139:. This process is known as "passage" in which the virus becomes so well adapted to the foreign host that it is no longer harmful to the subject that is to receive the vaccine. This makes it easier for the host immune system to eliminate the agent and create the immunological memory cells which will likely protect the patient if they are infected with a similar version of the virus in "the wild".
4301:
4367:
4355:
316:) typically should not receive live-attenuated vaccines as they may not be able to produce an adequate and safe immune response. Household contacts of immunodeficient individuals are still able to receive most attenuated vaccines since there is no increased risk of infection transmission, with the exception being the oral polio vaccine.
275:
Attenuated vaccines are “weakened” versions of pathogens (virus or bacteria). They are modified so that it cannot cause harm or disease in the body but are still able to activate the immune system. This type of vaccine works by activating both the cellular and humoral immune responses of the adaptive
441:
and Smith. The vaccine developed by
Theiler and Smith proved to be hugely successful and helped establish recommended practices and regulations for many other vaccines. These include the growth of viruses in primary tissue culture (e.g., chick embryos), as opposed to animals, and the use of the seed
279:
In T-cell dependent activation of B cells, B cells first recognize and present the antigen on MHCII receptors. T-cells can then recognize this presentation and bind to the B cell, resulting in clonal proliferation. This also helps IgM and plasma cells production as well as immunoglobulin switching.
53:
Attenuated vaccines stimulate a strong and effective immune response that is long-lasting. In comparison to inactivated vaccines, attenuated vaccines produce a stronger and more durable immune response with a quick immunity onset. They are generally avoided in pregnancy and in patients with severe
288:
Live-attenuated vaccines are safe and stimulate a strong and effective immune response that is long-lasting. Given pathogens are attenuated, it is extremely rare for pathogens to revert to their pathogenic form and subsequently cause disease. Additionally, within the five WHO-recommended live
280:
On the other hand, T-cell independent activation of B cells is due to non-protein antigens. This can lead to production of IgM antibodies. Being able to produce a B-cell response as well as memory killer T cells is a key feature of attenuated virus vaccines that help induce a potent immunity.
272:. The specific effectors evoked can be different based on the vaccine. Live attenuated vaccines tend to help with the production of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and T-dependent antibody responses. A vaccine is only effective for as long as the body maintains a population of these cells.
442:
stock system which uses the original attenuated viruses as opposed to derived viruses (done to reduce variance in vaccine development and decrease the chance of adverse effects). The middle of the 20th century saw the work of many prominent virologists including
243:
Oral vaccines or subcutaneous/intramuscular injection are for individuals older than 12 months. Live attenuated vaccines, with the exception of the rotavirus vaccine given at 6 weeks, is not indicated for infants younger than 9 months.
135:, a small percentage of the viral particles should have the capacity to infect the new host. These strains will continue to evolve within the new host and the virus will gradually lose its efficacy in the original host, due to lack of
564:
For many of the pathogens listed below there are many vaccines, the list below simply indicates that there are one (or more) attenuated vaccines for that particular pathogen, not that all vaccines for that pathogen are attenuated.
381:
is sometimes considered to be an attenuated vaccine due to its live nature, it was not strictly-speaking attenuated since it was not derived directly from smallpox. Instead, it was based on the related and milder
46:, but still keeping it viable (or "live"). Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent. These vaccines contrast to those produced by "killing" the pathogen (
276:
immune system. When a person receives an oral or injection of the vaccine, B cells, which help make antibodies, are activated in two ways: T cell-dependent and T-cell independent activation.
1481:"Vi Capsular Polysaccharide Produced by Recombinant Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi A Confers Immunoprotection against Infection by Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi"
890:
Gil, Carmen; Latasa, Cristina; GarcĂa-Ona, Enrique; Lázaro, Isidro; Labairu, Javier; Echeverz, Maite; Burgui, Saioa; GarcĂa, Begoña; Lasa, Iñigo; Solano, Cristina (2020).
5427:
3646:
4575:
1788:
1148:
4464:
2683:
1993:
4615:
4610:
2848:
Benn, Christine S.; Netea, Mihai G.; Selin, Liisa K.; Aaby, Peter (September 2013). "A small jab – a big effect: nonspecific immunomodulation by vaccines".
1081:
3350:"Generating the Evidence for Typhoid Vaccine Introduction: Considerations for Global Disease Burden Estimates and Vaccine Testing Through Human Challenge"
4338:
2943:
4377:
2947:
2123:
1927:
5007:
550:
Live strains typically require advanced maintenance, such as refrigeration and fresh media, making transport to remote areas difficult and costly.
4625:
2208:
Galinski, Mark S.; Sra, Kuldip; Haynes, John I.; Naspinski, Jennifer (2015), Nunnally, Brian K.; Turula, Vincent E.; Sitrin, Robert D. (eds.),
1819:
1582:
1454:
5478:
5406:
2826:
2669:
2534:
2229:
2166:
1979:
1865:
1764:
1666:
1249:
1124:
5012:
2235:
158:
Bacteria is typically attenuated by passage, similar to the method used in viruses. Gene knockout guided by reverse genetics is also used.
1539:"Influence of parenteral administration routes and additional factors on vaccine safety and immunogenicity: a review of recent literature"
5044:
4727:
4580:
5454:
4796:
4766:
4399:
1728:
1698:
1263:
1016:
Zou, Jing; Xie, Xuping; Luo, Huanle; Shan, Chao; Muruato, Antonio E.; Weaver, Scott C.; Wang, Tian; Shi, Pei-Yong (7 September 2018).
4866:
612:
335:
211:
289:
attenuated vaccines (tuberculosis, oral polio, measles, rotavirus, and yellow fever), severe adverse reactions are extremely rare.
5433:
4408:
694:
5017:
5054:
5022:
4851:
4801:
707:
511:
334:
Some live attenuated vaccines have additional common, mild adverse effects due to their administration route. For example, the
5112:
3674:
Di
Pietrantonj, Carlo; Rivetti, Alessandro; Marchione, Pasquale; Debalini, Maria Grazia; Demicheli, Vittorio (20 April 2020).
3635:
4722:
4278:
956:"Novel Vaccine against Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Combines Advantages of DNA Immunization and a Live Attenuated Vaccine"
4910:
4620:
4329:
617:
320:
4345:
1844:
Yadav, Dinesh K.; Yadav, Neelam; Khurana, Satyendra Mohan Paul (1 January 2014), Verma, Ashish S.; Singh, Anchal (eds.),
345:, live-attenuated vaccines are more prone to immunization errors as they must be kept under strict conditions during the
62:
in response to the specific pathogen which the vaccine protects against. Common examples of live attenuated vaccines are
4189:
4130:
4063:
3825:
2564:
1633:
5495:
892:"A DIVA vaccine strain lacking RpoS and the secondary messenger c-di-GMP for protection against salmonellosis in pigs"
313:
173:
2936:"General Recommendations on Immunization: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)"
4211:
Kubinski, Mareike; Beicht, Jana; Gerlach, Thomas; Volz, Asisa; Sutter, Gerd; Rimmelzwaan, Guus F. (12 August 2020).
954:
Tretyakova, Irina; Lukashevich, Igor S.; Glass, Pamela; Wang, Eryu; Weaver, Scott; Pushko, Peter (4 February 2013).
5032:
4474:
4457:
1152:
863:
3348:
Meiring, James E; Giubilini, Alberto; Savulescu, Julian; Pitzer, Virginia E; Pollard, Andrew J (1 November 2019).
1479:
Xiong, Kun; Zhu, Chunyue; Chen, Zhijin; Zheng, Chunping; Tan, Yong; Rao, Xiancai; Cong, Yanguang (24 April 2017).
5082:
403:
1119:. Plotkin, Stanley A., 1932-, Orenstein, Walter A.,, Offit, Paul A. (Seventh ed.). Philadelphia, PA. 2018.
