Lloyd's of London - Knowledge (XXG)

323: 533:, famously instructed his San Francisco agent to "pay all of our policy-holders in full, irrespective of the terms of their policies". The prompt and full payment of all claims helped to cement Lloyd's reputation for reliable claim payments and as an important trading partner for US brokers and policyholders. It was estimated that around 90 per cent of the damage to the city was caused by the resultant fires and as such, since 1906 "fire following earthquake" has generally been a specified insured peril under most policies. Heath is also credited for introducing the now widely used "excess of loss" reinsurance protection for insurers following the San Francisco quake. 2583: 1156:

that wrote the policy in the 1960s. However, because the insurer did not fully understand the nature of the future risk back in the 1960s, it and its reinsurers would not have properly priced or reserved for it. In the case of Lloyd's, this resulted in the bankruptcy of thousands of individual investors who indemnified general liability policies written from the 1940s to the mid-1970s for companies with exposure to asbestosis claims. A group of Names mounted a legal case as the Names Against Lloyd's of London, where they attempted to prove fraud among those brokers who had involved them in the underwriting syndicates.

578: 417: 1002:, bought a direct insurance policy from Lloyd's underwriters, who then passed part of their shares of the risk on to other syndicates via reinsurance. Those reinsurers then in turn reinsured part of the risk out to other reinsurance underwriters within Lloyd's (known as "retrocessionaires"), and so on. Consequently, many syndicates, especially those writing a large amount of excess of loss reinsurance, became exposed to the same claim multiple times through multiple layers in the spiral. Other catastrophes, including 939:

syndicate, number 9001, in turn reinsured by a unique vehicle named Lioncover, which was set up as a Lloyd's subsidiary insurance company. Lioncover assumed the liabilities of PCW as well as the associated WMD and Richard Beckett underwriting agencies in 1987. In 1988 it also assumed the 1967–1969 liabilities of syndicates 2 and 49. Dixon and Cameron-Webb remained at large in the US; Cameron-Webb reportedly died in 2004 in a nursing home in California and Dixon became a real estate agent in Florida; he died in 2017.

78: 935:, who at one point had written 20 per cent of the Lloyd's marine market, was expelled under suspicions but later acquitted of criminal charges. His name remained tarnished and he did not return to the market, retiring to run his Oxfordshire farm until his death in 2017 aged 87. A greater debacle arose when Peter Cameron-Webb and Peter Dixon, of PCW Underwriting Agencies, allegedly defrauded their business of some $ 60m through rigged reinsurance transactions and fled to the United States, never to return. 4618: 195: 1204:

premiums to Richard H. M. Outhwaite, then considered a highly capable marine underwriter, to assume approximately 80 per cent of the market's asbestos exposure on his well-supported syndicates 317/661 in 1982. In 1985, under Lloyd's three-year accounting rule, auditors kept Outhwaite's 1982 year open, citing concerns over asbestos and pollution liability losses. These eventually ran into the hundreds of millions of dollars. After many years of litigation, Outhwaite retired to

2482: 2413: 1200:

the huge extent of asbestosis losses came to light in the early 1990s, for the first time in Lloyd's history large numbers of members either were unable to pay the claims or refused, many alleging that they were the victims of fraud, misrepresentation, and/or negligence. The opaque system of accounting at Lloyd's made it difficult, if not impossible, for many Names to understand the extent of the liability that they personally and their syndicates had subscribed to.

1304: 1457: 513: 2459:, salvaged in 1858, which was rung when the fate of a ship "overdue" at its destination port became known. If the ship was safe, the bell would be rung twice; if it had sunk, the bell would be rung once. (This had the practical purpose of immediately stopping the sale or purchase of "overdue" reinsurance on that vessel.) Nowadays it is only rung for ceremonial purposes, such as the visit of a distinguished guest, or for the annual 69: 833:); earned income was taxed in the top bracket at 83 per cent, and investment income in the top bracket at 98 per cent. Lloyd's income counted as earned income, even for Names who did not work at Lloyd's, and this heavily influenced the direction of underwriting: in short, it was desirable for syndicates to make a (small) underwriting loss but a (larger) investment gain. The investment gain was typically achieved by " 6015: 1017:

Walker syndicate 298 became the first fatal casualty, with 13,500 policies being exposed to the Piper Alpha disaster alone and its 1989 account producing a 650 per cent loss on capacity; Feltrim followed with a 550 per cent loss on capacity. Roy Bromley, underwriter of syndicate 475, later committed suicide after being dismissed by his Board and reportedly becoming distressed at his operation's mounting losses.

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reserves had been accurately estimated, and the appropriate RITC premium paid every year, then all would have been well, but in many cases this had not been possible: no-one could have predicted the surge in APH losses. Therefore, the amounts of money transferred from earlier years by successive RITC premiums to cover these losses were grossly insufficient, and the current members had to pay the shortfall.

1478:. The asbestosis losses in the early 1990s devastated the finances of many Names: upwards of 1,500 out of 34,000 Names (4.4 per cent) were declared bankrupt. This scared away other potential Names. In 2011 individual Names provide only 11 per cent of capacity at Lloyd's, with UK-listed and other corporate members providing 30 per cent and the remainder via the international insurance industry. 1035: 717: 7627: 1282:(NICO) agreed to assume all of Equitas' assets and liabilities, providing $ 7bn of new reinsurance cover for future claims payments in addition to the $ 8.7bn of existing reserves within Equitas. The transfer (in two phases between 2007 and 2009) represented "finality" under English law for all affected Names, who now faced "no further liability whatsoever" to the pre-1993 losses. 1560:

reserves may need to be strengthened if prior-year loss estimates deteriorate. Overall reserve releases can improve the syndicate's "accident year" combined ratio (the sum of the loss ratio and the expense ratio), whereas overall reserve increases can worsen the accident year combined ratio. The combined ratio after these reserve movements is known as the "calendar year" result.

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the same membership. Since claims can take time to be reported and then paid, the profit or loss for each syndicate took time to realise. The practice at Lloyd's was to wait three years (that is, 36 months from the beginning of the year in which the business was written) before "closing" the year for accounting purposes and declaring a result.

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liabilities could be reinsured in order to relieve the Warrilow Names. This entity was named Centrewrite Ltd and in 1993 it assumed Warrilow's 1985 and prior years' liabilities, separately also offering "estate protection plans" (EPPs) for resigned Names. Tens of thousands of Lloyd's Names bought these reinsurance policies.

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maritime occupations, who would make bets on which ships would make it back to port. Soon, the captains of ships that were suggested to fail to return were betting against the return of other ships. It was the start of Lloyd's insurance. During this time, the coffee house was also frequented by mariners involved in the

1550:

The third link consists largely of the Lloyd's Central Fund, which contains mutual assets held by the Corporation which are available, subject to Council approval as required, to meet any member's liabilities. As well as the Central Fund, the third link contains Corporation assets, subordinated debt,

1511:

Coverholders are a major source of business for Lloyd's. Their numbers have grown steadily in recent years and in 2021 there were 4,054, producing an increasingly meaningful share of the market's overall premium income. The balance of Lloyd's business is distributed around the world through a network

1464:

There are two classes of people and firms active at Lloyd's. The first are members, or providers of capital. The second are agents, brokers, and other professionals who support the members, underwrite the risks and represent outside customers (for example, individuals and companies seeking insurance,

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Lloyd's then instituted some major structural changes: corporate members with limited liability were permitted to join and underwrite insurance; no new unlimited-liability Names were allowed to join (although a few hundred existing ones remained); financial requirements for underwriting were changed,

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Not all excess of loss writers succumbed to the LMX spiral; in fact the spiral was relatively confined to a minority of such syndicates. Among the prominent reinsurers that remained profitable throughout the spiral were C. F. Palmer syndicate 314, M. H. Cockell 269/570 and D. P. Mann 435, while G. S.

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rig, exploded on 6 July 1988 causing an initial $ 1.4bn loss, the practice had become so widespread that the underwriters in Lime Street initially had no idea how extensive their exposure was: the loss was passed around in what became known as the London market excess of loss (LMX) "spiral" and claim

930:

Immediately after the passing of the 1982 Act, evidence came to light and internal disciplinary proceedings were commenced against a number of underwriters who had allegedly siphoned money from their syndicates to their own accounts. These individuals included a deputy chairman of Lloyd's and some of

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Fisher, working with Richard Southwell QC, drafted the Lloyd's Act of 1982 which further redefined the structure of the business and was designed to give external Names, introduced in response to the Cromer report, a say in the running of the business through a new governing Council. The main purpose

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The collapse of the Sasse syndicate came after it wrote a "binding authority" in 1975 that delegated underwriting authority to Florida-based expatriate Dennis Harrison to write property and fire risks through his Den-Har Underwriters agency, even though Den-Har was not an approved Lloyd's coverholder

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coastlines, costing the market over £50 million. The catastrophe halted the capital that hitherto had been pouring into Lloyd's, and twice as many members left between 1965 and 1968 as had left over the prior eight years. It was soon realised that the membership of the Society, which had been largely

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which gave the business a sound legal footing. Around that time, it was unusual for a Lloyd's syndicate to have more than five or six backers; this lack of underwriting capacity meant Lloyd's was losing many of the larger risks to rival insurance companies. A marine underwriter named Frederick Marten

300:

In 2023 there were 78 syndicates managed by 51 "managing agencies" that collectively wrote £52.1bn of gross premiums on risks placed by 381 registered brokers. Around half of Lloyd's premiums emanate from North America and around one quarter from Europe. Direct insurance represents roughly two-thirds

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losses which engulfed the market, Lloyd's today promotes its strong financial "chain of security" available to promptly pay all valid claims. As of 31 December 2022 this chain consists of £72.1 billion of syndicate-level assets, £34.1bn of members' "funds at Lloyd's" and £6.1bn in a third mutual link

1568:

Lloyd's worst results in its long history were in the 1989 through 1991 years, each producing overall losses of over £2bn; the late 1990s were also punctuated by repeated and significant underwriting losses. In 2001 the calendar year result was a 140 per cent combined ratio, driven largely by claims

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Coverholders allow Lloyd's syndicates to operate in a region or country as if they were a local insurer. This is achieved by Lloyd's syndicates delegating their underwriting authority to coverholders. A coverholder can have restricted or full authority to underwrite specified business on behalf of a

1334:

The Franchise Board lays down guidelines for all syndicates and operates a business planning and monitoring process to safeguard high standards of underwriting and risk management, thereby improving sustainable profitability and enhancing the financial strength of the market. The Board is chaired by

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It was alleged that in the early 1980s some Lloyd's officials began a recruitment programme to enroll new Names to help capitalise Lloyd's prior to the expected onslaught of APH claims. This allegation became known as "recruit to dilute": in other words, recruit more Names to dilute the losses. When

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A member "joined" a syndicate for one calendar year only, known as the "annual venture". At the end of the year, the syndicate as an ongoing trading entity was effectively disbanded. However, usually the syndicate re-formed for the next calendar year with the same identifying number and more or less

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claims under employers' liability or workers' compensation policies. An employee at an industrial plant may have been exposed to asbestos in the 1960s, fallen ill 20 years later and claimed compensation from his former employer in the 1990s. The employer would report a claim to the insurance company

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Centrewrite still exists today but has not written any EPPs since 2011 and conducts little other business; its most recent transaction was in 2013 when it assumed the 2001 liabilities of the life syndicate 1171. It also reinsured the 1997–1999 years of Crowe syndicate 1204 and the 1999–2001 years of

844:

Because Lloyd's was a tax shelter as well as an insurance market, the second issue affecting it was an increase in its external membership: by the end of the 1970s, the number of passive investors dwarfed the number of underwriters working in the market. Third, during the decade a number of scandals

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Members' agents co-ordinate the members' underwriting and act as a buffer between Lloyd's, the managing agents and the members. They were introduced in the mid-1970s and grew in number until many went bust; many of the businesses merged, and there are now only four left (Argenta, Hampden, Alpha and

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and were rejected by the judge; an appeal was heard in 2002 and unanimously rejected. On each occasion the allegation that there had been a policy to recruit to dilute was dismissed and Names were urged to settle; however, at first instance the judge described the Names as "the innocent victims of

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During the mid-1990s the market was forced to restructure. Under the chairmanship of Sir David Rowland and chief executive Peter Middleton, an ambitious plan entitled "Reconstruction and Renewal" (R&R) was produced in 1995, with proposals for separating the ongoing Lloyd's from its past losses.

