Living street - Knowledge (XXG)

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within a city. Hotter conditions drive the peak energy up during hot summer days, as conditioning, lights, and appliances contribute to the energy need. Overloading systems and energy grids can lead to blackouts. Power companies can implement controlled brownouts or blackouts during this time to reduce the overall outage time. Hotter conditions can harm human health, causing general discomfort, respiratory difficulties, heat cramps, exhaustion, and non-fatal heat stroke. Implementing green infrastructure and replacing dark impervious materials is a solution to cool the surrounding environment and stormwater runoff. Implementing green infrastructure such as rain gardens, planter boxes, and green parking can reduce the effects of the urban heat island. Reducing dark impervious surfaces with lighter-colored materials reduces air temperature as the street surface reflects solar energy. Cool streets assist in creating cooler communities for residents within them. Through reducing energy usage, increasing water quality, and decreasing emissions. Consequently, lower temperatures reduce both emissions and temperature. This means communities may have fewer temperature-related illnesses, and the temperature of stormwater runoff reduces its impact on aquatic life in receiving waters. These lighter surfaces are also more resistant to heat degradation, and their reflective properties allow for more visibility at night. An increase in reflectivity also contributes to the reduction of energy usage. Street lights can run a lower wattage bulb, reducing demand. Cool streets create environments with reduced air temperatures, generating more comfort.

628:, parking lanes, and low-volume streets to allow water to infiltrate through surfaces and reduce runoff to nearby water. Pervious pavement promotes healthy runoff by increasing infiltration through the soil layers before reaching a resting state. Bioretention planters and bioswales are typically used in planting strips or curb bulb-outs to treat stormwater runoff. Swales consist of deep channels of native plants combined with engineered soil that allows them to handle large amounts of water. The deep channels increase the water captured and filter out solids and other contaminants. In addition to stormwater management, street trees, and urban canopies assist in shading surfaces and protecting them from the sun. Trees contribute to natural stormwater management by cutting off some rainwater before hitting the ground. Street trees also reduce surrounding temperatures and improve air quality. Providing shade and stormwater management can lead to a longer infrastructure life, saving replacement costs and turnover for the surfaces. Implementing environmental design strategies improves the quality of life by reducing air temperatures and pollution and improving water quality. 495:

speeds of motorized vehicles. This was a particular concern in areas with child and elderly populations. Noise and pollution decreased the overall livability of the streets, while more social interaction and perceived privacy was found on streets with lower traffic volumes. Stress, occupancy turnover, and adapting to unsafe living conditions were also results of unfavorable traffic conditions. The findings of Appleyard's Street Livability Study inspired the San Francisco City Planning Board to launch the San Francisco Urban Design Plan in 1971 which introduced the idea of the "protected residential area." The goal of the design was to slow down traffic to acceptable speeds in residential areas through infrastructure improvements for active transport as well as traffic calming measures. While the city's focus in street design used to be increasing the flow of motor traffic, this new approach discouraged high travel speeds. Following this plan, San Francisco developed the Protected Residential Area Program (PRA) which allowed neighborhoods to petition for traffic management measures. This encouraged community participation as well as equity and safety for all residents.

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includes various elements. Design strategies in complete streets include lane reductions/width reductions - decreasing the right-of-way of vehicles giving the street back to pedestrians, and creating opportunities for bicycle lanes. Raised crosswalks - a traffic calming device that brings motor traffic to the level pedestrians walk at. Curb extensions and medians increase space for street amenities such as plants, benches, and trees. Strategies implemented within complete streets improve overall health and strengthen urban ecosystems. Complete streets create environments enticing pedestrians to walk or bike. The spaces created in a complete street also encourage social interactions and productive areas. Cities are actively designing streets to prioritize pedestrian traffic efficiently and safely, create streets that reduce air pollution, and absorb storm runoff. (40) Developing complete streets also considers future technology. Future development of autonomous vehicles will reduce parking demand.

312:'s Street Livability Study in the 1970s suggested streets in the United States were often noisy, polluted, and dangerous, and residents and cities both do not feel in control of creating clean and safe street environments. Livable streets aim to create cleaner and safer environments by "greening" streets and creating spaces where cars are guests to pedestrians and cyclists. Greening consists of improving the natural and built environment through reviving and developing community parks, gardens, and street trees. Establishing living streets is one way that communities can grow their urban infrastructure, further developing these urban strategies can ensure that the environmental assets deliver their full potential. This concept prioritizes the environment and the community over accessibility and movement of traffic. The 582:

manifesto. The manifesto proposed pedestrianization of the whole city, prioritizing bicycle transport and efficient public transportation. The concept of a living street was a vital part of the manifesto. Reduction of vehicle traffic during the pandemic positively impacted the environment as air and noise pollution significantly decreased. Residents put emphasis on the idea of a living street as it would introduce more nature into the city. Living streets in Barcelona create opportunities for children to have a safe environment to play. COVID-19 increased the desire for areas dedicated to urban green spaces, as these areas became places of refuge during the pandemic. The re-naturalization of the city is now held to a higher standard as it guarantees an increase in human health and wellbeing.

1542: 218: 604: 470:, the handbook provided a hierarchy of street types such as arterial, collector and minor access. However, unsafe conditions were still being observed, and street types were not meeting their intent. Following this, cul de sacs and diverters were used in places such as Montclair and Grand Rapids to encourage streets to fulfill their assigned street type. In the 1950s and 1960s, extensive urban development projects concerning housing and highway construction brought increased volumes of traffic and improvements focused on the flow of the motorized vehicle. Colin Buchanan's 697: 292:'s Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices focuses primarily on vehicular traffic and how to optimize its movement. Streets are developed to simplify the tasks of the road and to create uniformity. Uniform look and feel of the road reduces perception/reaction time giving everyone similar interpretations which is vital for their performance.(2) The design of the traffic control devices also creates a constant when maintenance is required. These devices focus on the vehicle user to provide adequate meaning and command. Conversely, the concept of a living 1650: 301: 207: 574: 447: 1518: 716:

distance, people may utilize the sidewalks and bike lanes for their commute. In addition, compact neighborhoods will also make transit a realistic option because the population will exist to provide the necessary ridership. Advocates suggest establishing strong neighborhood centers with local accessibility - instead of creating separate commercial and residential areas, which promote car use through increased trip lengths – that will lead to more sustainable and livable conditions.

