603:
the interests of larger numbers of people. In Norway, the thing was a space where free men and elected officials met and discussed matters of collective interest, such as taxation. Though some scholars say that the things were dominated by the most influential members of the community, the heads of clans and wealthy families, other scholars describe how every free man could put forward his case for deliberation and share his opinions. History professor
Torgrim Titlestad describes how Norway, with the thing sites, displayed an advanced political system over a thousand years ago, one that was characterized by high participation and democratic ideologies. These things also served as courts of law, and if one of the smaller things could not reach agreement, the matter at hand would be brought to one of the bigger things, which encompassed larger areas. The legislature of Norway is still known as the Storting (Big Thing) today.
1091:, meetings at Þingvellir required people to travel from long distances and gather together for an extended period of time, thus it was inevitable that entertainment, food, tools, and other goods would have played a role in the gatherings. The main question lies in whether trade was conducted in the assembly or on the margins of the gathering. Similarly, there are unanswered questions about the connection between trade and assembly in Greenland. Research on Scandinavian trade and assembly is burgeoning, and thus far evidence has mostly been found in written sources, such as the sagas, and place names, "such as the 'Disting' market that is said to have been held during the thing meetings at Gamla Uppsala in Sweden."
937:, England. It was lost to history until its rediscovery in 2005–06 by local history enthusiasts Lynda Mallett and Stuart Reddish. The site lies amidst the old oaks of an area known as the Birklands in Sherwood Forest. Experts believe it may also yield clues as to the boundary of the Anglo Saxon kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria. English Heritage has recently inspected the site, and has confirmed it was known as "Thynghowe" in 1334 and 1609. It functioned as a place where people came to resolve disputes and settle issues. Thynghowe is an Old Norse name, although the site may be older than the Danelaw, perhaps even Bronze Age. The word "howe" is derived from the Old Norse word
620:
assembly sites are found, scholars question whether these are old jurisdiction districts which the king used as a foundation for his organization or whether he created new administrative units. In southeast Norway in particular, one hypothesis for why the king would have established new thing sites might be that they were a "strategic geopolitical response to the threat from the Danish king in the beginning of the 11th century." Since the record of
Norwegian thing sites is not comprehensive, it is not favorable to rely on archeological and topographical characteristics to determine whether they were established prior to the state-formation period.
46:
583:-culture of Scandinavia, the members of a clan were obliged to avenge injuries against their dead and mutilated relatives. As a result, feuding is often seen as the most common form of conflict resolution used in Viking society. However, things are in a more general sense balancing structures used to reduce tribal feuds and avoid social disorder in North-Germanic cultures. They played an important role in Viking society as forums for conflict resolution, marriage alliances, power display, honor, and inheritance settlements.
372:
850:. These two sites were located through a combination of written sources and archeological evidence. Between these two Greenlandic sites, there are a number of overlapping characteristics that support the hypothesis that these booth sites are assemblies. However, not all "assembly features" previously seen in Scandinavia appear at every assembly site, and there are also characteristics that have either not been recorded in Greenland or are unique to Greenland.
683:
4180:
3054:
84:. Things took place at regular intervals, usually at prominent places that were accessible by travel. They provided legislative functions, as well as being social events and opportunities for trade. In modern usage, the meaning of this word in English and other languages has shifted to mean not just an assemblage of some sort but simply an object of any sort.
890:, and jurisdiction subject to the wapentake in which they served, which often extended over a surrounding ground called a thorpe ("hamlet"). If there was a riding surrounding the wapentake, the wapentake would merely be a local assembly coordinating the power of the riding. In Scandinavian York's case, it would be under the king's command at what is now
957:, and the lowest level of the centena. The pagi are being considered the oldest building block, and probably took place three times a year and attended by all freemen. Early-medieval Frisia consisted of about 16 pagi. The other thing levels only became relevant during the Middle Ages. The thing was led by law-speakers called asega, with the component
478:, two specific types of assemblies recorded in Old Frisian codices from around 1100 onward. These were specific types of assemblies. Perhaps the distinction was: the 'fixed thing' protected by the god Thincsus, the 'extra-ordinary thing' protected by the god Beda, and the 'informative or non-decision-making thing' protected by the god Fimmilena.
710:
power between the king and local magnates is most visible through runic inscriptions at thing sites, which were used to make important power statements. Swedish assembly sites could be characterized by a number of typical features: large mounds, rune-stones, and crossings between roads by land or water to allow for greater accessibility.
533:
632:
narratives of Viking chieftains as well as the distribution of large grave mounds. Ultimately, this neutrality was important for thing participants' cooperation; royal officials required cooperation in order to look after the king's interests in local areas. In this regard, Norwegian things became an
1078:
Intended to keep the peace in the region, the excursion was made every third summer, according to the law. An assembly of chieftains was called to choose the cases in which the kings were to pass judgment. Attending the assembly was regarded as an entertainment, as men attended from all the lands of
853:
The temporary turf structures of the
Greenlandic booths have only been recorded in Iceland and would not have been seen at the assembly sites of Viking Age Sweden. Further, the booth sites at Brattahlíð and Garðar were located close to high-status farms. Taken together, it indicates that trade would
709:
experienced changes in administrative organization beginning in the late tenth and eleventh century. This was a result of the power struggle between the rising
Christian royal power in the process of establishing itself and the old, local magnate families attempting to maintain power. The battle for
586:
In Sweden, assemblies were held both at natural and man-made mounds, often burial mounds. Specifically in
Scandinavia, unusually large rune-stones and inscriptions suggesting a local family's attempt to claim supremacy are common features of thing sites. It is common for assembly sites to be located
619:
went through a state-formation process that elevated the control and power of the king. On the regional level, it has been assumed that the king would have taken control of the organization of assemblies via local representatives. Today, few thing sites from Norway are known for certain, and as new
602:
is considered to be the oldest surviving parliament in the world, the
Norwegian Gulathing also dating back to 900-1300 CE. While the things were not democratic assemblies in the modern sense of an elected body, they were built around ideas of neutrality and representation, effectively representing
1074:
It is contested between scholars to what extent things were sites of economic transactions and commerce as well as arenas for political and legal decisions. In Norway, it is clear that the assemblies functioned as an administrative level for economic transactions and taxes to the king. The role of
965:
meaning 'to say/speak'. Every pagus had its own thing but due to lack of written sources it is difficult to establish where the thing sites were. Thing sites are being presumed by historians at
Naaldwijk in the pagus Maasland (Land of the River Meuse), at Katwijk in the pagus Rijnland (Land of the
239:
in the older meaning "assembly"; later it referred to a being, entity or matter (sometime before 899), and then also an act, deed, or event (from about 1000). The original sense of "meeting, assembly" did not survive the shift to Middle
English. The meaning of personal possessions, commonly in the
568:). They functioned as both parliaments and courts at different levels of society—local, regional, and supra-regional. Their purpose was to solve disputes and make political decisions, and thing sites were also often the place for public religious rites. According to Norway's Law of the
791:), the main assembly during the Viking period and the Middle Ages. Unlike other European societies in the Middle Ages, Iceland was unique for relying on the Althing's legislative and judicial institutions at the national level rather than an executive branch of government.