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Another asbestosis-hit operation, Pulbrook syndicates 90/334, had taken out reinsurance in 1981 on its general liability business with Merrett syndicate 418; however, in 1990 Stephen Merrett (who by now controlled Pulbrook) won an arbitration ruling to void that arrangement due to non-disclosure of

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mandating minimum terms, had been abandoned under pressure of competition. Third, new specialised policies had arisen which had the effect of concentrating risk: these included "run-off" policies, under which the liability of previous underwriting years would be transferred to the current year, and

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Problems also developed out of the Oakley Vaughan agency run by brothers Edward and Charles St George, which had written far more business than its capacity allowed in order to invest premium to take advantage of high interest rates. By writing swathes of business regardless of whether the premiums

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In its most recent annual report, for 2023, Lloyd's reported an underwriting profit of £5.91bn, plus a £4.75bn gain on investments to produce an overall pre-tax profit of £10.66bn, compared to a pre-tax loss of £769m in 2022. The 2023 calendar-year combined ratio was 84 per cent, which was Lloyd's

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There are three "links" in the chain: the funds in the first and second links are held in trust, primarily for the benefit of insureds whose policies are underwritten by the relevant member. Members underwrite for their own account and are not liable for other members' losses (i.e. liabilities are

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Outsiders, whether individuals or other insurance companies, cannot transact business directly with Lloyd's syndicates. They must hire an approved Lloyd's broker, who are the only customer-facing organisations at Lloyd's. They are therefore often referred to as intermediaries. Lloyd's brokers shop

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was instrumental in its implementation. Money was raised in many ways, including the sale and leaseback of the Lloyd's building, and a tax on future business. Individual offers of settlement were accepted by 95 per cent of Names. The past liabilities on the 1992 and prior years were transferred to

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The reserve for future claims liabilities was set aside in an unusual way. The syndicate bought a RITC policy to pay any future claims; the premium was equal to the amount of the reserve. This transaction allowed the year to be closed, and the syndicate's profit or loss declared. The reinsurer was

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Each Lloyd's syndicate is responsible for determining how much money to hold in reserve for its known liabilities and its estimated unknown liabilities, and each may choose to release some of its reserves for prior-year claims if it (and its independent auditors) deems it appropriate. Conversely,

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Lloyd's capital structure, often referred to as the "chain of security", provides financial security to policyholders and capital efficiency to members. The Corporation is responsible for setting both member and central capital levels to achieve a level of capitalisation that is robust and allows

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Many Names faced large bills, but the plan also provided for a settlement of their disputes, a tax on recent profits, and the write-off of nearly $ 5bn owed in the form of "debt credits", skewed towards those with the worst losses. The plan was debated at length, modified, and eventually strongly

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Also, numerous underwriters of long-tail non-marine business, concerned at their exposures to the impending asbestosis crisis, had sought to reinsure their liabilities with other carriers. Approximately 20 syndicates, including Lloyd's deputy chairman Murray Lawrence's, paid millions of pounds in

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Some of the leading LMX reinsurers at the time that suffered serious spiral losses included the numerous syndicates managed by the Gooda Walker agency, Devonshire syndicate 216, Rose Thomson Young 255, R. J. Bromley 475, and Patrick Fagan's already challenged Feltrim syndicates 540 and 542. Gooda

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The emergence of fraud at PCW was the first in a series of events that led to the resignation of Lloyd's chairman Sir Peter Green in 1983. Lloyd's was later forced to make a settlement with the roughly 3,000 Names on the various PCW syndicates involved and to reinsure their liabilities into a new

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Heath had become an underwriting member of Lloyd's in 1880, upon reaching the minimum age of 21, on J. S. Burrows' syndicate. Within a year he was underwriting for himself on a three-man syndicate; in 1883 he also opened a brokerage business. In 1885, he wrote the first fire reinsurance contract,

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in 1688. The establishment was a popular place for sailors, merchants, and ship-owners, and Lloyd catered to them with reliable shipping news. The coffee house soon became recognised as an ideal place for obtaining marine insurance. The shop evolved into a meeting place for people of all types of

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When corporations became admitted as Lloyd's members, they often disliked the traditional structure. Insurance companies did not want to rely on the underwriting skills of syndicates they did not control, so they started their own. An integrated Lloyd's vehicle (ILV) is a group of companies that

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Managing agents sponsor and manage syndicates. They canvas members for commitments of capacity, create the syndicate, hire underwriters, and oversee all of the syndicate's activities. Managing agents may run more than one syndicate, as borne out in the fact that in 2023 the 78 syndicates writing

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In this manner, liability for past losses could be transferred year after year until it reached the current syndicate. A member joining a syndicate with a long history of such transactions could – and often did – pick up liability for losses on policies written decades previously. As long as the

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the extent of asbestos exposure, leaving the Pulbrook Names without cover for their losses of £100,000 each on average. Even earlier, in 1974, the underwriter of R. W. Sturge syndicate 210, Ralph Rokeby-Johnson, who specialised in American industrial risks, bought "stop-loss" reinsurance from

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Lloyd's syndicates write a diverse range of policies, both direct insurance and reinsurance, covering property, casualty, marine, energy, motor, aviation and many other types of risk. Lloyd's also has a unique niche in unusual, specialist business such as kidnap and ransom, fine art, specie,

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Lloyd's is a market of members, not an insurance company. As the oldest continuously active insurance marketplace in the world, Lloyd's has retained some unusual structures and practices that differ from other insurance providers today. Originally created as a non-incorporated association of

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Lloyd's also faced action from Names on C. J. Warrilow's syndicate 553, which had chronically exceeded its underwriting capacity in the early 1980s and failed to adequately reinsure the huge quantity of risks it was taking on. The solution was to create a new company in 1990 into which these

699:. This report advocated the widening of membership to non-market participants, including non-British subjects and then women, and the reduction of the onerous capitalisation requirements (thus creating a minor investor known as a "mini-Name"). The report also drew attention to the danger of 1330:

The Council can discharge some of its functions directly by making decisions and issuing resolutions, requirements, rules and bylaws. The Council delegates most of its daily oversight roles, particularly relating to ensuring the market operates successfully, to the Franchise Board.

3147: 274:. Traditionally business is transacted at each syndicate's "box" in the underwriting room within the building, with the policy document being known as a "slip", but in recent years it has become increasingly common for business to be conducted remotely and electronically. 3021: 896:-related claims, which created a huge hole in Lloyd's loss-payment reserves, which was initially not recognised and then not acknowledged. Second, by the end of the decade, almost all of the market agreements, such as the Joint Hull Agreement, which were effectively 524:

Lloyd's losses from the earthquake and fires were substantial, even though the writing of insurance business overseas was viewed with some wariness at the time. While some insurance companies were denying claims for fire damage under their earthquake policies or

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on the site commemorates this. This arrangement carried on until 1773, long after the death of Edward Lloyd in 1713, when the participating members of the insurance arrangement formed a committee and underwriter John Julius Angerstein acquired two rooms at the

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always another Lloyd's syndicate(s), often the succeeding year of the same syndicate: the members of syndicate '1' in 1985 reinsured the future claim liabilities for members of syndicate '1' in 1984. The membership might be the same, or it might have changed.

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in the US on Sturge's pre-1969 exposures that were accumulating into the present. This contract developed so poorly that Fireman's Fund later sought its own stop-loss cover for the losses assumed from Sturge. Rokeby-Johnson later prompted Lloyd's to create a

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best result since 2007. Gross premiums written totalled £52.1bn, which was an increase from £46.7bn in 2022, without taking exchange-rate fluctuations into account. Major losses in 2023 were considerably fewer than the previous year, which was marred by

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of the 1982 Act was to separate the ownership of the managing agents of the underwriting syndicates from the ownership of the brokering houses (which acted as intermediaries, not as underwriters), with the objective of removing conflicts of interest.

1148:(APH) policies, some dating as far back as the 1940s. Many of these policies were open-peril policies, meaning that they covered any claim not specifically excluded. Other policies (called standard, or broad) only cover stated perils, such as fire. 880:

Sasse had also been one of 57 underwriters on other syndicates that wrote loss-making "computer leasing" policies in the late 1970s. These claims ultimately ran above $ 450m, wiping out more than half the entire market's profit in a single year.

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staggering incompetence" and the appeal court found that representations that Lloyd's had a rigorous auditing system were false and strongly hinted that one of Lloyd's main witnesses, former chairman Murray Lawrence, had lied in his testimony.

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were adequate, the St Georges left their Names with serious losses. Lloyd's had commissioned investigations into Oakley Vaughan, but investigators were denied access to the books and relied only on reassurances that the agency was profitable.

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It may not be immediately clear how current members of current Lloyd's syndicates, which accept business one year at a time, could be liable to pay historical claims. This came about as a result of the Lloyd's accounting practice known as

877:£15m of Den-Har claims under the 1976 year, leaving the Corporation of Lloyd's to pay the remainder. The Corporation also paid the near £7m loss for 1977. Lloyd's banned Sasse from the market for life in 1985; he died on 28 February 1987. 845:

had come to light, including the collapse of F. H. "Tim" Sasse's non-marine syndicate 762, which had highlighted both the lack of regulation and the lack of legal powers of the Committee of Lloyd's (as it was then) to manage the Society.