1073:
5037:
5002:
4997:
4992:
2711:
Vetter, Volker; Denizer, GĂĽlhan; Friedland, Leonard R.; Krishnan, Jyothsna; Shapiro, Marla (17 February 2018).
732:
Badgett, Marty R.; Auer, Alexandra; Carmichael, Leland E.; Parrish, Colin R.; Bull, James J. (October 2002).
5483:
5416:
5397:
5193:
5165:
5127:
5122:
5102:
4630:
3847:
Lambert, Nathaniel; Strebel, Peter; Orenstein, Walter; Icenogle, Joseph; Poland, Gregory A. (6 June 2015).
268:. The cells and molecules can either prevent or reduce infection by killing infected cells or by producing
5532:
5464:
5393:
4392:
2935:
2180:
492:
59:
386:
disease. The discovery that diseases could be artificially attenuated came in the late 19th century when
5459:
5293:
5288:
4744:
4690:
4600:
2814:
1845:
595:
422:
195:
191:
2146:
5522:
5342:
5283:
5074:
4717:
4595:
4546:
4513:
4447:
3013:
2850:
2032:
672:
451:
430:
328:
185:
75:
3961:
Marin, Mona; Marti, Melanie; Kambhampati, Anita; Jeram, Stanley M.; Seward, Jane F. (1 March 2016).
2649:
1959:
1811:
5265:
5231:
5117:
4883:
4878:
4829:
4660:
4528:
4500:
4452:
3405:
Jefferson, Tom; Rivetti, Alessandro; Di
Pietrantonj, Carlo; Demicheli, Vittorio (1 February 2018).
2969:
Cheuk, Daniel KL; Chiang, Alan KS; Lee, Tsz Leung; Chan, Godfrey CF; Ha, Shau Yin (16 March 2011).
2145:
Thèves, Catherine; Crubézy, Eric; Biagini, Philippe (15 September 2016), Drancourt; Raoult (eds.),
1538:
1443:
342:
128:
47:
5298:
5132:
4873:
4839:
4824:
4700:
4670:
4590:
4122:
4055:
4000:
3817:
2750:
2675:
2556:
2337:
1985:
1899:
1871:
1782:
1574:
1255:
1142:
377:, a disease considered to be one of the most devastating in human history. Although the original
218:
136:
4310:
323:. This is due to the risk of transmission of virus between mother and fetus. In particular, the
4154:"Review on pathogenicity mechanism of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and vaccines against it"
5527:
5421:
5388:
5367:
5221:
5062:
4952:
4846:
4707:
4532:
4495:
4385:
4252:
4234:
4181:
4173:
4114:
4106:
4047:
4039:
3992:
3984:
3943:
3925:
3886:
3868:
3809:
3801:
3762:
3754:
3713:
3695:
3617:
3599:
3558:
3540:
3501:
3483:
3444:
3426:
3387:
3369:
3330:
3312:
3271:
3253:
3214:
3196:
3155:
3137:
3098:
3080:
3041:
3033:
2994:
2986:
2934:
Kroger, Andrew T.; Ciro V. Sumaya; Larry K. Pickering; William L. Atkinson (28 January 2011).
2916:
2867:
2822:
2795:
2787:
2742:
2734:
2665:
2617:
2609:
2548:
2540:
2530:
2485:
2446:
2428:
2389:
2371:
2329:
2321:
2283:
2275:
2225:
2172:
2162:
2115:
2107:
2068:
2050:
1975:
1919:
1861:
1770:
1760:
1672:
1662:
1625:
1617:
1566:
1558:
1512:
1425:
1390:
1372:
1331:
1313:
1245:
1207:
1189:
1130:
1120:
1055:
1037:
993:
975:
931:
913:
828:
810:
771:
753:
667:
652:
529:
418:
324:
301:
234:
181:
79:
5347:
5332:
5188:
5049:
4962:
4334:
4242:
4224:
4165:
4098:
4031:
3974:
3933:
3917:
3876:
3860:
3793:
3744:
3703:
3687:
3607:
3589:
3548:
3532:
3491:
3475:
3434:
3418:
3377:
3361:
3320:
3302:
3261:
3245:
3204:
3186:
3145:
3129:
3088:
3072:
3025:
2978:
2906:
2898:
2859:
2777:
2724:
2657:
2599:
2522:
2493:
2477:
2436:
2420:
2379:
2313:
2265:
2217:
2154:
2099:
2058:
2040:
1967:
1911:
1853:
1550:
1502:
1492:
1417:
1380:
1362:
1321:
1305:
1237:
1197:
1179:
1045:
1029:
983:
967:
921:
903:
818:
802:
761:
745:
662:
574:
544:
537:
524:
In rare cases, particularly when there is inadequate vaccination of the population, natural
447:
395:
378:
362:
253:
199:
143:
3234:"Vaccines for preventing invasive salmonella infections in people with sickle cell disease"
1720:
1690:
1231:
5352:
5150:
4957:
4915:
4786:
4756:
4739:
4665:
4655:
4585:
4524:
4520:
4469:
4359:
2971:"Vaccines for prophylaxis of viral infections in patients with hematological malignancies"
657:
622:
600:
579:
467:
459:
414:
391:
230:
226:
222:
147:
71:
63:
1294:"The double-edged sword: How evolution can make or break a live-attenuated virus vaccine"
1018:"A single-dose plasmid-launched live-attenuated Zika vaccine induces protective immunity"
4306:
4213:"Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Quest for Better Vaccines against a Virus on the Rise"
2813:
Mak, Tak W.; Saunders, Mary E. (1 January 2006), Mak, Tak W.; Saunders, Mary E. (eds.),
2158:
2036:
1661:. Sheikh, Nadeem A., Schmidt, Clint S., Davies, D. Huw. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
454:, and the introduction of several successful attenuated vaccines, such as those against
5489:
5216:
5107:
5067:
4947:
4773:
4712:
4371:
4247:
4212:
3938:
3905:
3881:
3848:
3708:
3675:
3612:
3577:
3553:
3520:
3496:
3463:
3439:
3406:
3382:
3349:
3325:
3290:
3266:
3233:
3209:
3174:
3150:
3117:
3093:
3060:
2902:
2661:
2441:
2408:
2384:
2359:
2063:
2020:
1971:
1857:
1691:"Your Child's Immunizations: Rotavirus Vaccine (RV) (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth"
1507:
1480:
1385:
1350:
1326:
1293:
1202:
1167:
1050:
1017:
988:
955:
926:
891:
823:
790:
749:
677:
584:
409:
The technique of cultivating a virus repeatedly in artificial media and isolating less
399:
111:
104:
100:
3864:
3731:
Bandyopadhyay, Ananda S.; Garon, Julie; Seib, Katherine; Orenstein, Walter A. (2015).
2911:
2886:
2498:
2465:
2103:
766:
733:
5516:
5372:
5357:
5327:
5322:
5177:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4834:
4680:
4479:
2317:
1989:
1421:
647:
627:
532:, or interference by related viruses, can cause an attenuated virus to revert to its
463:
455:
387:
366:
257:
117:
67:
4126:
4004:
3821:
2754:
2679:
2341:
1875:
1578:
1259:
369:
in the late 18th century. Jenner discovered that inoculating a human with an animal
5449:
5092:
4987:
4920:
4861:
4685:
4541:
4432:
4412:
4271:"Safety and Immunogenicity of COVI-VAC, a Live Attenuated Vaccine Against COVID-19"
4059:
3691:
3422:
3307:
3249:
3076:
2982:
2560:
642:
443:
434:
297:
54:
immunodeficiencies. Attenuated vaccines function by encouraging the body to create
4330:
Global Polio
Eradication Initiative: Advantages and Disadvantages of Vaccine Types
4270:
4169:
3921:
3578:"Current Status of Mumps Virus Infection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine"
3029:
2970:
2729:
2712:
971:
3797:
1554:
429:. This technique was later used by several teams when developing the vaccine for
5236:
5226:
5087:
4893:
4888:
4806:
4781:
4749:
4675:
4537:
4428:
4420:
2782:
2769:
2526:
2270:
2257:
2221:
2087:
1033:
637:
438:
426:
269:
177:
2521:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 329. pp. 3–11.
