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drive off predators. Dogs, being social creatures with differing personalities, take on different roles with the herd and among themselves; most stick close to the livestock, others tend to follow the shepherd or rancher when one is present, and some drift away from the livestock. These differing roles are often complementary in terms of protecting livestock, and experienced ranchers and shepherds sometimes encourage these differences by adjustments in socialization technique so as to increase the effectiveness of their group of dogs in meeting specific predator threats. LGDs that follow the livestock closest assure that a guard dog is on hand if a predator attacks, while LGDs that patrol at the edges of a flock or herd are in a position to keep would-be attackers at a safe distance from livestock. Those dogs that are more attentive tend to alert those that are more passive, but perhaps also more trustworthy or less aggressive with the livestock.
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a typical colour were given preference for breeding in different regions. Rigg notes that often the color of dogs is chosen according to the main color of the livestock: in flocks of white sheep, the dogs are white, with coloured sheep, goats or yaks, the dogs are usually grey or brown. It is assumed that animals are calmer about being in a presence of dogs of a similar color. In addition, the color of the dog corresponding to the color of the herd reduces the risk of accidental death of the dog when shooting wolves.
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annually to wolf attacks. 76 farmers took part in the
Coppingers program, which introduced European livestock guardian dogs into the US sheep breeding (in their project they used Anatolian Shepherd Dogs). In all farms, where, in the absence of dogs, up to two hundred attacks of wolves per year happened, not a single sheep was lost under the protection of LGDs. At the same time, none of the predators protected by law got killed: the dogs simply did not allow them to approach the herd.
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400:, and a number of African countries, even despite the absence of such a tradition in these regions. The use of livestock guardian dogs for the protection of herds reduces losses of animals between 11% and 100%, without requiring significant investments, special technologies and government assistance. Attempts to return the LGDs into agriculture are supported by government programs and public organisations in a number of countries.
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natural habitats in Europe and North
America, environmentalists have come to appreciate LGDs because they allow sheep and cattle farming to coexist with predators in the same or nearby habitats. Unlike trapping and poisoning, LGDs seldom kill predators; instead, their aggressive behaviors tend to condition predators to seek unguarded (thus, nonfarm animal) prey. For instance, in Italy's
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mainly by using the distant-pasture method. In winter the flocks are kept in low-lying pastures or in paddocks, and in the summer they are moved to remote regions, often to the mountains, where there is enough grass during the summer drought. LGDs guard livestock on pastures throughout the year, and also protect sheep from attacks of predators during seasonal migrations.
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their death or the birth of puppies. When the herds gather together for the winter, some dogs can move to another herd and spend the next summer guarding other sheep. When large predators appear near pastures, the number of dogs in the flock usually increases. Protection is more reliable if the herd is guarded by dogs of different breeds, for example, powerful
338:. The breed standards used by canine organisations in purebred breeding and their selection process are mainly focused on physical characteristics and not on their ability to protect the herd. In the absence of a traditional guarding purpose and selection associated with it, hereditary guarding skills and key working qualities of LGDs get lost.
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and tolerate illnesses better. Their stride is longer, so they are more efficient at long distances. However, dogs that are too large suffer more from the heat, therefore they are used exclusively in the northern regions and in mountain pastures. Livestock guardian dogs working with the herds in hot areas are lighter in bone and shorter.
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For various reasons, including the decline in livestock and the transition to other methods of livestock breeding and management, in many regions, the number of LGDs has critically declined. Instead of their original purpose, livestock guardian dogs are more often used to guard property, bred as show
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LGDs are large, powerful dogs, although smaller dogs drive wild animals away from the herd just as effectively. The large size provides guardian dogs with a number of advantages: they retain heat longer, carry more fat reserves and can go without food for longer, are less likely to get bone fractures
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BC. Back then shepherding was a difficult job: the first shepherds did not have horses and managed livestock on foot, as mules, horses and donkeys were not yet fully domesticated and obedient enough. Dogs that previously were helping humans to hunt, became assistants in farming. The main task of dogs
313:
All LGDs have similar physical traits. Differences in appearance reflect the peculiarities of the climate in which these dogs live and work. All LGDs have a dense water-repellent coat, strong build, and independent disposition. Differences in the colour are determined by local traditions: puppies of
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Nonetheless, livestock breeding remains an important part of agriculture, and livestock guardian dogs are still the most efficient and sustainable way of protecting the herds. LGDs invariably remain an integral part of the industry in places of traditional sheep breeding where large carnivores have
231:
The experiments of Lorna and
Raymond Coppinger and the studies of other specialists have shown the effectiveness of protecting flocks with the help of dogs. After the reintroduction of wolves, that were eliminated in the United States in the 1930s, American farmers were losing about a million sheep
200:
and occurs between 3 and 16 weeks of age. Training requires regular daily handling and management, preferably from birth. A guardian dog is not considered reliable until it is at least 2 years of age. Until that time, supervision, guidance, and correction are needed to teach the dog the skills and