434:

An Act for incorporation the members of the Establishment or Society formerly held at Lloyd's Coffee House in the Royal Exchange in the city of London, for the effecting of Marine Insurance, and generally known as Lloyd's; and for other

1573:, reserve increases for prior-year liabilities and deteriorating pricing levels. However, the market subsequently enjoyed profitability in most years except those marked by unusual levels of large natural catastrophes. For example, the 1473:

For most of Lloyd's history, rich individuals known as Names backed policies written at Lloyd's with all of their personal wealth and took on unlimited liability. Since 1994, Lloyd's has allowed corporate members into the market, with

3154: 1327:. The working and external members are elected by Lloyd's members. The chairman and deputy chairmen are elected annually by the Council from among the working members of the Council. All members are approved by the regulating bodies. 649:. It was insured for £1 million, which represented 20 per cent of the entire market's capacity, making it the largest marine risk ever insured. The record of its sinking in the 1912 "Loss Book" is on display in the Lloyd's building. 3028: 1294:

Lloyd's does not underwrite insurance business itself - its members do. The Society effectively acts as a market regulator, setting rules under which members operate and offering centralised administrative services to them.

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The Lloyd's Act 1982 defines the management structure and rules under which the market operates. Under the Act, the Council of Lloyd's is responsible for the management and supervision of the market. It is regulated by the

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is credited for first identifying this issue and creating the first "large syndicate", initially of 12 capacity providers. By the 1880s Marten's syndicate had outgrown many of the major insurance companies outside Lloyd's.

361:, and was vitally interested in legal decisions as to what constituted 'natural death' and 'perils of the sea'". Lloyd's obtained a monopoly on maritime insurance related to the slave trade and maintained it until the 7664: 5526: 2440:

and was completed in 1986. It stands on the site of the old Roman Forum. The 1925 building's facade survives, appearing strangely stranded with the modern building visible through the gates on the northern side on

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Lloyd's syndicate. It will usually issue the insurance documentation and will often also handle claims. The document setting out the terms of the coverholder's delegated authority is known as a binding authority.

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to prevent excess underwriting that was not backed by liquid assets; and market oversight significantly increased. Lloyd's rebounded and started to thrive again after the catastrophic losses arising out of the

218:

market located in London, United Kingdom. Unlike most of its competitors in the industry, it is not an insurance company; rather, Lloyd's is a corporate body governed by the Lloyd's Act 1871 and subsequent

372:, Lloyd's issued a statement, apologising "for the role played by the Lloyd's market in the 18th and 19th century slave trade – an appalling and shameful period of English history, as well as our own". 5032: 1176:

To calculate the profit or loss, reserves were set aside for future claims payments, for claims that had already been notified but not yet paid, as well as estimated amounts for claims that had been

4340:"If anyone is wondering how the insurance policies work in case of an injury I had a "Lloyds of London" policy on my legs during my Franchise tag season and it is quite a hustle #PatMcAfeeShowLIVE" 1534:

combines a corporate member, a managing agent, and a syndicate under common ownership. Some ILVs allow minority contributions from other members, but most now try to operate on an exclusive basis.

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was commissioned by the Council of Lloyd's to produce the foundation for a new Lloyd's Act. The recommendations of his report addressed the "democratic deficit" and the lack of regulatory muscle.

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in two stages in 2007 and 2009. Residual funds in Lioncover were later distributed to surviving PCW Names or donated to the Lloyd's Charities Trust. Lioncover was voluntarily dissolved in 2014.

5955: 5180: 1136:

The early to mid-1990s saw the continuation of Lloyd's most traumatic period in its history that had begun with the explosion on Piper Alpha. Unexpectedly large legal awards in US courts for

4776: 3818:"1988 The Piper Alpha explosion – Lloyd's – The world's specialist insurance market. Also known as Lloyd's of London; is a market where members join together as syndicates to insure risks" 2840: 3495: 3466: 5985: 5796: 4751: 4723: 1323:

The Council normally has six working, six external and six nominated members. The appointment of nominated members, including that of the chief executive officer, is confirmed by the

841:, thus forfeiting the interest income in exchange for a tax-free capital gain. Syndicate funds were also moved offshore (which later created problems through fraud and self-dealing). 978:

to report on the standard of investor protection available at Lloyd's. His report was produced in 1987 and made a large number of recommendations, but was never implemented in full.

5039: 869:

Once the three-year Lloyd's accounting period passed, the 110 Names on syndicate 762 were told they faced substantial losses, from mostly fraudulent claims. Sasse's reinsurer, the

5917: 7065: 2466:

Brokers and underwriters are still normally held to, and apparently prefer, a more formal style of attire than many nearby City of London banks and financial institutions.

7674: 6840: 1239: 821:

During the 1970s, a number of issues arose which were to have significant influence on the course of the Society. The first was the tax structure in the UK: for a time,

5897: 4070: 3418: 1313: 888:

Arising simultaneously with these developments were wider issues: first, in the US, an ever-widening interpretation by the courts of insurance coverage in relation to

1481:

No new Names with unlimited liability are admitted, and the importance of individual Names will continue to decline as they slowly withdraw, convert (generally into

7679: 1180:(IBNR). This estimation is difficult and can be inaccurate; in particular, long-tail liability policies tend to produce claims long after the policies are written. 4369: 6855: 6120: 5868: 5843: 3817: 1503:

LMAS, which has no active Names). It is mandatory that unlimited Names write through a members' agent, and many limited liability members also choose to do so.

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As a result, a great many Names whose syndicates wrote long-tail liability at Lloyd's faced significant financial loss or ruin by the late 1980s to mid-1990s.

873:(IRB), refused to pay its share of the fraudulent losses. The Names (few in number for such large losses) took legal action and ultimately paid only £6.25m of 538: 4018: 6100: 5880: 5773: 3715: 3682: 6850: 5863: 4716: 550: 3940: 6226: 5560: 4806: 4557:"Not your average coffee shop: Lloyd's of London—a twenty-first-century primer on the history, structure, and future of the backbone of marine insurance" 3448: 640:. c. lxii) set out the society's objectives, which include the promotion of its members' interests and the collection and dissemination of information. 5838: 5708: 5330: 3595: 7669: 5890: 5833: 5661: 5150: 5070: 5055: 220: 7649: 7058: 5012: 5007: 4858: 4243: 1375: 322: 2848: 488:. The Royal Exchange was rebuilt by 1844, but many of Lloyd's early records were lost in the blaze. In 1871, the first Lloyd's Act was passed in 4141: 3553: 7554: 7401: 6860: 6028: 6018: 5570: 5565: 5555: 5540: 5475: 4972: 4907: 4709: 1605:

The following table details some key financial metrics for the Lloyd's market for the past 10 years, as reported in each year's annual report:

600: 440: 4440: 3506: 3470: 7263: 6845: 5927: 5922: 5848: 5123: 4596: 2155: 1234:

Liabilities for all pre-1993 business (other than life assurance) were to be compulsorily transferred (by RITC) into a special vehicle named

1052: 738: 7218: 6115: 5823: 5740: 2498:

Per fesse Argent and Azure, in chief a Cross within the dexter canton a sword erect Gules, and in base a fouled anchor in bend sinister Or.

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the chairman of Lloyd's and has three executive members, three non-executives connected to the market and five independent non-executives.

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subscribing members, it was incorporated by the Lloyd's Act 1871 and is currently governed under the Lloyd's Acts of 1871 through to 1982.

975: 3914: 3847: 3271: 7630: 7203: 6061: 5912: 5828: 5681: 2582: 1213: 7273: 7051: 6256: 5858: 5509: 5497: 5453: 4967: 1992: 692: 3574: 7564: 6185: 5970: 5873: 5818: 5597: 5580: 5550: 5315: 5165: 4828: 4823: 4535: 4509: 3296: 3131: 3099: 2996: 2966: 2660: 2195: 1118: 870: 808: 4637: 974:

In 1986, the year Lloyd's moved into a new building at 1 Lime Street (where it remains today), the British government commissioned

4679: 1099: 789: 6251: 5806: 5585: 4865: 2240: 582: 489: 421: 4388: 3631: 1071: 761: 7618: 7434: 7208: 6830: 6221: 6211: 5960: 5907: 5768: 5713: 5545: 5448: 4927: 4875: 4801: 3386: 1324: 696: 6835: 5980: 5885: 5791: 5644: 5492: 5480: 5401: 4887: 4662: 3342: 2752: 2168: 2133: 2127: 1582: 1574: 1056: 742: 1078: 768: 292:

Having survived multiple scandals and significant challenges through the second half of the 20th century, most notably the

5902: 5811: 5750: 5676: 5463: 5443: 5222: 4746: 4732: 3364: 2067: 1918: 1482: 517: 502: 3769: 2923: 2897: 2573: 242:

The business underwritten at Lloyd's is predominantly general insurance and reinsurance, although a small amount of term

7584: 7429: 7118: 6993: 6241: 6142: 5965: 5786: 5649: 5627: 5607: 5536: 5458: 5335: 5325: 5320: 4992: 4957: 4813: 4373: 4221: 3532: 2982: 2676: 3869: 6810: 6507: 6453: 6127: 5801: 5781: 5622: 5485: 5267: 5170: 4880: 4853: 4833: 3652: 2210:

Lloyd's is famous for writing policies to cover famous, unusual, or bizarre events. For example, Lloyd's has insured:

2189: 2146: 2061: 1317: 541:

and marking the start of Heath's push to diversify the market into "non-marine" business. He also wrote Lloyd's first

6292: 3825: 3199: 2561: 1085: 775: 727: 46: 3693: 7659: 7454: 6458: 6322: 6216: 6000: 5686: 5612: 4818: 3726: 2872:"George Floyd protests force Britain to reckon with its role in slavery, leading some companies to pay reparations" 2532: 2348:'s legs for $ 47m (the policy was only in effect when he was touring, and forbade him from dancing except on stage) 2102: 2021: 1936: 1432: 1279: 947: 703:. The liability of the individual Names was unlimited, and thus all their personal wealth and assets were at risk. 1045: 746: 731: 7113: 6537: 6426: 6236: 6137: 5632: 5470: 5406: 5396: 5391: 5002: 4623: 2172: 1586: 1381: 1177: 915: 4460: 1485:), or die. In 2014, Names with unlimited liability provided just 2 per cent of the overall capacity in Lloyd's. 1067: 757: 509:. This event was to have a profound influence on building practices, risk modelling and the insurance industry. 6910: 6662: 6532: 6512: 6180: 6132: 4588: 4278: 2871: 2092: 657: 7464: 6567: 4897: 3227: 889: 545:

insurance policy, its first "all risks" jewellery policy and invented "jewellers' block" cover. Later, during

3613: 3067: 2029:

1982 Accountants Neville Russell warned that assessing the losses from asbestos injury was "an impossibility"

7654: 7228: 6713: 6502: 6370: 6317: 6175: 6165: 6054: 5305: 4892: 4843: 4445: 3053: 1877: 963:

Cotesworth syndicate 535. In 2012 the Crowe and Cotesworth liabilities (then valued at just over £17m) were

331: 251: 164: 77: 7509: 7406: 7301: 6805: 6438: 6266: 5990: 4628: 4044: 2541: 2265: 2247: 2230: 2050: 2014: 1960: 1945: 1893: 1887: 1007: 477: 385: 376: 53: 6820: 6706: 6635: 6490: 6375: 5745: 5735: 5502: 5350: 5217: 5195: 5128: 4932: 4838: 4490: 3966: 2536: 2261: 1246:

supported by the Association of Lloyd's Members (ALM) and most leaders of Names' action groups. New CEO

830: 685: 590: 429: 369: 223:. It operates as a partially-mutualised marketplace within which multiple financial backers, grouped in 6337: 4942: 1525:

customers' risks around the syndicates, trying to obtain the best coverage and most competitive terms.