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disabilities to travel in anything but the car. Since lower income or senior citizens may not be able to afford or operate cars and rely on other modes of transportation to move around and be independent, living streets provide more economical and independent modes of transport. In addition, implementation of street trees, foundations, and plazas can allow people to gather and enjoy the street in a shared and communal experience.

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vehicles are more prepared to react and avoid crashes. In addition, motorists may also be cyclists or pedestrians themselves which makes them more sensitive to the needs and rights of these more vulnerable groups. Larger groups of these active commuters may also justify more rights to the road and an increase in improving and enhancing public infrastructure geared toward them. Fewer cars can also reduce traffic congestion.

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regardless of age, income, or ability. Measures such as bike lanes and safe, accessible maintained sidewalks will provide the infrastructure for the community to become active commuters. Further design strategies such as medians can serve as a safety net for pedestrians and indicate pedestrian presence for motor vehicles, while reducing lane and land width and bulb-outs can decrease a pedestrian's crossing distance.

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effects relating to air pollution can also influence pedestrians. incomplete streets create challenging conditions for pedestrians to walk or bicycle. Incomplete streets create car-dependent barriers and are designed only with cars in mind. Complete Streets provide drivers and other pedestrians opportunities to alter their means of transportation. The reduction of vehicular traffic increases

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surface. Contaminants such as road salt, fertilizers, oil, or chemicals from cars can dirty the runoff. Storm drains that lead directly into public waterways carries these pollutants, causing harm to the nutrients and health of the public waterways. Managing stormwater through environmental design keeps the water clean and healthy from pollutants. Green infrastructure such as

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consists of filling in the empty spaces and large parking lots often found adjacent to streets to make the street not only more attractive or inviting but also more accessible to these active commuters. In addition, moving parking lots to the back of the store like found in European countries gives priority to pedestrians and cyclists near the entrance.

565:, public education on traffic safety, integration with public transportation, increased bike sharing, and traffic calming measures. These cities have found that even though the United States has a history and culture associated with using motorized vehicles as a means of commuting, policies and infrastructure can influence people's actions and habits. 328:, Trantle and Doyle argue that woonerfs increase traffic safety and children are more likely to play near or in the street. The woonerf street give equal opportunity for pedestrians, bicyclists, and vehicles but pedestrians have a priority over the vehicles. This urban living street has demonstrated that it is successful in the Netherlands. 595:, regulations that are sensitive to more vulnerable populations and commuters, and community traffic education. Proponents believe a successful design cannot simply be individual measures taken but a combined, comprehensive approach that implements all these factors into a fully integrated and incorporated design. 2616: 1136:

Vehicles should not travel faster than 15 km/h and must yield to pedestrians, cyclists and children at play. If a pedestrian is near, the allowed top speed is walking speed. Pedestrians are however not permitted to un-necessarily hinder the travel of the vehicle. Both beginning and end of living

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Opponents to the living street believe that if more people opt for active transport alternatives as opposed to utilizing motor vehicles, travel time will increase significantly and will be inconvenient for commuters. They also believe that unless people utilize the infrastructure for active transport

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Living street designs are intended to serve all users. The concept hopes to advance livability for the entire community by envisioning the street as providing multiple benefits for several types of users instead of simply a means for motorized traffic to get from one place to another. This investment

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Living streets give more options for how people travel or get from one place to another and balances options so it is safe for all users. In addition, revitalizing existing areas instead of continuing suburban sprawl helps utilize and build upon past investments in infrastructure. This revitalization

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can make the street seem like less of a highway. Instead, these measures encourage lower travel speeds and therefore bring increased safety for other street users. Adequate signage, signals, and lighting can also be used to make all users aware the street is a shared space. These measures may require

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The design of the living street aims to promote safe walking and cycling, emphasizing pedestrians. Living Streets are achieved by restricting car use and parking, diminishing convenience to motor vehicles. Decreasing vehicular traffic increases the appeal for Sustainable modes of transportation. This

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materials that absorb energy from the sun and create warmer surrounding temperatures, increasing emissions and stormwater temperatures. These surfaces create a demand for air conditioning to cool structures. Increased conditioning contributes to higher electricity needs, escalating the overall demand

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In addition, current streets may have uninviting landscapes or be unsafe to walk or bike on, meaning driving a car is often the only safe or practical option. There is no place to gather or congregate or for children to play, and it is hard for the more vulnerable groups like children and those with

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such as roadside plantings, rain gardens, and other strategies have a growing importance as stormwater runoff is a fast-growing source of pollution. Impervious pavements repel stormwater, decreasing the amount of water that surfaces can absorb. Stormwater runoff absorbs any pollutants present on the

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sponsored a study conducted by Donald Appleyard in the 1970s looking at the impacts of traffic on residential streets. From the study (which looked at 500 homes in the San Francisco area in comparison to other international street designs) they found that residents were deterred by the unsafe travel

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as well as bicycle safety. Complete streets provide the highest priority to walking and sustainable transportation. Complete streets assess factors such as trip duration, path gradation, and typical weather conditions are assessed to see if active travel is possible. Each design of a Complete Street

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Pedestrians (including playing children, even without parental supervision) can use entire street and have absolute precedence over vehicles. Parking is only allowed in marked places. Speed calming devices do not have to be marked using road signs. The sign that marks an end of a living street also

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Living streets are sustainable from an economical, environmental, and social view. They can promote public health through the different modes of active transport offered as well as social equity through enhancing livability for all users. The design is intended to reduce traffic danger and increase

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and curvilinear street, but safety concerns regarding motor vehicles brought new street patterns in the 1920s, one being the "neighborhood unit." The Radburn plan developed by Henry Wright and Clarence Stein in the late 1920s as well as Clarence Perry's proposal in 1933 used the "neighborhood unit"

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for all users. Low-income neighborhoods are most vulnerable to Incomplete streets. Incomplete streets adversely affect the surrounding communities as the conditions can be unsafe and create more significant risks for pedestrians. Incomplete streets have a higher potential for crashes or injury, and

