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than under. Support for both locations was one percentage point lower in the 10 countries which joined in 2004 than in the 15 earlier members; No group have more than 40 percent support to two locations. Of those against two seats, 76% supported
Brussels and 24% supported Strasbourg. In this case support for Brussels was 6 percentage points higher in the 10 new members with women and the under 35 year-olds. The group with the highest support for Strasbourg was the over 35-year-olds with 28 percent support. The citizens of Strasbourg are of course strong supporters of the Parliament being based in Strasbourg with each session being worth four million euro to the city's economy. In September 2008, Strasbourg's government passed a motion demanding all of Parliament's activities be relocated to the city.
36:
1140:
733:
882:. It was also seen as important to locate the bank in a city not already hosting a national government or EU institution, in order to emphasise its independence. Others, such as the former head of the Bundesbank Karl Otto Pöhl, favoured a small country with a stable currency. The advantages of hosting the Bank were also in dispute by some economists. While there was seen by some as little to gain in terms of attracting other banks and financial institutions, others saw it as affecting which cities would be financial hubs in the years to come.
661:(EAEC or Euratom) created new duplicate institutions to the ECSC (except for the Parliamentary Assembly and Court of Justice, which were shared). On 7 January 1958, it was decided that Brussels, Luxembourg City, and Strasbourg would again be provisional venues until a final decision. Strasbourg would retain the Assembly, Luxembourg City the Court and both Brussels and Luxembourg City would host meetings of the Councils and Commissions (or High Authority). The discretion of the exact meeting place of the new Councils was given to the
531:
1010:, however claim that the figure is rather a mere 40 million euro, i.e. an extra cost of 8 cents per EU citizen. When Parliament was forced to meet in Brussels in September 2008, due to a fault in the Strasbourg building, it was estimated that Parliament saved between €3 and 4 million, though the exact figure is hard to calculate. As the commission also meets in Strasbourg when Parliament is out of Brussels, the cost of Commissioners moving amounted to €9.5 million between 2002 and 2007. The
811:
1305:, a pro-Brussels campaigner, found that 89% wanted a single seat and that 81% preferred Brussels. However, despite polling all MEPs, only 39% responded to the questions. Alvaro stated that, after consulting polling firms, this was a high turnout for an opinion poll even if not totally representative. A Parliamentary magazine was pressured to drop the publication of this poll initially, reflecting the sensitive nature of the issue. In the same month, another survey by Simon Hix of the
514:. Because of the impasse, Luxembourg City was chosen as a provisional choice for all but the Assembly (Parliament), which was to be based in Strasbourg. Two further communities were created in 1957 and again a provisional agreement laid out that the Assembly would meet in Strasbourg, the Courts would meet in Luxembourg City, and the Commissions and Councils would be split between Luxembourg City and Brussels. These institutions later started to be concentrated in the latter city.
991:
1109:
1318:
MEPs to be important. Nevertheless, in
January 2009 a Parliamentary written declaration calling for one Brussels seat failed to get sufficient support. It gained 286 signatures out of 393 needed for it to be considered. Brussels campaigners cited that it was bad timing, with French and German leaders of Parliament and the main two groups ordering their members not to support the motion. The campaigners vowed to continue the fight while the
919:. In order to make room for additional meeting space a number of renovations were made, including the conversion of an underground carpark into additional press briefing rooms. However, in 2004 leaders decided the logistical problems created by the outdated facilities warranted the construction of a new purpose built seat able to cope with the nearly 6,000 meetings, working groups, and summits per year. This resulted in the
1204:
2012, it became known that the damage was more serious than previously thought, and that the closure of the hemicycle was expected to last "until
November 2013". All "mini plenary" meetings in Brussels until this date were cancelled. Since, as of December 2012, the European Parliament is "having trouble" finding a company to carry out the repair work, it is likely that the reopening of the Brussels hemicycle may take place only in 2014.
630:
itself as the seat, since it was already functioning as much of the administration was already working there in offices space loaned from the
Belgian government. During this time Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and the European institutions themselves favoured Brussels; Luxembourg City wanted to maintain the seat of the ECSC (or be generously compensated); France supported Strasbourg, and Italy continued to promote Milan.
111:
772:) to be based in Luxembourg City with the Court of Justice, which remained there. However, this agreement dropped the provision from the 1965 decision, which gave priority to Luxembourg City for any new judicial and financial bodies. In response, Luxembourg attached a unilateral declaration stating it did not renounce this article. However they did renounce any claim to the seat of the judicial
987:
large number of members of the
Parliament and its concentration of work load means that these issues are far more contentious than those surrounding the other institutions. A democratic question has also been raised in the European Parliament being one of the few parliaments in the world which cannot decide its own meeting place, and also being the only parliament to have more than one seat.
1471:
2997:
484:
label, particularly in publications by local authorities, the
Commission and press. Indeed, the city of Brussels interprets the 1992 agreement on seats (details below) as declaring Brussels as the capital. Likewise, authorities in Strasbourg and organisations based there refer to Strasbourg as the "capital" of Europe (often wider Europe due to the presence of the
75:
59:
745:
in 1981 it returned to holding sessions entirely in
Strasbourg. In the previous year it unsuccessfully issued an ultimatum to the national governments, attempting to force them to reach an agreement. Thus, the Parliament moved some of its decision-making bodies to Brussels, along with its committee and political group meetings, and in 1985 it also built a
43:
91:
692:, which combined the executives of the three Communities into a single institutional structure. However, with the merged executives, the commission and most departments were grouped together in Brussels, rather than Luxembourg City. The commission was first based on Avenue de la Joyeuse Entrée/Blijde Inkomstlaan, before moving to the
970:
resolution demanding the right to decide its own working locations. Attempts to include this in the following treaties in 2000 and 2007 both failed. However, in
September 2008 Parliament held its first full plenary session in Brussels after the ceiling of the Strasbourg chamber collapsed during recess forcing the temporary move.
720:(further, particularly financial, institutions would also be prioritised for Luxembourg City). The council would also have to hold sessions in Luxembourg City during April, June and October. It also confirmed Strasbourg as the seat of the Parliament. With the prioritisation of Luxembourg City for future institutions, in 1977 the
1169:
opportunities to do so. The position of
Strasbourg suffered a minor blow in 2006, when allegations surfaced over charges by the city of Strasbourg on buildings the Parliament was renting. The controversy died down when the European Parliament decided to officially buy the buildings on 24 October 2006.