1402:

The following is a list of the chief executive officers of Lloyd's since the role was created in 1983:

595:

An Act to extend the objects of and confer further powers on Lloyd's and to amend the Lloyd's Act 1871.

4692: 4648: 4300: 7684: 7449: 7233: 6929: 6872: 6495: 6475: 6302: 6190: 6110: 5725: 5373: 5310: 5282: 5257: 5252: 5227: 5185: 4987: 4937: 4766: 4343: 2712: 2551: 2492:

Upon waves of the sea a representation of H.M.S. La Lutine, 32-gun frigate, in full sail, all proper.

2121: 1570: 1389: 1264: 1166: 1141: 999: 700: 468: 362: 350: 155: 31: 4071:"Lloyd's of London appoints first ever female chief executive Inga Beale – Business News – Business" 3321: 7376: 7213: 7198: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6963: 6825: 6785: 6547: 6517: 6385: 6246: 6170: 6160: 5345: 5300: 5292: 5237: 5145: 5080: 4771: 2556: 2433: 2429: 2281: 2250:

with workers' compensation, general liability, excess liability and speciality insurance programmes

2036: 1980: 1924: 628: 485: 306: 267: 263: 87: 83: 35: 2818: 2768: 2412: 901:"time and distance" policies, whereby reserves would be used to buy a guarantee of future income. 858:

links and many of the risks written were rigged: typically dilapidated buildings in slums such as

7569: 7534: 7444: 7371: 7248: 7243: 7168: 7123: 7031: 7024: 6936: 6815: 6740: 6557: 6522: 6433: 6390: 6360: 6332: 6327: 6297: 6271: 6095: 6047: 5421: 5411: 5378: 5277: 5247: 5140: 5115: 5075: 4527: 2976: 2670: 2391: 2236: 2139: 1881: 1275: 1254:

The "recruit to dilute" fraud allegations were heard in an eight-month trial in 2000 in the case

1217: 1145: 1092: 782: 335: 302: 255: 7346: 4501: 2744: 2738: 2481: 2026:

1980 An Asbestos Working Party was created to monitor the increasing losses from asbestos injury

4567: 4414: 1303: 375:

Just after Christmas 1691, the small club of marine insurance underwriters relocated to No. 16

7479: 7459: 7188: 7143: 6885: 6755: 6647: 6611: 6601: 6562: 6552: 6480: 6470: 6400: 5190: 5160: 4592: 4531: 4505: 3127: 3095: 2962: 2748: 2656: 2453: 2442: 2311: 2178: 1954: 1906: 1639: 1578: 1475: 968: 826: 653: 481: 7416: 837:

washing" or "gilt stripping": selling the gilt or other bond cum dividend and buying it back

643:

A year later in April 1912 Lloyd's suffered perhaps its most famous loss: the sinking of the

7474: 7043: 6998: 6953: 6898: 6890: 6880: 6657: 6581: 6421: 6395: 6380: 6287: 6105: 6087: 5975: 5416: 5365: 5175: 5155: 4325: 3795: 2599: 2317: 2086: 2080: 1456: 1137: 854:(a fact noticed neither by Sasse nor Lloyd's Non-Marine Association). Den-Har had suspected 838: 512: 445: 389: 297:

which includes the "Central Fund" and which is under the control of the Council of Lloyd's.

247: 4166: 7193: 7010: 6973: 6949: 6750: 6745: 6725: 6684: 6679: 6626: 6621: 6485: 6465: 6342: 6307: 5671: 5592: 5090: 4997: 4962: 4952: 4922: 4796: 4696: 4652: 3204: 2460: 2446: 2345: 2307: 1986: 1971: 1409: 1021:

Christensen 958 reported only a slight loss in 1989 but healthy profits in 1990 and 1991.

676: 289:, or "utmost good faith", representing the relationship between underwriters and brokers. 271: 68: 7504: 4339: 3303: 2546: 652:

The society moved into its first owned, dedicated building in 1928. It was located at 12

637: 605: 39: 4617: 4089:"Lloyd's of London estimates Maria claims of $ 900 million, cuts Harvey, Irma estimates" 3245: 2812: 194: 7494: 7391: 7366: 7336: 7321: 7163: 6916: 6765: 6448: 6312: 6206: 6152: 5698: 5242: 4982: 4870: 4761: 4756: 3895: 2955: 2649: 2437: 2421: 2325: 2219:

A comedy theatre group against the risk of a member of their audience dying of laughter

2117:

2000 A group of Names led by Sir William Jaffray issue court proceedings alleging fraud

2057: 1589:

caused the Lloyd's market to report a 114 per cent combined ratio result in that year.

1003: 855: 834: 680: 530: 344: 339: 243: 4684: 4556: 2690: 1551:

and a "callable layer" which can be invoked should the final link require topping up.

7643: 7589: 7549: 7499: 7484: 7439: 7361: 7296: 7138: 7128: 6719: 6640: 6588: 6527: 6365: 6231: 5575: 5355: 5133: 5085: 5065: 4977: 3121: 2587: 2566: 2387: 2370: 2185: 1899: 1599: 1222: 991: 859: 506: 354: 3991: 3180: 7514: 7223: 7153: 6968: 6780: 6775: 6735: 6696: 5693: 5340: 5212: 4580: 2400: 2321: 2295: 2289: 1307:

The Council meets in the Committee Room, on the 11th floor of the Lloyd's building.

1152: 822: 618: 458: 262:

1689. It is thus one of the oldest insurance companies in the world. Today, it has

232: 3751: 2504:

A Sea Lion, proper, the head and mane Or, supporting a Trident erect, also proper.

4321: 17: 7559: 7469: 7381: 7079: 7003: 6958: 6631: 6416: 5384: 5232: 5207: 5200: 5021: 4848: 4701: 4195: 2365: 2352: 2329: 2299: 2277: 2207:

aviation, war, satellites, personal accident, bloodstock, and other insurances.

2043: 2002: 1423: 1247: 1034: 987: 986:

It has long been normal for one Lloyd's syndicate to reinsure another, but when

932: 863: 716: 691:

Lloyd's response was to commission a secret internal inquiry in 1968, headed by

546: 380: 236: 215: 103: 7396: 7386: 7356: 7316: 7281: 7238: 7178: 6902: 6894: 6770: 6691: 6652: 6596: 5060: 3773: 2396: 2383: 2377: 2358: 2161: 2073: 1440: 893: 669: 358: 293: 4114: 2355:' trademark walrus mustache while playing for Australia between 1985 and 1994 7579: 7424: 7148: 7075: 6944: 6760: 6730: 6701: 6443: 6070: 4947: 2333: 2303: 2285: 2273: 2269: 2107:

1994 Hardship Scheme set up to help Names whose losses exceeded their assets

1251:

Equitas in September 1996, including those under Lioncover and Centrewrite.

224: 211: 99: 3660: 1460:

Interior escalators linking the underwriting floors of the Lloyd's building

4248:

WON/F4W – WWE news, Pro Wrestling News, WWE Results, UFC News, UFC results

3246:"Richard Henry Moffitt OUTHWAITE | Family Notices from the Guernsey Press" 1620: 675:

Later that year, when Lloyd's had around 6,000 members on 300 syndicates,

239:

and private individuals, the latter being traditionally known as "Names".

7599: 7544: 7489: 7351: 7331: 7173: 7095: 6668: 5703: 2924:"Explainer: London faces up to former role insuring Atlantic slave trade" 2339: 1629: 1205: 964: 542: 480:

was destroyed by fire in 1838, forcing Lloyd's into temporary offices at

159: 4674: 357:

noted that "Lloyd's, like other insurance companies, insured slaves and

7604: 7594: 7326: 7291: 7183: 6606: 6542: 5995: 4355: 2526: 2111: 2096: 1964: 1268: 1235: 1059: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 943: 645: 497:

Early 20th century: San Francisco earthquake and first Lloyd's building

1581:) drove the Lloyd's overall combined ratio to 112 per cent, while the 7539: 7341: 7158: 6261: 5017: 1267:, but it faced increased competition from newly-created companies in 897: 668:

In 1965 Lloyd's wrote the first satellite insurance policy, covering

285:

for "confidence", and it is closely associated with the Latin phrase

2898:"Lloyd's of London to pay for 'shameful' Atlantic slave trade role" 7306: 7286: 7133: 7108: 7103: 6921: 5730: 5602: 4115:"Coronavirus: Lloyd's of London expects to pay out £5bn in claims" 2411: 1455: 1302: 971:

company) meaning minimal liabilities remain in Centrewrite today.

511: 321: 282: 1151:

The classic example of "long-tail" insurance risks is asbestosis/

684:

made up of market participants, was too small in relation to the

7258: 7253: 6616: 2181:

resulted in the first ever temporary closure of Lloyd's building

228: 7047: 6043: 4705: 4142:"Lloyd's of London reopens building for first time since March" 2740:

Heart of Oak: A Survey of British Sea Power in the Georgian Era

1343:

The following is a list of the chairmen of Lloyd's since 1979:

7311: 4244:"WOR: WrestleMania 2018, Raw, Tokyo Dome, Ronda Rousey, more!" 2066:

1989 Lloyd's Community Programme founded, with first chairman

1494:

business at Lloyd's were operated by just 51 managing agents.