2153:, vol. 4, no. 4, American Society of Microbiology, pp. 161–172,
2025:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1915:
5362:
5337:
5027:
4977:
4035:
2481:
2209:
1774:
1309:
1241:
908:
632:
589:
370:
346:
319:
As precaution, live-attenuated vaccines are not typically administered during
4238:
4177:
4110:
4043:
3988:
3929:
3872:
3805:
3758:
3699:
3603:
3544:
3487:
3430:
3373:
3316:
3257:
3200:
3191:
3141:
3084:
3037:
2990:
2887:"Circulation of type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus in the Philippines in 2001"
2863:
2791:
2738:
2613:
2544:
2489:
2432:
2375:
2325:
2279:
2111:
2054:
1676:
1621:
1562:
1497:
1376:
1317:
1193:
1134:
1041:
979:
917:
814:
757:
5411:
4982:
4855:
4424:
4229:
4153:
4086:
3289:
Schrager, Lewis K.; Harris, Rebecca C.; Vekemans, Johan (24 February 2019).
3133:
2514:
2045:
533:
410:
96:
39:
17:
4256:
4185:
4118:
4051:
4019:
3996:
3979:
3962:
3947:
3904:
Voigt, Emily A.; Kennedy, Richard B.; Poland, Gregory A. (September 2016).
3890:
3813:
3781:
3766:
3717:
3621:
3594:
3562:
3505:
3448:
3391:
3334:
3275:
3218:
3159:
3102:
3045:
2998:
2920:
2871:
2799:
2746:
2621:
2552:
2450:
2393:
2333:
2287:
2176:
2119:
2072:
1923:
1754:
1629:
1605:
1570:
1516:
1394:
1335:
1211:
1059:
997:
935:
832:
775:
127:
The initial virus population is applied to a foreign host. Through natural
4102:
3636:"Observed Rate of Vaccine Reactions – Measles, Mumps and Rubella Vaccines"
3536:
3020:. Smallpox Eradication after 30 Years: Lessons, Legacies and Innovations.
2424:
1656:
1429:
1114:
5253:
5246:
5241:
5211:
4967:
4903:
4898:
3365:
1367:
712:
525:
488:
374:
309:
305:
265:
261:
132:
55:
43:
1230:
Nunnally, Brian K.; Turula, Vincent E.; Sitrin, Robert D., eds. (2015).
855:
540:, potentially resulting in the new virus being infectious or pathogenic.
406:
by growing the virus in rabbits and drying the affected nervous tissue.
4972:
4734:
4416:
2770:"Live attenuated vaccines: Historical successes and current challenges"
2648:
Yadav, Dinesh K.; Yadav, Neelam; Khurana, Satyendra Mohan Paul (2014),
2588:"The History of Rubella and Rubella Vaccination Leading to Elimination"
2258:"Live attenuated vaccines: Historical successes and current challenges"
1812:"MODULE 2 – Live attenuated vaccines (LAV) - WHO Vaccine Safety Basics"
1351:"Reverse Genetics Approaches for the Development of Influenza Vaccines"
358:
331:
have been shown to have adverse effects on fetuses and nursing babies.
252:
Vaccines function by encouraging the creation of immune cells, such as
35:
4366:
3749:
3732:
2088:"Smallpox in history: the birth, death, and impact of a dread disease"
398:
and demonstrating its effectiveness in a public experiment. The first
5275:
5260:
4551:
3576:
Su, Shih-Bin; Chang, Hsiao-Liang; Chen, And Kow-Tong (5 March 2020).
3479:
1184:
383:
3059:
Donegan, Sarah; Bellamy, Richard; Gamble, Carrol L (15 April 2009).
806:
2604:
2587:
2304:
Schwartz, M. (7 July 2008). "The life and works of Louis
Pasteur".
5270:
5155:
4761:
4695:
2407:
Shampo, Marc A.; Kyle, Robert A.; Steensma, David P. (July 2011).
1074:"ACIP Altered Immunocompetence Guidelines for Immunizations | CDC"
3676:"Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children"
3582:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
3291:"Research and development of new tuberculosis vaccines: a review"
1408:
Gentry GA (1992). "Viral thymidine kinases and their relatives".
4570:
3175:"Plague Vaccine Development: Current Research and Future Trends"
4381:
4152:
Mirhoseini, Ali; Amani, Jafar; Nazarian, Shahram (April 2018).
3232:
Odey, Friday; Okomo, Uduak; Oyo-Ita, Angela (5 December 2018).
2885:
Shimizu H, Thorley B, Paladin FJ, et al. (December 2004).
1168:"Matrix and Backstage: Cellular Substrates for Viral Vaccines"
293:
166:
Attenuated vaccines can be administered in a variety of ways:
1604:
Gasparini, R.; Amicizia, D.; Lai, P. L.; Panatto, D. (2011).
507:
Cost-effective (compared to some other health interventions).
3780:
Bruijning-Verhagen, Patricia; Groome, Michelle (July 2017).
292:
Individuals with severely compromised immune systems (e.g.,
146:. Attenuation by genetics is also used in the production of
3173:
Verma, Shailendra Kumar; Tuteja, Urmil (14 December 2016).
1904:
The
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice
1349:
Nogales, Aitor; MartĂnez-Sobrido, Luis (22 December 2016).
4018:
Monath, Thomas P.; Vasconcelos, Pedro F. C. (March 2015).
3782:"Rotavirus Vaccine: Current Use and Future Considerations"
2713:"Understanding modern-day vaccines: what you need to know"
1958:
Su, John R.; Duffy, Jonathan; Shimabukuro, Tom T. (2019),
394:. Pasteur applied this knowledge to develop an attenuated
338:
is given nasally and is associated with nasal congestion.
3963:"Global Varicella Vaccine Effectiveness: A Meta-analysis"
2515:"John F. Enders and Measles Virus Vaccine—a Reminiscence"
2147:"History of Smallpox and Its Spread in Human Populations"
3118:"Cholera: Immunity and Prospects in Vaccine Development"
1846:"Chapter 26 - Vaccines: Present Status and Applications"
3407:"Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children"
349:
and carefully prepared (e.g., during reconstitution).
4343:
2214:
Vaccine
Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control
1233:
Vaccine
Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control
4335:
CDC H1N1 Flu / 2009 H1N1 Nasal Spray Vaccine Q&A
643:
Measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (MMRV) vaccine
547:
patients due to the risk of potential complications.
5442:
5381:
5313:
5204:
5176:
5143:
4817:
4648:
4641:
4560:
4488:
4440:
1900:"Vaccination in Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders"
543:Often not recommended in pregnancy or for severely
413:strains was pioneered in the early 20th century by
1898:Sobh, Ali; Bonilla, Francisco A. (November 2016).
95:Viruses may be attenuated using the principles of
5428:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
3906:"Defending against smallpox: a focus on vaccines"
3462:Yun, Sang-Im; Lee, Young-Min (1 February 2014).
2821:, Burlington: Academic Press, pp. 695–749,
1485:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
2216:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 1–44,
1852:, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 491–508,
4277:. United States National Library of Medicine.
1166:Jordan, Ingo; Sandig, Volker (11 April 2014).
498:Can elicit long-lasting or life-long immunity.