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While LGDs have been known to fight to the death with predators, in most cases, predator attacks are prevented by a display of aggressiveness. LGDs are known to drive off predators for which physically they would be no match, such as bears and even lions. With the reintroduction of predators into
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For the protection of flocks, on average, five dogs are used per 350 heads of sheep, but the need for LGDs depends on many conditions, such as the landscape and size of the territory, vegetation available in the pasture area, the species, breed and number of animals in the herd, the presence of a
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The three qualities most sought after in LGDs are trustworthiness, attentiveness, and protectiveness; trustworthy in that they do not roam off and are not aggressive with the livestock, attentive in that they are situationally aware of threats by predators, and protective in that they attempt to
251:
with a strong herd instinct. During the day, the sheep scatter over the pasture that is about one square mile, and at night they gather in a denser flock. In an ordinary flock of a thousand ewes and their lambs, two to five guard dogs live constantly. The number of dogs in a herd can change with
191:
Livestock guardian dogs specialise in protection of small farm animals, mainly sheep. Unlike herds of cattle or horses, which are able to withstand even large predators on their own, herds of sheep and goats need the protection that LGDs are designed to provide. In large farms, sheep are managed
108:
This function predetermined the type of herding dogs: they had to be strong, vicious, courageous, decisive, able to stand alone against a large predator and, most importantly, ready to defend their herd. The ancestors of livestock guarding dogs can be traced back to six thousand years ago, with
396:, where large predators were reintroduced in the end of the 20th century, shepherds are going back to using LGDs as the only way to protect farm animals from harm in a way that is not lethal to legally protected predators. Thanks to this advantage, LGDs are now used to protect herds in the US,
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At least two dogs may be placed with a flock or herd, depending on its size, the type of predators, their number, and the intensity of predation. If predators are scarce, one dog may be adequate, though most operations usually require at least two dogs. Large operations (particularly range
228:, and are typically imprinted between 7 and 8 weeks of age. Before use of dogs was implemented, impoverished Namibian farmers often came into conflict with predatory cheetahs; now, Anatolians usually are able to drive off cheetahs with their barking and displays of aggression.
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which control the movement of livestock, LGDs blend in with them, watching for intruders within the flock. The mere presence of a guardian dog is usually enough to ward off some predators, and LGDs confront predators by vocal intimidation, barking, and displaying very
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326:, and are often protective towards children. If introduced to a family as a pup, most LGDs are as protective of their family as a working guard dog is of its flock. In fact, in some communities where LGDs are a tradition, the
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Many breeds of LGDs are little known outside of the regions where they are still worked. Nevertheless, some breeds are known to display traits advantageous to guarding livestock. Some specialist LGD breeds include:
195:
The dogs are introduced to livestock as puppies so they "imprint" on the animals. Experts recommend that the pups begin living with the herd at 4 to 5 weeks of age. This imprinting is thought to be largely
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Green, Jeffrey S.; Woodruff, Roger A. (1990). Livestock
Guarding Dogs: Protecting Sheep From Predators (Report). U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. p. 26.
236:
shepherd, the presence or absence of fences and other means of protection, the number and species composition of predators, as well as the breed, age, health status of LGDs and their experience.
322:
LGDs are generally large, independent, and protective, which can make them less than ideal for urban or even suburban living. Nonetheless, despite their size, they can be gentle, make good
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rules it needs to do its job. Having older dogs that assist in training younger dogs streamlines this process considerably. Trials are underway to protect penguins with LGDs.
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archaeological findings of joint remains of sheep and dogs dated back to 3685 BC. The land of their origin is considered to be the territories of modern
2238:
Urbigkit, C.; Urbigkit, J. (2010). "A review: the use of livestock protection dogs in association with large carnivores in the rocky mountains".
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2020:
2003:
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operations) and heavy predator loads require more dogs. Male and female LGDs have proved to be equally effective in protecting of livestock.
301:, where LGDs and wolves have coexisted for centuries, older, more experienced wolves seem to "know" the LGDs and leave their flocks alone.
2125:
2741:
3622:
2708:
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2652:
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2747:
Livestock guarding dogs: their current use world wide by Robin Rigg, a comprehensive review of current livestock guarding dog use
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1304:
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33:
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63:. Their ability to guard their herd is mainly instinctive, as the dog is bonded to the herd from an early age. Unlike
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in association with the beginning of livestock breeding. Domestication of sheep and goats began there in the 8-7th
80:
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in the early period was to protect herds from a variety of wild predators, which were very numerous at that time.
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2021:"Livestock Protection Dogs in the 21st Century: Is an Ancient Tool Relevant to Modern Conservation Challenges?"
330:
of a litter often was kept or given as a household pet or simply kept as a village dog without a single owner.