1028: 710: 549:

he offered air-raid insurance, protecting against the risk of

505:

and resulting fires destroyed over 80 per cent of the city of

45:

This article is about the insurance market. For the film, see

866:, which soon burned down after being insured for large sums. 7665:

Financial services companies established in the 17th century

6039: 4515:

Carter, Robert L., and Peter Falush. "Lloyd’s of London" in

3941:"Lloyd's faces huge new claims for Ground Zero compensation" 2817:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 4689: 3297:"EQUITAS LIMITED AGREEMENT WITH NATIONAL INDEMNITY COMPANY" 2620: 4645: 4611: 4585:

Ultimate Risk: The Inside Story of the Lloyd's Catastrophe

4279:"HowStuffWorks '9 Odd Things Insured by Lloyds of London'" 3094:. New York: Elisabeth Sifton Books – Viking Penguin, Inc. 2229:

Participating automobiles in the carpools involved in the

942:

Lioncover's PCW liabilities were reinsured as part of the

185: 4657: 3467:"Tell me more about coverholders – Coverholder – Lloyd's" 2164:

appointed first female chief executive officer of Lloyd's

1953:

1925 Market relocated to its first owned building, at 12

4524:

On the Brink: How a Crisis Transformed Lloyd's of London

4019:"Lloyd's Sees Deepwater Horizon Claims at $ 600 Million" 931:

its leading underwriters. Successful marine underwriter

4663:

USA Today Q&A with CEO Richard Ward, September 2008

1256:

Sir William Jaffray & Ors v. The Society of Lloyd's

905:

Early 1980s: New Lloyd's Act, Lioncover and Centrewrite

3967:"US hurricanes cost Lloyd's of London a record £2.9bn" 3848:"Lloyd's Community Programme celebrates its 20th year" 4301:"British Porn Star Keiran Lee Insures Penis For $ 1m" 3417:. Lloyd's of London. 31 December 2011. Archived from 2957:

Cuthbert Heath: Maker of the Modern Lloyd's of London

2571: 2399:'s stunt bungee jumping out of a helicopter into the 4441:"City Spy: How to store future wealth for your kids" 2452:

In the main Underwriting Room of Lloyd's stands the

2076:

affair and London market excess of loss (LMX) spiral

318:

17th–19th centuries: Formation and first Lloyd's Act

7527: 7415: 7272: 7094: 7087: 6871: 6796: 6580: 6409: 6351: 6280: 6199: 6151: 6086: 6077: 5944: 5761: 5660: 5525: 5518: 5434: 5364: 5291: 5266: 5114: 5103: 5048: 4915: 4906: 4785: 4739: 3490: 3488: 3443: 3441: 3439: 1979:1958 Market relocated to new owned building, at 51 627: 617: 612: 599: 589: 563: 520:

caused substantial losses for Lloyd's underwriters.