4393:
3733:"Polio vaccination: past, present and future"
3014:""IDEAL" vaccines for resource poor settings"
1606:"Live attenuated influenza vaccine--a review"
1444:"Immunology and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases"
361:development started with the creation of the
27:Vaccine that uses a weakened form of the germ
8:
2940:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
734:"Evolutionary Dynamics of Viral Attenuation"
3680:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3643:World Health Organization Information Sheet
2092:Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
1355:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
390:was able to derive an attenuated strain of
4645:
4400:
4386:
4378:
4339:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2944:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1787:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1658:Vaccinology : Principles and Practice
1610:Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
1147:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
789:Pulendran, Bali; Ahmed, Rafi (June 2011).
4246:
4228:
3978:
3937:
3880:
3748:
3707:
3611:
3593:
3552:
3495:
3438:
3381:
3324:
3306:
3265:
3208:
3190:
3149:
3092:
2910:
2815:"23 - Vaccines and Clinical Immunization"
2781:
2728:
2603:
2497:
2440:
2409:"Albert Sabin—Conqueror of Poliomyelitis"
2383:
2269:
2062:
2044:
1506:
1496:
1384:
1366:
1325:
1201:
1183:
1049:
987:
925:
907:
822:
791:"Immunological mechanisms of vaccination"
765:
638:Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
501:Often only one or two doses are required.
402:was subsequently produced by Pasteur and
34:(or a live attenuated vaccine, LAV) is a
3786:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
2364:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
613:Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV)
4350:
3468:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
3411:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3238:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3065:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2975:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2586:Plotkin, Stanley A. (1 November 2006).
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
724:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2353:
2351:
2299:
2297:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1839:
1837:
1780:
1140:
1084:from the original on 26 September 2023
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
484:Accurately imitate natural infections.
3669:
3667:
3652:from the original on 17 December 2019
3012:Levine, Myron M. (30 December 2011).
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2360:"The Yellow Fever Vaccine: A History"
1893:
1891:
1822:from the original on 12 November 2020
1748:
1746:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1011:
1009:
1007:
949:
947:
945:
885:
883:
881:
487:Are effective at evoking both strong
7:
4281:from the original on 22 January 2021
4192:from the original on 23 January 2023
4133:from the original on 24 October 2022
4066:from the original on 25 January 2023
3828:from the original on 25 January 2023
3116:Harris, Jason B (15 November 2018).
2686:from the original on 25 January 2023
2567:from the original on 27 January 2021
2238:from the original on 25 January 2023
2183:from the original on 25 January 2023
2126:from the original on 25 January 2023
1996:from the original on 25 January 2023
1930:from the original on 25 January 2023
1701:from the original on 25 January 2023
1636:from the original on 25 January 2023
1585:from the original on 25 January 2023
1292:Hanley, Kathryn A. (December 2011).
1266:from the original on 25 January 2023
4085:Schmader, Kenneth (7 August 2018).
2159:10.1128/microbiolspec.poh-0004-2014
2019:Plotkin, Stanley (26 August 2014).
5455:Eradication of infectious diseases
5212:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
3519:Griffin, Diane E. (1 March 2018).
3122:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
2903:10.1128/JVI.78.24.13512-13521.2004
2662:10.1016/b978-0-12-416002-6.00026-2
1972:10.1016/b978-0-323-55435-0.00001-x
1858:10.1016/b978-0-12-416002-6.00026-2
750:10.1128/JVI.76.20.10524-10529.2002
178:measles, mumps and rubella vaccine
25:
5045:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
3061:"Vaccines for preventing anthrax"
2950:from the original on 10 July 2017
2358:Frierson, J. Gordon (June 2010).
1731:from the original on 16 July 2021
1460:from the original on 8 April 2020
336:live attenuated influenza vaccine
212:live attenuated influenza vaccine
5434:Alternative vaccination schedule
4409:Artificial induction of immunity
4365:
4353:
4299:
2318:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01495.x
2210:"Live Attenuated Viral Vaccines"
866:from the original on 23 May 2019
695:Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
633:Measles and rubella (MR) vaccine
2464:Newman, Laura (30 April 2005).
2306:Journal of Applied Microbiology
2256:Minor, Philip D. (1 May 2015).
2086:Eyler, John M. (October 2003).
1759:(Sixth ed.). Hoboken, NJ.
1410:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
708:Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine
144:attenuated via reverse genetics
103:of the virus through a foreign
5266:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
3692:10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub4
3423:10.1002/14651858.cd004879.pub5
3308:10.12688/f1000research.16521.2
3250:10.1002/14651858.cd006975.pub4
3077:10.1002/14651858.cd006403.pub2
2983:10.1002/14651858.cd006505.pub2
2656:, Elsevier, pp. 491–508,
1:
4802:Group B streptococcal disease
4621:Vaccines for Children Program
4170:10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.032
3922:10.1080/14760584.2016.1175305
3865:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60539-0
3030:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.090
2768:Minor, Philip D. (May 2015).
2730:10.1080/07853890.2017.1407035
2104:10.1016/s0022-2143(03)00102-1
972:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.050
618:Japanese encephalitis vaccine
373:would grant immunity against
4024:Journal of Clinical Virology
3798:10.1097/INF.0000000000001594
3354:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2592:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2470:BMJ: British Medical Journal
1555:10.1586/14760584.2014.883285
1422:10.1016/0163-7258(92)90006-L
474:Advantages and disadvantages
421:who developed an attenuated
4091:Annals of Internal Medicine
2783:10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.032
2598:(Supplement_3): S164–S168.
2527:10.1007/978-3-540-70523-9_1
2271:10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.032
2222:10.1007/978-3-662-45024-6_1
2151:Paleomicrobiology of Humans
1966:, Elsevier, pp. 1–24,
1816:vaccine-safety-training.org
1756:How the immune system works
1655:Morrow, W. John W. (2012).
1034:10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.08.056
555:List of attenuated vaccines
510:Can have strong beneficial
314:combined immunodeficiencies
264:, that are specific to the
5549:
1916:10.1016/j.jaip.2016.09.012
1753:Sompayrac, Lauren (2019).
1537:Herzog, Christian (2014).
856:"Vaccine Types | Vaccines"
5473:
4337:at the website of the US
4036:10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.030
3910:Expert Review of Vaccines
2482:10.1136/bmj.330.7498.1028
1543:Expert Review of Vaccines
1310:10.1007/s12052-011-0365-y
1242:10.1007/978-3-662-45024-6
909:10.1186/s13567-019-0730-3
302:immunosuppressive therapy
4797:Clostridioides difficile
3192:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00602
2864:10.1016/j.it.2013.04.004
2021:"History of vaccination"
1498:10.3389/fcimb.2017.00135
536:form or mutate to a new
433:, first by Sellards and
260:, or molecules, such as
38:created by reducing the
5055:Tick-borne encephalitis
4230:10.3390/vaccines8030451
3464:"Japanese encephalitis"
3179:Frontiers in Immunology
2413:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
2046:10.1073/pnas.1400472111
678:Zoster/shingles vaccine
5465:List of vaccine topics
4465:Mathematical modelling
4158:Microbial Pathogenesis
3980:10.1542/peds.2015-3741
3595:10.3390/ijerph17051686
3360:(Suppl 5): S402–S407.
3128:(Suppl 3): S141–S146.
235:oral rotavirus vaccine
5460:Vaccinate Your Family
4911:Japanese encephalitis
4103:10.7326/AITC201808070
3537:10.1089/vim.2017.0143
3134:10.1093/infdis/jiy414
2425:10.4065/mcp.2011.0345
1151:) CS1 maint: others (
1080:. 19 September 2023.
504:Quick immunity onset.
329:yellow fever vaccines
5343:John Franklin Enders
2851:Trends in Immunology
2776:. 479–480: 379–392.