3450:
1328:
A survey of citizens' attitudes conducted in May 2006 included two questions on the issue of the
Parliament's seat. On average, 32% people from all member states supported the two-location policy while 68 were against. Support for one location was higher among men than women, and among people over 35
744:
Despite the 1965 agreement, the Parliament's seat remained a source of contention. Wishing to be closer to the activities in Brussels and Luxembourg City, a few plenary sessions were held by the Parliament between 1967 and 1981 in Luxembourg City instead of Strasbourg—against the wishes of France—and
474:
As departments have changed over the years, some are no longer present as they have been abolished or merged, with most departments present being mainly based in Brussels while retaining a minor presence in Luxembourg City. There are however some departments which are still entirely based in the city
1317:
found a 68% support for a single seat. In their survey 272 of the 732 people questioned responded. Following each sitting in Strasbourg, hundreds of MEPs sign a petition calling for a reduction of time in Strasbourg, though Pascal Mangin, Strasboug's deputy mayor, does not believe the opinion of the
986:
The Parliament is bound to spend "twelve periods of monthly plenary sessions, including the budget session" in Strasbourg, while additional sessions and committees are in Brussels. The secretariat is in Luxembourg City. While the split arrangements for other bodies have relatively little impact, the
764:
outlined that the Parliament would be based in Strasbourg, where it would be obliged to hold "twelve periods of monthly plenary sessions, including the budget session". However, additional sessions could be held in Brussels, which is where committees also should have met while the secretariat had to
454:
Although the commission is mainly based in Brussels, some of its departments are required to be based in Luxembourg City since the 1965 agreement which listed the following for Luxembourg City; ECSC financial departments, the DG for Credit and Investments, the department which collects the ECSC levy
1203:
In August 2012, cracks were found in the beams supporting the ceiling of the Brussels hemicycle, leading to a closure of at least 6 months of the entire A section of the Paul Henri Spaak Building according to an estimate released on 9 October 2012 by the Parliament administration. In early December
1176:
calling for a single seat of Parliament, to be based in Brussels. By September of that year it reached its aim of one million signatures, and according to a provision in the European Constitution a petition signed by a million citizens should be considered by the commission. The overall validity of
673:
On 21 June 1958, the Parliamentary Assembly recommended to the Council that the Assembly should have its seat in the same place where the other organisations are based, although it accepted that plenary sessions could be held elsewhere. The Assembly also nominated three cities to be the seat of the
600:
In 1958, after the Treaty of Rome came into effect the new members of the community had to again decide on a seat. In early 1958 they could not come to a conclusion, and various cities began to lobby for the position. It was decided that in principle all of the institutions should be located in one
1339:
stating that its seat is "non-negotiable". Despite that, the government has stated that the issue might be addressed if France were to be offered something of equal value. The Council itself has indicated privately that it would discuss the Strasbourg seat only if Parliament gives them a signal to
1243:
would also no longer be able to use shortcuts such as "Brussels decided..." rather than discuss the detail of the decision markers. Media would also have to be based in Strasbourg and hence might provide better coverage of the Council of Europe. Strasbourg is also preferred for historical reasons,
1168:
Brussels also has better transport links than Strasbourg, with lower pay for civil servants which reduce costs. Some commentators further underline that night-life in Strasbourg is comparatively lacklustre and that MEPs who would wish to relax after a long and hard working day are not offered many
1155:
Brussels is already the seat of the two other political institutions, the Commission and Council of Ministers (including the European Council). In addition, the Parliament has already geared three quarters of its activity in the city. Third-party organisations are also based in the city, including
669:
until the autumn of 1958, at which point it would move to 2 Rue Ravensteinstraat in Brussels. Meanwhile, the ECSC Council was still based in Luxembourg City, holding its meetings in the Cercle Municipal on Place d’Armes. Its secretariat moved within the city on numerous occasions, but between 1955
1235:
allows MEPs to keep in touch with delegates from the rest of Europe, such as Russia, and that being in Brussels isolates the EU from such influences. Pro-Strasbourg campaigners also argue that Strasbourg offers more independence for Parliament, away from the other institutions and lobby groups in
629:
were all considered by the "European Committee of Town-Planning Experts" in a report to the Council of Ministers. However, even after the presentation of the report the countries could not agree, and in June 1959 a three-year moratorium on the decision was set. The delay helped Brussels establish
483:
The treaties or declarations of the EU have not declared any city as the "capital" of the EU in any form. However, informally the term has found usage despite connotations out of step with the normal perceptions surrounding an inter/supranational entity. Brussels is frequently the subject of the
1386:
proposed turning the Strasbourg seat into a "European university". Elaborating on this in 2008, he sees such a university teaching all subjects and funded directly by the EU with between 15,000 and 20,000 students. The same idea has been put forward in January 2006 by Polish minister and former
1068:
because of the two-seat issue. Titley stated that he could "no longer tolerate the shifting of the Parliament lock, stock and barrel to Strasbourg one week a month...It's a miserable journey and it's always a problem", noting the problems in lost luggage. As well as undermining the EU's climate
969:
seat remained an issue throughout this period, despite the Council writing it into the treaties. During the 1990s, the issue was debated every year and in 1999, 250 MEPs signed a letter condemning the arrangement and the Strasbourg facilities. The following year Parliament voted 401 to 77 for a
517:
As various agreements were reached, activities in Luxembourg City gradually shifted to Brussels and the Parliament, although bound to remain in Strasbourg, also started to work in Brussels while the courts remained in Luxembourg City. The final agreement in 1992 set up the present arrangement,
708:, next to the commission's Berlaymont. These premises rapidly proved insufficient and the administrative branch of the secretariat moved to a building at 76 Rue Joseph II/Jozef II-straat. During the 1980s the language divisions moved out into the Nerviens, Frère Orban and Guimard buildings.
311:'s (ECB) seat had to symbolise its independence from political control, and was located in a city which did not already host a national government or European institution. Some new agencies have also been based in eastern Europe since 2004 to balance their distribution across the EU.
2353:"Decision taken, on 29 October 1993, by common agreement between the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States, meeting at Head of State and Government level, on the location of the seats of certain bodies and departments of the European Communities and of Europol"
327:
has its seat in Strasbourg, hosting twelve monthly plenary sessions (including budget session). Brussels hosts additional sessions and committees (including being used in September 2008 for normal sittings when the Strasbourg chamber was damaged). Luxembourg City hosts the
542:
in 1951; however, there was no decision on where to base the institutions of the new community. The treaties allowed for the seat(s) to be decided by common accord of governments, and at a conference of the ECSC members on 23 July 1952 no permanent seat was decided.