298:
2194:
3709:
3558:
3553:
3145:
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2161:"A Review: The Use of Livestock Protection Dogs in Association with Large Carnivores in the Rocky Mountains"
755:
2671:
Farm Dogs: A Comprehensive Breed Guide to 93 Guardians, Herders, Terriers and other canine working partners
2319:
Livestock guarding dogs: cultural heritage icons with a new relevance for mitigating conservation conflicts
892:
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Livestock guardian dogs stay with the group of animals they protect as a full-time member of the flock or
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3957:= Descended from and closely related to livestock guardian dogs, but traditionally used in other roles
2742:
Guarding Dogs: from the
Transhumance to Pre-Zygotic Selection by Raymond Coppinger and Lorna Coppinger
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1999:
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374:
248:
2730:
Livestock and Wolves: A Guide to
Nonlethal Tools and Methods to Reduce Conflicts, 2nd Edition
1877:
Livestock and Wolves: A Guide to
Nonlethal Tools and Methods to Reduce Conflicts, 2nd Edition
3926:
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Attention, Sheep
Grazing in this Area: Livestock Protection Dogs in Use, a USDA warning sign
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Relief from a Roman sarcophagus depicting a herdsman and his dog, 2nd or 3rd century CE
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shepherd man – his horse and dogs' primary job is to guard the sheep from predators
89:
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in
Afghanistan, the Mazandarani saga dog in Iran) are considered completely lost.
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Livestock
Guardian Dogs at Work: Another Side of The Great Pyrenees Mountain Dog
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in Bulgaria, the Portuguese LGD breeds) are on the verge of extinction, others (
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101:
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136:. Images are found on works of art created more than two thousand years ago.
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Livestock Guarding Dogs: Protecting Sheep from Predators, a USDA publication
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358:
197:
144:
53:
49:
693:
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2778:
Guardian Dogs: Best Practice Manual for the use of Livestock Guardian Dogs
2394:
1937:
Rigg, R. (2001). "Livestock guarding dogs: their current use world wide".
1492:
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745:
72:. The dog may attack or fight with a predator if it cannot drive it away.
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3479:
3474:
3459:
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3376:
3339:
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2644:
Livestock Guardians: Using Dogs, Donkeys, and Llamas to Protect Your Herd
2073:
1612:
1538:
1338:
1163:
1147:
1122:
1106:
715:
225:
159:
45:
256:, who prefer to lie close to livestock, in cooperation with more mobile
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168:
154:
110:
2019:
Gehring, Thomas M.; VerCauteren, Kurt C.; Landry, Jean-Marc (2010).
1322:
785:
16:
Dog type bred for the purpose of protecting livestock from predators
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2193:
Contributor, Author : Countryside Magazine (March 14, 2019).
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118:
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27:
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327:
140:
93:
60:
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212:", commonly used as a neck-protection by LGDs against predators
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from Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre of Australia
2322:. Trondheim: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA).
1754:
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692:
648:
617:
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529:
505:
481:
457:
2703:(Revised and Updated, 2nd ed.). Chronicle Books LLC.
334:
dogs with a spectacular appearance, and sometimes used in
2793:
2536:
2534:
2473:
2471:
2617:
Dogs: the ultimate dictionary of over 1,000 dog breeds
2594:
Dogs of the shepherds: a review of the pastoral breeds
2289:
Livestock guarding dogs: their current use world wide
1975:
1973:
2126:"Penguin numbers up after world-first maremma trial"
3546:
3513:
3430:
3295:
3250:
3106:
3063:
2831:
2647:. North Adams, MA: Storey Books. pp. 122–123.
2696:
2619:. North Pomfret, VT: Trafalgar Square Publishing.
163:mention the use of livestock guardian dogs by the
2699:Legacy of the Dog: The Ultimate Illustrated Guide
1900:Barnes, Elizabeth (1998). "Working like a dog".
1923:. Agricultural Information Bulletin Number 588.
1882:(Report). Washington, DC: Defenders of Wildlife
1741:Bosnian-Herzegovinian and Croatian Shepherd Dog
139:Their use being recorded as early as 150 BC in
2674:. North Adams, MA: Storey Books. p. 117.
2316:Linnell, J. D. C.; Lescureux, Nicolas (2015).
3623:
2809:
349:Some breeds of LGDs are kept mainly as pets (
8:
264:, who control the perimeter of the pasture.
2641:Dohner, Janet Vorwald (December 12, 2007).
2346:Free-Ranging Dogs and Wildlife Conservation
1870:
1868:
318:Livestock guardian dogs in the modern world
3630:
3616:
3608:
2816:
2802:
2794:
2597:. Ramsbury, Wiltshire: The Crowood Press.
2294:(paper). IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group.
2128:. Warrnambool City Council. Archived from
1788:
416:
2762:in-depth video about LGD use by shepherds
2668:Dohner, Janet Vorwald (October 4, 2016).