2654:Animal Biotechnology
2513:Katz, S. L. (2009).
2264:. 479–480: 379–392.
1850:Animal Biotechnology
1368:10.3390/ijms18010020
673:Yellow fever vaccine
596:Tuberculosis vaccine
512:non-specific effects
423:tuberculosis vaccine
343:inactivated vaccines
231:oral typhoid vaccine
196:tuberculosis vaccine
186:yellow fever vaccine
142:Viruses may also be
4529:Virus-like particle
4453:Vaccine ingredients
4312:attenuated vaccine
3859:(9984): 2297–2307.
3737:Future Microbiology
2819:The Immune Response
2037:2014PNAS..11112283P
2031:(34): 12283–12287.
896:Veterinary Research
744:(20): 10524–10529.
738:Journal of Virology
154:Attenuated bacteria
129:genetic variability
60:memory immune cells
48:inactivated vaccine
5500:Never to phase III
5299:Hexavalent vaccine
5113:Epstein–Barr virus
5008:Oxford–AstraZeneca
4701:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
4309:has a profile for
4275:ClinicalTrials.gov
4097:(3): ITC19–ITC31.
3366:10.1093/cid/ciz630
2717:Annals of Medicine
2466:"Maurice Hilleman"
1116:Plotkin's vaccines
689:Bacterial vaccines
569:Bacterial vaccines
258:CD4+ T lymphocytes
219:oral polio vaccine
137:selection pressure
107:species, such as:
91:Attenuated viruses
32:attenuated vaccine
5510:
5509:
5422:Vaccines and SIDS
5309:
5308:
5083:Hepatitis A and B
5059:Varicella zoster
4521:Subunit/component
4315:
3750:10.2217/fmb.15.19
3521:"Measles Vaccine"
2828:978-0-12-088451-3
2671:978-0-12-416002-6
2536:978-3-540-70522-2
2231:978-3-662-45024-6
2168:978-1-55581-916-3
1981:978-0-323-55435-0
1867:978-0-12-416002-6
1766:978-1-119-54212-4
1727:. 26 April 2021.
1668:978-1-118-34533-7
1251:978-3-662-45023-9
1126:978-0-323-39302-7
795:Nature Immunology
668:Varicella vaccine
653:Rotavirus vaccine
545:immunocompromised
530:viral replication
495:immune reactions.
182:varicella vaccine
148:oncolytic viruses
16:(Redirected from
5540:
5401:MMR autism fraud
5348:Maurice Hilleman
5333:Hilary Koprowski
4646:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4379:
4370:
4369:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4349:
4313:
4303:
4302:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4250:
4232:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4015:
4009:
4008:
3982:
3973:(3): e20153741.
3958:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3916:(9): 1197–1211.
3901:
3895:
3894:
3884:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3752:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3711:
3671:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3640:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3615:
3597:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3556:
3525:Viral Immunology
3516:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3480:10.4161/hv.26902
3459:
3453:
3452:
3442:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3310:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3212:
3194:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2897:(24): 13512–21.
2882:
2876:
2875:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2785:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2732:
2708:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2645:
2626:
2625:
2607:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2273:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2205:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2048:
2016:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1960:"Vaccine Safety"
1955:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1910:(6): 1066–1075.
1895:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1808:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1778:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1534:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1500:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1448:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1370:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1289:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1227:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1187:
1185:10.3390/v6041672
1178:(4): 1672–1700.
1163:
1157:
1156:
1146:
1138:
1111:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1013:
1002:
1001:
991:
966:(7): 1019–1025.
951:
940:
939:
929:
911:
887:
876:
875:
873:
871:
860:www.vaccines.gov
852:
837:
836:
826:
786:
780:
779:
769:
729:
663:Smallpox vaccine
560:Currently in-use
379:smallpox vaccine
363:smallpox vaccine
225:live attenuated
200:smallpox vaccine
21:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5505:
5490:Clinical trials
5469:
5438:
5377:
5353:Stanley Plotkin
5315:
5305:
5217:Cancer vaccines
5200:
5194:Schistosomiasis
5172:
5166:Trypanosomiasis
5139:
5103:Cytomegalovirus
5013:Pfizer–BioNTech
4813:
4637:
4586:Vaccine wastage
4556:
4484:
4436:
4406:
4376:
4364:
4354:
4352:
4344:
4326:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4195:
4193:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4087:"Herpes Zoster"
4084:
4083:
4079:
4069:
4067:
4017:
4016:
4012:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3831:
3829:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3686:(4): CD004407.
3673:
3672:
3665:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3417:(2): CD004879.
3404:
3403:
3399:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3244:(4): CD006975.
3231:
3230:
3226:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3071:(2): CD006403.
3058:
3057:
3053:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2977:(3): CD006505.
2968:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2710:
2709:
2698:
2689:
2687:
2672:
2647:
2646:
2629:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2537:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2232:
2207:
2206:
2195:
2186:
2184:
2169:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2018:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1982:
1957:
1956:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1880:
1878:
1868:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1810:
1809:
1796:
1779:
1767:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1721:"Vaccine Types"
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1669:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1536:
1535:
1524:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1291:
1290:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1252:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1139:
1127:
1113:
1112:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1015:
1014:
1005:
953:
952:
943:
889:
888:
879:
869:
867:
854:
853:
840:
807:10.1038/ni.2039
788:
787:
783:
731:
730:
726:
721:
704:
691:
686:
658:Rubella vaccine
623:Measles vaccine
609:
601:Typhoid vaccine
580:Cholera vaccine
575:Anthrax vaccine
571:
562:
557:
521:
481:
476:
415:Albert Calmette
396:anthrax vaccine
392:chicken cholera
357:The history of
355:
286:
250:
227:cholera vaccine
164:
156:
120:(often chicken)
93:
88:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5546:
5544:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5515:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5391:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5368:Katalin KarikĂł
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5319:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5182:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5123:Herpes simplex
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5023:Sinopharm BIBP
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4973:Bharat Biotech
4970:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4832:
4827:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4601:Vaccine injury
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4564:
4562:
4561:Administration
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4535:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4382:
4375:
4374:
4362:
4342:
4341:
4332:
4325:
4324:External links
4322:
4305:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4262:
4203:
4144:
4077:
4020:"Yellow fever"
4010:
3953:
3896:
3839:
3792:(7): 676–678.
3772:
3743:(5): 791–808.
3723:
3663:
3627:
3568:
3511:
3474:(2): 263–279.
3454:
3397:
3340:
3281:
3224:
3165:
3108:
3051:
3004:
2961:
2926:
2877:
2858:(9): 431–439.
2840:
2827:
2805:
2760:
2723:(2): 110–120.
2696:
2670:
2627:
2605:10.1086/505950
2578:
2535:
2505:
2476:(7498): 1028.
2456:
2399:
2347:
2312:(4): 597–601.
2293:
2248:
2230:
2193:
2167:
2137:
2098:(4): 216–220.
2078:
2006:
1980:
1941:
1887:
1866:
1833:
1794:
1765:
1742:
1712:
1695:kidshealth.org
1682:
1667:
1647:
1596:
1549:(3): 399–415.
1522:
1471:
1435:
1400:
1341:
1304:(4): 635–643.
1277:
1250:
1217:
1158:
1125:
1095:
1065:
1003:
941:
877:
838:
801:(6): 509–517.