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is another strategy of the living street since how land is used will determine trip distances and preferred modes of transportation. Cycling is typically done at distances below 3 km and walking is typically done at distances below 1 km. If trip destinations are within walking or cycling

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countries, the mindset is that motorists should anticipate the actions of pedestrians and cyclists. Their traffic calming measures have had a significant impact on traffic crashes: Dutch neighborhoods have seen traffic crashes reduced by up to 70% in some areas, whereas a study looking at Denmark,

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These cities have implemented traffic calming measures, have dedicated auto-free zones for pedestrians and cyclists, enforce lower travel speeds, and have limited and more expensive parking compared to the United States. They have no turn on red, a concept the United States has had since the 1970s

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published in 1963 in England introduced his American companions to the concept of "environmental areas", places where pedestrians are safe from motorized vehicles. He acknowledged that there was an environmental capacity to every street, and pedestrian safety, air and noise pollution, and lighting

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Instead of focusing solely on the movement of cars, living streets are designed to move people and focus more broadly on several different modes of transportation that can be accessible to all people. A significant deterrent to active transport is a lack of traffic safety, especially to groups of

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focuses on creating healthier, more walkable, and more livable places while optimizing environmental benefits. Living streets aim to prioritize the safety of all street users, especially more vulnerable groups such as pedestrians and cyclists, by improving infrastructure to accommodate all street

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in mind by providing enriching and experiential spaces. Living streets also act as social spaces, allowing children to play and encouraging social interactions on a human scale, safely and legally. Living streets consider all pedestrians granting equal access to elders and those who are disabled.

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Government injury rate statistics from Californian cities and European countries show that higher numbers of cycling and walking may increase safety. Public health consultants such as Peter Jacobsen suggest this is because there is a greater awareness of cyclist and pedestrian movements so motor

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The design of living streets makes it easier for people to satisfy the need for daily physical activity since they can walk or cycle as a part of their commute. Walking and cycling provides a form of physical activity and accounts for numerous health benefits that can combat current concerns for

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techniques but goes further in that it uses the concept of the shared street where separate spaces are not defined and pedestrians have access to the entire street. Developing the street more by filling in the "street wall" is another design measure to encourage walking and cycling. This concept

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These studies and ideas have changed some of the mindsets and ideas of street planning and design in the United States. Some planners and designs in the United States now see the street as a place to live, gather, and play instead of a means to get from one place to another. They have started to

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are areas that contain vegetation that is planted in engineered soil. The soil allows for the filtration and storage of stormwater, recharging groundwater supplies. Producing tree canopies is another aspect of green street design. Street trees with adequate draining allow the rainwater runoff to

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The living street reimagines the role of the street by reconsidering its purpose and who it is intended to serve. The street may be cooler, safer, and more walkable when implemented. Living streets produce more attractive spaces that promote the user's health and well-being. Spaces create social

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compared to motorized transportation. By reducing the number of cars and incorporating public and active transport, living streets can move more people with the same or less amount of space than the current street since these modes take up far less space than cars, whether in use or in storage.

658:. These measures physically enforce reasonable speeds, rather than signage which can have little effect on the driver's actions - instead, drivers are forced to be more aware of their actions and the actions of other street users. Other traffic calming measures include raised intersections and 781:

The concept of living streets also works to prevent alienation children may have with their surroundings by providing them spaces to play and develop in an outdoor environment. The spaces allow children to experience different environments and communities as well as the ability to develop new

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cities have incorporated several design concepts and policies surrounding traffic management. They have seen improvements in overall street safety and for the more vulnerable modes of transport such as walking and cycling. The focus on active transport in countries like the Netherlands may be

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The COVID-19 pandemic sparked proposals for radical change in the organization of cities. Barcelona was one city that proposed a radical change. The Manifesto for the Reorganisation of Barcelona was published after COVID-19. One hundred sixty academics and three hundred architects signed the

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Living streets focus on how to best move people and not just the car. The design aims resolve issues such as high-speed traffic arterials, too few intersections, and lack of sidewalks. There may be dedicated transit lanes, sidewalks and bike lanes, and spaces that serve the entire community

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issues. Drainage systems within a city are designed to provide an outlet for the runoff coming from impervious surfaces. Managing water at the source reduces the pollutants carried into local water supplies. Pollutants can be harmful to local ecosystems and water quality. Introducing green

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Pedestrians (including playing children, even without parental supervision) can use entire street and have full right of way, however, the pedestrian shall not prevent a vehicle passing through. No parking except in marked places. Both beginnings and endings of living streets are marked.

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relationships with others in these safer spaces. As a result, children living near these streets will be healthier individuals since they have a greater and safer exposure to the environment around them and are able to develop relationships and interact with various individuals.

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society like the elderly and children who are more vulnerable to these dangers and, with current streets, often need more protection from car traffic. Increased walking and cycling in these groups would improve their physical activity and expand their mobility and independence.

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infrastructure into urban developments can make up for the lost opportunities for groundwater to infiltrate the natural environment. Green infrastructure includes permeable pavements, these porous surfaces allow runoff to infiltrate the surface. Bioretention cells or

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Vehicles should not travel faster than a pedestrian speed. If not same grade then street usable by pedestrians. Parking is only allowed in marked places. Pedestrians, including children, may use the entire street and children are permitted to play in the street

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rates with walking and cycling for commuters between countries, studies show that the countries with a greater number of cyclist and pedestrian commuters tend to have lower rates of obesity. Lack of exercise can also lead to other chronic health problems like

391:, improving air quality and reducing carbon emissions. Implementing green streets helps to reduce stormwater runoff while increasing the water quality and supply to the urban environment. Creating more resilience to climate change with a healthier community. 343:

and other air pollutants, as well as improve water quantity and quality. Living streets can also prevent erosion and flooding through green infrastructure, stormwater management, and reuse. Living streets combine three significant components: being

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A self-contained grouping of houses with single or multiple entry points for vehicles. Such areas often have green areas or play areas within them. The needs of vulnerable road users are merely "deemed to take precedence over those of motorists".