623:
In northern and southwestern Norway, there appears to have been a close association between chieftains' farms and sites interpreted to be assemblies or court sites. These areas were considered neutral ground where the landowning elite could meet for political and
917:, which was divided into three ridings like Yorkshire. Again, the naming of the two roads named Inner and Outer Ting Tong on a hill-top in Devon between Budleigh Salterton, Woodbury and Exmouth is widely derided as fanciful, but may be derived from Thing-Tun, a
427:
in the east of the
Netherlands. However, these Tuihanti tribesmen have been interpreted by different historians as Frisians. Deo Mars Thincsus means 'god Mars of the Thing'. "Mars of the Thing" may be interpreted in analogy with the week-day name (the Germanic
606:
Towards the end of the Viking age, royal power became centralized and the kings began to consolidate power and control over the assemblies. As a result, things lost most of their political role and began to function largely as courts in the later Middle Ages.
1075:
commerce at the thing is more undetermined in
Iceland in particular because of the role of saga literature in influencing conclusions about things. Þingvellir was thought of as a trading place as a result of saga passages and law texts that refer to trade:
598:" (the judge). The thing's negotiations were presided over by the lawspeaker and the chieftain or the king. More and more scholarly discussions centre around the things being forerunners to democratic institutions as we know them today. The Icelandic
803:), a legislative assembly. The Lögrétta reviewed the laws which the lawspeaker recited, made new laws, set fines and punishments and were informed of sentences of outlawry and banishment that were passed by the courts in local spring assemblies.
854:
have taken place at these sites, and given the sparse nature of the Greenlandic settlement, it is reasonable that the participants of the thing would have taken the opportunity for social interaction or trade when gathered with others.
771:
were similar to those in greater Scandinavia, but they had a very clear organizational structure. Iceland was divided into four administrative quarters during the Viking Age with a fixed number of thirty-nine lawmakers
572:, only free men of full age could participate in the assembly. According to written sources, women were clearly present at some things despite being left out of the decision making bodies, such as the Icelandic
1082:
The assembly attracted a gathering of traders. People attended in large numbers, and there was plenty of entertainment, drinking and games, and festivities of all sorts. Nothing especially newsworthy occurred.
470:) was likely an important god in early Germanic times, and has numerous places in England and Denmark named after him. The possible theonyms Beda and Fimmilena in the same inscription seem to relate to the
1006:" (there is still an annual public assembly at Tynwald Hill each July 5, where the new Manx laws are read out and petitions delivered). Other equivalent place names can be found across northern Europe: in
795:
was the site of the Althing, and it was a place where people came together once a year to bring cases to court, render judgments, and discuss laws and politics. At the annual Althing, the thirty-nine
1985:
Storli, Inger (2010). “Court Sites of Arctic Norway: Remains of Thing Sites and Representations of Political Consolidation Processes in the Northern Germanic World during the First Millennium ad?”
1739:
415:
To the god Mars Thincsus and the two Alaisiagae, Beda and Fimmilena, and to the Divinity of the Emperor the Germanics, being tribesmen of Tuihanti, willingly and deservedly fulfilled their vow.
1537:
640:, which refers to the rattling of weapons at meetings to express agreement. The Law of the Gulathing provides that the handling of these weapons should be controlled and regulated.
1340:
On the lower administrative level the governing bodies on the county level in Norway are called Fylkesting, the Thing of the County. The names of the judicial courts of
721:(c. 980–1022) that the people, not the king, held power in Sweden; the king realized that he was powerless against the thing and gave in. Main things in Sweden were the
1325:". However, for much of the Storting's recent history, the division into Lagting and Odelsting has been mostly ceremonial, and the Storting has generally operated as a
2557:
636:
Based on what is known from later medieval documents, one deep-rooted custom of Norwegian law areas was the bearing of arms coming from the old tradition of the
1062:
was a raised mound, 40 foot high and 240 foot in circumference, where the Norsemen assembled and made their laws. It stood on the south of the river, where
244:
around 1300, and eventually led to the modern sense of "object". This semantic development from "assembly" to "object" is mirrored in the evolution of the
3090:
3003:
4137:
4155:
966:
River Rhine), at Heemskerk in the pagus Kennemerland, at De Waal in the pagus Texel, at Franeker in the pagus Westergo and at Dokkum in the pagus
2483:
Thorsteinsson, Arne (2008). "Land Divisions, Land Rights, and Land Ownership in the Faeroe Islands". In Michael Jones; Kenneth R. Olwig (eds.).
2840:
1708:
1334:
2130:
Rondom de mondingen van Rijn & Maas: landschap en bewoning tussen de 3e en 9e eeuw in Zuid-Holland, in het bijzonder de Oude Rijnstreek
2317:
3034:
2550:
3236:
2492:Ødegaard, Marie (2013). "State Formation, Administrative Areas, and Thing Sites in the Borgarthing Law Province, Southeast Norway".
2284:
2137:
2112:
1675:
806:
Besides the Althing, there were local assembly districts in each of the four quarters of Iceland, and each year a Spring Assembly (
4214:
3198:
521:
4160:
3368:
4150:
3418:
3223:
3083:
1027:
2105:
Frisians of the Early Middle Ages; Nijdam, H., Law and Political Organization of the Early Medieval Frisians (c. 600-800 CE)
3057:
2543:
1063:
759:
in 1398. In late medieval times the thing was made up of twelve representatives for the farmers, free-holders or tenants.
395:
in 98 CE. Tacitus suggested that the things were annual delegate-based meetings that served legal and military functions.
3299:
225:
714:
686:
4224:
4209:
4165:
3178:
2948:
2933:
1200:
2416:(2009a). "Administrative Organisation and State Formation: A Case Study of Assembly Sites in Södermanland, Sweden".
662:
meaning hill or mound). This site was one of Norway's most important places for the proclamation of kings. In 1130,
3326:
2963:
1584:
38:
4219:
4204:
4183:
3363:
3270:
3263:
3241:
3076:
1469:
1429:
1250:
549:
380:
1329:
parliament. A constitutional amendment passed in February 2007 abolished the Lagting and Odelsting, making this
785:
The main distinction between Iceland and greater Scandinavia lies in the organization of the Icelandic Althing (
3403:
3388:
3203:
3188:
2908:
2235:, Danish Act No. 557 of 29 November 1978, c. 1, s. 1(2). Statsministeriet (Denmark). Retrieved 16 August 2015.