781:
723:
722:
720:
717:
716:
715:
710:
703:
702:Viral vaccines
700:
699:
698:
690:
687:
685:
684:In development
682:
681:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
608:
607:Viral vaccines
605:
604:
603:
598:
593:
587:
585:Plague vaccine
582:
577:
570:
567:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
551:
548:
541:
520:
517:
516:
515:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
485:
480:
477:
475:
472:
437:, and then by
419:Camille Guérin
400:rabies vaccine
354:
351:
285:
282:
249:
246:
241:
240:
239:
238:
215:
205:
204:
203:
189:
163:
162:Administration
160:
155:
152:
125:
124:
121:
114:
112:Tissue culture
101:serial passage
92:
89:
87:
84:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5545:
5534:
5533:Live vaccines
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5373:Drew Weissman
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5358:H. Fred Clark
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5328:Louis Pasteur
5326:
5324:
5323:Edward Jenner
5321:
5320:
5318:
5312:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5294:DTwP-HepB-Hib
5292:
5290:
5289:DTaP-IPV-HepB
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5280:combination:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5178:Helminthiasis
5175:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:combination:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4782:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
4780:
4779:
4778:combination:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4691:Meningococcus
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4681:Leptospirosis
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4616:Vaccine court
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4571:GAVI Alliance
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4391:
4389:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4361:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4308:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4204:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4145:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4078:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3840:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3295:F1000Research
3292:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3024:: D116–D125.
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2841:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1648:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1616:(3): 95–101.
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1416:(3): 319–55.
1415:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
948:
946:
942:
937:
933:
928:
923:
919:
915:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
886:
884:
882:
878:
865:
861:
857:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
839:
834:
830:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
785:
782:
777:
773:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
728:
725:
718:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
701:
696:
693:
692:
688:
683:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
648:Polio vaccine
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
628:Mumps vaccine
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
606:
602:
599:
597:
594:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
568:
566:
559:
554:
549:
546:
542:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:
519:Disadvantages
518:
513:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
493:cell-mediated
490:
486:
483:
482:
478:
473:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:Louis Pasteur
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:Edward Jenner
364:
360:
352:
350:
348:
344:
339:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:HIV-infection
290:
283:
281:
277:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
247:
245:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
209:
208:
206:
201:
197:
193:
190:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
171:
169:
168:
167:
161:
159:
153:
151:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
122:
119:
115:
113:
110:
109:
108:
106:
102:
98:
90:
85:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5450:Epidemiology
5426:
5398:
5284:DTaP-IPV/Hib
5075:Yellow fever
4988:EpiVacCorona
4745:Tuberculosis
4718:Pneumococcal
4686:Lyme disease
4514:Heterologous
4508:
4413:Immunization
4311:
4283:. Retrieved
4274:
4265:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4194:. Retrieved
4161:
4157:
4147:
4135:. Retrieved
4094:
4090:
4080:
4068:. Retrieved
4027:
4023:
4013:
3970:
3966:
3956:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3830:. Retrieved
3789:
3785:
3775:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3683:
3679:
3654:. Retrieved
3645:. May 2014.
3642:
3630:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3531:(2): 86–95.
3528:
3524:
3514:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3021:
3017:
3007:
2974:
2964:
2952:. Retrieved
2939:
2929:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2832:, retrieved
2818:
2808:
2773:
2763:
2720:
2716:
2688:, retrieved
2653:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2569:. Retrieved
2518:
2508:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2370:(2): 77–85.
2367:
2363:
2309:
2305:
2261:
2251:
2240:, retrieved
2213:
2185:, retrieved
2150:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2095:
2091:
2081:
2028:
2024:
1998:, retrieved
1964:Vaccinations
1963:
1932:. Retrieved
1907:
1903:
1879:, retrieved
1849:
1824:. Retrieved
1815:
1755:
1735:15 September
1733:. Retrieved
1724:
1715:
1705:15 September
1703:. Retrieved
1694:
1685:
1657:
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1613:
1609:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1546:
1542:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1450:
1438:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1301:
1297:
1268:. Retrieved
1232:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1115:
1088:26 September
1086:. Retrieved
1077:
1068:
1025:
1022:eBioMedicine
1021:
963:
959:
899:
895:
868:. Retrieved
859:
798:
794:
784:
741:
737:
727:
563:
431:yellow fever
408:
356:
341:Compared to
340:
333:
318:
298:chemotherapy
291:
287:
278:
274:
270:interleukins
251:
242:
210:Nasal (e.g.
174:Subcutaneous
170:Injections:
165:
157:
141:
126:
123:Live animals
116:Embryonated
94:
76:yellow fever
52:
31:
29:
18:Live vaccine
5523:Vaccination
5486:from market
5382:Controversy
5316:researchers
5232:Hepatitis B
5118:Hepatitis C
5063:Chicken pox
4889:Hepatitis E
4884:Hepatitis B
4879:Hepatitis A
4830:Chikungunya
4807:Shigellosis
4661:Brucellosis
4547:Therapeutic
4501:Inactivated
4441:Development
4429:Inoculation
4421:Vaccination
4164:: 162–169.
4030:: 160–173.
3588:(5): 1686.
2834:14 November
2571:23 November
2242:14 November
2187:14 November
2130:23 November
2000:17 November
1934:17 November
1881:16 November
1826:16 November
1640:16 November
1589:16 November
1078:www.cdc.gov
870:16 November
427:BCG vaccine
425:called the
223:recombinant
217:Oral (e.g.
192:Intradermal
131:or induced
86:Development
78:, and some
5517:Categories
5417:Thiomersal
5363:Paul Offit
5338:Jonas Salk
5314:Inventors/
5185:research:
5162:research:
5099:research:
5028:Skycovione
5018:Sanofi–GSK
4963:SARS-CoV-2
4874:Hantavirus
4840:rVSV-ZEBOV
4825:Adenovirus
4793:research:
4671:Diphtheria
4509:Attenuated
4314:(Q1810913)
4223:(3): 451.
4196:2 November
4137:2 November
4070:2 November
3967:Pediatrics
3832:2 November
3656:2 November
2690:9 November
2650:"Vaccines"
2419:(7): e44.
1775:1083261548
1464:9 December
1270:3 November
1028:: 92–102.
719:References
590:Salmonella
479:Advantages
404:Emile Roux
347:cold chain
262:antibodies
82:vaccines.
56:antibodies
5496:Phase III
5484:Withdrawn
5412:Pox party
5222:ALVAC-CEA
5144:Protozoan
5033:Sputnik V
4983:CoronaVac
4953:Rotavirus
4856:Pandemrix
4708:Pertussis
4649:Bacterial
4533:Synthetic
4496:Conjugate
4448:Adjuvants
4425:Infection
4239:2076-393X
4178:1096-1208
4111:1539-3704
4044:1873-5967
3989:1098-4275
3930:1744-8395
3873:0140-6736
3849:"Rubella"
3806:1532-0987
3759:1746-0921
3700:1469-493X
3604:1660-4601
3545:0882-8245
3488:2164-5515
3431:1465-1858
3374:1058-4838
3317:2046-1402
3258:1465-1858
3201:1664-3224
3142:0022-1899
3085:1465-1858
3038:0264-410X
2991:1465-1858
2792:1096-0341
2739:0785-3890
2614:1058-4838
2545:0070-217X
2490:0959-8138
2433:0025-6196
2376:0044-0086
2326:1364-5072
2280:0042-6822
2112:0022-2143
2055:1091-6490
1990:239378645
1783:cite book
1677:795120561
1622:1121-2233
1563:1476-0584
1377:1422-0067
1361:(1): 20.
1318:1936-6426
1298:Evolution
1194:1999-4915
1143:cite book
1135:989157433
1042:2352-3964
980:0264-410X
918:0928-4249
815:1529-2908
758:0022-538X
534:wild-type
526:mutations
371:pox virus
325:varicella
321:pregnancy
248:Mechanism
207:Mucosal:
97:evolution
80:influenza
40:virulence
5528:Virology
5254:Prostvac
5247:Gardasil
5242:Cervarix
5189:Hookworm
5068:Shingles
5050:Smallpox
4968:Corbevax
4904:Gardasil
4899:Cervarix
4642:Vaccines
4596:Schedule
4567:Global:
4475:Timeline
4417:Vaccines
4360:Medicine
4279:Archived
4257:32806696
4217:Vaccines
4190:Archived
4186:29474827
4131:Archived
4127:51926613
4119:30083718
4064:Archived
4052:25453327
4005:25263970
3997:26908671
3948:27049653
3891:25576992
3826:Archived
3822:41278475
3814:28383393
3767:25824845
3718:32309885
3647:Archived
3622:32150969
3563:29256824
3506:24161909
3449:29388195
3392:31612941
3335:30613395
3301:: 1732.