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change objectives, he criticises the Strasbourg sessions as the deals have already been made leading to them becoming formal voting sessions padded out with "debates saying we are against sin." Titley also states that, because the journeys take so much time, the
2352:
1160:
in the city in addition to the large presence of Union institutions. While Strasbourg campaigners see being based in Strasbourg as an aid to independence of MEPs, Brussels' campaigners state it is merely reducing the institution's influence by
1189:; she supported the campaign, stating that "something that was once a very positive symbol of the EU reuniting France and Germany has now become a negative symbol—of wasting money, bureaucracy and the insanity of the Brussels institutions".
1848:
1274:
released (on 29 October 2010) an energetic joint declaration of defense. On 9 November 2010, the municipal council of Strasbourg green-lighted a project (envisioned since April of the same year) of the creation of a "Place for Europe"
711:
To compensate Luxembourg City for the loss of the Commission and Council, a number of provisions were laid out. Firstly, the Court of Justice would remain in the city. Some departments of the Commission and the Assembly, including the
783:
The Parliament challenged this decision splitting their working arrangements, declaring that the division of its activities between three states was against the treaties and the natural prerogatives of a Parliament elected by direct
468:
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1451:(EBA), currently based in London, could relocate to France in exchange for the scrapping of the Strasbourg seat. The EMA would utilise the parliament's former complex of buildings. Other plans mooted, following the election of
1222:
Some campaigners wish to see the concentration of the Parliament's activities back in Strasbourg (one being a campaign called the "Association for European Democracy" launched on 15 March 2007). This is seen to be symbolic of
3793:
398:
after 2004. However some extraordinary sessions are sometimes held outside the city. The European Council's seat is however fixed by a declaration rather than a protocol, meaning it is less binding than the other seats.
3565:
898:
in Brussels. However, with its staff increasing it continued to rent the Frère Orban building to house the Finnish and Swedish language divisions; later it started to rent further buildings in Brussels. In 2002, the
2303:"Decision taken by Common Agreement between the representatives of the governments of member states on the location of the seats of the institutions and of certain bodies and departments of the European Communities"
973:
The unique architecture of the European Commission's Berlaymont building is utilised in its official emblem. Likewise, the official emblem of the European Council and Council of the European Union features the
1030:, stated in 2007 that unless the issue of the seat was tackled, it would be impossible to increase the election's turnout, as the movement of the seat was the issue raised by voters most often. He, along with
877:
had effectively been running the Communities currencies for the previous years, while Luxembourg City has a banking tradition that wasn't so careful. London was discredited because the UK remained outside the
1244:
having changed hands between France and Germany four times between 1870 and 1945. It is also argued that Brussels is no longer a good symbol for European unity given the recent political disputes in Belgium.
3255:
1849:"Decision of the representatives of the governments of the Member States of 8 April 1965 on the provisional location of certain institutions and departments of the Communities (67/446/EEC) (67/30/Euratom)"
923:, which opened its doors in 2017, and is now home to both the Council of the European Union and the European Council. Both institutions continue to use the adjacent Justus Lipsius building, linked by two
3970:
1006:
Critics have described the three-city arrangement as a "travelling circus" with a cost an extra 200 million euro over a single location. Defenders of the Strasbourg seat, like the MEP for Germany
3617:
1177:
the petition was called into doubt, however, due to it being on the Internet and using e-mail addresses instead of street addresses. In addition, the majority of signatories were concentrated in
2828:
3161:
1962:
3282:
250:(Europol). Luxembourg City is the EU capital that can lay claim to having the most of the seven EU institutions based wholly or partly upon its territory, with only the European Council and
1424:
and based there. The vice-chancellors of Strasbourg's three universities have suggested merging to create a 'European University'. It has also been suggested that Strasbourg could host the
1192:
In early 2011, the Parliament voted to scrap one of the Strasbourg sessions by holding two within a single week. and the Dutch government joined the calls to scrap the seat altogether. The
35:
2949:
2600:
3744:
928:
704:. The ECSC secretariat moved from Luxembourg City to the merged body Council secretariat in the Ravenstein building of Brussels. In 1971 the council and its secretariat moved into the
2217:
594:
460:
427:
3797:
873:
France even linked the issue of the seat to the ongoing dispute regarding the seat of the European Parliament. Frankfurt was criticised as symbolising German dominance, although the
2711:
510:(ECSC) in 1951, the states could not agree which city should host the institutions of the new community. Brussels was widely preferred, but was vetoed by Belgium which insisted on
1022:, MEP; in addition to the extra financial cost, there are over 20,268 tonnes of additional carbon dioxide, undermining any environmental stance of the institution and the Union.
3819:
3569:
3308:
2277:
2252:
2221:
1852:
1625:
1591:
2651:
1367:
106:
916:
662:
3259:
3135:
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could not be perceived in the same way as France and Germany by "Nordic countries" (a reference to the Swedish MEP who started the one-seat petition). French MEP
1413:
and that it would not be enhanced, but undermined, by the replacement of one of the largest of these institutions by just another, and much smaller, university.
296:
remains controversial. The work of Parliament is divided between Brussels, Luxembourg City and Strasbourg, which is seen as a problem due to the large number of
1349:
1217:
642:
3650:
2085:
1370:
highlighted the unnecessary nature of travelling to Strasbourg for plenary, and called for the seat's abolition as part of the EU's economic recovery plans
4049:
3708:
3210:
1259:
started a pro-Strasbourg petition, one-city.eu, in 2008 (countering the Brussels petition) which has gained just over 7,190 signatures as of October 2012.
1587:
1539:"Protocol (No 8) on the location of the seats of the institutions and of certain bodies and departments of the European Communities and of Europol (1997)"
1379:
3624:
2918:
2836:
2452:
3165:
2604:
1970:
3286:
2248:
1680:
1200:
would do" and announced that his town would press forward for a complete relocation of all parliamentary related services of the EU to Strasbourg.