1302:"Land Thing". The latter, which was reserved for people of means, was abolished by the constitution of 1953.
3518:
3408:
3398:
3393:
3213:
3193:
3150:
1557:
1182:
1046:, which is the modern Swedish form of "Þingvellir", and the Norwegian equivalent is found in the place name
891:
445:
423:
auxiliary unit of the Roman army deployed at Hadrian's Wall. The name Tuihanti refers to the current region
371:
2531:'The Treaty of the Upstalsboom. And why solidarity is not the core of a collective' Frisia Coast Trail blog
2369:
3920:
3353:
3348:
3331:
3275:
3170:
1234:
1166:
986:
The assembly of things were typically held at a specially designated place, often a field or common, like
898:
403:
45:
2511:
3218:
3108:
2781:
1031:
914:
1724:
Iversen (2013). "Concilium and Pagus – Revisiting the Early Germanic Thing System of Northern Europe".
1911:
3309:
3280:
3183:
2566:
1549:
1479:
843:
339:
and political and judicial institutions of some Nordic countries (e.g. the Icelandic parliament, the
4145:
3358:
2829:
2809:
1885:
1357:
1299:
1254:
919:
722:
671:
482:
280:
978:
region, Germany, delegates and judges from all seven Frisian Sealands used to gather once a year.
548:
In the Viking Age, things were the public assemblies of the free men of a country, province, or a
3528:
3380:
3319:
3208:
3140:
3116:
2903:
2462:
2433:
2401:
2340:
1681:
1528:
1434:
1258:
1242:
1015:
882:—another name for the same institution—were used in public records. Several places ending in the
847:
726:
163:
95:
2876:
970:. From the 12th century the thing called Upstalsboom took place on the level of the civitas. At
718:
694:
3304:
3155:
3130:
2958:
2923:
2677:
2636:
2606:
2413:
2280:
2133:
2108:
1704:
1671:
953:
knew three levels thing assemblies: the highest level of the civitas, the middle level of the
698:
591:
541:
399:
50:
3727:
3099:
2847:
2738:
2713:
2454:
2425:
2393:
2332:
2304:
1663:
1276:
1212:
1039:
867:
682:
667:
553:
271:
267:
263:
175:
171:
77:
901:
was in control of the Danelaw which had been organised as the Five Boroughs. The Five were
839:
3336:
3314:
3258:
3228:
3112:
2938:
2733:
2723:
2708:
2631:
2272:
1541:
1424:
1208:
950:
934:
666:
called together a meeting at the Haugating at which he was declared to be King of Norway.
561:
410:
DEO MARTI THINCSO ET DUABUS ALAISIAGIS BEDE ET FIMMILENE ET N AUG GERM CIVES TUIHANTI VSLM
254:
167:
139:
1087:
2530:
4010:
3794:
3458:
3145:
2672:
1745:
1579:
1388:
1253:. That name was also used in medieval times for the tings that governed the historical
800:
756:
500:
241:
149:
109:
105:
2525:
782:
in the northern quarter and nine each in the eastern, southern, and western quarters.
740:
had twenty things in late medieval times, each represented at the island-thing called
701:
of Norway, but also to give his daughter to him in marriage. Illustration by C. Krogh.
4198:
3871:
3769:
3732:
3692:
3558:
3287:
3246:
3008:
2834:
2535:
2466:
2437:
2429:
2405:
1685:
1464:
1459:
1449:
1326:
1220:
1147:
987:
902:
792:
690:
625:
587:
close to communication routes, such as navigable water routes and clear land routes.
183:
2344:
2246:
674:
was acclaimed hereditary King of Norway and Sweden at the Haugating in August 1319.
3463:
3453:
3436:
3253:
1310:
1265:
is also found in the names of the first level instances of the Swedish and Finnish
730:
663:
31:
1271:
941:
meaning 'mound'. This often indicates the presence of a prehistoric burial mound.
2353:
3945:
3903:
3826:
3739:
3607:
3597:
3508:
3292:
2853:
2823:
2743:
2616:
1509:
1494:
1484:
1454:
1439:
1380:
1155:
1100:
995:
975:
652:
580:
516:
489:
351:). In modern German and Dutch the day Tuesday is named after the thing, namely '
344:
121:
2512:
Primitive Folk-Moots: Open-Air Assemblies in Britain - by George Laurence Gomme
971:
326:
meant "accusation, lawsuit", but today also carries the sense "thing, object".
4122:
3910:
3893:
3841:
3831:
3816:
3784:
3774:
3652:
3602:
3478:
3473:
3441:
3160:
2863:
2858:
2795:
2788:
1667:
1444:
1412:
1374:
1362:
1172:
991:
933:
was an important Danelaw meeting place, or thing, located in Sherwood Forest,
879:
787:
629:
595:
236:
81:
2336:
1830:
1701:
Law and Political Organization of the Early Medieval Frisians (c. 600-800 CE)
1321:, which translates loosely into the "Thing of the Law" and the "Thing of the
4117:
4112:
4102:
4035:
3940:
3836:
3799:
3789:
3749:
3702:
3697:
3647:
3587:
3513:
3503:
3483:
3446:
3431:
3039:
2953:
2667:
1474:
1322:
1295:
1291:
1151:
1129:
1043:
1035:
967:
930:
871:
863:
835:
656:
644:
637:
569:
323:
153:
117:
113:
2728:
2591:
826:
appointed the judges for these courts from the farmers in their districts.
594:, and judged according to the law, which was memorized and recited by the "
398:
The oldest written reference of the thing is on a stone pillar found along
340:
2445:
Sanmark, Alexandra (2009b). "The Case of the Greenlandic Assembly Sites".
2397:
2384:
Mehler, Natascha (2015). "Þingvellir: A Place of Assembly and a Market?".
192:. The place where a thing was held was called a "thingstead" (Old English
4090:
4075:
4055:
4040:
4020:
3995:
3980:
3975:
3955:
3925:
3915:
3866:
3856:
3851:
3682:
3667:
3642:
3622:
3592:
3582:
3577:
3548:
3543:
3533:
3468:
3426:
3135:
2998:
2993:
2928:
2913:
2458:
1368:
1143:
1135:
1047:
1023:
1011:
1007:
755:
s authority was successively eroded after the island was occupied by the
648:
633:
arena for cooperation between the royal representatives and the farmers.