1825:Before 5th century BC to 19th century AD
2552:
2112:
1979:
1864:
1806:
1735:Bosnian and Herzegovinian Shepherd Dog,
428:
2501:
2260:
2249:
2220:
2210:
1959:
1948:
2540:
2525:
2513:
2489:
2477:
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2438:
2426:
2414:
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2369:
2311:
2309:
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2188:
2186:
2154:
2152:
2150:
1266:Cane da Pastore Maremmano-Abruzzese,
7:
2695:Kojima, Toyoharu (August 28, 2005).
1932:
1930:
124:Livestock dogs are mentioned in the
2159:Urbigkit, C.; Urbigkit, J. (2010).
239:For example, sheep breeders of the
48:bred for the purpose of protecting
2725:Livestock Guardian Dog Association
1633:Mastín español de campo y trabajo,
224:are used to guard goat herds from
36:with a flock of sheep in Australia
14:
2395:"Azawakh - Dog Breed Information"
2165:Sheep & Goat Research Journal
950:Perro de Montaña de los Pirineos,
377:, in the mountain regions of the
247:breed predominantly white-headed
3591:
3582:
3581:
1995:Livestock Handling and Transport
1831:
2195:"LGD Pack Size Affects Success"
1309:Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dog,
3874:Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dog
956:Chien de Montagne des Pyrénées
767:Romanian Carpathian Shepherd,
635:Southeastern European Shepherd
1:
1313:Ciobănesc Românesc Mioritic,
952:Can de Montaña de os Perinés,
834:Central Asian Ovtcharka &
273:Temperament and working ethic
92:, on the territory of modern
3818:Maremmano-Abruzzese Sheepdog
2343:Gompper, Matthew E. (2014).
1798:Country or region of origin
1260:Maremmano-Abruzzese Sheepdog
800:Caucasian Mountain Dog &
449:Chien de Montagne de l'Atlas
353:). Some working breeds (the
175:Purpose and working features
3879:Romanian Raven Shepherd Dog
3444:List of longest-living dogs
2576:. New York: DK Publishing.
2574:The Encyclopedia of the Dog
2349:. Oxford University Press.
1904:. No. 168. p. 30.
1875:Suzanne Asha Stone (2016).
1739:Croatian Mountain Dog &
1503:Romanian Raven Shepherd Dog
761:Ciobănesc Românesc Carpatin
710:Portuguese Cattle Dog &
373:, in central Italy, on the
88:Herding dogs originated in
4008:
3844:Perro de Pastor Mallorquin
3745:Greater Swiss Mountain Dog
3720:Central Asian Shepherd Dog
3695:Buryat-Mongolian Wolfhound
3417:Origin of the domestic dog
3315:Breed-specific legislation
3156:Psychiatric assistance dog
1401:Owczarek Podhalański &
1056:Kurdish Dog or Pshdar Dog
828:Central Asian Shepherd Dog
736:Transmontano Mastiff &
680:Cane da pastore siciliano,
660:Buryat-Mongolian Wolfhound
499:Central Anatolian shepherd
18:
3950:
3645:
3577:
2302:. Occasional Paper No. 1.
1101:Karakachansko Kuche &
883:Portuguese Shepherd &
167:in the ancient region of
3725:Entlebucher Mountain Dog
3705:Cão de Gado Transmontano
3675:Appenzeller Mountain Dog
1992:Grandin, Temple (2007).
1921:2027/umn.31951d012181083
1560:Yugoslavian Shepherd Dog
1483:Portuguese Mastiff &
1457:Mastín del Pirineo &
1397:Tatra Mountain Sheepdog,
1028:Himalayan Shepherd &
954:Chien des Pyrénées &
929:Central Iranian Shepherd
778:Romanian Carpatin Herder
770:Câine Ciobănesc Carpatin
732:Cão de Gado Transmontano
708:Dog of Castro Laboreiro,
588:Azerbaijani Shepherd Dog
345:Kuchi dog in Afghanistan
299:Gran Sasso National Park
19:Not to be confused with
3992:Livestock guardian dogs
3710:Carpathian Shepherd Dog
3700:Cão de Castro Laboreiro
3639:Livestock guardian dogs
3559:List of individual dogs
3554:Domesticated silver fox
3146:Mobility assistance dog
2591:Hancock, David (2014).