3276:30521695
3219:28018363
3160:30184117
3103:19370633
3046:22486974
2999:21412895
2954:11 March
2948:Archived
2921:15564462
2891:J. Virol
2872:23680130
2800:25864107
2774:Virology
2755:25514266
2747:29172780
2684:archived
2680:83112999
2622:16998777
2565:Archived
2553:19198559
2451:21719614
2394:20589188
2342:39020116
2334:11576293
2288:25864107
2262:Virology
2236:archived
2181:archived
2177:27726788
2124:Archived
2120:14625526
2073:25136134
1994:archived
1928:Archived
1924:27836056
1876:83112999
1820:Archived
1729:Archived
1699:Archived
1634:Archived
1630:22010534
1583:Archived
1579:46577849
1571:24512188
1517:28484685
1455:Archived
1395:28025504
1336:22468165
1264:Archived
1260:39542692
1212:24732259
1082:Archived
1060:30201444
998:23287629
936:31924274
902:(1): 3.
864:Archived
833:21739679
776:12239331
713:COVID-19
489:antibody
448:Hilleman
411:virulent
375:smallpox
310:leukemia
306:lymphoma
266:pathogen
133:mutation
44:pathogen
5443:Related
5389:General
5151:Malaria
5038:Valneva
5003:Novavax
4998:Moderna
4993:Janssen
4978:CanSino
4958:Rubella
4916:Measles
4787:Td/Tdap
4757:Typhoid
4740:Tetanus
4735:Q fever
4666:Cholera
4656:Anthrax
4525:Peptide
4489:Classes
4470:Storage
4372:Viruses
4346:Portals
4307:Scholia
4248:7564546
4060:5124080
3939:5003177
3882:4514442
3709:7169657
3613:7084951
3554:5863094
3497:4185882
3440:6491174
3383:6792111
3326:6305224
3267:6517230
3210:5155008
3185:: 602.
3151:6188552
3094:6532564
3018:Vaccine
2561:2884917
2519:Measles
2442:3127575
2385:2892770
2064:4151719
2033:Bibcode
1725:HHS.gov
1508:5401900
1491:: 135.
1430:1334563
1386:5297655
1327:3314307
1203:4014716
1172:Viruses
1051:6197676
989:3556218
960:Vaccine
927:6954585
824:3253344
697:vaccine
592:vaccine
528:during
468:rubella
460:measles
439:Theiler
435:Laigret
359:vaccine
353:History
72:rubella
64:measles
36:vaccine
5479:WHO-EM
5399:Lancet
5276:TA-NIC
5261:NicVAX
5108:Dengue
4948:Rabies
4774:Typhus
4713:Plague
4591:Policy
4552:Toxoid
4480:Trials
4285:8 June
4255:
4245:
4237:
4184:
4176:
4125:
4117:
4109:
4058:
4050:
4042:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3946:
3936:
3928:
3889:
3879:
3871:
3853:Lancet
3820:
3812:
3804:
3765:
3757:
3716:
3706:
3698:
3620:
3610:
3602:
3561:
3551:
3543:
3504:
3494:
3486:
3447:
3437:
3429:
3390:
3380:
3372:
3333:
3323:
3315:
3274:
3264:
3256:
3217:
3207:
3199:
3158:
3148:
3140:
3101:
3091:
3083:
3044:
3036:
2997:
2989:
2919:
2912:533948
2909:
2870:
2825:
2798:
2790:
2753:
2745:
2737:
2678:
2668:
2620:
2612:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2533:
2499:557162
2496:
2488:
2449:
2439:
2431:
2392:
2382:
2374:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2286:
2278:
2228:
2175:
2165:
2118:
2110:
2071:
2061:
2053:
1988:
1978:
1922:
1874:
1864:
1773:
1763:
1675:
1665:
1628:
1620:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1515:
1505:
1428:
1393:
1383:
1375:
1334:
1324:
1316:
1258:
1248:
1210:
1200:
1192:
1133:
1123:
1058:
1048:
1040:
996:
986:
978:
934:
924:
916:
831:
821:
813:
774:
767:136581
764:
756:
538:strain
466:, and
452:Enders
450:, and
384:cowpox
284:Safety
194:(e.g.
176:(e.g.
5407:NCVIA
5271:TA-CD
5205:Other
5156:RTS,S
4936:Sabin
4931:Polio
4926:Mumps
4835:Ebola
4818:Viral
4767:ViCPS
4762:Ty21a
4696:MeNZB
4626:VAERS
4576:NITAG
4505:Live
4123:S2CID
4056:S2CID
4001:S2CID
3818:S2CID
3650:(PDF)
3639:(PDF)
2751:S2CID
2676:S2CID
2557:S2CID
2338:S2CID
1986:S2CID
1872:S2CID
1575:S2CID
1458:(PDF)
1447:(PDF)
1256:S2CID
464:mumps
456:polio
444:Sabin
99:with
68:mumps
42:of a
5133:Zika
5093:MMRV
4941:Salk
4921:Mpox
4867:LAIV
4862:H5N1
4852:H1N1
4728:PPSV
4611:ACIP
4607:US:
4581:SAGE
4542:mRNA
4458:list
4287:2021
4253:PMID
4235:ISSN
4198:2020
4182:PMID
4174:ISSN
4139:2020
4115:PMID
4107:ISSN
4072:2020
4048:PMID
4040:ISSN
3993:PMID
3985:ISSN
3944:PMID
3926:ISSN
3887:PMID
3869:ISSN
3834:2020
3810:PMID
3802:ISSN
3763:PMID
3755:ISSN
3714:PMID
3696:ISSN
3658:2020
3618:PMID
3600:ISSN
3559:PMID
3541:ISSN
3502:PMID
3484:ISSN
3445:PMID
3427:ISSN
3415:2018
3388:PMID
3370:ISSN
3331:PMID
3313:ISSN
3272:PMID
3254:ISSN
3215:PMID
3197:ISSN
3156:PMID
3138:ISSN
3099:PMID
3081:ISSN
3069:2009
3042:PMID
3034:ISSN
2995:PMID
2987:ISSN
2956:2011
2917:PMID
2868:PMID
2836:2020
2823:ISBN
2796:PMID
2788:ISSN
2743:PMID
2735:ISSN
2692:2020
2666:ISBN
2618:PMID
2610:ISSN
2573:2020
2549:PMID
2541:ISSN
2531:ISBN
2486:ISSN
2447:PMID
2429:ISSN
2390:PMID
2372:ISSN
2330:PMID
2322:ISSN
2284:PMID
2276:ISSN
2244:2020
2226:ISBN
2189:2020
2173:PMID
2163:ISBN
2132:2020
2116:PMID
2108:ISSN
2069:PMID
2051:ISSN
2002:2020
1976:ISBN
1936:2020
1920:PMID
1883:2020
1862:ISBN
1828:2020
1789:link
1771:OCLC
1761:ISBN
1737:2022
1707:2022
1673:OCLC
1663:ISBN
1642:2020
1626:PMID
1618:ISSN
1591:2020
1567:PMID
1559:ISSN
1513:PMID
1466:2020
1426:PMID
1391:PMID
1373:ISSN
1332:PMID
1314:ISSN
1272:2020
1246:ISBN
1208:PMID
1190:ISSN
1153:link
1149:link
1131:OCLC
1121:ISBN
1090:2023
1056:PMID
1038:ISSN
994:PMID
976:ISSN
932:PMID
914:ISSN
872:2020
829:PMID
811:ISSN
772:PMID
754:ISSN
491:and
417:and
327:and
256:and
254:CD8+
118:eggs
105:host
58:and
5394:MMR
5237:HPV
5227:BCG
5128:HIV
5088:MMR
4894:HPV
4847:Flu
4750:BCG
4723:PCV
4676:Hib
4631:VSD
4538:DNA
4433:J07
4243:PMC
4225:doi
4166:doi
4162:117
4099:doi
4095:169
4032:doi
3975:doi
3971:137
3934:PMC
3918:doi
3877:PMC
3861:doi
3857:385
3794:doi
3745:doi
3704:PMC
3688:doi
3608:PMC
3590:doi
3549:PMC
3533:doi
3492:PMC
3476:doi
3435:PMC
3419:doi
3378:PMC
3362:doi
3321:PMC
3303:doi
3262:PMC
3246:doi
3205:PMC
3187:doi
3146:PMC
3130:doi
3126:218
3089:PMC
3073:doi
3026:doi
2979:doi
2907:PMC
2899:doi
2860:doi
2778:doi
2725:doi
2658:doi
2600:doi
2523:doi
2494:PMC
2478:doi
2474:330
2437:PMC
2421:doi
2380:PMC
2314:doi
2266:doi
2218:doi
2155:doi
2100:doi
2096:142
2059:PMC
2041:doi
2029:111
1968:doi
1912:doi
1854:doi
1551:doi
1503:PMC
1493:doi
1451:CDC
1418:doi
1381:PMC
1363:doi
1322:PMC
1306:doi
1238:doi
1198:PMC
1180:doi
1046:PMC
1030:doi
984:PMC
968:doi
922:PMC
904:doi
819:PMC
803:doi
762:PMC
746:doi
365:by
50:).