455:
331:
2518:
Thingsites.com - Official website for the Northern European Thing sites
822:) that met at the Althing after a constitutional reform around 965. The
532:
80:
society, made up of the free people of the community presided over by a
17:
4107:
4095:
4085:
4060:
4050:
4045:
4025:
4015:
3990:
3930:
3888:
3861:
3779:
3712:
3707:
3687:
3677:
3632:
3627:
3617:
3612:
3553:
3538:
3488:
2943:
2898:
2869:
2802:
2764:
2687:
2581:
2247:"Tynwald: A Manx Cult-Site and Institution of pre-Scandinavian Origin?"
1396:
1287:
1238:
1188:
1123:
1112:
1104:
1055:
999:
910:
887:
875:
768:
748:, which also took other decisions regarding the island as a whole. The
737:
599:
573:
537:
429:
392:
348:
179:
2485:
Nordic Landscapes: Region and Belonging on the Northern Edge of Europe
4127:
4080:
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4030:
4005:
3970:
3965:
3898:
3883:
3821:
3759:
3744:
3722:
3672:
3662:
3657:
3570:
3565:
3523:
3493:
2973:
2703:
2682:
2657:
2601:
1341:
1230:
1108:
1051:
1019:
906:
706:
616:
424:
420:
2626:
1660:"Rechtsräume" Historische und archäologische Annäherungen.
1655:
1241:, which is cognate to the old name of the German national assembly,
1191:– The Manx "Thing Meadow" on the Isle of Man, formerly called "Ting"
799:
along with nine others served as voting members of the Law Council (
3068:
1859:
1175:– The Faeroese "Law Thing"; also, the Faeroes are divided into six
886:('village') place name suffix originally possessed their own laws,
4000:
3985:
3960:
3950:
3935:
3878:
3846:
3811:
3806:
3764:
3754:
3637:
3498:
3341:
2988:
2978:
2918:
2748:
2662:
2611:
2596:
2586:
2487:. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 77–105.
2229:
1656:"Law-territories in Scandinavia: reflections of tribal coalitions"
1504:
1489:
1400:
1266:
1249:
is used to name the subnational county councils, which are called
954:
834:
In the early twentieth century, scholars identified two potential
774:
681:
531:
370:
245:
44:
4070:
3717:
3018:
3013:
2968:
2893:
2816:
2641:
2621:
503:
493:
459:
439:
384:
205:
193:
125:
3072:
2539:
2370:"From Realpolitik to Dingpolitik: or How to Make Things Public"
2718:
210:). An alternative Proto-Germanic form of the word 'thing' was
615:
In the period between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries,
288:(all meaning "object" or "thing") and the cognate to English
2517:
927:(settlement) around the place where the Thing used to meet.
1095:
National legislatures, current institutions and legal terms
1758:
1756:
1754:
1937:
1773:
1771:
689:
showing the power of his office to the King of Sweden at
590:
The thing met at regular intervals, legislated, elected
232:, "stretch", as in a "stretch of time for an assembly".
2201:
2199:
2197:
540:
in session, as imagined in the 1890s by British artist
94:
The word appears in Old Norse, Old English, and modern
1360:
are named after historical Norwegian regional Things (
1142:
The legislatures of the self-governing territories of
391:
The first detailed description of a thing was made by
235:
In English, the term is attested from 685 to 686
2379:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 4–44.
998:
is still named after the meeting place of the thing,
1497:, Nazi multi-disciplinary dramas for which open-air
767:
As a representative legislative body, the things in
4136:
3417:
3379:
3169:
3123:
3027:
2886:
2773:
2757:
2696:
2650:
2574:
2298:(Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
744:by its elected judge. New laws were decided at the
2318:"The Ritual Stratigraphy of Monuments that Matter"
224:meaning "appointed time", possibly originating in
1824:
1822:
30:"Folkmoot" redirects here. For the festival, see
2311:(Second ed.). Dublin: James Duffy & Co.
2107:. Cornwall: TJ Books Limited. pp. 151–154.
1608:
1606:
1604:
1126: – The Icelandic "General Thing"
283:
2526:'Well, the Thing is...' Frisia Coast Trail blog
509:
465:
413:
408:
379:, drawn after the depiction in a relief of the
311:
293:
199:
187:
99:
2377:Making Things Public: Atmospheres of Democracy
1703:. The Boydell Press, Woodbridge. p. 423.
913:, depending on who ruled there; together with
697:not only to accept peace with his enemy, King
3084:
2551:
2217:
2132:. Leiden: Sidestone Press. pp. 298–301.
2059:
2057:
2055:
1738:Oil version. There is a related watercolour
274:
8:
2277:The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology
1348:. The primary level of courts is called the
1042:. In Sweden, there are several places named
1002:, which etymologically is the same word as "
406:in the UK. It is dated 43–410 CE and reads:
352:
329:Today the term lives on in the English term
317:
299:
257:
215:
143:
3115:origin primarily identified as speakers of
990:, the old location of the Icelandic thing (
814:who lived in each local assembly district (
443:
433:
358:
305:
248:
157:
3091:
3077:
3069:
2558:
2544:
2536:
846:in Einarsfjörður; both are located in the
670:was proclaimed king in 1193 at Haugating.
2316:Gansum, Terje; Oestigaard, Terje (2004).
1853:
1851:
1207:), a semi-official body representing the
974:, near the current town of Aurich in the
220:'time'. All of these terms derive from *
2375:. In Bruno Latour; Peter Weibel (eds.).
2188:
2176:
2164:
2087:
2063:
2046:
2034:
1998:
1973:
1961:
1813:
1801:
1777:
1762:
1638:
1294:, which comprised the two houses of the
4156:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
1600:
1521:
1352:, with the same meaning as the Swedish
1257:provinces, that were superseded by the
514:) was analogous, the forerunner to the
253:("judicial lawsuit", "case") to modern
2841:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
2205:
2152:
2075:
2010:
1789:
818:). The four quarters also had courts (
2098:
2096:
1333:unicameralism official following the
1309:, has historically been divided into
7:
2476:The Sagas of Icelanders: A Selection
1649:
1647:
1344:contain for the most part the affix
76:, was a governing assembly in early
2296:Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories
693:, 1018. The lawspeaker forced King
322:in German, which in languages like
1211:, and those of the three distinct
713:A famous incident took place when
705:Similar to Norway, thing sites in
25:
4179:
4178:
3053:
3052:
2474:Thorsson, Örnólfur, ed. (2010).
2430:10.1179/007660909X12457506806289
2294:Chantrell, Glynnis, ed. (2004).