2078:, Book III line 404-413
2037:10.1525/bio.2010.60.4.8
1701:Kazakhstan mountain dog
1523:Sardinian Shepherd Dog,
1507:Ciobanesc Romanesc Corb
885:Cão da Serra da Estrela
756:Carpathian Shepherd Dog
738:Transmontano Cattle Dog
704:Cão de Castro Laboreiro
633:Bucovina Sheepdog &
3917:South Russian Ovcharka
3897:Sardinian Shepherd Dog
3715:Caucasian Shepherd Dog
3564:List of fictional dogs
2878:Livestock guardian dog
2397:. American Kennel Club
2259:Cite journal requires
1958:Cite journal requires
1785:List of extinct breeds
1770:Chitral Watchdog &
1759:
1745:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1690:
1650:
1622:
1580:
1549:
1519:Sardinian Shepherd Dog
1496:
1470:
1416:
1386:
1364:
1326:
1285:
1272:Abruzzo Sheepdog &
1253:
1231:
1183:
1157:
1116:
1103:Karakachanska Ovcharka
1090:
1045:
1030:Himalayan Shepherd Dog
1017:
1004:Azerbaijani wolfhound
993:
969:
944:Pyrenean Mountain Dog,
920:
907:Georgian Mountain Dog
896:
872:
821:
796:Caucasian Shepherd Dog
789:
749:
725:
697:
653:
622:
582:
534:
510:
486:
462:
447:Chien de l'Atlas &
365:survived, such as the
346:
285:
213:
188:
85:
42:livestock guardian dog
37:
3864:Pyrenean Mountain Dog
3690:Bucovina Shepherd Dog
3232:Search and rescue dog
1758:
1737:Bosnian Shepherd Dog,
1689:
1649:
1621:
1607:Tatransky Cuvac &
1579:
1548:
1495:
1469:
1427:Kurdish Shepherd Dog,
1415:
1393:Polish Tatra Sheepdog
1385:
1363:
1325:
1284:
1252:
1230:
1182:
1156:
1115:
1089:
1044:
1016:
992:
968:
948:Montañés del Pirineo,
919:
895:
871:
820:
788:
774:Carpathian Sheepdog,
748:
724:
696:
652:
621:
581:
533:
509:
497:Turkish mastiff &
485:
461:
351:Pyrenean mountain dog
344:
280:
220:in Southwest Africa,
207:
182:
83:
31:
3730:Estrela Mountain Dog
3685:Bernese Mountain Dog
3287:Dog–cat relationship
3134:Medical response dog
1772:Pakistani Vikhan Dog
1399:Owczarek Tatrzański,
879:Estrela Mountain Dog
187:with a herd of goats
3869:Rafeiro do Alentejo
3770:Kangal Shepherd Dog
3078:List of crossbreeds
2841:African village dog
2789:German Shepherd Dog
1828:Livestock guardian
1637:Mastín Leonés &
1477:Rafeiro do Alentejo
1311:Romanian Mioritic,
1270:Pastore Maremmano,
1268:Pastore Abruzzese,
1168:Hungarian Komondor,
765:Romanian Shepherd,
712:Portuguese Watchdog
443:Atlas Shepherd Dog,
441:Atlas Mountain Dog,
70:aggressive behavior
3922:Tatra Shepherd Dog
3755:Himalayan Sheepdog
3670:Armenian Gampr dog
2767:2013-01-16 at the
2735:2021-05-14 at the
2223:has generic name (
2095:History of Animals
1795:Alternate name(s)
1760:
1691:
1651:
1623:
1609:Slovak tschuvatsch
1581:
1550:
1497:
1471:
1459:Mostín d'o Pireneu
1417:
1387:
1365:
1327:
1286:
1274:Abruzzese Sheepdog
1254:
1232:
1216:De Kochyano Spai,
1184:
1170:Hungarian Sheepdog
1158:
1117:
1091:
1077:Sivas Kangal &
1046:
1024:Himalayan Sheepdog
1018:
994:
970:
921:
897:
873:
822:
790:
750:
726:
698:
654:
623:
583:
535:
511:
487:
473:Akbaş Çoban Köpeği
463:
347:
336:dog fight business
286:
214:
189:
150:History of Animals
86:
38:
3964:
3963:
3740:Georgian Shepherd
3665:Aksaray Malaklisi
3605:
3604:
3485:Rabies in animals
3412:Human–canine bond
2990:Bull-type terrier
2604:978-1-84797-808-0
2583:978-0-7566-6004-8
2356:978-0-19-164011-7
2329:978-82-426-3500-6
2287:Rigg, R. (2001).