1185:(40%). Regardless, the petition is seen by pro-Brussels groups as an important symbol. One signatory to the petition was Commission Vice President
1705:
488:
there as well) and Brussels, Strasbourg and Luxembourg City are also referred to as the joint capitals of Europe, for example in relation to the "
3591:
2719:
2059:
1650:
2715:
1489:
713:
344:
329:
163:
159:
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3538:
2537:
2273:
2177:
2029:
2001:
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230:. All four were chosen, among various reasons, for their location halfway between France and Germany, the countries whose rivalry led to two
3105:
1831:
1793:
1039:
950:
concentrated its activities there, with the President and meeting room on the thirteenth floor. As of 2007, the Commission occupies 865,000
456:
2330:
1325:
this time welcomed the "wisdom of the parliamentarians" and said it signalled their desire for Strasbourg to host the institution alone.
1410:
1280:
1213:
3618:"RĂ©union du Conseil Municipal du 22 septembre 2008 Ă 15 heures en la salle des Conseils du Centre Administratif. Compte rendu sommaire"
3395:
2478:
2146:
1621:
907: as their Brussels venue, following an advanced implementation of a decision by European leaders during ratification of the
187:
3823:
2859:
911: to do so at such a time as the total membership of the European Union surpassed 18 member states. Prior to this, the venue for
3938:
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1504:
1494:
1078:
1065:
959:
805:
507:
443:
297:
282:
2436:
2115:
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NGOs, trade unions, employers' organisations and the highest concentration of journalists in the world—also due to the presence of
281:
The seats have been a matter of political dispute since the states first failed to reach an agreement at the establishment of the
3334:
3233:
3075:
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2689:
1417:
1314:
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in Brussels who do the bulk of the work do not have sufficient time to work. Titley is not the only one to leave over the issue;
658:
3475:
1484:
1420:
had been touted as the university to take over the building. It has been proposed that the Institute could also be merged with
1094:
955:
1290:
793:
769:
439:
352:
320:
301:
239:
3188:"Le conseil municipal adopte à l'unanimité une motion confortant et élargissant le siège du Parlement européen à Strasbourg"
2659:
3896:
3709:"Convaincu que deux lieux pour le Parlement européen sont inutiles, veut " faire de Strasbourg une université européenne ""
2626:
1874:
1077:
MEP stood down in 2009 for similar reasons, notably due to the toll the moving had on time with her family, and former MEP
762:
Decision on the location of the seats of the institutions and of certain bodies and departments of the European Communities
641:. The chamber of the CoE's Parliamentary Assembly could also serve the Common Assembly, and they did so until 1999, when a
1930:
1903:
1499:
891:
501:
364:
333:
126:
1761:
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However, it was decided that the Common Assembly, which became the Parliament, should instead be based in Strasbourg—the
3369:
3139:
2382:
1538:
1402:
1353:
1082:
1061:
788:, claiming the right to decide its own workings to its own efficiency. In response, leaders annexed the decision to the
586:
403:
1340:
start a debate, as they would not do on their own initiative. However, few wish to discuss the issue while the current
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would have been accepted at the time, but divisions within the then-unstable Belgian government ruled that option out.
823:
654:
3462:
2503:
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officially reacted by stating "we will counter-attack by upturning the adversary's strength to our own profit, as a
4029:
4017:
4005:
3985:
3654:
3049:
2093:
1448:
1262:
Following the announcement (on 21 October 2010) of the setting up of an "informal seat study group" by British MEP
1139:
1074:
1027:
732:
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167:
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There are numerous other bodies and agencies that have not had their seats fixed by treaties. Brussels hosts the
348:
3715:
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2574:
1429:
1406:
1306:
717:
431:
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distinctive multi-storey "lantern"-shaped structure where meetings for both of these institutions take place.
300:, staff, and documents which need to be moved. As the locations of the major seats have been enshrined in the
3964:
3425:
2922:
446:, there has been a drive to locate more agencies in the new member-states to make a more equal distribution.
336:
has its seat in Brussels, except during April, June, and October, when meetings are held in Luxembourg City.
3682:
1362:
1248:
904:
895:
683:
415:
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1285:
1251:, although he earned some criticism when he stated that the importance of Strasbourg in the context of the
530:
1042:
539:
423:
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holding the majority of their meetings annually within the city. This has led media to describe it as the
343:
also has its seat in Brussels, although some departments and services are hosted by Luxembourg City. The
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in 1952. However, a final agreement between member states was reached in 1992, and later attached to the
1476:
1302:
1263:
827:
372:
308:
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not having a presence in the city. Over the years, Brussels has become the EU's political hub, with the
251:
149:
2089:
1709:
1289:, an architecturally precious but currently (2010) derelict 18th-century mansion neighbouring with the
471:; DG for Euratom safeguards and any appropriate administrative and technical infrastructure for these.
17:
810:
749:
for some part-sessions. All the Parliament's attempts in this field were challenged by member states.
3019:
2063:
1654:
1388:
1345:
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705:
235:
4032:, Video of a 2008 demonstration by liberal MEPs against the two seats following temporary relocation
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1002:(image) have been criticised on grounds of democracy, cost, environmental impact, and practicality.
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2412:"Home of EC's 'Eurofed' Stands to Win New Economic Clout: The Bank All of Europe Is Fighting For"
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1828:
1383:
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785:
697:
435:
2379:"New EC Bank Won't Be Much of a Draw : Wave of Change in London, Only Ripples in Frankfurt"
990:
822:
A Council decision on 29 October 1993 on the location of European agencies established that the
467:
and data-processing department; the EEC and ECSC departments for hygiene and industrial safety;
1931:"Big Day for Brussels; Common Market Activities Make City The New Capital of European Politics"
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2946:"Strasbourg: Faut-il réagir face aux attaques contre le siège du Parlement Européen ?"
3338:
2863:
2686:"European Parliament's 'travelling circus' emits more CO2 than some nations, report shows"
2411:
2331:"Seat of the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance of the European Communities"
1835:
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522:, having previously rotated between different cities, decided to base itself in Brussels.
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and other bodies are located all across the union, but usually not fixed in the treaties.
211:
154:
65:
1436:. The Green Party has proposed having Strasbourg as the home of a new "European Senate".