1912:"Vikingene som demokratibyggere"
1831:"What is a Thing? | THING Sites"
1403:, most noticeably with the term
1199:can be found in the name of the
1115:all have names that incorporate
1018:and Tingwall, occurring both in
961:meaning 'law' and the component
810:) was brought together by three
651:in Norway, which was located in
522:Parliament of the United Kingdom
4161:Christianization of Scandinavia
2325:European Journal of Archaeology
1987:Norwegian Archaeological Review
1829:The Thing Project (2011–2019).
1583:is pronounced as unvoiced "th"
1237:, has borne a different style,
848:Eastern Settlement of Greenland
628:. This view is based partly on
4151:Christianization of the Franks
3224:Continental Germanic mythology
1305:The Norwegian parliament, the
1286:Similarly, prior to 1953, the
1261:in the 17th century. The name
1185:– The Greenlandic "Land Thing"
1158:also have names that refer to
520:and a precursor of the modern
204:) or "thingstow" (Old English
138:is purely orthographical), in
1:
2494:Journal of the North Atlantic
2447:Journal of the North Atlantic
2386:Journal of the North Atlantic
2354:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
2352:Harper, Douglas, ed. (2014).
1726:Journal of the North Atlantic
1283:), the 'court of the thing'.
1138:– The Norwegian "Great Thing"
1132:– The Danish "People's Thing"
1026:, and further south there is
336:
1858:Øyrehagen Sunde, J. (2017).
4166:Christianization of Iceland
1201:Swedish Assembly of Finland
419:The pillar was raised by a
4241:
2478:. New York: Penguin Books.
2245:Broderick, George (2003).
1358:Norwegian Courts of Appeal
1219:in Norwegian and Swedish (
1179:(administrative districts)
298:in Norwegian and Swedish,
39:Medieval Scandinavian laws
36:
29:
27:Type of governing assembly
4174:
3106:
3048:
2128:Dijkstra, M.F.P. (2011).
1668:10.5771/9783465144120-301
1470:Medieval Scandinavian law
1430:Ecclesia (ancient Athens)
1290:legislature was known as
1269:system, which are called
1205:Svenska Finlands folkting
1169:– The Ålandic "Law Thing"
994:). The parliament of the
381:Column of Marcus Aurelius
240:plural, first appears in
73:
3404:North Germanic languages
3389:Germanic parent language
2909:Early Germanic calendars
2337:10.1177/1461957104047994
2022:Gansum & Oestigaard
1886:"Demokrati i vikingtid?"
1501:amphitheatres were built
1066:now stands, until 1685.
130:(the difference between
49:A Germanic assembly, by
4215:Historical legislatures
3409:West Germanic languages
3399:East Germanic languages
3394:Proto-Germanic language
3214:Proto-Germanic folklore
3151:Romano-Germanic culture
2575:Gods and divine figures
2231:Greenland Home Rule Act
1989:43, no. 2: pp. 128–144.
1654:Iversen, Frode (2020).
1561:
1553:
1213:elected Sámi assemblies
905:defending land against
528:Use in Germanic society
504:
494:
466:
460:
446:Interpretatio germanica
432:corresponding to Latin
216:
206:
200:
194:
126:
100:
2368:Latour, Bruno (2005).
2303:Collin, James (1913).
1545:
1532:
1356:, and four of the six
1280:
1245:. In Sweden, however,
1233:national legislature,
1079:which we have reports…
899:Kingdom of East Anglia
717:told the Swedish king
715:Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker
702:
687:Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker
565:
557:
545:
510:
454:of the Thing. The god
444:
434:
417:
412:
388:
359:
353:
318:
312:
306:
300:
294:
284:
275:
258:
249:
188:
158:
144:
53:
3219:Anglo-Saxon mythology
3109:Ethnolinguistic group
2796:Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem
2782:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2398:10.3721/037.002.sp806
1942:Store norske leksikon
1864:Store norske leksikon
1411:) which refers to an
1298:"People's Thing" and
1215:which are all called
1064:Saint Andrew's Church
1032:Dumfries and Galloway
915:Lindsey, Lincolnshire
862:In England, there is
842:in Eiríksfjörður and
685:
579:In the pre-Christian
535:
374:
337:national legislatures
48:
37:Further information:
3028:Modern pagan revival
3004:Wetlands and islands
2854:Old English language
2567:Anglo-Saxon paganism
2514:Retrieved 2009-08-02
2459:10.3721/037.002.s218
2418:Medieval Archaeology
2218:Thorsteinsson (2008)
2103:Hines, John (2021).
1480:Parliamentary system
1235:since medieval times
1070:Unanswered questions
655:at Haugar (from the
626:religious activities
592:chieftains and kings
335:and in the names of
4146:Gothic Christianity
2887:Society and culture
2830:Finnesburg Fragment
2810:De temporum ratione
2273:Barnhart, Robert K.
2179:, pp. 286–287.
1910:Landro, J. (2012).
1860:"ting – forsamling"
1741:The Icelandic Thing
1038:, a village on the
1034:and – in England –
723:Thing of all Swedes
508:; modern Norwegian
226:Proto-Indo-European
4225:Popular assemblies
4210:Early Germanic law
3529:Germani cisrhenani
3237:Funerary practices
3141:Pre-Roman Iron Age
3117:Germanic languages
2414:Sanmark, Alexandra
2309:Life in Old Dublin
2090:, pp. 178–92.
1936:Gisle, J. (2018).
1816:, pp. 209–10.
1435:Ecumenical council
1016:Scottish Highlands
878:areas of England,
727:Thing of all Geats
703:
546:
499:, "folk meeting";
389:
367:Early attestations
316:in Afrikaans, and
60:, also known as a
54:
4192:
4191:
3364:Gothic and Vandal
3156:Germanic Iron Age
3131:Nordic Bronze Age
3113:Northern European
3066:
3065:
2924:Germanic paganism
2678:Hengist and Horsa
2637:Wayland the Smith
2220:, pp. 86–87.
1976:, pp. 42–63.
1964:, pp. 42–43.
1884:Saga Bok (2017).
1710:978-1-78327-561-8
909:, or against the
542:W. G. Collingwood
51:Charles Rochussen
16:(Redirected from
4232:
4220:Direct democracy
4205:Thing (assembly)
4182:
4181:
4138:Christianization
3728:Ripuarian Franks
3100:Germanic peoples
3093:
3086:
3079:
3070:
3056:
3055:
2848:Nine Herbs Charm
2560:
2553:
2546:
2537:
2521:
2501:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2441:
2409:
2380:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2348:
2322:
2312:
2299:
2290:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2242:
2236:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2100:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1826:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1766:
1760:
1749:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1651:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1625:Chantrell (ed.)