467: 457: 452: 439: 428: 402: 180: 170: 149: 139: 131: 110: 95: 4461:"The Eastern Underwriter 1927-02-11: Vol 28 Iss 6" 2954: 2648: 309:), while the remaining one-third was reinsurance. 5709:Glasgow International Financial Services District 4370:"Will Smith's leap was insured for $ 200 million" 3915:"Equitas day: final act in the Lloyd's nightmare" 3343:"Regulation of Lloyd's – About Lloyd's – Lloyd's" 3272:"Equitas day: final act in the Lloyd's nightmare" 2896:Faulconbridge, Guy; Holton, Kate (18 June 2020). 2463:service and anniversaries of major world events. 946:arrangement in the late 1990s and transferred to 342:. The first reference to it can be traced to the 4641:magazine report on Lloyd's (February 21t., 2000) 4487:Hazard Unlimited: The Story of Lloyd's of London 3226:Griffin, Rob; Inman, Phillip (4 November 2000). 1543:members the potential to earn superior returns. 4045:"Lloyd's Of London swings to second-worst loss" 326:The Subscription Room in the early 19th century 4196:"Lloyd's: insuring the famous and the bizarre" 3365:"Council of Lloyd's – About Lloyd's – Lloyd's" 2806: 2804: 2292:reported that they no longer insure wrestlers. 1238:(which would require the approval of the UK's 904: 52:"Lloyd's" redirects here. For other uses, see 27:Insurance market located in the City of London 7059: 6055: 4717: 4281:. People.howstuffworks.com. 14 September 2007 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 3115: 3113: 3111: 1465:or insurance companies seeking reinsurance). 8: 4519:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) pp. 126–134. 4389:"How we learned to love the Lloyds building" 3406: 3404: 2128:Hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan and Jeanne 1195:Dilution of liabilities and the consequences 664:1960s: Hurricane Betsy and the Cromer report 61: 4550:Lloyd's of London: A Study in Individualism 3387:"Franchise Board – About Lloyd's – Lloyd's" 2841:"Building an inclusive Lloyd's marketplace" 2364:The hands of the 1932 World Yo-Yo Champion 745:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 7626: 7091: 7066: 7052: 7044: 6083: 6062: 6048: 6040: 5522: 5111: 4912: 4724: 4710: 4702: 4616: 4498:Cuthbert Heath: The Maker of Modern Lloyds 3896:"Reinsurance (Acts of Terrorism) Act 1993" 3870:"1993: IRA bomb devastates City of London" 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3054:"Sweeping change, new standards 1827-1945" 2480: 2473: 982:Late 1980s: Piper Alpha and the LMX spiral 849:Late 1970s: Sasse scandal and other issues 560: 399: 193: 76: 67: 60: 7675:Organisations based in the City of London 4543:Lloyd's of London, an Illustrated History 4517:The British Insurance Industry Since 1900 1963:by insuring the civil rights volunteers' 1871:Timeline of significant events at Lloyd's 1119:Learn how and when to remove this message 809:Learn how and when to remove this message 301:of the premiums written, mostly covering 235:, or "members", are a collection of both 4222:"Case studies – About Lloyd's – Lloyd's" 4140:Makortoff, Kalyeena (1 September 2020). 2948: 2946: 2944: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2114:set up to harbour all pre-1993 exposures 1998:1977 F. H. "Tim" Sasse syndicate scandal 1607: 246:is written. The market has its roots in 5018:2020 Withdrawal from the European Union 4958:Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914 3913:Griffiths, Katherine (6 October 2011). 3181:"Peter Cameron-Webb dies in California" 3092:Lloyd's of London: A Reputation at Risk 2612: 2578: 1892:1774 Society of Lloyd's founded at the 1025:1990s: Fallout of the asbestosis affair 707:1970s: Changes in the financial markets 529:, one of Lloyd's leading underwriters, 7680:Organizations established in the 1680s 7555:General Insurance Corporation of India 7402:Varma Mutual Pension Insurance Company 7264:Western & Southern Financial Group 4387:Glancey, Jonathan (19 December 2011). 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 2974: 2668: 2475:Coat of arms of Lloyd's of London 2474: 3939:Eisenhammer, John (23 October 2011). 3270:Eisenhammer, John (23 October 2011). 3200:"Lloyd's underwriter commits suicide" 2691:"Introduction to Lloyd's: background" 2035:1986 Market relocated to the current 1967:fleet after local insurers refused to 688:and the risks that it was taking on. 629:Text of statute as originally enacted 469:Text of statute as originally enacted 7: 7219:Ohio National Life Insurance Company 6024: 5741:London Platinum and Palladium Market 3068:"The age of new frontiers 1965-2014" 2010:1977 Computer leasing losses emerged 1057:adding citations to reliable sources 1013:in 1989, also went into the spiral. 743:adding citations to reliable sources 7631:List of largest insurance companies 7204:Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company 4541:Flower, Raymond, and Michael Wynn. 3798:. Truth About Lloyds. 5 August 1998 3752:"Kaleidoscope of Insurance History" 3179:Faulkner, Michael (February 2023). 2961:. London, W1: George Rainbird Ltd. 2922:Faulconbridge, Guy (18 June 2020). 2743:. Oxford University Press. p. 2655:. London, SW7: Sinclair-Stevenson. 2280:, Joe Laurinaitis (better known as 2235:A grain of rice with a portrait of 1587:destructive wildfires in California 250:and was founded by Edward Lloyd at 227:, come together to pool and spread 6101:Accidental death and dismemberment 4338:@patmcafeeshow (5 February 2020). 2134:Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma 954:Warrilow syndicate and Centrewrite 636:The subsequent Lloyd's Act 1911 ( 368:Many years later, during the 2020 25: 7565:Instituto de Resseguros do Brasil 5971:Confederation of British Industry 5166:Expansion plans for Milton Keynes 4829:Department for Business and Trade 4824:Competition and Markets Authority 3965:Treanor, Jill (1 December 2005). 3533:"Current underwriting challenges" 3228:"How the Names lost their shirts" 2169:Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria 995:values escalated out of control. 871:Instituto de Resseguros do Brasil 7625: 6227:Directors and officers liability 6023: 6014: 6013: 4866:Office for Budget Responsibility 4675:Yahoo! – Lloyd's Company Profile 4577:(Dec 1957) 7#12 pp. 848–853 4167:"What Lloyd's insures – Lloyd's" 4069:Maria Tadeo (16 December 2013). 4043:Neligan, Myles (28 March 2012). 3992:"Berkshire Steps Up for Equitas" 2593: 2581: 2403:on his 50th birthday, for $ 200m 2241:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 2095:and subsequent establishment of 1240:Department of Trade and Industry 1033: 715: 583:Parliament of the United Kingdom 576: 422:Parliament of the United Kingdom 415: 7670:Insurance in the United Kingdom 7435:China Pacific Insurance Company 7209:New York Life Insurance Company 4802:Governor of the Bank of England 4646:Independent analysis of Lloyd's 3198:Moore, John (23 January 1993). 2769:"Coffee and commerce 1652–1803" 1886:1691 Coffee house relocated to 1325:Governor of the Bank of England 1314:Prudential Regulation Authority 1242:) at a cost of around $ 21bn. 1044:needs additional citations for 697:Governor of the Bank of England 7650:1686 establishments in England 5981:Federation of Small Businesses 4658:Association of Lloyd's Members 4439:Dunkley, Jamie (7 July 2015). 4322:Troy Polamalu has hair insured 4224:. Lloyds.com. 31 December 2005 4017:Crowley, Kevin (26 May 2010). 3531:Markus Gesmann (7 June 2016). 3389:. Lloyds.com. 31 December 2005 3367:. Lloyds.com. 31 December 2005 3345:. Lloyds.com. 31 December 2005 3120:Luessenhop, Elizabeth (1995). 2847:. 10 June 2020. Archived from 2693:. Hmrc.gov.uk. 11 January 2008 2188:and losses arising out of the 1575:2005 Atlantic hurricane season 1483:limited liability partnerships 1208:and died on 20 November 2021. 539:Hand in Hand Insurance Company 392:for "The Society of Lloyd's". 1: 5751:Alternative Investment Market 5731:London Interbank Offered Rate 5687:List of UK building societies 4733:Economy of the United Kingdom 4629:Special report on Lloyd's in 3412:"Lloyd's Annual Results 2011" 2870:Kahn, Jeremy (18 June 2020). 2424:in the main Underwriting Room 2196:Baltimore Key Bridge collapse 2156:Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 1140:led to substantial claims on 874: 829:at up to 40 per cent (nil on 518:1906 San Francisco earthquake 259: 114: 7585:Reinsurance Group of America 7430:China Life Insurance Company 7119:American International Group 6994:Savings and loan association 5966:British Chambers of Commerce 5961:British Bankers' Association 3469:. Lloyds.com. Archived from 3322:"Finality under English Law" 3320:HA Stevenson (1 July 2009). 2436:, was designed by architect 1363:• 1993–97: Sir David Rowland 363:abolition of the slave trade 334:, owned by Edward Lloyd, on 206:, generally known simply as 119:; 335 years ago 6427:Insurance-linked securities 4854:Chancellor of the Exchequer 4834:Financial Conduct Authority 4685:Lloyd's litigation database 4561:Tulane Maritime Law Journal 2529:– Marine materials standard 2243:engraved on it for $ 20,000 2190:Russian invasion of Ukraine 2142:assumed Equitas liabilities 1878:Edward Lloyd's coffee house 1876:1686 Earliest reference to 1529:Integrated Lloyd's vehicles 1506: 1417:• 1992–95: Peter Middleton 1398:Chief executives of Lloyd's 1355:• 1988–90: Murray Lawrence 1352:• 1984–87: Sir Peter Miller 1318:Financial Conduct Authority 7701: 7455:Life Insurance Corporation 6116:Total permanent disability 6001:UK Payments Administration 4953:New Imperialism 1830s–1945 4777:Government-owned companies 4680:Lloyd's of London's webcam 2997:"San Francisco earthquake" 2380:'s taste buds for £250,000 2022:Three Mile Island accident 1445:• 2018–present: John Neal 1428:• 1999–06: Nick Prettejohn 1360:• 1991–92: David Coleridge 1349:• 1979–83: Sir Peter Green 1280:National Indemnity Company 1229:Reconstruction and Renewal 948:National Indemnity Company 558:United Kingdom legislation 397:United Kingdom legislation 51: 44: 29: 7613: 7465:MS&AD Insurance Group 7114:American Family Insurance 7019: 6856:Health insurance coverage 6121:Business overhead expense 6009: 5076:National champions policy 5071:Recessions and recoveries 4988:1979 Winter of Discontent 4923:1659–1849 Navigation Acts 4898:UK Trade & Investment 4807:Monetary Policy Committee 4624:Lloyd's Agency Department 3090:Hodgson, Godfrey (1984). 2647:Mantle, Jonathan (1992). 2122:World Trade Center attack 1643: 1637: 1634: 1625: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1571:World Trade Center attack 1265:World Trade Center attack 1178:incurred but not reported 656:and had been designed by 575: 570: 414: 409: 75: 66: 6257:Protection and indemnity 5013:2009 bank rescue package 5008:2008 bank rescue package 4973:1929–39 Great Depression 4844:HM Revenue & Customs 4752:Employee-owned companies 4589:Four Walls Eight Windows 2981:: CS1 maint: location ( 2793:schivelbusch, wolfgang. 2675:: CS1 maint: location ( 2562:Lloyd's unlimited rating 2376:Food critic and gourmet 2072:1990s Escalation of the 1919:San Francisco earthquake 1583:2017 Atlantic hurricanes 1528: 551:German strategic bombing 496: 47:Lloyd's of London (film) 30:Not to be confused with 7621:ranking by Total Assets 7229:Progressive Corporation 6714:Explanation of benefits 6186:Variable universal life 5181:List of counties by GVA 4963:1873–79 Long Depression 4928:Agricultural Revolution 4893:UK Statistics Authority 4571:(subscription required) 4568:"The Origin of Lloyd's" 4446:London Evening Standard 3996:The Wall Street Journal 2811:Williams, Eric (1994). 2651:For Whom the Bell Tolls 2535:– original home of the 2533:Jonathan's Coffee-House 2288:. However, as of 2017, 2246:The development of the 1614:Gross premiums written 1519: 686:market's capitalisation 7510:Taikang Life Insurance 7407:Zurich Insurance Group 7302:Assicurazioni Generali 6851:Health insurance costs 6252:Professional liability 5991:Institute of Directors 5956:Business organisations 5881:Science and technology 5774:International students 5486:Working Time Directive 4859:Debt Management Office 4328:report. 30 August 2010 3126:. New York: Scribner. 2953:Brown, Antony (1980). 2814:Capitalism and Slavery 2737:Marcus, G. J. (1975). 2445:. In 2011 it became a 2425: 2262:professional wrestlers 2260:The bodies of several 2248:new World Trade Center 2231:Montgomery bus boycott 2062:Loma Prieta earthquake 1961:Montgomery bus boycott 1635:Pre-tax profit/(loss) 1461: 1366:• 1998–00: Max Taylor 1308: 926:PCW scam and Lioncover 521: 327: 277:The market's motto is 144:London, United Kingdom 6707:Out-of-pocket expense 6568:Workers' compensation 6222:Collateral protection 6212:Business interruption 5986:Industry trade groups 5746:London Stock Exchange 5736:London Metal Exchange 5503:Trades Union Congress 5196:East London Tech City 5040:Cost-of-living crisis 4978:1948–52 Marshall Plan 4933:Industrial Revolution 4690:Commentary on Lloyd's 4555:Herschaft, Jeremy A. 3770:"Spreading the risks" 2537:London Stock Exchange 2415: 2103:Northridge earthquake 1555:Financial performance 1547:several, not joint). 1497: 1459: 1452:Businesses at Lloyd's 1306: 890:workers' compensation 701:conflicts of interest 515: 370:George Floyd protests 325: 7450:Kyobo Life Insurance 7234:Prudential Financial 6930:Corpus Juris Civilis 5780:Entertainment & 5003:Late-2000s recession 4998:1992 Black Wednesday 4938:Financial Revolution 4767:FTSE Fledgling Index 3796:"Truth About Lloyds" 3716:"Annual Report 2014" 3683:"Annual Report 2015" 3663:on 19 September 2018 3653:"Annual Report 2016" 3632:"Annual Report 2018" 3614:"Annual Report 2019" 3596:"Annual Report 2020" 3575:"Annual Report 2022" 3554:"Annual Report 2023" 3542:. Lloyd's of London. 3496:"Annual Report 2017" 3449:"Annual Report 2021" 3309:on 15 February 2019. 3250:www.familynotices.gg 3160:on 28 September 2011 3034:on 28 September 2011 2420:bell, housed in the 2173:California wildfires 1414:• 1985–92: Alan Lord 1390:Bruce Carnegie-Brown 1371:• 2001–02: Sax Riley 1167:reinsurance to close 1160:Reinsurance to close 1053:improve this article 1000:Occidental Petroleum 998:The rig's operator, 739:improve this section 332:Lloyd's Coffee House 330:The market began in 264:a dedicated building 156:Bruce Carnegie-Brown 32:Lloyds Banking Group 7377:RSA Insurance Group 7214:Northwestern Mutual 7199:National Life Group 6989:Rochdale Principles 6984:Mutual savings bank 6979:Mutual organization 6964:Cooperative banking 6881:Mesopotamian banker 6161:Longevity insurance 5476:Equal opportunities 5081:Economic liberalism 4983:1974 Three-Day Week 4968:1926 general strike 4772:FTSE SmallCap Index 4695:26 May 2006 at the 4651:26 May 2006 at the 4633:(18 September 2004) 4563:29 (2004): 169–185. 