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may include improved infrastructure that encourages people to sit, walk, and gather instead of being driven away by noisy traffic polluting the air. In addition, more people out and about in the streets can help reduce crime.

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cohesion within a neighborhood and increase the sense of community while reinforcing cultural identity. Living streets can serve as a recreational space for the neighborhood and improve the air quality through reduced

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A "slow zone" differs from a "shared space"; as such, no shared space attributes are necessarily put in place, unlike other countries. Instead, other traffic calming measures are installed, such as speed bumps.

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approach. Reducing demarcations between vehicle traffic and pedestrians create a cohesive space without segregating different modes of transportation. Vehicle parking may also be restricted to designated bays.

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for vehicles. The living environment dominates the built environment on the street, residents replaces their brick streets and integrated more greening to produce a winding serpentine path. In their paper

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Introduced by the legislation on traffic in 1995. Actually it is seldom fully implemented like in the original Dutch model; very often a "Zona 30" is only indicated by a street sign and the speed limit.

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in urban areas. The CLAN study conducted by Carver and Crawford in 2008 revealed that the built environment and street design can also play a role in the health and wellbeing of children.

246:; however, their design aims to reduce both the speed and dominance of motorized transport. The reduction of motor vehicle dominance creates more opportunities for public transportation. 2090: 1915: 662:

which bring the vehicles to the pedestrian level, indicating cars do not have full ownership of the road and must be vigilant of other road users. Chicanes, narrower travel lanes, and

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is an example of this concept: it eliminates exclusive spaces for pedestrians and vehicular traffic, instead encouraging the whole street to be accessible to pedestrians and providing

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which has led to a drastic increase in pedestrian and cyclist injuries. Street design in the United States tends to focus more on travel speed of motorized vehicles. In these

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Since the late 19th century American planners have faced problems concerning traffic congestion and street safety. The two typical designs of American neighborhoods were the

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as "an innovative program designed to make cycling safer and easier". Bike boulevards are marked with blue-and-white Safe Active Street road patches at major entry points.

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Vehicles should not travel faster than a pedestrian speed and without interfering with pedestrians or cyclists. Both beginnings and endings of living streets are marked.

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in public infrastructure also seeks to provide more economical alternatives for the user since they can rely on other modes of transportation to get from place to place.

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Vehicles should not travel faster than 30 km/h without interfering with pedestrians or cyclists. Both beginnings and endings of living streets are marked.

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purposefully slow down cars to safer speeds. Extensive car-free areas, wide, well-lit sidewalks, refuge islands for crossings, crossing signals, and

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the living street provides, other nearby non-living streets will be congested due to the hindrance the living street creates for the motor vehicle.

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is accomplished through better infrastructure, traffic calming, integration of walking and cycling with public transport, policies that encourage

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have increased cycling rates over five-fold from 1990 to 2008 through the implementation of the same practices used in Europe, such as improved

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require motorists to drive at walking speeds and yield to pedestrians, cyclists, and playing children who have the same rights in road use.

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Environmental design elements in a living street provide strategies to mitigate stormwater runoff and reduce the urban heat island effect.

387:(see "Cool streets" below) by shading paved surfaces from heat, the environment remains cool. They also use evaporative cooling and can 2123: 2433:"Connectivity, Sprawl, and the Cul-de-sac: An Analysis of Cul-de-sacs and Dead-end Streets in Burlington and the Surrounding Suburbs" 2798: 2681: 193: 175: 70: 2462: 624:

planters and swales are strategies that can reduce the effects of stormwater runoff. Permeable pavement can be used for sidewalks,

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provide safe and convenient facilities for more vulnerable road users. The woonerf in the Netherlands incorporates some of these

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This article is about traffic calming in shared residential spaces. For residential spaces with access restricted for cars, see

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In the 1930s and 1940s, increased highway traffic provoked the publication of the Community Builders Handbook. Written by the

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Applies to both motorized vehicles and bikes. Pedestrians have absolute right of way. No parking, except in marked places.

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are accessible, accommodating, and safe for pedestrians and cyclists. By implementing urban development strategies,

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address how to make streets clean and safe for everyone, and a place where the community can gather and socialize.

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In order to reclaim streets as a play area for children and a place for the community to gather and socialize,

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Pedestrians have absolute right of way. Parking is only allowed for bicycles and mopeds or in marked places.

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and the Netherlands found that traffic-related injuries in traffic calming neighborhoods fell by about 53%.

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Introduced by the legislation change in 2009, with first living streets introduced in September 2010.

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users. The living street puts a higher priority on the pedestrians rather than the vehicle traffic.

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safety using modes of active transport that have minimal noise and air pollution and use far fewer

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attributed to the more car restrictive policies they have had in place since the 1970s. The

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in London, England, where pedestrian and road traffic areas are only partially delineated

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management strategies to protect nearby water sources from pollutants, and encouraging

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were all of particular concern. This report influenced design in countries such as

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Mattioli, Giulio; Roberts, Cameron; Steinberger, Julia K.; Brown, Andrew (2020).

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Brian's Guide to Getting Around Germany, Rules of the Road (Accessed 07/02/2007)

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Pucher, John; Buehler, Ralph; Bassett, David R.; Dannenberg, Andrew L. (2010).

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A car-free play street in New York during the COVID-19 pandemic, May 2020

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Growing Greener Cities: Urban Sustainability in the Twenty-First Century

4903: 4887: 4714: 4556: 4407: 3917: 3892: 3534: 3181: 1886: 1200: 1152: 1123: 1075: 1016: 953: 943: 908: 902: 872: 740: 513: 508: 504: 316: 272: 267: 238: 5010: 4680: 4090: 4053: 3121:

Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine

2203:"Lighter coloured roads could reduce temperatures in hot urban areas" 1437: 1381: 1309: 1278: 1271:

obligates a driver to give way to other participants in road traffic

1255: 1235: 1043: 1035: 938: 753: 538: 476: 293: 230: 2671: 1778:"Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highway" 1698: – Urban planning for mixed-use areas prioritising pedestrians 1867:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

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to try to encourage prevention of traffic on residential streets.