2143:About the cheetah
2005:978-1-84593-220-6
1902:Mother Earth News
1839:
1838:
1782:
1781:
1534:Cani sardu antigu
1481:Alentejo Mastiff,
1431:Kurdish Dog &
1305:Mioritic Shepherd
1264:Maremma Sheepdog,
1064:Iranian Kurdistan
903:Georgian Shepherd
682:Mastino siciliano
629:Bucovina Shepherd
493:Aksaray Malaklisi
426:Country of origin
423:Alternate name(s)
375:Iberian Peninsula
254:Pyrenean mastiffs
249:Rambouillet sheep
3999:
3927:Tibetan Kyi Apso
3888:
3859:Pyrenean Mastiff
3840:
3827:
3809:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3609:
3595:
3585:
3584:
3362:Dogs in religion
3225:usage by country
2846:Free-ranging dog
2818:
2811:
2804:
2795:
2714:
2702:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2630:
2608:
2587:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2284:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2156:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2099:
2098:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2047:. Archived from
2016:
2010:
2009:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1946:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1872:
1835:
1789:
1657:Tibetan kyi apso
1639:Mastín Extremeño
1635:Mastín ganadero,
1605:Slovak Chuvach,
1530:Pastore fonnese,
1485:Mutt of Alentejo
1453:Pyrenean Mastiff
1332:Mongolian banhar
1242:Hungarian Kuvasz
1218:Jangi Spai &
417:
34:Maremma Sheepdog
4007:
4006:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3946:
3932:Tibetan Mastiff
3912:Spanish Mastiff
3907:Slovensky Cuvac
3883:
3835:
3824:Moscow Watchdog
3822:
3804:
3765:Kurdish Mastiff
3650:Afghan Shepherd
3641:
3636:
3606:
3601:
3573:
3542:
3509:
3426:
3297:
3291:
3246:
3102:
3083:Mixed-breed dog
3059:
2827:
2822:
2769:Wayback Machine
2737:Wayback Machine
2721:
2711:
2694:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2667:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2637:
2635:Further reading
2627:
2613:Morris, Desmond
2611:
2605:
2590:
2584:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2272:
2258:
2248:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2219:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2158:
2157:
2148:
2141:
2137:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2102:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2052:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1971:
1957:
1947:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1844:
1787:
1771:
1766:Vikhan Sheepdog
1748:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1675:Tibetan Mastiff
1638:
1636:
1634:
1629:Spanish Mastiff
1608:
1606:
1586:Shirak Sheepdog
1567:
1564:North Macedonia
1533:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1484:
1482:
1458:
1442:
1437:
1433:Kurdish Mastiff
1432:
1430:
1428:
1403:Polski Owczarek
1402:
1400:
1398:
1371:Persian Mastiff
1314:
1312:
1310:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1220:Afghan Shepherd
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1169:
1102:
1078:
1060:Iraqi Kurdistan
1052:Kurdish Mastiff
1036:
1034:
1029:
960:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
908:
884:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
835:
833:
813:
811:
809:
801:
777:
775:
773:
768:
766:
764:
737:
711:
709:
681:
677:Cane di Mannara
642:
634:
498:
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
415:
406:
394:Northern Europe
320:
307:
305:Physical traits
275:
270:
241:Rocky Mountains
177:
128:, the works of
115:Iraqi Kurdistan
98:Iraqi Kurdistan
78:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4005:
4003:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3969:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3849:Perro Majorero
3846:
3841:
3833:
3828:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3785:Karst Shepherd
3782:
3777:
3775:Karakachan dog
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3750:Greek Shepherd
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3589:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3528:Crate training
3525:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3500:Skin disorders
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3305:Animal testing
3301:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3114:Assistance dog
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3093:Extinct breeds
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3073:List of breeds
3069:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2727:
2720:
2719:External links
2717:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2692:
2680:
2665:
2653:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2609:
2603:
2588:
2582:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2553:Hancock (2014)
2545:
2543:, p. 343.
2530:
2528:, p. 335.
2518:
2516:, p. 387.
2506:
2504:, p. 707.
2494:
2492:, p. 332.
2482:
2480:, p. 317.
2467:
2465:, p. 316.
2455:
2453:, p. 347.
2443:
2441:, p. 324.
2431:
2429:, p. 349.
2419:
2417:, p. 350.
2407:
2386:
2384:, p. 351.
2374:
2372:, p. 353.
2362:
2355:
2335:
2328:
2305:
2270:
2261:|journal=
2230:
2182:
2146:
2135:
2132:on 2011-05-16.
2117:
2113:Hancock (2014)
2100:
2081:
2061:
2031:(4): 299–308.
2011:
2004:
1984:
1969:
1960:|journal=
1926:
1907:
1892:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1813:Alpine Mastiff
1809:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1773:
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1726:
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1434:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1376:
1375:Sarabi Mastiff
1373:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1319:
1316:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1291:Mazandrani dog
1288:
1287:
1278:
1275:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1224:
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1200:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1140:Karst Shepherd
1136:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1079:Turkish Kangal
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1010:
1005:
1002:
996:
995:
986:
981:
978:
976:Greek Shepherd
972:
971:
962:
957:
942:
940:Great Pyrenees
936:
935:
933:
930:
927:
926:Ghadrejani dog
923:
922:
913:
910:
905:
899:
898:
889:
886:
881:
875:
874:
865:
837:
830:
824:
823:
814:
803:
798:
792:
791:
782:
779:
776:Carpatin &
758:
752:
751:
742:
739:
734:
728:
727:
718:
713:
706:
700:
699:
690:
683:
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600:
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584:
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562:
561:idii n' illeli
559:
553:
552:
549:
544:
541:
537:
536:
527:
522:
519:
517:Armenian Gampr
513:
512:
503:
500:
495:
489:
488:
479:
474:
471:
465:
464:
455:
450:
437:
431:
430:
427:
424:
421:
414:
411:
405:
404:List of breeds
402:
371:Balkan regions
355:Karakachan dog
324:companion dogs
319:
316:
306:
303:
274:
271:
269:
266:
185:Great Pyrenees
176:
173:
130:Cato the Elder
77:
74:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4004:
3993:
3990:
3988:
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3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3680:Bakharwal dog
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3628:
3626:
3621:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3569:Lists of dogs
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3538:Socialization
3536:
3534:
3533:Housebreaking
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3490:Rage syndrome
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
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3433:
3429:
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3415:
3413:
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3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:Dogs in space
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
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3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:Body language
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3260:Communication
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:Detection dog
3188:
3186:
3185:Companion dog
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
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3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
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3046:
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3022:
3019:
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3012:
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3010:
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3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
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2740:
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2734:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2710:9780811851138
2706:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2683:
2681:9781612125923
2677:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2656:
2654:9781580176958
2650:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2626:1-57076-219-8
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2555:, p. 32.