4502:David & Charles 4415:"Lloyd's buildings" 4376:on 23 January 2021. 4121:. 10 September 2020 3756:history.swissre.com 3732:on 21 February 2016 2713:"Capital structure" 2542:Lloyd's Law Reports 2476: 2386:'s legs during his 2342:'s teeth for $ 7.4m 2282:Road Warrior Animal 2093:Bishopsgate bombing 1959:1955 Supported the 1569:arising out of the 1507:Lloyd's coverholder 1339:Chairmen of Lloyd's 1271:and other markets. 1132:Emergence of claims 1068:"Lloyd's of London" 758:"Lloyd's of London" 486:Threadneedle Street 317: 172:Number of employees 63: 7570:Korean Reinsurance 7535:Arch Capital Group 7445:Great Eastern Life 7372:Royal London Group 7249:UnitedHealth Group 7244:Sun Life Financial 7169:Markel Corporation 7124:Berkshire Hathaway 6741:Insurable interest 6242:Payment protection 6143:Payment protection 5891:Telecommunications 5056:Economic geography 4528:Palgrave Macmillan 4463:. 11 February 1927 3696:on 2 February 2017 3424:on 14 January 2013 3148:"Lloyd's Act 1982" 3022:"Lloyd's Act 1911" 2795:tastes of paradise 2426: 2392:Indianapolis Colts 2237:Queen Elizabeth II 2140:Berkshire Hathaway 2039:, at 1 Lime Street 1948:Empress of Ireland 1564:Historical results 1538:Financial security 1462: 1309: 1299:Council of Lloyd's 1276:Berkshire Hathaway 522: 503:a major earthquake 501:On 18 April 1906, 328: 221:Acts of Parliament 7660:Economy of London 7637: 7636: 7623: 7575:Lloyd's of London 7523: 7522: 7480:Ping An Insurance 7460:Meiji Yasuda Life 7189:Mutual of America 7144:CUNA Mutual Group 7041: 7040: 6886:Code of Hammurabi 6861:Vehicle insurance 6756:Replacement value 6648:Actual cash value 6612:Adverse selection 6602:Actuarial science 6576: 6575: 6508:Kidnap and ransom 6481:Extended warranty 6128:Income protection 6037: 6036: 5940: 5939: 5719:Lloyd's of London 5430: 5429: 5402:Industrialisation 5316:Industrialisation 5099: 5098: 5028:COVID-19 pandemic 4948:1815–46 Corn Laws 4597:978-1-56858-056-2 4419:Lloyd's of London 4303:. 24 January 2012 4202:. 29 October 1999 4095:. 23 October 2017 3998:. 22 October 2006 3900:National Archives 3850:. 7 February 2009 2552:Lloyd's Open Form 2518: 2517: 2443:Leadenhall Street 2361:'s penis for $ 1m 2312:Bruce Springsteen 2224:Inanimate objects 2202:Types of policies 2179:COVID-19 pandemic 2148:Deepwater Horizon 1955:Leadenhall Street 1868: 1867: 1579:Hurricane Katrina 1476:limited liability 1449: 1448: 1395: 1394: 1129: 1128: 1121: 1103: 976:Sir Patrick Neill 967:to Riverstone (a 819: 818: 811: 793: 654:Leadenhall Street 634: 633: 571:Act of Parliament 474: 473: 446:34 & 35 Vict. 410:Act of Parliament 270:which is Grade I 204:Lloyd's of London 201: 200: 62:Lloyd's of London 18:Lloyd’s of London 16:(Redirected from 7692: 7629: 7628: 7615: 7505:T&D Holdings 7475:Income Insurance 7092: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7045: 6999:Social insurance 6954:Friendly society 6846:Health insurance 6674:Short rate table 6422:Catastrophe bond 6323:Lenders mortgage 6084: 6064: 6057: 6050: 6041: 6027: 6026: 6017: 6016: 5976:Co-operatives UK 5566:Hydroelectricity 5541:Renewable energy 5523: 5407:Renewable energy 5388: 5336:Renewable energy 5124:Atlantic Gateway 5112: 4943:Panic of 1796–97 4913: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4703: 4620: 4615: 4614: 4612:Official website 4572: 4566:Lane, Nicholas. 4522:Duguid, Andrew. 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4372:. Archived from 4366: 4360: 4359: 4353: 4351: 4335: 4329: 4326:Associated Press 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4275: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4250:. 2 January 2017 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4192: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3824:. Archived from 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3772:. Archived from 3766: 3760: 3759: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3731: 3725:. Archived from 3720: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3692:. Archived from 3687: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3659:. Archived from 3649: 3643: 3642: 3636: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3579: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3558: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3540:actuaries.org.uk 3537: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3511: 3505:. Archived from 3500: 3492: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3473:on 10 March 2012 3463: 3457: 3456: 3445: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3423: 3416: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3326: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3302:. Archived from 3301: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3159: 3153:. Archived from 3152: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3117: 3106: 3105: 3087: 3072: 3071: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3033: 3027:. Archived from 3026: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2980: 2972: 2960: 2950: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2674: 2666: 2654: 2644: 2629: 2628: 2617: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2586: 2585: 2577: 2557:Lloyd's Register 2484: 2477: 2430:Lloyd's building 2390:season with the 2373:'s hair for $ 1m 2318:Marlene Dietrich 2087:Hurricane Andrew 2081:Typhoon Mireille 2037:Lloyd's building 2032:1982 Lloyd's Act 1995:report published 1970:1956 Sinking of 1944:1914 Sinking of 1932:1911 Lloyd's Act 1923:1909 Sinking of 1914:1871 Lloyd's Act 1905:1799 Sinking of 1631: 1622: 1608: 1577:(which included 1405: 1404: 1388:• 2017–present: 1346: 1345: 1218:Kemper Insurance 1144:, pollution and 1138:punitive damages 1124: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1104: 1102: 1061: 1037: 1029: 916:Sir Henry Fisher 876: 814: 807: 803: 800: 794: 792: 751: 719: 711: 658:Sir Edwin Cooper 638:1 & 2 Geo. 5 606:1 & 2 Geo. 5 580: 579: 566: 565:Lloyd's Act 1911 561: 419: 418: 405: 404:Lloyd's Act 1871 400: 261: 252:his coffee-house 248:marine insurance 197: 192: 189: 187: 127: 125: 120: 116: 84:Lloyd's building 80: 71: 64: 36:Lloyd's Register 21: 7700: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7624: 7609: 7519: 7411: 7347:Mutua Madrileña 7268: 7194:Mutual of Omaha 7083: 7072: 7042: 7037: 7015: 7011:Insurance cycle 6974:Fraternal order 6867: 6798: 6792: 6751:Proximate cause 6746:Insurance fraud 6726:General average 6685:Claims adjuster 6627:Risk management 6622:Risk assessment 6586: 6583: 6572: 6538:Prize indemnity 6405: 6353: 6347: 6276: 6237:Over-redemption 6195: 6147: 6138:National health 6079: 6073: 6068: 6038: 6033: 6005: 5948: 5946: 5936: 5844:Pharmaceuticals 5757: 5672:Baltic Exchange 5663: 5656: 5528: 5514: 5436: 5426: 5382: 5360: 5287: 5269: 5262: 5107: 5105: 5095: 5091:Nationalisation 5044: 4902: 4797:Bank of England 4789: 4787: 4781: 4735: 4730: 4697:Wayback Machine 4671: 4653:Wayback Machine 4610: 4609: 4606: 4570: 4548:Gibb, D. E. W. 4496:Brown, Antony. 4485:Brown, Antony. 4482: 4480:Further reading 4477: 4476: 4466: 4464: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4421: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4349: 4347: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4282: 4277: 4276: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4194: 4193: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4075:The Independent 4068: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3945:The Independent 3938: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3921: 3919:The Independent 3912: 3911: 3907: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3876:. 24 April 1993 3868: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3828:on 28 June 2017 3816: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3776:on 23 July 2013 3768: 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7048: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7035: 7032:List of topics 7028: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7008: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6947: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6917:Burial society 6907: 6906: 6905: 6899:§235–238; §240 6891:§100–105; §126 6883: 6877: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6841:Climate change 6833: 6831:United Kingdom 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6802: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6778: 6776:Underinsurance 6773: 6768: 6766:Self-insurance 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6716: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6599: 6593: 6591: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6533:Political risk 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6513:Legal expenses 6510: 6505: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6357: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6293:Builder's risk 6290: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6217:Business owner 6214: 6209: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6181:Universal life 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6157: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6133:Long-term care 6130: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6090: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6044: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6021: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5952: 5950: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5915: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5826: 5824:Legal services 5821: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5711: 5706: 5704:Euronext.liffe 5701: 5696: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5533: 5531: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5495: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5456: 5451: 5449:Businesspeople 5446: 5440: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5376: 5370: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5274: 5272: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5243:Thames Gateway 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5126: 5120: 5118: 5109: 5101: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5025: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4917: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4871:Pound sterling 4868: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4793: 4791: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4762:FTSE 250 Index 4759: 4757:FTSE 100 Index 4754: 4749: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4643: 4635: 4626: 4621: 4605: 4604:External links 4602: 4601: 4600: 4578: 4564: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4520: 4513: 4494: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4452: 4431: 4406: 4379: 4361: 4330: 4314: 4292: 4261: 4235: 4213: 4180: 4158: 4132: 4106: 4080: 4061: 4035: 4009: 3983: 3957: 3931: 3905: 3887: 3861: 3839: 3809: 3787: 3761: 3743: 3707: 3674: 3644: 3623: 3605: 3587: 3566: 3545: 3523: 3512:on 23 May 2019 3484: 3458: 3435: 3400: 3378: 3356: 3334: 3312: 3288: 3262: 3237: 3218: 3190: 3171: 3139: 3132: 3123:Risky Business 3107: 3100: 3073: 3059: 3045: 3013: 2988: 2967: 2940: 2914: 2888: 2862: 2851:on 7 July 2020 2845:www.lloyds.com 2832: 2800: 2785: 2760: 2753: 2729: 2704: 2682: 2661: 2630: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2590: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2530: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2485: 2471: 2468: 2438:Richard Rogers 2409: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2394: 2381: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2326:Brooke Shields 2315: 2314:'s vocal cords 2293: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2244: 2233: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2192: 2182: 2175: 2165: 2158: 2152: 2143: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2070: 2064: 2058:Hurricane Hugo 2047: 2040: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2011: 2008: 1999: 1996: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1968: 1957: 1951: 1942: 1933: 1930: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1903: 1896: 1894:Royal Exchange 1890: 1888:Lombard Street 1884: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1636: 1633: 1626:Combined ratio 1624: 1617:Combined ratio 1615: 1612: 1594: 1593:Recent results 1591: 1565: 1562: 1556: 1553: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1496: 1490: 1487: 1470: 1467: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1436: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1385: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1340: 1337: 1300: 1297: 1287: 1284: 1230: 1227: 1214:Fireman's Fund 1196: 1193: 1161: 1158: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1041: 1039: 1032: 1026: 1023: 1004:Hurricane Hugo 983: 980: 956: 955: 928: 927: 912: 911: 906: 903: 850: 847: 817: 816: 799:September 2023 723: 721: 714: 708: 705: 681:Gulf of Mexico 665: 662: 632: 631: 625: 624: 623:18 August 1911 621: 615: 614: 610: 609: 603: 597: 596: 593: 587: 586: 581: 573: 572: 568: 567: 557: 531:Cuthbert Heath 498: 495: 478:Royal Exchange 472: 471: 465: 464: 461: 455: 454: 450: 449: 443: 437: 436: 432: 426: 425: 420: 412: 411: 407: 406: 396: 386:Royal Exchange 377:Lombard Street 345:London Gazette 340:City of London 319: 316: 314: 311: 305:and casualty ( 287:uberrima fides 244:life insurance 199: 198: 182: 178: 177: 174: 171: 168: 167: 153: 150: 147: 146: 143: 141: 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 112: 108: 107: 97: 93: 92: 81: 73: 72: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7697: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7632: 7622: 7620: 7617:Methodology: 7612: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7590:RenaissanceRe 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7550:Everest Group 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7526: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7500:Sumitomo Life 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7485:QBE Insurance 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7440:Dai-ichi Life 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7362:Phoenix Group 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7139:CNA Financial 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7081: 