445: 299: 216: 205: 3729:

Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway

3659: 3690: 2842:"Manifiesto por la reorganización de la ciudad tras el COVID-19" 2066:"Green Infrastructure: How to Manage Water in a Sustainable Way" 3663: 257:

These street design principles first became popularized in the

4521: 3570:. Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland (in Polish). 2012 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2023:"The Benefits of Street-Scale Features for Walking and Biking" 1422:

Usually same grade. Parking is only allowed in marked places.

1352:

Usually same grade, parking is only allowed in marked places.

1008:

Usually same grade, parking is only allowed in marked places.

931:

Usually same grade, parking is only allowed in marked places.

124: 77: 36: 3568:

1997 nr 98 poz. 602 (with further changes - the unified text)

3299:"Prioritizing Transportation Equity through Complete Streets" 2533:"Walking and Cycling in Western Europe and the United States" 2464:

Livable Urban Streets: Managing Auto Traffic in Neighborhoods

140:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

3642:

A comprehensive list of names in different languages on the

3498:"Saint-Pierre River Site to Become Montreal's first Woonerf" 2799:"Manifesto for the Reorganisation of the City after COVID19" 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 1745:"Complete Streets: Best Policy and Implementation Practices" 249:

Living Streets achieve these strategies by implementing the

1939:

Rubin, Victor. “The Roots of the Urban Greening Movement.”

654:, changing the surface of the road, or creating artificial 650:

measures can be put in place. This may include introducing

2990:"Creating equitable, healthy, and sustainable communities" 2650:

SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, The Netherlands

1692: – Urban car-free area reserved for pedestrian use 1425:

Introduced by the legislation change in September 2001.

1067:

Usually same grade, parking restrictions not specified

149: 2437:

Uvm College of Arts and Sciences College Honors Theses

3115:

Carver, A.; Timperio, A. F.; Crawford, D. A. (2008).

2820:"Por una Barcelona menos mercantilizada y más humana" 1961: 1959: 1957: 3354:"How to crowd and still be kind - The Dutch Woonerf" 2617:"It's Time for Cities to Rethink Right Turns on Red" 5019: 4990: 4896: 4713: 4673: 4635: 4477: 4466: 4318: 4205: 4122: 4113: 4041: 3946: 3860: 3742: 3709: 3700: 3222:"Space Exploration: Developing Spaces for Children" 2152:"Using Trees and Vegetation to Reduce Heat Islands" 1995:"Reclaiming the Residential Street as a Play Space" 1302:No through traffic or parking with engine running. 27:

Traffic calming in spaces shared between road users

1118:are restricted to a maximum speed of 7 km/h. 1034:The first living street was introduced in 1982 in 1853: 1851: 326:Reclaiming the Residential Street as a Play Place 1070:The first living street was introduced in 2008. 1669: – Urban planning prioritising automobiles 3327:"Why inclusive cities start with safe streets" 2332:"On city streets, prioritize people over cars" 399:Cool streets aim to reduce the effects of the 383:. Street trees also reduce the effects of the 271:(lit. residential grounds) is often used as a 3675: 3472:"Queens Quay future looks brighter than ever" 2260:"Using Cool Pavements to Reduce Heat Islands" 138:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 3654:A project example of landscape architecture 3589:"Zakon o bezbednosti saobraćaja na putevima" 3541:. Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport 403:(UHI). Traditional streets are made of dark 1916:"The complex ingredients of Livable Cities" 1860:"Livable Streets: Protected Neighborhoods?" 1681: – Urban area absent of motor vehicles 1675: – Urban planning prioritising cycling 863:Department of Transport (Western Australia) 242:These roads are still available for use by 71:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4474: 4119: 3706: 3682: 3668: 3660: 1949:http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhps5.14 815: 361:Green street design involves implementing 3189: 3140: 3091: 3042: 2766: 2511:San Francisco Department of City Planning 2396:"Traffic in Urban American Neighborhoods" 2293:"Complete Streets Mean Equitable Streets" 1828:"Living Streets: A Guide for Los Angeles" 194:Learn how and when to remove this message 176:Learn how and when to remove this message 2569:"Walking and Cycling for Healthy Cities" 1114:Under German traffic law motorists in a 956:, where they have been approved for the 108:of all important aspects of the article. 2540:Making Way for Pedestrians and Cyclists 1733: 1489: 830: 827: 700:Mixed-use development in Lonsdale St., 284:Current street infrastructure in the US 2706: 2696: 2643:"Safe Aspects of Urban Infrastructure" 2488: 2478: 960:community and are being discussed for 688:even less space to carry more people. 607:Stormwater management along a sidewalk 104:Please consider expanding the lead to 4778:Median / Central reservation 3306:The University of Illinois at Chicago 3066:Guarnieri, M.; Balmes, J. R. (2014). 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2567:Pucher, John; Buehler, Ralph (2010). 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 7: 3361:Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 2755:Energy Research & Social Science 2238:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 3561:"Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych" 1714: – Unequal access to transport 4696:Risk compensation (road transport) 3068:"Outdoor air pollution and asthma" 895:Similar legislation as in Germany 25: 3023:American Journal of Public Health 2431:Distel, Marshall (January 2015). 1782:U.S. Department of Transportation 692:Compact and mixed-use development 290:U.S. Department of Transportation 52:This article has multiple issues. 5062:Glossary of road transport terms 3470:Hume, Christopher (2008-12-18). 2926:Landscape Architecture Australia 2725:"Portland Bicycle Plan for 2030" 1648: 1636: 1624: 1612: 1600: 1588: 1576: 1564: 1552: 1540: 1528: 1516: 1504: 1492: 129: 82: 41: 3263:"Enabling Play Friendly Spaces" 2840:Maiztegui, Belén (2020-06-18). 2797:Paolini, Massimo (2020-04-20). 2673:The Pedestrian and City Traffic 369:. Green streets help alleviate 233:designed with the interests of 96:may be too short to adequately 60:or discuss these issues on the 3352:Guttenberg, Albert Z. (1982). 2210:Science for Environment Policy 553:Some cities in the US such as 499:Influence from other countries 492:Federal Highway Administration 468:Federal Housing Administration 304:Daily traffic congestion in LA 106:provide an accessible overview 1: 5044:Pavement performance modeling 5034:International roughness index 3650:Living streets in New Zealand 3496:Heffez, Alanah (2011-05-01). 3394:"Safe Active Streets Program" 3084:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60617-6 2964:"Implementing Living Streets" 2030:American Planning Association 1752:American Planning Association 1445:("Pedestrian priority road") 1317:("Decelerated-traffic zone") 442:Progress in the United States 5039:Present serviceability index 4833:Sidewalk / Pavement 4378:Diamond grinding of pavement 2091:"Ecosystems and Air Quality" 1411:(French: "Encounter zone"), 1140:Introduced into law in 1985 739:public health. In comparing 379:penetrate the soil and slow 334:Purpose of the living street 5011:Underpass / Tunnel 5006:Overpass / Flyover 4760:High-occupancy vehicle lane 4650:Driving under the influence 3724:Freeway / Motorway 3535:"TSAN-2016-02 - Slow Zones" 2818:Argemí, Anna (2020-05-08). 2729:The City of Portland Oregon 2357:"Urban Street Design Guide" 2124:"Different Shades of Green" 1416:(German: "Encounter zone") 490:At the national level, the 152:, discuss the issue on the 5124: 3938:Highway systems by country 2768:10.1016/j.erss.2020.101486 2670:Hass-Klau, Carmen (1990). 1879:10.1177/000271628045100111 1858:Appleyard, Donald (1980). 1116:Verkehrsberuhigter Bereich 1104:Verkehrsberuhigter Bereich 1082:Verkehrsberuhigter Bereich 261:during the 1970s, and the 29: 5057: 5049:Granular base equivalency 4868:Traffic signal preemption 4276:Right-in/right-out (RIRO) 4182:Single-point urban (SPUI) 3133:10.1007/s11524-008-9284-9 1315:Zona usporenog saobraćaja 1093:("Traffic calming area") 952:Woonerfs are planned for 835: 5029:Pavement condition index 4755:High-occupancy toll lane 4750:Contraflow lane reversal 4725:Barrier transfer machine 3270:Environment Design Guide 3220:Gabriel, Norman (2004). 3164:Jacobsen, P. L. (2003). 3035:10.2105/AJPH.2009.189324 2336:The Fourth Regional Plan 1951:. Accessed 12 Dec. 2022. 1102:In everyday language, a 1011:In Czech law since 2001 632:Traffic calming measures 450:Young boys playing in a 321:traffic calming measures 5103:Transportation planning 3883:Express-collector setup 3398:Department of Transport 3261:Donovan, Jenny (2016). 2507:"The Urban Design Plan" 1685:List of car-free places 1389:("Walking speed area") 1367:("Residential street") 1346:("Residential street") 727:non-renewable resources 308:Urban Design Professor 5067:Road types by features 4962:Raised pavement marker 4929:Constant-slope barrier 4853:Traffic directionality 4843:Street running railway 4266:Protected intersection 2467:. Dot-Fh-11-8026. 1976 964:along the waterfront, 708: 643: 608: 578: 563:cycling infrastructure 487:'s Urban Design Plan. 455: 305: 222: 214: 5108:Sustainable transport 4924:Concrete step barrier 4261:Offset T-intersection 2917:Bull, Julian (2011). 2588:10.2148/benv.36.4.391 2185:"Heat Island Impacts" 1967:"The Woonerf Concept" 1264:("Residential zone") 1228:Similar to Australia 1002:("Residential zone") 825:Maximum Speed (km/h) 713:mixed-use development 699: 639: 606: 593:mixed-use development 576: 449: 348:, cool and complete. 303: 220: 209: 4967:Road surface marking 4665:Single-vehicle crash 4388:Full depth recycling 4286:Seagull intersection 2890:"Urban Street Trees" 2888:Burden, Dan (2006). 2863:"Permeable Pavement" 2300:Smart Growth America 1137:streets are marked. 758:respiratory diseases 660:pedestrian crossings 613:Green infrastructure 599:Environmental design 158:create a new article 150:improve this article 4793:Pedestrian crossing 4356:Reinforced concrete 4192:Three-level diamond 3903:Two-lane expressway 3888:Farm-to-market road 3595:(in Serbian). 2019 3078:(9928): 1581–1592. 1261:Strefa zamieszkania 1209:Usually same grade 1061:("Encounter zone") 275:for living street. 4823:Runaway truck ramp 4645:Driver's education 4433:Rubberized asphalt 4368:Crocodile cracking 4291:Split intersection 4059:Hierarchy of roads 4020:Single carriageway 3619:(in Serbian). 