2554:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2502:Morris (2001)
2498:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2452:
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2321:
2320:
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2301:
2297:
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2279:
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2245:
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2234:
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2214:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2051:on 2021-03-09
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1922:
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1911:
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1571:
1565:
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1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1532:Cane fonnesu,
1527:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1494:
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1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:Bayburt Kelpi
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1155:
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1146:
1143:
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1120:
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982:
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943:
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934:
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918:
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831:
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815:
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804:
799:
797:
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793:
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783:
780:
771:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
747:
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735:
733:
730:
729:
723:
719:
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714:
707:
705:
702:
701:
695:
691:
688:
684:
679:
676:
675:
671:
669:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
651:
647:
645:
640:
637:
632:
630:
627:
626:
620:
616:
614:
611:
608:
606:
605:Bakharwal dog
603:
602:
598:
596:
593:
590:
587:
586:
580:
576:
574:
570:
566:
563:
560:
558:
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545:
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528:
526:
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520:
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508:
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496:
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491:
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484:
480:
478:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
460:
456:
454:
451:
438:
436:
433:
432:
425:
422:
419:
418:
413:Extant breeds
412:
410:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
362:
360:
356:
352:
343:
339:
337:
331:
329:
325:
317:
315:
311:
304:
302:
300:
294:
290:
283:
279:
272:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
250:
246:
245:United States
242:
237:
233:
229:
227:
223:
219:
211:
206:
202:
199:
193:
186:
181:
174:
172:
170:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
126:Old Testament
122:
120:
116:
112:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
82:
75:
73:
71:
66:
62:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
35:
30:
26:
22:
3982:Working dogs
3954:
3837:Newfoundland
3638:
3495:Reproduction
3465:Conformation
3407:Fear of dogs
3357:Dog grooming
3350:2007 recalls
3335:Dog fighting
3282:Intelligence
3195:Fighting dog
3175:Carriage dog
3098:Most popular
3055:Turnspit dog
2877:
2863:Hairless dog
2698:
2685:. Retrieved
2670:
2658:. Retrieved
2643:
2616:
2593:
2573:
2570:Fogle, Bruce
2563:Bibliography
2548:
2541:Fogle (2009)
2526:Fogle (2009)
2521:
2514:Fogle (2009)
2509:
2497:
2490:Fogle (2009)
2485:
2478:Fogle (2009)
2463:Fogle (2009)
2458:
2451:Fogle (2009)
2446:
2439:Fogle (2009)
2434:
2427:Fogle (2009)
2422:
2415:Fogle (2009)
2410:
2399:. Retrieved
2389:
2382:Fogle (2009)
2377:
2370:Fogle (2009)
2365:
2345:
2338:
2318:
2252:cite journal
2233:
2202:. Retrieved
2198:
2168:
2164:
2138:
2130:the original
2120:
2094:
2084:
2075:The Georgics
2074:
2064:
2053:. Retrieved
2049:the original
2028:
2024:
2014:
1994:
1987:
1980:Hancock 2014
1951:cite journal
1910:
1901:
1895:
1884:. Retrieved
1601:Slovak Cuvac
1429:Peshdar Dog,
1194:
959:France &
909:& Nagazi
855:Turkmenistan
769:
760:
573:Burkina Faso
540:Ashayeri Dog
407:
387:
383:Central Asia
363:
348:
332:
321:
312:
308:
295:
291:
287:
238:
234:
230:
215:
194:
190:
158:
148:
138:
123:
107:
90:Western Asia
87:
65:herding dogs
58:
41:
39:
25:
3902:Šarplaninac
3735:Gaddi Kutta
3505:Vaccination
3402:Dog walking
3372:Dog licence
3345:dog biscuit
3330:Dog daycare
3320:Cynanthropy
3298:interaction
3151:Therapy dog
3139:Seizure dog
3129:Hearing dog
2890:Hunting dog
2868:Herding dog
2221:|last=
2199:Countryside
2115:, p. .