30:An
5519::
5492::
4540:/
4531:/
4527:/
4523:/
4427:,
4423:,
4419:,
4415::
4411:/
4273:.
4251:.
4241:.
4233:.
4219:.
4215:.
4188:.
4180:.
4172:.
4160:.
4156:.
4129:.
4121:.
4113:.
4105:.
4093:.
4089:.
4062:.
4054:.
4046:.
4038:.
4028:64
4026:.
4022:.
3999:.
3991:.
3983:.
3969:.
3965:.
3942:.
3932:.
3924:.
3914:15
3912:.
3908:.
3885:.
3875:.
3867:.
3855:.
3851:.
3824:.
3816:.
3808:.
3800:.
3790:36
3788:.
3784:.
3761:.
3753:.
3741:10
3739:.
3735:.
3712:.
3702:.
3694:.
3682:.
3678:.
3666:^
3641:.
3616:.
3606:.
3598:.
3586:17
3584:.
3580:.
3557:.
3547:.
3539:.
3529:31
3527:.
3523:.
3500:.
3490:.
3482:.
3472:10
3470:.
3466:.
3443:.
3433:.
3425:.
3413:.
3409:.
3386:.
3376:.
3368:.
3358:69
3356:.
3352:.
3329:.
3319:.
3311:.
3297:.
3293:.
3270:.
3260:.
3252:.
3242:12
3240:.
3236:.
3213:.
3203:.
3195:.
3181:.
3177:.
3154:.
3144:.
3136:.
3124:.
3120:.
3097:.
3087:.
3079:.
3067:.
3063:.
3040:.
3032:.
3022:29
3016:.
2993:.
2985:.
2973:.
2946:.
2942:.
2938:.
2915:.
2905:.
2895:78
2893:.
2889:.
2866:.
2856:34
2854:.
2817:,
2794:.
2786:.
2772:.
2749:.
2741:.
2733:.
2721:50
2719:.
2715:.
2699:^
2682:,
2674:,
2664:,
2652:,
2630:^
2616:.
2608:.
2596:43
2594:.
2590:.
2563:.
2555:.
2547:.
2539:.
2529:.
2517:.
2492:.
2484:.
2472:.
2468:.
2445:.
2435:.
2427:.
2417:86
2415:.
2411:.
2388:.
2378:.
2368:83
2366:.
2362:.
2350:^
2336:.
2328:.
2320:.
2310:91
2308:.
2296:^
2282:.
2274:.
2260:.
2234:,
2224:,
2212:,
2196:^
2179:,
2171:,
2161:,
2149:,
2122:.
2114:.
2106:.
2094:.
2090:.
2067:.
2057:.
2049:.
2039:.
2027:.
2023:.
2009:^
1992:,
1984:,
1974:,
1962:,
1944:^
1926:.
1918:.
1906:.
1902:.
1890:^
1870:,
1860:,
1848:,
1836:^
1818:.
1814:.
1797:^
1785:}}
1781:{{
1769:.
1745:^
1723:.
1697:.
1693:.
1671:.
1632:.
1624:.
1614:52
1612:.
1608:.
1581:.
1573:.
1565:.
1557:.
1547:13
1545:.
1541:.
1525:^
1511:.
1501:.
1487:.
1483:.
1453:.
1449:.
1424:.
1414:54
1412:.
1389:.
1379:.
1371:.
1359:18
1357:.
1353:.
1330:.
1320:.
1312:.
1300:.
1296:.
1280:^
1262:.
1254:.
1244:.
1236:.
1220:^
1206:.
1196:.
1188:.
1174:.
1170:.
1145:}}
1141:{{
1129:.
1098:^
1076:.
1054:.
1044:.
1036:.
1026:36
1024:.
1020:.
1006:^
992:.
982:.
974:.
964:31
962:.
958:.
944:^
930:.
920:.
912:.
900:51
898:.
894:.
880:^
862:.
858:.
841:^
827:.
817:.
809:.
799:12
797:.
793:.
770:.
760:.
752:.
742:76
740:.
736:.
470:.
462:,
458:,
446:,
312:,
308:,
304:,
300:,
296:,
233:,
229:,
221:,
198:,
184:,
180:,
150:.
74:,
70:,
66:,
5403:)
5396:(
4858:)
4854:(
4435:)
4431:(
4401:e
4394:t
4387:v
4348::
4318:.
4289:.
4259:.
4227::
4221:8
4200:.
4168::
4141:.
4101::
4074:.
4034::
4007:.
3977::
3950:.
3920::
3893:.
3863::
3836:.
3796::
3769:.
3747::
3720:.
3690::
3684:4
3660:.
3624:.
3592::
3565:.
3535::
3508:.
3478::
3451:.
3421::
3394:.
3364::
3337:.
3305::
3299:7
3278:.
3248::
3221:.
3189::
3183:7
3162:.
3132::
3105:.
3075::
3048:.
3028::
3001:.
2981::
2958:.
2923:.
2901::
2874:.
2862::
2802:.
2780::
2757:.
2727::
2660::
2624:.
2602::
2575:.
2525::
2502:.
2480::
2453:.
2423::
2396:.
2344:.
2316::
2290:.
2268::
2220::
2157::
2134:.
2102::
2075:.
2043::
2035::
1970::
1938:.
1914::
1908:4
1856::
1830:.
1791:)
1777:.
1739:.
1709:.
1679:.
1644:.
1593:.
1553::
1519:.
1495::
1489:7
1468:.
1432:.
1420::
1397:.
1365::
1338:.
1308::
1302:4
1274:.
1240::
1214:.
1182::
1176:6
1155:)
1137:.
1092:.
1062:.
1032::
1000:.
970::
938:.
906::
874:.
835:.
805::
778:.
748::
514:.
237:)
214:)
202:)
188:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.