2010 3182:10.1136/ip.9.3.205 2676:. Belhaven Press. 1723:World Urbanism Day 1696:Pedestrian village 1443:Yaya öncelikli yol 1430:Zones de rencontre 919:Zone résidentielle 890:("Living street") 709: 644: 609: 579: 456: 306: 223: 215: 32:pedestrian village 5075: 5074: 4883:Wide outside lane 4709: 4708: 4686:Automotive safety 4567:Road slipperiness 4314: 4313: 4162:Diverging diamond 4109: 4108: 4025:Single-track road 3967:Bicycle boulevard 3451:. 15 October 2019 3425:. 15 October 2019 3170:Injury Prevention 3029:(10): 1986–1992. 2576:Built Environment 1483: 1482: 1408:Zone de rencontre 1365:Calle residencial 1110:("play street"). 1106:is also called a 1050:Zone de rencontre 968:redevelopment in 923:zone de rencontre 861:Described by the 401:urban heat island 385:urban heat island 381:stormwater runoff 204: 203: 196: 186: 185: 178: 160:, as appropriate. 123: 122: 75: 16:(Redirected from 5115: 5093:Types of streets 4919:Cat's eye (road) 4740:Complete streets 4512:Dead Man's Curve 4475: 4413:Pavement milling 4328:Asphalt concrete 4271:Quadrant roadway 4212: 4134: 4120: 4086:Street hierarchy 3734:Elevated highway 3707: 3684: 3677: 3670: 3661: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3618: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3575: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3502:Spacing Montreal 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3358: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3333:. 28 August 2019 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3303: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3267: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3226: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3193: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3144: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3095: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3046: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2994: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2960: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2923: 2919:"Share the Road" 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2827: 2815: 2809: 2808: 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1774: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1749: 1741: 1712:Transport divide 1707:Traffic conflict 1673:Bicycle-friendly 1652: 1640: 1628: 1616: 1604: 1592: 1580: 1568: 1556: 1544: 1532: 1520: 1508: 1496: 1345: 1296:("Living zone") 1293: 1090: 1058: 1025:("Yard street") 1000: 887: 816: 812:Around the world 803:Counterarguments 618:permeable paving 531: 472:Traffic in Towns 417:Complete streets 412:Complete streets 389:sequester carbon 341:carbon emissions 310:Donald Appleyard 199: 192: 181: 174: 170: 167: 161: 133: 132: 125: 118: 115: 109: 86: 78: 67: 45: 44: 37: 21: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5098:Traffic calming 5078: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5053: 5021: 5015: 4986: 4977:Traffic barrier 4937:F-Shape barrier 4892: 4848:Traffic calming 4808:Reversible lane 4798:Pedestrian zone 4783:Motorcycle lane 4745:Contraflow lane 4717:time allocation 4716: 4705: 4701:Underride guard 4669: 4631: 4517:Expansion joint 4479: 4469: 4462: 4448:Stamped asphalt 4310: 4241:Continuous flow 4214: 4210: 4209: 4201: 4135: 4131:grade-separated 4128: 4127: 4105: 4064:Private highway 4037: 3942: 3856: 3738: 3696: 3688: 3636: 3631: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3598: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3573: 3571: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3539:trafficsigns.ie 3533: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3507: 3505: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3481: 3479: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3356: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3265: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3224: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2970:. 10 April 2014 2962: 2961: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2921: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2847: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2803: 2801: 2796: 2795: 2784: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2705: 2695: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2621:StreetsBlog USA 2615: 2614: 2610: 2600: 2598: 2571: 2566: 2565: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2487: 2477: 2470: 2468: 2461: 2460: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2330: 2329: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2191:. 17 June 2014. 2183: 2182: 2171: 2161: 2159: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2135: 2133: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2110: 2100: 2098: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2074: 2072: 2064: 2063: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1978: 1976: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1955: 1938: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1920:Livable Streets 1914: 1913: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1862: 1857: 1856: 1849: 1839: 1837: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1796: 1786: 1784: 1776: 1775: 1766: 1756: 1754: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1735: 1731: 1690:Pedestrian zone 1667:Automotive city 1663: 1656: 1653: 1644: 1641: 1632: 1629: 1620: 1617: 1608: 1605: 1596: 1593: 1584: 1581: 1572: 1569: 1560: 1557: 1548: 1545: 1536: 1533: 1524: 1521: 1512: 1509: 1500: 1497: 1488: 1468: 1426: 1415: 1410: 1387:Gångfartsområde 1339: 1295: 1287: 1263: 1243:("Courtyards") 1177: 1092: 1084: 1060: 1052: 1024: 994: 970:Mirvish Village 917: 889: 881: 855:Bike boulevard 814: 805: 788: 775: 766: 736: 722: 694: 685:traffic circles 672:traffic calming 668:zebra crossings 648:traffic calming 634: 601: 588: 571: 569:Post-COVID city 525: 501: 444: 439: 414: 397: 359: 354: 352:Street concepts 336: 286: 281: 211:Exhibition Road 200: 189: 188: 187: 182: 171: 165: 162: 147: 134: 130: 119: 113: 110: 103: 91:This article's 87: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5121: 5119: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5088:Living streets 5080: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4947:Jersey barrier 4944: 4939: 4934: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4878:Unused highway 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4858:Traffic island 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4721: 4719: 4711: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4655:Drowsy driving 4652: 4647: 4641: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4537:Level crossing 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4472: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4236:Channelization 4233: 4228: 4223: 4221:3-way junction 4217: 4215: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4138: 4136: 4123: 4117: 4115:Road junctions 4111: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4079:business route 4076: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4009: 4007:Primitive road 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3878:County highway 3875: 3873:Collector road 3870: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3847:United Kingdom 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3782:Czech Republic 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3748: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3715: 3713: 3711:Limited-access 3704: 3698: 3697: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3640:Living streets 3635: 3634:External links 3632: 3630: 3629: 3605: 3580: 3552: 3526: 3514: 3488: 3462: 3436: 3410: 3385: 3367:(2): 100–119. 3344: 3318: 3290: 3253: 3235:(2): 180–182. 3212: 3176:(3): 205–209. 3156: 3127:(4): 532–544. 3107: 3058: 3009: 2981: 2946: 2928:(130): 53–57. 