1623:
1617:
1610:
1588:
1571:
1565:
1540:
1526:
1085:As shown in the
1040:Wirral Peninsula
754:
668:Sigurd Magnusson
647:, the thing for
643:This is seen at
513:
507:
497:
469:
463:
449:
437:
362:
356:
321:
315:
309:
303:
297:
287:
278:
261:
252:
219:
214:, whence Gothic
209:
203:
197:
191:
162:, and in modern
161:
147:
129:
103:
21:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4170:
4132:
3413:
3375:
3337:Gothic alphabet
3229:Norse mythology
3165:
3119:
3102:
3097:
3067:
3062:
3044:
3023:
2949:Metrical charms
2882:
2769:
2753:
2692:
2646:
2570:
2564:
2519:
2508:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2444:
2412:
2383:
2372:
2367:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2320:
2315:
2302:
2293:
2287:
2271:
2268:
2266:Further reading
2263:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2195:
2189:Sanmark (2009b)
2187:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2165:Ødegaard (2013)
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2088:Sanmark (2009b)
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2053:
2047:Sanmark (2009a)
2045:
2041:
2035:Sanmark (2009a)
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1999:Ødegaard (2013)
1997:
1993:
1984:
1980:
1974:Ødegaard (2013)
1972:
1968:
1962:Ødegaard (2013)
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1814:Sanmark (2009a)
1812:
1808:
1802:Ødegaard (2013)
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1778:Ødegaard (2013)
1776:
1769:
1763:Sanmark (2009a)
1761:
1752:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1699:Nijdam (2021).
1698:
1697:
1693:
1678:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1639:Barnhart (1995)
1637:
1633:
1629:, s.v. "thing".
1624:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1572:
1568:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1425:Diet (assembly)
1421:
1323:Allodial rights
1209:Finland Swedish
1097:
1083:
1080:
1072:
984:
949:Early-medieval
947:
935:Nottinghamshire
923:(hill fort) or
860:
838:thing sites at
832:
765:
752:
719:Olof Skötkonung
695:Olof Skötkonung
680:
613:
530:
369:
92:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4238:
4236:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4197:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3795:Thracian Goths
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3146:Roman Iron Age
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2714:Dwarf (Dweorh)
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2651:Heroic figures
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2506:External links
2504:
2503:
2502:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2442:
2424:(1): 205–241.
2410:
2381:
2365:
2349:
2313:
2300:
2291:
2285:
2275:, ed. (1995).
2267:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2249:. Manx Studies
2237:
2222:
2210:
2193:
2191:, p. 183.
2181:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2138:
2120:
2113:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2066:, p. xlvi
2051:
2049:, p. 207.
2039:
2037:, p. 235.
2027:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1928:
1902:
1876:
1847:
1835:Thingsites.com
1818:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1767:
1765:, p. 205.
1750:
1746:British Museum
1731:
1716:
1709:
1691:
1676:
1643:
1631:
1618:
1616:, s.v. "thing"
1599:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1566:
1558:Middle English
1520:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1170:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1096:
1093:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1068:
983:
980:
946:
943:
903:fortifications
859:
856:
831:
828:
820:fjórðungsdómar
764:
761:
757:Teutonic Order
736:The island of
699:Olaf the Stout
679:
676:
612:
609:
558:härad, hundare
536:The Icelandic
529:
526:
501:Middle English
400:Hadrian's Wall
368:
365:
242:Middle English
110:modern English
106:Middle English
91:
88:
74:by other names
70:tribal council
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4237:
4226:
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4218:
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4119:
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4019:
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4009:
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3999:
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3989:
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3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
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3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:Crimean Goths
3768:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3733:Salian Franks
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
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3507:
3505:
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3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
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3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3443:
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3430:
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3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
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3378:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
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3255:
3252:
3248:
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3239:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3171:Early culture
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3059:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:Wilweorthunga
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
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2907:
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2900:
2897:
2895:
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2878:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2835:Franks Casket
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
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2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
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2727:
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2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
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2689:
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2684:
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2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:and mythology
2568:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2286:0-06-270084-7
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2233:(Translation)
2232:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2208:, p. 13.
2207:
2206:Latour (2005)
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2177:Thorsson 2010
2173:
2170:
2167:, p. 52.
2166:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:Collin (1913)
2149:
2146:
2141:
2139:9789088900785
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2114:9781783275618
2110:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2078:, p. 77.
2077:
2076:Mehler (2015)
2072:
2069:
2065:
2064:Thorsson 2010
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2013:, p. 72.
2012:
2011:Mehler (2015)
2007:
2004:
2001:, p. 58.
2000:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1804:, p. 51.
1803:
1798:
1795:
1792:, p. 69.
1791:
1790:Mehler (2015)
1786:
1783:
1780:, p. 44.
1779:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1677:9783465144120
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
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1632:
1628:
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1576:
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1515:
1511:
1508:
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1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:Legal history
1463:
1461:
1460:Landsgemeinde
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1450:Gerichtslinde
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
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1398:
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1390:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1335:2009 election
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
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1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:Northern Sami
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:In addition,
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:Faroe Islands
1145:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:The national
1094:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1076:
1069:
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1065:
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1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
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1021:
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1005:
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964:
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944:
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936:
932:
928:
926:
922:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
892:King's Square
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:British Isles
857:
855:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
829:
827:
825:
821:
817:
816:samþingsgoðar
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:
783:
781:
777:
776:
770:
762:
760:
758:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
708:
700:
696:
692:
691:Gamla Uppsala
688:
684:
677:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
638:"weapon-take"
634:
631:
627:
621:
618:
610:
608:
604:
601:
597:
593:
588:
584:
582:
577:
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571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
543:
539:
534:
527:
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523:
519:
518:
512:
506:
502:
498:
496:
491:
487:
484:
479:
477:
473:
468:
462:
458:(Old English
457:
453:
448:
447:
441:
436:
431:
426:
422:
416:
411:
407:
405:
401:
396:
394:
386:
382:
378:
373:
366:
364:
361:
355:
350:
346:
343:) and of the
342:
338:
334:
333:
327:
325:
320:
314:
308:
302:
296:
291:
286:
282:
277:
273:
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247:
243:
238:
233:
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223:
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196:
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185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
155:
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146:
141:
137:
133:
128:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
97:
89:
87:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
52:
47:
43:
40:
33:
19:
3464:Anglo-Saxons
3454:Adrabaecampi
3437:Bucinobantes
3179:Architecture
2983:
2877:Wið færstice
2875:
2868:
2846:
2839:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2697:Other beings
2520:(in English)
2497:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2450:
2446:
2421:
2417:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2357:. Retrieved
2331:(1): 61–79.