1332:
These polls have not affected the position of France, which can veto any such move, with
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3539:"Professor Farrell: "The EP is now one of the most powerful legislatures in the world""
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including the division of the Parliament's work between the three cities. In 2002, the
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191:
3741:"Alsace Ungersheim : Cohn-Bendit relance le débat du siège du Parlement européen"
3079:
2972:
1048:
The trips between the cities are seen by the public as "a money-wasting junket hugely
686:
on the provisional location of certain institutions and departments of the Communities
4043:
3187:
1007:
689:
3678:"Pandemic should be 'wake-up call' on Parliament's split site arrangement, says MEP"
3479:
2378:
1266:(Liberal Democrats), which was seen as an attack on Strasbourg by the municipality,
3851:
3365:
2798:
1310:
1015:
489:
227:
2504:"EUROPA : Home of the European Council and the Council of the EU – Consilium"
1231:, the only British MEP to support Strasbourg, argues that being next door to the
1052:
by journalists, MEPs and researchers" when in fact it is "a money-wasting junket
2746:
1878:
1736:
1398:
1322:
1267:
1193:
1182:
1057:
863:
582:
1940:
1907:
4023:
4011:
3999:
3979:
3504:
2998:"The city of Strasbourg and the European Parliament sign the selling contract"
1768:
1466:
1357:
1240:
1031:
999:
555:
231:
219:
215:
173:
49:
1356:
are all outspoken on having Brussels as a permanent seat. In 2020, Irish MEP
1144:
855:
843:
831:
815:
757:
737:
384:
376:
243:
203:
144:
81:
1344:
are still present. Although political parties have no formal position, the
1877:. EC Office for Infrastructures and Logistics – Luxembourg. Archived from
3463:
strasbourg,000004786.php Un " lieu d'Europe " à la localisation contestée
3373:
2976:
2806:
2685:
1762:"Evolution of the European Council: The implications of a permanent seat"
1456:
1393:
995:
935:
879:
814:
In 1993 it was decided that the central bank (shown) was to be seated in
575:
547:
511:
464:
195:
117:
97:
4020:, Video of a 2007 demonstration by German liberals against the two seats
3053:
1706:"Galileo Guess Who: EU States Vie to Host Galileo Supervisory Authority"
3874:
3512:
1963:"Prodi and Verhofstadt present ideas for Brussels as capital of Europe"
774:
Boards of Appeal of the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market
380:
247:
207:
199:
2453:"Permanent seat for the European Council could change the EU's nature"
3508:
2575:"About CPR: The Seat Question, Fact sheet on the European Parliament"
1440:
924:
835:
681:
The provisional arrangement was reiterated on 8 April 1965 with the "
614:
223:
2885:
Harding, Gareth (July–August 2007). "Nothing to write home about?".
2578:
2553:
492:" project: a railway that would link "the three European capitals".
2048:(in English, French, Dutch, and German). European Commission. 2007.
927:
to the new construction, for low-level meetings and for use by the
768:
It also provided for the Court of First Instance (now known as the
3429:
2118:. Le Pôle européen d’administration publique. 2005. Archived from
1162:
1138:
989:
859:
839:
809:
731:
675:
618:
610:
606:
559:
529:
3796:(in French). relatio-europe.eu. 30 September 2008. Archived from
2601:"First ever European Parliament plenary session held in Brussels"
834:. Frankfurt had to compete with numerous other cities, including
2742:
1732:
1197:
1172:
In May 2006, an online petition, oneseat.eu, was started by MEP
1157:
851:
626:
622:
534:
The former headquarters of the High Authority in Luxembourg City
419:
394:
establishes Brussels as the venue for all formal summits of the
307:
Locating new bodies is also not without political disputes. The
3078:. Young European Federalists. 18 September 2007. Archived from
1038:, called for a debate on the issue, which was being blocked by
2603:. Baroness Sarah Ludford MEP. 2 September 2008. Archived from
1906:. Brussels-Europe Liaison Office. 6 April 2006. Archived from
1102:
383:
is the only agency to have its seat fixed by the treaties, in
3820:"France to build a European Institute of Technology in Paris"
3211:"Brussels hemicycle to remain closed for at least six months"
406:(ESM) states that the seat of the ESM must be in Luxembourg.
3897:"Strasbourg swap plan: Take EU drug agency, lose Parliament"
1405:, reminded him that the international attractiveness of the
915:
summits was in the member state that held the rotating
2829:"EU's Strasbourg 'travelling circus' claims another victim"
2024:. Brussels, Belgium: Foundation for the Urban Environment.
266:
both meeting at their Brussels-based headquarters, and the
3927:
Pohl, Dennis (2018). "Eurocode 7". In Traumnovelle (ed.).
3623:(in French). Urban Community of Strasbourg. Archived from
2172:. S. Strange (trans.). Brussels: Badeaux. pp. 176–7.
1829:
Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism (ESM)
3743:(in French). Alsace.fr. 29 September 2008. Archived from
3027:
1455:, include converting it into a parliament for use by the
323:
outline the locations of the following institutions: The
3309:"Defending Strasbourg in the name of European democracy"
3283:"No session in Brussels in 2013, uncertainty about 2014"
3164:. the Parliament magazine. 17 March 2011. Archived from
1014:
has also noted the environmental cost in a study led by
3566:"MEPs insist EU parliament one-seat campaign 'goes on'"
3256:"EU parliament plenary set to be shut for most of 2013"
3162:"Dutch government backs calls to scrap Strasbourg seat"
3050:"The European Parliament should be located in Brussels"
2532:. S. Strange (trans.). Brussels: Badeaux. p. 272.
434:. Strasbourg and Brussels both host the offices of the
428:
Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union
1239:
If the Parliament were wholly in Strasbourg, then the
962:
prompting speculation of possible new building plans.
670:
and 1967, it was housed in the Verlorenkost district.
3335:"Strasbourg, natural home of the European Parliament"
1588:"The seats of the institutions of the European Union"
1085:
in 2002 due to the inconvenience of the arrangement.
3794:"Lettre ouverte de Roland Ries Ă Daniel Cohn-Bendit"
3597:. Penn, Schoen & Berland Associates. 30 May 2006
3465:, Les Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace, 10 November 2010
3258:. theparliament.com. 7 December 2012. Archived from
2743:"Parliament saved €3 million by meeting in Brussels"
593:
seat of the institutions (including the Council and
194:(EU) are seated in four different cities, which are
27:
Overview of the European Union's institutional seats
2577:. Campaign for Parliamentary Reform. Archived from
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2243:
2241:
2239:
1056:by journalists, MEPs and researchers" according to
1674:
1672:
1279:) – a walk-in centre for people curious about the
740:in Brussels to be closer to the other institutions
304:, Parliament has no right to decide its own seat.
3971:Le siège du PE: Strasbourg, sereine et déterminée
3505:"'Censorship' claimed at the European Parliament"
2372:
2370:
1293:and the Agora building of the Council of Europe.
724:became provisionally located in Luxembourg City.