2909: 2880: 2869:. 29 June 2017 2854: 2832: 2810: 2782: 2741: 2716: 2707:|website= 2682: 2662: 2634: 2608: 2582:(4): 391–414. 2552: 2524: 2498: 2489:|website= 2449: 2423: 2374: 2363:. 11 July 2013 2348: 2312: 2277: 2266:. 17 June 2014 2251: 2222: 2194: 2169: 2158:. 17 June 2014 2143: 2108: 2097:. 5 March 2014 2082: 2042: 2011: 1986: 1953: 1932: 1907: 1847: 1794: 1764: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1718:Urban vitality 1715: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1527: 1525: 1523:Czech Republic 1522: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1469:Living street 1462: 1460:United Kingdom 1456: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1413:Begegnungszone 1405: 1399: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1334: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1112: 1097: 1094: 1078: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 988: 986:Czech Republic 982: 981: 958:West Don Lands 950: 948: 946: 941: 935: 934: 932: 929: 926: 905: 899: 898: 896: 893: 891: 875: 869: 868: 866: 859: 856: 852: 851: 849: 847: 844: 839: 833: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 813: 810: 804: 801: 787: 784: 774: 771: 765: 762: 735: 732: 721: 718: 693: 690: 641:Zebra crossing 633: 630: 600: 597: 587: 584: 570: 567: 544:United Kingdom 500: 497: 443: 440: 438: 435: 413: 410: 396: 393: 371:water security 358: 355: 353: 350: 335: 332: 285: 282: 280: 277: 244:motor vehicles 221:Woonerf Street 202: 201: 184: 183: 144:of the subject 142:worldwide view 137: 135: 128: 121: 120: 100:the key points 90: 88: 81: 76: 50: 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 18:Living streets 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5120: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4957:Noise barrier 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4914:Cable barrier 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4863:Traffic lanes 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4803:Refuge island 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4768:Living street 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4735:Climbing lane 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4712: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4637:Human factors 4634: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4602:Traffic light 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4552:Oversize load 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4542:Manhole cover 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4373:Crushed stone 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4256:Michigan left 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4208:Intersections 4204: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4157:Directional T 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4074:special route 4072: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3992:Frontage road 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3868:Arterial road 3866: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3852:United States 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3702:Types of road 3699: 3695: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3644:OpenStreetMap 3641: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3569: 3567: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3489: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3463: 3450: 3449:Justel-French 3446: 3440: 3437: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3399: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3345: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3307: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3257: 3254: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3216: 3213: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 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227:living street 219: 212: 208: 198: 195: 180: 177: 169: 159: 155: 151: 145: 143: 136: 127: 126: 117: 107: 101: 99: 94: 89: 85: 80: 79: 74: 72: 65: 64: 59: 58: 53: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 4982:Traffic cone 4972:Rumble strip 4873:Truck bypass 4828:Shared space 4788:Passing lane 4773:Managed lane 4767: 4730:Bicycle lane 4612:Washboarding 4607:Traffic sign 4532:Hairpin turn 4301:Texas U-turn 4231:Box junction 4125:Interchanges 4069:Route number 3977:Country lane 3719:Bike freeway 3621:. Retrieved 3608: 3597:. Retrieved 3592: 3583: 3572:. Retrieved 3564: 3555: 3543:. Retrieved 3538: 3529: 3522:Right-of-way 3517: 3506:. Retrieved 3501: 3491: 3480:. Retrieved 3475: 3465: 3453:. Retrieved 3448: 3439: 3427:. Retrieved 3423:Justel-Dutch 3422: 3413: 3401:. Retrieved 3397: 3388: 3376:. Retrieved 3364: 3360: 3347: 3335:. Retrieved 3330: 3321: 3309:. Retrieved 3305: 3293: 3281:. Retrieved 3269: 3256: 3244:. Retrieved 3232: 3228: 3215: 3203:. Retrieved 3173: 3169: 3159: 3124: 3120: 3110: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3000:. Retrieved 2996: 2984: 2972:. Retrieved 2967: 2937:. Retrieved 2925: 2912: 2902:December 15, 2900:. Retrieved 2897:Walkable.org 2896: 2883: 2871:. Retrieved 2866: 2857: 2846:. Retrieved 2844:(in Spanish) 2835: 2824:. Retrieved 2822:(in Spanish) 2813: 2802:. Retrieved 2758: 2754: 2744: 2732:. Retrieved 2728: 2719: 2687:. Retrieved 2672: 2665: 2653:. Retrieved 2649: 2637: 2625:. Retrieved 2620: 2611: 2599:. Retrieved 2579: 2575: 2543:. 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Retrieved 1751: 1679:Carfree city 1486:Street signs 1442: 1429: 1412: 1407: 1386: 1364: 1314: 1283: 1260: 1240: 1199: 1153: 1115: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1080: 1048: 1021: 990: 922: 918: 913: 907: 877: 806: 797: 793: 789: 780: 776: 767: 737: 723: 711:Compact and 710: 677: 645: 622:bioretention 610: 589: 580: 552: 548: 535: 521: 502: 489: 465: 457: 454:street, 1909 415: 398: 395:Cool streets 360: 337: 329: 325: 307: 287: 266: 256: 251:shared space 248: 226: 224: 190: 172: 163: 139: 111: 95: 93:lead section 68: 61: 55: 54:Please help 51: 5020:Performance 4952:Kassel kerb 4909:Botts' dots 4897:Demarcation 4597:Storm drain 4562:Road debris 4487:Aquaplaning 4480:environment 4468:Road safety 4346:Cobblestone 4296:Superstreet 4101:Winter road 4049:Concurrency 4042:Other terms 4033:Sunken lane 4002:Main street 3947:Local roads 3445:"art.22bis" 3419:"art.22bis" 3378:14 December 3337:14 December 3311:14 December 3283:14 December 3246:14 December 3205:14 December 3002:14 December 2974:14 December 2939:14 December 2873:14 December 2734:14 December 2689:14 December 2655:14 December 2627:14 December 2601:14 December 2545:14 December 2517:14 December 2471:14 December 2442:14 December 2416:14 December 2367:14 December 2341:14 December 2305:14 December 2270:14 December 2215:14 December 2162:14 December 2136:14 December 2101:14 December 2075:14 December 2035:14 December 2004:14 December 1979:14 December 1925:14 December 1900:14 December 1873:: 106–117. 1840:14 December 1787:14 December 1757:14 December 1702:Third place 1655:Switzerland 1571:Netherlands 1403:Switzerland 1340: [ 1337:Obytná zóna 1288: [ 1222:Shared Zone 1217:New Zealand 1195:Netherlands 1108:Spielstraße 1085: [ 1053: [ 995: [ 992:Obytná zóna 978:Saint-Henri 966:Honest Ed's 962:Queens Quay 882: [ 842:Shared Zone 822:Local name 681:Speed bumps 664:roundabouts 652:speed bumps 559:Minneapolis 526: [ 523:Spielstraße 483:as well as 430:walkability 367:water reuse 259:Netherlands 235:pedestrians 5082:Categories 5022:indicators 4991:Structures 4942:Guard rail 4818:Road verge 4691:Seat belts 4627:Snowsquall 4592:Speed bump 4572:Road train 4393:Glassphalt 4333:Bioasphalt 4306:Turnaround 4281:Roundabout 4211:(at-grade) 4177:Roundabout 4142:Cloverleaf 3997:Green lane 3933:Trunk road 3861:Main roads 3744:By country 3623:2019-09-10 3599:2019-09-10 3574:2013-03-12 3545:27 January 3508:2011-06-08 3504:. 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