2328:
2324:
2308:
2295:
2276:
2251:. Retrieved
2240:
2230:
2225:
2213:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2129:
2123:
2104:
2083:
2071:
2042:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1986:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1945:. Retrieved
1941:
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1915:
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1889:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1740:
1734:
1725:
1719:
1700:
1694:
1659:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1524:
1498:
1408:
1407:(literally:
1404:
1395:refers to a
1392:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1330:
1318:
1314:
1311:two chambers
1306:
1304:
1285:
1281:käräjäoikeus
1270:
1262:
1246:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1204:
1196:
1194:
1176:
1159:
1141:
1116:
1101:legislatures
1098:
1088:Laxdæla saga
1086:
1084:
1073:
1059:
1003:
985:
962:
958:
948:
938:
929:
924:
918:
896:
883:
861:
852:
833:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
805:
796:
786:
784:
779:
773:
766:
749:
745:
741:
735:
731:Lionga thing
712:
704:
664:Harald Gille
659:
642:
635:
622:
614:
605:
589:
585:
578:
547:
515:
492:
485:
480:
475:
471:
464:, Old Norse
451:
438:'the day of
418:
414:
409:
397:
390:
376:
330:
328:
289:
234:
229:
221:
211:
198:, Old Norse
135:
131:
93:
86:
69:
65:
61:
57:
55:
42:
32:Folkmoot USA
3904:Nahanarvali
3827:Hilleviones
3740:Frisiavones
3608:Cananefates
3598:Burgundians
3509:Banochaemae
3359:Anglo-Saxon
3310:Anglo-Saxon
3276:Anglo-Saxon
3259:Anglo-Saxon
3242:Anglo-Saxon
2824:Ealuscerwen
2765:Middangeard
2729:Eoten/Thurs
2453:: 178–192.
2305:"Chapter 6"
1916:Blogg.bt.no
1662:: 301–317.
1550:Old English
1510:Witenagemot
1495:Thingspiele
1485:Res publica
1440:The Estates
1409:short thing
1405:kort geding
1391:, the word
1381:Eidsivating
1156:Isle of Man
1010:, there is
996:Isle of Man
982:Place names
976:East Frisia
972:Upstalsboom
874:and former
836:Greenlandic
517:witenagemōt
490:Old English
483:Anglo-Saxon
435:Martis dies
345:Isle of Man
304:in Danish,
292:(purpose),
122:Old Frisian
4199:Categories
4123:Vinoviloth
3911:Marcomanni
3894:Helveconae
3872:Heaðobards
3842:Istvaeones
3832:Ingaevones
3817:Hermunduri
3785:Ostrogoths
3775:Greuthungi
3653:Chattuarii
3479:Angrivarii
3474:Ampsivarii
3442:Lentienses
3271:Literature
3161:Viking Age
2864:Sutton Hoo
2859:Spong Hill
1890:Sagabok.no
1595:References
1499:Thingplatz
1445:Gairethinx
1413:injunction
1375:Borgarting
1363:Frostating
1327:unicameral
1313:named the
1004:þingvellir
988:Þingvellir
880:wapentakes
840:Brattahlíð
793:Þingvellir
778:): twelve
672:Magnus VII
596:lawspeaker
476:fimelthing
404:Housestead
310:in Dutch,
281:Portuguese
82:lawspeaker
4118:Vidivarii
4113:Victohali
4103:Vangiones
4036:Thuringii
3941:Nuithones
3837:Irminones
3800:Visigoths
3790:Thervingi
3750:Gambrivii
3703:Dulgubnii
3698:Dauciones
3648:Chasuarii
3588:Brondings
3514:Bastarnae
3504:Baiuvarii
3484:Armalausi
3447:Raetovari
3381:Languages
3349:Symbology
3209:Folklore
3204:Festivals
3040:Seax-Wica
3035:Heathenry
2954:Moot hill
2758:Locations
2668:Eormenric
2467:162323119
2438:161317676
2406:146417817
2392:: 69–81.
2253:16 August
1938:"lagting"
1686:245524597
1538:‹See Tfd›
1529:Icelandic
1475:Moot hill
1354:Tingsrätt
1319:Odelsting
1300:Landsting
1296:Folketing
1292:Rigsdagen
1272:tingsrätt
1251:Landsting
1243:Reichstag
1224:Sámediggi
1183:Landsting
1152:Greenland
1130:Folketing
1060:Thingmote
1044:Tingvalla
1036:Thingwall
931:Thynghowe
894:in York.
872:Yorkshire
870:. In the
864:Thingwall
830:Greenland
750:landsting
746:landsting
742:landsting
657:Old Norse
645:Haugating
570:Gulathing
511:folkemøte
505:folkesmōt
495:folcgemōt
375:Germanic
324:Old Norse
201:þingstaðr
195:þingstede
164:Norwegian
154:Afrikaans
118:Old Dutch
114:Old Saxon
96:Icelandic
90:Etymology
4184:Category
4091:Hasdingi
4076:Usipetes
4056:Tubantes
4041:Toxandri
4021:Tencteri
3996:Suarines
3981:Sicambri
3976:Semnones
3956:Reudigni
3926:Mattiaci
3916:Marsacii
3867:Lombards
3857:Lacringi
3852:Juthungi
3683:Corconti
3668:Cherusci
3643:Charudes
3623:Chaedini
3593:Bructeri
3578:Bateinoi
3549:Eburones
3544:Condrusi
3539:Caeroesi
3534:Atuatuci
3469:Ambrones
3432:Brisgavi
3427:Alemanni
3305:Paganism
3194:Clothing
3189:Calendar
3136:Germania
3058:Category
2994:Weregild
2914:Folkmoot
2744:Wælcyrge
2359:10 March
2345:55013924
1947:24 March
1921:24 March
1895:24 March
1869:24 March
1840:24 March
1455:Jamtamót
1419:See also
1369:Gulating
1350:Tingrett
1331:de facto
1317:and the
1307:Storting
1259:counties
1255:Landskap
1217:Sameting
1136:Storting
1048:Tingvoll
1024:Shetland
1012:Dingwall
1008:Scotland
968:Oostergo
801:Lögrétta
729:and the
653:Tønsberg
649:Vestfold
486:folkmoot
472:bodthing
387:(193 CE)
354:Dienstag
332:hustings
207:þingstōw
78:Germanic
66:assembly
62:folkmoot
18:Ljustorp
4108:Varisci
4096:Silingi
4086:Vandals
4061:Tulingi
4051:Triboci
4046:Treveri
4026:Teutons
4016:Taifals
3991:Sitones
3931:Nemetes
3889:Helisii
3862:Lemovii
3780:Gutones
3713:Firaesi
3708:Favonae
3688:Cugerni
3678:Cobandi
3633:Chamavi
3628:Chaemae
3618:Casuari
3613:Caritni
3583:Betasii
3554:Paemani
3489:Auiones
3354:Warfare
3332:Scripts
3300:Numbers
3124:History
2944:Maypole
2870:Widsith
2803:Beowulf
2789:Æcerbot
2774:Sources
2688:Waldere
1744:in the
1612:Harper
1397:lawsuit
1315:Lagting
1277:Finnish
1239:Riksdag
1231:Swedish
1189:Tynwald
1177:várting
1173:Løgting
1167:Lagting
1124:Alþingi
1113:Denmark
1105:Iceland
1056:Ireland
1028:Tinwald
1014:in the
1000:Tynwald
992:Alþingi
911:Vikings
888:by-laws
876:Danelaw
866:on the
808:vorþing
788:Alþingi
769:Iceland
763:Iceland
738:Gotland
600:Althing
574:Althing
554:Swedish
550:hundred
538:Althing
442:'; cf.