601:city as soon as feasible. Brussels, Strasbourg,
459:with related sales and proofreading services and
426:are also in the city). Luxembourg City hosts the
2479:"Why PMs won't miss going to EU Council summits"
2141:
2139:
2137:
1700:
1698:
1443:, it has been suggested by senior MEPs that the
246:is the only exception, as the fixed seat of the
181:* Fixed, but with leeway for meetings elsewhere.
2296:
2294:
1733:"MEPs shift to Brussels after ceiling collapse"
1165:" them away from the other major institutions.
917:Presidency of the Council of the European Union
678:), however no permanent agreement was reached.
262:'s politically accountable executive – and the
170:, Commission (various departments and services)
3875:"Travelling circuses are not worth the carbon"
3476:"Euro MPs want to scrap Strasbourg base: poll"
3000:(in French). Strasbourg Commune (Google Caché)
2948:(in French). relatio-europe.eu. Archived from
2712:"La querelle du siège se cache dans le budget"
1064:), who announced he would not be standing for
226:), rather than being concentrated in a single
3426:"Strasbourg : one parliament for Europe"
2769:"Pöttering told to defend MEPs' independence"
2218:"Strasbourg, seat of the European Parliament"
1218:Seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg
8:
3981:Le Parlement européen s'effondre StrasTv.com
3847:"The end of the road for roving parliament?"
3653:. EU Politix: The Parliament. Archived from
2917:Sordo, Fernando Navarro (27 February 2008).
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2022:Brussels: Perspectives on a European Capital
1708:. GPS World. 6 December 2006. Archived from
1582:
645:was built across the river from the Palace.
589:, proposed that Luxembourg City be made the
3988:, video report on 2008 damage to Parliament
3822:. Euractiv. 11 October 2005. Archived from
3478:. EU Business. 13 June 2007. Archived from
2249:"Seat of the Council of the European Union"
2197:. Brussels: Uitgeverij Lannoo. p. 185.
2062:. Strasbourg Tourism Office. Archived from
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
597:) until a permanent agreement was reached.
234:and whose reconciliation paved the way for
3499:
3497:
3328:
3326:
2015:
2013:
1996:. S. Strange (trans.). Brussels: Badeaux.
1755:
1753:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
3768:"For a European University in Strasbourg"
3451:Press Release by R. Ries and C. Trautmann
3311:(in French). Forum Carolus. 15 March 2007
3138:. EurActiv. 10 March 2011. Archived from
3136:"MEPs vote to reduce Strasbourg calendar"
2631:European Commission – European Commission
1644:
1642:
1441:United Kingdom's decision to leave the EU
1428:meetings, minor institutions such as the
1247:This position was supported by President
934:In 2004, following renovations to remove
371:are entirely based in Brussels while the
74:
3873:Peter Sain ley Berry (1 November 2007).
3076:"OneSeat.eu: 1 million citizens do care"
2860:"The two-seat parliament farce must end"
2679:
2677:
2274:"Seat of the European Court of Auditors"
2060:"Strasbourg : the European capital"
1391:, in an article originally published by
942:moved back into its headquarters in the
347:, (along with its component courts, the
4001:European Parliament – One Seat Campaign
3956:1992 European Council decision on seats
3714:(in French). SciencesPo. Archived from
3396:"Parliament's disappointing presidents"
1898:
1896:
1521:
700:, and then its present location in the
674:institutions (Brussels, Strasbourg and
455:and attached accounts departments; the
442:are spread across Europe and since the
58:
18:Location of European Union institutions
3770:(in French). Taurillon. Archived from
3360:
3358:
3356:
3106:"My blog: Denmark, Latvia, Strasbourg"
2086:"Alliance Française Strasbourg Europe"
1490:Court of Justice of the European Union
1432:, or the institutions of the proposed
637:(CoE) was already based there, in the
345:Court of Justice of the European Union
330:Secretariat of the European Parliament
248:Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation
164:Court of Justice of the European Union
160:Secretariat of the European Parliament
3651:"Sarkozy slated over Strasbourg seat"
3519:from the original on 16 November 2021
2710:Kiefer, Jean-Claude (24 April 2009).
2627:"European Commission visual identity"
2301:European Council (12 December 1992).
2020:Laconte, Pierre; Carola Hein (2008).
1731:Runner, Phillipa (4 September 2008).
665:. In practice, this was to be in the
7:
3933:. Brussels: Cellule. pp. 5–36.
3337:. The New Federalist. Archived from
3281:Ophélie Spanneut (3 December 2012).
3052:. Utrecht University. Archived from
2944:Eckhardt, René (28 September 2008).
2741:Pop, Valentina (17 September 2008).
2554:"EU quarter in Brussels set to grow"
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1397:. In an open letter to Cohn-Bendit,
958:, with staff increases owing to the
760:a final agreement on the seats. The
3568:. theParliament.com. Archived from
3285:. europolitics.info. Archived from
3026:. One Seat Campaign. Archived from
1411:European institutions in Strasbourg
1281:European institutions in Strasbourg
1214:European institutions in Strasbourg
570:presence and control), the ongoing
566:had a status as a "European city" (
4050:Institutions of the European Union
3845:Watt, Nicholas (1 November 2006).
3616:Koch, GĂ©rard (22 September 2008).
3394:Tayler, Simon (12 November 2006).
3333:Vallens, Emmanuel (20 June 2006).
3234:"No Brussels plenaries for a year"
2919:"A European senate in Strasbourg?"
1803:. 21 February 2001. Archived from
1301:A poll of MEP in June 2007 by MEP
363:are based in Luxembourg City. The
42:
25:
3766:Gessant, Pauline (27 June 2006).
3676:Banks, Martin (14 October 2020).
3564:banks, Martin (19 January 2009).
2858:Wheatley, Paul (2 October 2006).
2827:Banks, Martin (16 October 2008).
2803:"Giving up the Strasbourg junket"
2767:Tayler, Simon (18 January 2007).
2684:Lucas, Caroline (25 April 2007).
2410:Redburn, Tom (22 February 1992).
2147:"Seat of the European Commission"
2116:"Strasbourg, capitale européenne"
1649:Alvaro, Alexander (6 July 2006).
1622:"Seat of the European Parliament"
1505:Seat of the European Central Bank
1495:European Parliament in Luxembourg
806:Seat of the European Central Bank
508:European Coal and Steel Community
402:The 2011 Treaty Establishing the
283:European Coal and Steel Community
2716:Les Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace
2690:Green Party of England and Wales
2377:Ipsen, Eric (18 November 1993).