7077: 7069: 7064: 7062: 7057: 7055: 7050: 7049: 7046: 7034: 7033: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7018: 7012: 7009: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6836:United States 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6795: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6720:Force majeure 6717: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6641:Value of life 6639: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6585: 6579: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6503:Interest rate 6501: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6371:Inland marine 6369: 6367: 6366:GAP insurance 6364: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6354:Communication 6350: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6176:Unitised fund 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6166:Mortgage life 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6060: 6058: 6053: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6030: 6022: 6020: 6012: 6011: 6008: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5949:organisations 5943: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5829:Manufacturing 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5682:List of banks 5680: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5659: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5576:North Sea oil 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5498:Trades unions 5496: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5433: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5134:Big City Plan 5132: 5131: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5102: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5086:Privatisation 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5066:Gold standard 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4993:1986 Big Bang 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916:Chronological 4914: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4747:Co-operatives 4745: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4715: 4713: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4631:The Economist 4627: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4581:Raphael, Adam 4579: 4576: 4575:History Today 4569: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4536:9781137299291 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4510:9780715379424 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4449:. p. 39. 4448: 4447: 4442: 4435: 4432: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4315: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4280: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4133: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4062: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4036: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4010: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3984: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3958: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3932: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3583: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3527: 3524: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3420: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3330: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3305: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3263: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3219: 3207: 3206: 3201: 3194: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3172: 3156: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3133:0-684-19739-1 3129: 3125: 3124: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3101:0-670-43595-3 3097: 3093: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3030: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2984: 2978: 2970: 2968:0-7153-7942-9 2964: 2959: 2958: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2915: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2889: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2863: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2789: 2786: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2733: 2730: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2672: 2664: 2662:1-85619-152-4 2658: 2653: 2652: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2567:Shipping line 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2408:Miscellaneous 2407: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2388:franchise tag 2385: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2371:Troy Polamalu 2369: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2186:Hurricane Ian 2183: 2180: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1976: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1950: 1949: 1943: 1941: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1928: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1900:Zong massacre 1897: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1641: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1600:Hurricane Ian 1592: 1590: 1588: 1585:coupled with 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1563: 1561: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1537: 1535: 1526: 1517: 1513: 1504: 1495: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1468: 1466: 1458: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1305: 1296: 1292: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1260: 1257: 1252: 1249: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1223:working party 1219: 1215: 1209: 1207: 1201: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1146:health hazard 1143: 1139: 1131: 1123: 1120: 1112: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1070: – 1069: 1065: 1064:Find sources: 1058: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1042:This section 1040: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1005: 1001: 996: 993: 992:North Sea oil 989: 981: 979: 977: 972: 970: 966: 960: 953: 952: 951: 949: 945: 940: 936: 934: 925: 924: 923: 919: 917: 910:Fisher report 909: 908: 902: 899: 895: 891: 886: 882: 878: 872: 867: 865: 861: 857: 848: 846: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 823:capital gains 813: 810: 802: 791: 788: 784: 781: 777: 774: 770: 767: 763: 760: – 759: 755: 754:Find sources: 748: 744: 740: 734: 733: 729: 724:This section 722: 718: 713: 712: 706: 704: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 682: 678: 673: 671: 663: 661: 659: 655: 650: 648: 647: 641: 639: 630: 626: 622: 620: 616: 611: 607: 604: 602: 598: 594: 592: 588: 584: 574: 569: 562: 556: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 534: 532: 528: 519: 514: 510: 508: 507:San Francisco 504: 494: 491: 487: 483: 479: 470: 466: 462: 460: 456: 451: 447: 444: 442: 438: 433: 431: 427: 423: 413: 408: 401: 395: 393: 391: 387: 382: 378: 373: 371: 366: 364: 360: 356: 355:Eric Williams 352: 347: 346: 341: 337: 333: 324: 312: 310: 308: 304: 298: 295: 290: 288: 284: 280: 275: 273: 269: 265: 257: 253: 249: 245: 240: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 217: 213: 209: 205: 196: 191: 183: 179: 175: 169: 166: 161: 157: 154: 148: 142: 138: 134: 130: 113: 109: 105: 101: 98: 94: 89: 85: 79: 74: 70: 65: 59: 55: 48: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7616: 7574: 7515:Tokio Marine 7224:Pacific Life 7154:The Hartford 7030: 7023: 6969:Credit union 6935: 6928: 6909: 6781:Underwriting 6736:Insurability 6718: 6697:Co-insurance 6667: 6663:Cancellation 6454:Catastrophic 6439:Climate risk 6267:Trade credit 5898:Supermarkets 5864:Construction 5859:Architecture 5718: 5694:Canary Wharf 5527:Resource and 5510:Unemployment 5481:Minimum wage 5444:Billionaires 5341:Silicon Glen 5213:M11 Corridor 4638: 4630: 4584: 4574: 4560: 4549: 4542: 4523: 4516: 4497: 4491:Peter Davies 4486: 4465:. Retrieved 4455: 4444: 4434: 4422:. Retrieved 4418: 4409: 4397:. Retrieved 4393:The Guardian 4392: 4382: 4374:the original 4364: 4354:– via 4348:. Retrieved 4333: 4317: 4305:. Retrieved 4295: 4283:. Retrieved 4252:. Retrieved 4247: 4238: 4226:. Retrieved 4216: 4204:. Retrieved 4199: 4171:. Retrieved 4169:. Lloyds.com 4161: 4149:. Retrieved 4146:The Guardian 4145: 4135: 4123:. Retrieved 4118: 4109: 4097:. Retrieved 4092: 4083: 4074: 4064: 4052:. Retrieved 4048: 4038: 4026:. Retrieved 4022: 4012: 4000:. Retrieved 3995: 3986: 3974:. Retrieved 3971:The Guardian 3970: 3960: 3948:. Retrieved 3944: 3934: 3922:. Retrieved 3918: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3878:. Retrieved 3873: 3864: 3852:. Retrieved 3842: 3830:. Retrieved 3826:the original 3821: 3812: 3800:. Retrieved 3790: 3778:. Retrieved 3774:the original 3764: 3755: 3746: 3734:. Retrieved 3727:the original 3722: 3710: 3700:23 September 3698:. Retrieved 3694:the original 3689: 3677: 3665:. 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Retrieved 2685: 2650: 2624: 2615: 2547:Lloyd's List 2510: 2465: 2454: 2451: 2428:The present 2427: 2417: 2401:Grand Canyon 2322:Betty Grable 2296:Toni Braxton 2290:Dave Meltzer 2264:, including 2209: 2205: 2147: 2068:Michael Wade 2052:Exxon Valdez 2051: 2015: 2003: 1974:Andrea Doria 1973: 1947: 1938: 1926: 1908: 1882:Tower Street 1604: 1596: 1567: 1558: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1532: 1523: 1514: 1512:of brokers. 1510: 1501: 1492: 1480: 1472: 1463: 1433:Richard Ward 1401: 1342: 1333: 1329: 1322: 1310: 1293: 1289: 1274:In 2006 the 1273: 1261: 1255: 1253: 1244: 1232: 1210: 1202: 1198: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1153:mesothelioma 1150: 1135: 1115: 1106: 1096: 1089: 1082: 1075: 1063: 1051:Please help 1046:verification 1043: 1019: 1015: 1009:Exxon Valdez 1008: 997: 985: 973: 961: 957: 941: 937: 929: 920: 913: 887: 883: 879: 868: 852: 843: 820: 805: 796: 786: 779: 772: 765: 753: 737:Please help 725: 690: 674: 667: 651: 644: 642: 635: 619:Royal assent 555: 535: 526: 523: 500: 475: 459:Royal assent 394: 374: 367: 353:. Historian 343: 336:Tower Street 329: 299: 291: 286: 278: 276: 256:Tower Street 241: 237:corporations 233:underwriters 207: 203: 202: 140:Headquarters 135:Edward Lloyd 96:Company type 58: 40:Lloyd's List 7685:Reinsurance 7560:Hannover Re 7528:Reinsurance 7470:Nippon Life 7382:Sampo Group 7337:LähiTapiola 7080:reinsurance 7004:Trade union 6959:Cooperative 6632:Uncertainty 6491:Index-based 6459:Multi-peril 6417:Reinsurance 6376:Public auto 6281:Residential 5874:Real estate 5598:Agriculture 5385:Cardiff Bay 5374:Agriculture 5331:Oil and gas 5306:Agriculture 5233:Silicon Fen 5208:M4 corridor 5201:London Plan 5022:Growth deal 4849:HM Treasury 4819:Company law 4788:governance, 4467:27 February 4399:19 December 3854:10 December 3164:26 February 3038:26 February 2434:Lime Street 2366:Harvey Lowe 2353:Merv Hughes 2330:Tina Turner 2300:Celine Dion 2278:Curt Hennig 2266:Brian Adams 2044:Piper Alpha 2004:Amoco Cadiz 1981:Lime Street 1439:• 2013–18: 1431:• 2006–13: 1424:Ron Sandler 1422:• 1995–99: 1408:• 1983–85: 1382:John Nelson 1380:• 2011–17: 1376:Lord Levene 1374:• 2003–11: 1278:subsidiary 1248:Ron Sandler 988:Piper Alpha 933:Ian Posgate 864:south Bronx 839:ex-dividend 695:, a former 693:Lord Cromer 679:struck the 547:World War I 463:25 May 1871 381:blue plaque 359:slave ships 351:slave trade 268:Lime Street 216:reinsurance 163:John Neal, 104:reinsurance 88:Lime Street 7644:Categories 7397:Swiss Life 7387:Storebrand 7357:Old Mutual 7282:Aegon N.V. 7239:State Farm 7179:MassMutual 6799:by country 6797:Insurance 6771:Total loss 6692:Deductible 6653:Cash value 6597:Act of God 6582:Insurance 6496:Parametric 6476:Expatriate 6352:Transport/ 6318:Landlords' 6303:Earthquake 6191:Whole life 6111:Disability 5928:High-speed 5923:Inter-city 5839:Automotive 5819:Healthcare 5807:Television 5797:Newspapers 5641:Materials 5556:Geothermal 5529:production 5471:Labour law 5454:Demography 5437:and labour 5218:Manchester 5129:Birmingham 5061:Free trade 4790:regulation 4424:7 February 4324:ESPN.com, 3822:lloyds.com 3723:lloyds.com 3690:lloyds.com 3657:lloyds.com 3639:lloyds.com 3618:lloyds.com 3600:lloyds.com 3582:lloyds.com 3561:lloyds.com 3503:lloyds.com 3453:lloyds.com 3255:25 January 2933:29 October 2907:29 October 2881:29 October 2855:29 October 2778:27 January 2754:0192158120 2607:References 2501:Supporters 2495:Escutcheon 2397:Will Smith 2384:Pat McAfee 2378:Egon Ronay 2359:Keiran Lee 2351:Cricketer 2162:Inga Beale 2074:asbestosis 2016:Betelgeuse 1793:(£2,001m) 1771:(£1,001m) 1441:Inga Beale 1079:newspapers 894:asbestosis 769:newspapers 670:Intelsat I 591:Long title 527:vice versa 490:Parliament 430:Long title 294:asbestosis 225:syndicates 151:Key people 7580:Munich Re 7425:AIA Group 7149:FM Global 7088:Insurance 7082:companies 7076:insurance 6945:Syndicate 6911:Collegium 6806:Australia 6761:Risk pool 6731:Indemnity 6702:Copayment 6636:Knightian 6548:Terrorism 6518:Liability 6386:Satellite 6247:Pollution 6171:Term life 6080:insurance 6078:Types of 6071:Insurance 5945:Trade and 5908:Transport 5855:Property 5834:Aerospace 5769:Education 5714:Insurance 5662:Financial 5546:Biodiesel 5422:Transport 5351:Transport 5311:Edinburgh 5283:Transport 5258:Wiltshire 5253:Transport 5228:Sheffield 5186:Liverpool 5049:Recurrent 4876:Banknotes 4786:Currency, 4740:Companies 4254:2 January 4023:Bloomberg 3185:i-law.com 2977:cite book 2671:cite book 2621:"Lloyd's" 2600:Companies 2334:Mary Hart 2304:Bob Dylan 2286:Rick Rude 2274:Bret Hart 2270:Ric Flair 2054:oil spill 1946:RMS 1925:RMS 1907:HMS 1850:£25,283m 1828:£26,690m 1806:£29,862m 1784:£33,591m 1762:£35,527m 1740:£35,905m 1718:£35,466m 1696:£39,216m 1674:£46,705m 1661:£10,663m 1652:£52,149m 1286:Structure 1011:oil spill 914:In 1980, 726:does not 608:. c. lxii 435:purposes. 365:in 1807. 307:liability 212:insurance 100:Insurance 82:The 1986 7600:Swiss Re 7545:China Re 7490:Singlife 7352:NN Group 7332:Groupama 7174:Manulife 7096:Americas 7025:Category 6903:§275–277 6821:Pakistan 6669:Pro rata 6558:War risk 6523:No-fault 6434:Casualty 6391:Shipping 6361:Aviation 6338:Renters' 6333:Property 6328:Mortgage 6298:Contents 6272:Umbrella 6232:Fidelity 6200:Business 6096:Accident 6019:Category 5947:business 5913:Aviation 5886:Internet 5792:Gambling 5699:The City 5664:services 5645:Forestry 5628:Scottish 5619:Fishing 5561:Fracking 5493:Pensions 5301:Aberdeen 5293:Scotland 5268:Northern 5238:Somerset 5146:Cornwall 5106:regions, 5104:Nations, 4888:Taxation 4693:Archived 4649:Archived 4591:, 1994. 4530:, 2014. 4504:, 1980. 4395:. 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