430:Tuesday
421:Frisian
393:Tacitus
360:dinsdag
357:' and '
349:Tynwald
272:Catalan
268:Italian
264:Spanish
212:*þingsō
180:Gutnish
176:Faroese
172:Swedish
108:(as in
4128:Warini
4081:Vagoth
4066:Tungri
4031:Thelir
4011:Swedes
4006:Sunici
3971:Saxons
3966:Rugini
3899:Manimi
3884:Diduni
3822:Heruli
3760:Gepids
3745:Frisii
3723:Franks
3673:Cimbri
3663:Chauci
3658:Chatti
3571:Nervii
3566:Morini
3524:Belgae
3519:Batavi
3494:Avarpi
3459:Angles
3419:Groups
3369:Viking
3315:Gothic
3293:Gothic
3199:Family
2974:Symbel
2934:Horses
2904:Burial
2899:Blōtan
2709:Dragon
2704:Cofgod
2683:Sceafa
2617:Saxnot
2607:Hretha
2602:Gefjon
2592:Ēostre
2465:
2436:
2404:
2343:
2283:
2136:
2111:
2024:Ritual
1707:
1684:
1674:
1627:Oxford
1614:Online
1542:German
1393:geding
1342:Norway
1288:Danish
1109:Norway
1058:, the
1052:Dublin
1020:Orkney
951:Frisia
945:Frisia
907:Wessex
868:Wirral
844:Garðar
725:, the
707:Sweden
678:Sweden
617:Norway
611:Norway
566:herred
562:Danish
425:Twente
341:Alþing
279:, and
255:French
182:, and
168:Danish
140:German
120:, and
72:, and
4001:Suebi
3986:Sciri
3961:Rugii
3951:Quadi
3936:Njars
3921:Marsi
3879:Lugii
3847:Jutes
3812:Harii
3807:Gutes
3765:Goths
3755:Geats
3693:Danes
3638:Chali
3559:Segni
3499:Baemi
3342:Runes
3327:Rings
3320:Norse
3288:Names
3281:Norse
3264:Norse
3247:Norse
2999:Wicce
2989:Thyle
2984:Thing
2979:Thegn
2964:Rings
2959:Runes
2929:Hearg
2919:Frith
2749:Wight
2663:Beowa
2642:Wōden
2622:Þunor
2597:Frige
2587:Beowa
2463:S2CID
2434:S2CID
2402:S2CID
2373:(PDF)
2341:S2CID
2321:(PDF)
1682:S2CID
1562:thing
1516:Notes
1505:Veche
1490:Synod
1401:trial
1389:Dutch
1267:court
1197:thing
1160:thing
1144:Åland
1117:thing
1050:. In
1030:, in
963:-sega
955:pagus
939:haugr
824:goðis
812:goðis
797:goðis
780:goðis
775:goðis
753:'
660:haugr
456:Tīwaz
452:Tīwaz
450:) as
377:thing
347:(the
319:Sache
285:coisa
259:chose
250:causa
246:Latin
222:þingą
217:þeihs
150:Dutch
148:, in
136:thing
127:thing
104:, in
58:thing
4071:Ubii
3718:Fosi
3603:Buri
3019:Yule
3014:Wyrd
2969:Scop
2894:Bēot
2817:Deor
2739:Neck
2734:Mare
2724:Ides
2673:Finn
2658:Ægil
2632:Wade
2361:2015
2281:ISBN
2255:2015
2134:ISBN
2109:ISBN
1949:2019
1923:2019
1897:2019
1871:2019
1842:2019
1728:(5).
1705:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1575:þing
1554:þing
1546:Ding
1533:þing
1378:and
1346:ting
1263:ting
1247:ting
1229:The
1154:and
1111:and
1022:and
897:The
630:Saga
581:clan
481:The
474:and
440:Mars
385:Rome
313:saak
307:zaak
290:sake
276:cosa
230:ten-
189:ting
184:Norn
159:ding
152:and
145:Ding
134:and
132:þing
101:þing
3946:Osi
3254:Law
3184:Art
3111:of
2939:Law
2719:Elf
2627:Tiw
2612:Ing
2582:Ēse
2498:501
2455:doi
2451:201
2426:doi
2394:doi
2390:801
2333:doi
1664:doi
1585:/θ/
1573:In
1399:or
1387:In
1384:).
1226:).
1103:of
925:tun
920:dun
884:-by
467:Týr
461:Tíw
402:at
383:in
363:'.
301:sag
295:sak
186:as
156:as
142:as
124:as
112:),
98:as
4201::
2496:.
2461:.
2449:.
2432:.
2422:53
2420:.
2400:.
2388:.
2339:.
2327:.
2323:.
2307:.
2279:.
2196:^
2095:^
2054:^
1940:.
1914:.
1888:.
1862:.
1850:^
1833:.
1821:^
1770:^
1753:^
1680:.
1670:.
1658:.
1646:^
1603:^
1577:,
1560::
1556:;
1552::
1548:;
1544::
1535:;
1531::
1415:.
1372:,
1366:,
1337:.
1279::
1162::
1150:,
1146:,
1119::
1107:,
1054:,
959:-a
733:.
576:.
564::
560:,
556::
524:.
262:,
237:CE
178:,
174:,
170:,
166:,
116:,
68:,
64:,
56:A
3231:)
3092:e
3085:t
3078:v
2559:e
2552:t
2545:v
2500:.
2469:.
2457::
2440:.
2428::
2408:.
2396::
2363:.
2347:.
2335::
2329:7
2289:.
2257:.
2155:.
2142:.
2117:.
1951:.
1925:.
1899:.
1873:.
1844:.
1748:.
1713:.
1688:.
1666::
1641:.
1587:.
1580:þ
1564:.
1275:(
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772:(
552:(
544:.
488:(
270:/
266:/
228:*
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