1469:
1418:European Institute of Technology
1208:Strasbourg as a single workplace
1107:
659:European Atomic Energy Community
110:Institutional seats as fixed in
90:
89:
73:
57:
41:
34:
3209:Dave Keating (9 October 2012).
2973:"EU and Strasbourg in rent row"
2971:Kroeger, Alix (27 April 2006).
1838:, Council of the European Union
1485:Brussels and the European Union
1409:was related to the presence of
1374:Alternative role for Strasbourg
1095:Brussels and the European Union
756:adopted on 12 December 1992 in
625:, and the French Department of
3232:Toby Vogel (4 December 2012).
1969:. 5 April 2007. Archived from
1767:. Dragoman.org. Archived from
1683:. International Herald Tribune
1416:The year before, the proposed
1291:European Court of Human Rights
1227:of the EU away from Brussels.
1089:Brussels as a single workplace
574:made it a problematic choice.
321:treaties of the European Union
302:treaties of the European Union
292:Despite this, the seat of the
162:, Council of Ministers (2nd),
1:
3649:Banks, Martin (24 May 2007).
2889:. Encompass Publications: 28.
2652:"Visual identity – Consilium"
1929:Gilroy, Harry (2 June 1962).
1904:"Brussels: capital of Europe"
1679:Gerwitz, Carl (9 June 1992).
1651:"Europe's strangest migrants"
954:m in 61 buildings across the
892:Council of the European Union
546:The seat was contested, with
502:History of the European Union
365:Economic and Social Committee
334:Council of the European Union
4055:European quarter of Brussels
4025:OneSeat – Cake and Hard Hats
2921:. Café Babel. Archived from
2862:. Café Babel. Archived from
2383:International Herald Tribune
1681:"The Ecu: What's in a Name?"
1653:. Café Babel. Archived from
653:The creation in 1957 of the
587:Prime Minister of Luxembourg
538:The ECSC was founded by the
404:European Stability Mechanism
256:College of the Commissioners
3960:European Parliament website
2530:Brussels, capital of Europe
2220:. Tribune pour l'Europe on
2170:Brussels, capital of Europe
1994:Brussels, capital of Europe
994:Parliament's trips between
824:European Monetary Institute
765:remain in Luxembourg City.
747:plenary chamber in Brussels
714:Secretariat of the Assembly
655:European Economic Community
4071:
3967:, pro-Strasbourg petition
3428:. One City. Archived from
1449:European Banking Authority
1211:
1092:
903:also began using the
803:
688:". This was following the
499:
3190:. EurActiv. 21 March 2011
1445:European Medicines Agency
1422:European Research Council
1315:University of Aberystwyth
1149:Paul-Henri Spaak building
1116:This section needs to be
349:European Court of Justice
3996:, pro-Brussels petition
2355:. CVCE. 18 November 1993
1430:Committee of the Regions
1407:University of Strasbourg
1307:University of Manchester
718:European Investment Bank
716:would remain along with
663:President of the Council
643:new complex of buildings
475:per the 1965 agreement.
432:European Investment Bank
369:Committee of the Regions
361:European Investment Bank
3973:, pro-Strasbourg video
3683:The Parliament Magazine
3592:"Survey of EU Citizens"
2528:Demey, Thierry (2007).
2193:de Groot, Roel (2010).
2168:Demey, Thierry (2007).
1992:Demey, Thierry (2007).
1453:French President Macron
1363:The Parliament Magazine
1249:Josep Borrell Fontelles
1026:, former leader of the
905:Justus Lipsius building
896:Justus Lipsius building
866:, which is outside the
667:Château of Val-Duchesse
581:To break the deadlock,
506:At the founding of the
416:European Defence Agency
1834:12 August 2011 at the
1152:
1003:
819:
741:
562:all considered. While
535:
465:EEC Statistical Office
450:Commission departments
4013:No need for two seats
3370:"Save our Strasbourg"
3368:(23 September 2008).
1477:European Union portal
1342:constitutional issues
1303:Alexander Nuno Alvaro
1264:Edward McMillan-Scott
1212:Further information:
1142:
1093:Further information:
993:
960:enlargement of the EU
828:European Central Bank
813:
804:Further information:
735:
649:Provisional agreement
572:dispute over Saarland
533:
500:Further information:
373:European Central Bank
309:European Central Bank
278:"capital of the EU".
252:European Central Bank
4008:, pro-Brussels video
3721:on 29 September 2007
3657:on 27 September 2007
3482:on 30 September 2007
2952:on 29 September 2008
2801:(14 December 2007).
1368:coronavirus pandemic
956:Brussels EU district
830:, would be based in
706:Charlemagne building
236:European integration
127:Council of Ministers
107:class=notpageimage|
3826:on 15 December 2007
3707:(17 January 2003).
3705:Cohn-Bendit, Daniel
3572:on 4 September 2009
3543:European Parliament
3406:on 19 November 2006
3262:on 12 December 2012
3236:. EuropeanVoice.com
3213:. EuropeanVoice.com
3110:European Commission
2656:consilium.europa.eu
2581:on 3 September 2009
2508:consilium.europa.eu
2459:. 18 September 2002
2310:European Parliament
2066:on 3 September 2009
1973:on 3 September 2009
1810:on 22 November 2006
1801:Europa (web portal)
1546:Europa (web portal)
1434:Mediterranean Union
1403:mayor of Strasbourg
1320:Mayor of Strasbourg
1297:Opinion and actions
1272:Catherine Trautmann
1194:mayor of Strasbourg
1066:re-election in 2009
1043:Hans-Gert Pöttering
982:European Parliament
967:European Parliament
944:Berlaymont building
940:European Commission
929:Council secretariat
875:Deutsche Bundesbank
790:Treaty of Amsterdam
736:Parliament built a
728:Edinburgh agreement
702:Berlaymont building
457:Publications Office
341:European Commission
325:European Parliament
294:European Parliament
287:Treaty of Amsterdam
268:European Parliament
260:European Commission
3774:on 22 October 2007
3341:on 21 October 2007
3289:on 6 December 2012
3082:on 14 January 2022
3056:on 2 December 2008
3020:Malmström, Cecilia
2779:on 16 January 2009
2607:on 4 December 2008
2416:The New York Times
2195:Brussels in Europe
2096:on 5 December 2009
2090:Alliance française
2046:Europe in Brussels
1936:The New York Times
1881:on 31 January 2008
1760:Stark, Christine.
