him
328:, using the road from
292:
139:, first to an unknown
110:
104:
39:Duke of Lower Pannonia
27:Duke of Lower Pannonia
1396:(c. 660–c. 680)
700:Serb National Council
450:Royal Frankish Annals
438:
289:Pannonisches Kroatien
286:
57:c. 810 – c. 823
486:wrote it was beyond
447:, the writer of the
423:into exile with the
1536:History of Slavonia
1451:(?) (876–878)
1116:Historijski zbornik
963:Oto Luthar (2008).
934:, pp. 181–182.
919:, pp. 392–396.
815:, p. 243–244.
740:, pp. 136–137.
1322:(c. 861–876)
1316:(c. 846–861)
1293:(c. 829–838)
1287:(c. 810–823)
1281:(c. 790–810)
441:
293:
248:Margrave of Friuli
217:Prince of Pannonia
181:, but the King of
1503:
1502:
1341:
1340:
1227:978-3-88467-308-9
1201:978-953-340-061-7
1173:978-86-7743-091-7
1149:978-0-521-81539-0
1082:978-0-88402-021-9
976:978-3-631-57011-1
860:978-86-7558-573-2
709:978-953-7442-04-0
387:Council of Aachen
252:Baldric of Friuli
175:Cadolah of Friuli
111:Ljudevit Posavski
92:[ʎûdeʋit]
81:
80:
33:Ljudevit/Liudewit
16:(Redirected from
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1521:Dukes of Croatia
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1069:, ed. (1967) .
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813:Goldstein, 1985
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801:Goldstein, 1985
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777:Goldstein, 1985
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767:, pp. 182.
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789:Novaković 1981
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678:, p. 113.
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472:Vita Hludovici
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261:Battle of Kupa
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107:), often also
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1427:(c. 823)
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1169:
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1135:
1134:Curta, Florin
1131:
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1095:
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1051:0-472-06186-0
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917:Živković 2011
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581:
578:According to
576:
574:
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572:Pars pro toto
568:
563:
559:
555:
554:Ivo Goldstein
551:
548:by the river
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:Sima Ćirković
527:
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279:War continues
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1331:
1299:(c. 882–896)
1284:
1216:
1191:
1186:
1182:Budak, Neven
1162:
1138:
1123:. Retrieved
1115:
1107:(May 1985).
1099:Google Books
1092:
1071:
1040:
1011:. Retrieved
999:
995:
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784:
772:
745:
733:
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690:
683:
660:
655:
649:
614:
593:
577:
570:
567:Mladen Ančić
526:Franjo Rački
511:
499:
477:
470:
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448:
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418:
391:
382:
350:
305:East Francia
294:
265:
245:
216:
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158:
108:
96:
83:
82:
38:
1407: 800s
676:Scholz 1970
607:Annotations
584:Neven Budak
496:Ferdo Šišić
221:Carantanian
1516:823 deaths
1510:Categories
1494:See also:
1332:See also:
1263:Rulers of
1125:2012-07-27
1013:2012-07-27
932:Budak 2018
906:0472025600
765:Budak 2018
750:Budak 2018
738:Curta 2006
629:References
542:Nada Klaić
518:Anto Babić
500:ad Sorabos
425:Byzantines
406:architects
374:Carantania
326:Noric Alps
209:Duke Borna
127:(today in
115:, was the
105:Liudewitus
88:pronounced
1437:Trpimir I
1425:Ljudemisl
1419:Vladislav
1008:1334-1375
803:, p. 238.
779:, p. 236.
728:, p. 235.
601:Vladislav
597:Ljudemisl
402:Patriarch
379:Vladislav
317:Alemannia
272:attrition
225:Carniolan
213:Guduscani
205:Ingelheim
149:Ljudemisl
62:Successor
1473:Tomislav
1467:Muncimir
1461:Branimir
1400:Višeslav
1285:Ljudevit
1279:Vojnomir
1184:(2018).
1136:(2006).
847:(2008).
498:put the
399:Venetian
342:Carniola
330:Aquileia
268:Dalmatia
233:Timočani
179:Pannonia
172:Margrave
168:Heristal
137:Dalmatia
133:Frankish
97:Liudewit
84:Ljudevit
77:Dalmatia
18:Liudewit
1455:Zdeslav
1443:Domagoj
1314:Pribina
1297:Braslav
1291:Ratimir
1025:Sources
457:to the
445:Einhard
362:marshes
309:Bavaria
250:, duke
241:Bulgars
187:Emperor
161:Emperor
129:Croatia
119:of the
66:Ratimir
1431:Mislav
1225:
1198:
1170:
1146:
1079:
1048:
1006:
973:
904:
857:
706:
534:Bosnia
410:masons
368:. The
358:swamps
354:forest
313:Saxony
301:Italia
297:Aachen
229:Friuli
198:Friuli
194:Franks
183:Franks
147:ruler
1449:Iljko
1413:Borna
1394:Porga
1320:Kocel
1190:[
1112:(PDF)
694:[
590:Death
504:Vrbas
492:Bosna
459:Serbs
455:Sisak
421:Zadar
414:Italy
412:from
372:from
370:Slavs
366:Drava
346:Drava
338:Tyrol
334:Emona
256:Drava
237:Timok
164:Louis
145:Croat
125:Sisak
101:Latin
95:) or
54:Reign
1402:(?;
1223:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1168:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1077:ISBN
1046:ISBN
1004:ISSN
971:ISBN
902:ISBN
855:ISBN
704:ISBN
490:and
488:Sava
408:and
356:and
322:Army
315:and
223:and
141:Serb
117:Duke
72:Died
1404:fl.
550:Una
546:Srb
463:822
461:in
364:of
340:to
332:to
166:in
75:823
1512::
1114:.
1000:VI
994:.
924:^
884:40
882:.
757:^
718:^
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668:^
637:^
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103::
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1367:e
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1016:.
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863:.
712:.
465:(
99:(
86:(
20:)
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