1661:Apso Do-Kyi
1556:Šarplaninac
1223:Afghanistan
1214:Sage Jangi,
1212:Sage Kuchi,
1035:India &
840:Afghanistan
812:Azerbaijan,
445:Berber Dog,
398:Scandinavia
379:Middle East
210:wolf-collar
44:(LGD) is a
21:Herding dog
3971:Categories
3892:Sarabi dog
3885:St Bernard
3854:Pshdar dog
3813:Leonberger
3397:Dog sports
3220:Police dog
3165:Attack dog
3119:Autism dog
3088:Crossbreed
2971:Sighthound
2949:Scenthound
2856:Street dog
2687:2017-02-25
2660:2017-02-25
2401:2024-01-11
2204:2021-11-30
2055:2018-04-29
2025:BioScience
1886:2016-02-27
1854:References
1721:Uzbekistan
1705:Kazakhstan
1423:Pshdar dog
1097:Karakachan
1008:Azerbaijan
860:Uzbekistan
850:Kyrgyzstan
845:Kazakhstan
595:Azerbaijan
469:Akbash dog
367:Carpathian
222:Anatolians
165:Molossians
102:millennium
3987:Livestock
3977:Dog types
3831:Mucuchies
3795:Koyun dog
3392:Dog theft
3296:Human–dog
3215:Mercy dog
3200:Guard dog
3180:Catch dog
3124:Guide dog
3000:Schnauzer
2959:Coonhound
2937:Water dog
2922:Retriever
2883:Sheep dog
2177:1535-2587
2090:Aristotle
1859:Citations
1848:Guard dog
1717:Sarkangik
1444:Kurdistan
1355:Venezuela
1348:Mucuchies
1190:Koyun dog
1000:Gurdbasar
359:Kuchi dog
198:olfactory
145:Aristotle
54:predators
50:livestock
3806:Landseer
3790:Komondor
3760:Hovawart
3587:Category
3515:Training
3475:Dog food
3470:Diseases
3455:Breeding
3387:Dog show
3382:Dog park
3377:Dog meat
3340:Dog food
3325:Dog bite
3252:Behavior
3237:Sled dog
3210:Meat dog
2995:Pinscher
2964:Foxhound
2765:Archived
2733:Archived
2615:(2001).
2572:(2009).
2300:73756111
2244:13801493
2213:cite web
1998:. CABI.
1943:73756111
1842:See also
1775:Pakistan
1613:Slovakia
1568:Serbia (
1539:Sardinia
1488:Portugal
1339:Mongolia
1315:Mioritic
1164:Komondor
1148:Slovenia
1107:Bulgaria
888:Portugal
810:Armenia,
741:Portugal
716:Portugal
571:, &
258:Maremmas
226:cheetahs
160:Georgics
46:dog type
3937:Tornjak
3887:
3839:
3826:
3808:
3547:Related
3523:Clicker
3450:Anatomy
3422:Therapy
3310:Baiting
3275:Howling
3265:Barking
3242:War dog
3205:Lap dog
3170:Bay dog
3043:Toy dog
3014:Bulldog
3009:Mastiff
2985:Terrier
2976:Longdog
2932:Spaniel
2917:Pointer
2912:Gun dog
2905:Lurcher
2851:Pye-dog
2045:8806156
1750:Croatia
1731:Tornjak
1537:Italy (
1528:'s dog,
1510:Romania
1318:Romania
1245:Hungary
1174:Hungary
912:Georgia
832:Alabai,
806:Georgia
781:Romania
685:Italy (
639:Romania
557:Azawakh
525:Armenia
453:Morocco
390:Western
262:Kangals
243:in the
218:Namibia
143:. Both
76:History
3942:Vikhan
3800:Kuvasz
3660:Akbash
3597:Portal
3432:Health
3065:Breeds
3048:Bichon
2954:Basset
2927:Setter
2873:Collie
2707:
2678:
2651:
2623:
2601:
2580:
2353:
2326:
2298:
2242:
2175:
2070:Virgil
2043:
2002:
1941:
1807:Image
1792:Breed
1714:Torkuz
1570:Kosovo
1436:Iran,
1407:Poland
1238:Kuvasz
1199:Turkey
1131:Turkey
1082:Turkey
1073:Kangal
1033:China,
984:Greece
946:Patou,
864:Russia
802:Nagazi
687:Sicily
668:Russia
644:Serbia
502:Turkey
477:Turkey
429:Image
282:Kazakh
268:Traits
169:Epirus
155:Virgil
111:Turkey
3440:Aging
3107:Roles
3036:Tugou
3031:Laika
3026:Husky
3021:Spitz
2944:Hound
2900:Feist
2833:Types
2771:from
2296:S2CID
2292:(PDF)
2240:S2CID
2041:S2CID
1939:S2CID
1880:(PDF)
1747:&
1697:Tobet
1682:Tibet
1665:Tibet
1642:Spain
1566:&
1526:Fonni
1462:Spain
1441:&
1277:Italy
1208:Kuchi
1037:Nepal
961:Spain
862:&
836:Aziat
641:&
613:India
569:Niger
521:Gampr
439:Aïdi,
420:Breed
134:Varro
119:Syria
52:from
3780:Kars
3655:Aidi
3480:Odor
3460:Coat
2825:Dogs
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