1384:Daniel Cohn-Bendit
1153:
1143:The parliamentary
1081:quit as leader of
1004:
948:Barroso Commission
820:
792:, including it in
786:universal suffrage
742:
698:Schuman roundabout
536:
436:European Ombudsman
3994:One Seat petition
3965:One City petition
3800:on 1 October 2008
3630:on 10 August 2014
3453:, 29 October 2010
3168:on 11 August 2011
3102:Wallström, Margot
2839:on 8 January 2009
2539:978-2-9600414-2-2
2179:978-2-9600414-2-2
2031:978-2-9600650-0-8
2003:978-2-9600414-2-2
1657:on 11 August 2014
1389:Bronisław Geremek
1378:In January 2003,
1286:Villa Kaysersguet
1233:Council of Europe
1174:Cecilia Malmström
1137:
1136:
976:Europa building's
752:In response, the
722:Court of Auditors
635:Council of Europe
486:Council of Europe
422:and formerly the
357:Court of Auditors
272:Council of the EU
204:Frankfurt am Main
168:Court of Auditors
145:Frankfurt am Main
82:Frankfurt am Main
16:(Redirected from
4062:
4026:
4014:
4002:
3982:
3976:
3944:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3713:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3622:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3515:. 13 June 2007.
3501:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3402:. Archived from
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3362:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3142:on 12 March 2011
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3116:on 30 April 2009
3112:. Archived from
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2914:
2891:
2890:
2887:E!Sharp Magazine
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2835:. Archived from
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2775:. Archived from
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2718:. Archived from
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2662:on 20 March 2022
2658:. Archived from
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2407:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2245:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2143:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2092:. Archived from
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2017:
2008:
2007:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1939:. Archived from
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1875:"Buildings List"
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1845:
1839:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1798:
1794:"Treaty of Nice"
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1712:on 8 August 2007
1702:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1618:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1584:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1543:
1535:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1426:European Council
1334:French President
1283:– in the former
1253:Second World War
1225:decentralisation
1187:Margot Wallström
1132:
1129:
1123:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1024:Jens-Peter Bonde
953:
913:European Council
901:European Council
754:European Council
694:Breydel building
520:European Council
444:2004 enlargement
396:European Council
390:Separately, the
264:European Council
131:European Council
93:
92:
77:
76:
61:
60:
45:
44:
38:
21:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4040:
4039:
4024:
4012:
4000:
3980:
3974:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3829:
3827:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3747:on 23 July 2011
3739:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3546:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3432:on 18 July 2012
3424:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3364:
3363:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3332:
3331:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3104:(24 May 2006).
3100:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2925:on 20 July 2011
2916:
2915:
2894:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2866:on 10 June 2007
2857:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2722:on 29 July 2012
2709:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1836:Wayback Machine
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1376:
1337:Nicolas Sarkozy
1299:
1220:
1210:
1179:northern Europe
1133:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1091:
1036:Monica Frassoni
984:
951:
921:Europa building
894:moved into the
888:
808:
802:
730:
651:
639:House of Europe
540:Treaty of Paris
528:
504:
498:
481:
452:
412:
410:Non-fixed seats
317:
184:
183:
182:
179:
171:
152:
142:
109:
103:
102:
101:
100:
94:
86:
85:
84:
78:
70:
69:
68:
66:Luxembourg City
62:
54:
53:
52:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4068:
4066:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4021:
4009:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3977:
3962:
3951:
3950:External links
3948:
3946:
3945:
3939:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3888:
3865:
3837:
3811:
3785:
3758:
3732:
3696:
3668:
3641:
3608:
3583:
3556:
3545:. 18 June 2007
3530:
3493:
3467:
3455:
3443:
3417:
3400:European Voice
3386:
3352:
3322:
3300:
3273:
3247:
3224:
3201:
3179:
3153:
3127:
3093:
3067:
3041:
3030:on 9 June 2007
3011:
2989:
2963:
2936:
2892:
2877:
2850:
2833:European Voice
2819:
2790:
2773:European Voice
2759:
2733:
2702:
2673:
2643:
2618:
2592:
2566:
2545:
2538:
2520:
2495:
2470:
2444:
2438:Treaty of Nice
2428:
2395:
2366:
2344:
2322:
2290:
2265:
2235:
2209:
2200:
2185:
2178:
2160:
2133:
2122:on 12 May 2009
2107:
2077:
2051:
2037:
2030:
2009:
2002:
1984:
1954:
1943:on 5 July 2009
1921:
1910:on 5 July 2009
1892:
1866:
1855:. 4 March 2014
1840:
1821:
1785:
1774:on 9 July 2007
1749:
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1497:
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1481:
1480:
1464:
1461:
1439:Following the
1375:
1372:
1298:
1295:
1257:Brigitte Foure
1229:Emma Nicholson
1209:
1206:
1181:, notably the
1135:
1134:
1115:
1113:
1106:
1099:Espace LĂ©opold
1090:
1087:
1083:the Socialists
1020:Caroline Lucas
983:
980:
887:
886:Recent history
884:
868:European Union
801:
798:
778:Treaty of Nice
729:
726:
657:(EEC) and the
650:
647:
595:High Authority
527:
524:
497:
494:
480:
477:
451:
448:
411:
408:
392:Treaty of Nice
316:
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192:European Union
105:
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80:
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72:
71:
64:
63:
56:
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48:
47:
40:
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2:
4067:
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3940:9782930705378
3936:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3903:. 11 May 2017
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3877:. EU Observer
3876:
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3619:
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3593:
3587:
3584:
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3560:
3557:
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3506:
3500:
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3427:
3421:
3418:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3387:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3366:Mardell, Mark
3361:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3288:
3284:
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3261:
3257:
3251:
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3235:
3228:
3225:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3189:
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3180:
3167:
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3157:
3154:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3081:
3077:
3071:
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3055:
3051:
3045:
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3029:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3012:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2978:
2974:
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2820:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2799:Mardell, Mark
2794:
2791:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2580:
2576:
2570:
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2555:
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2323:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2295:
2291:
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2269:
2266:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2207:de Groot, 191
2204:
2201:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2148:
2142:
2140:
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2041:
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2016:
2014:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
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1938:
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1925:
1922:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1893:
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1854:
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1844:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1593:
1589:
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1579:
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1277:lieu d′Europe
1273:
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1230:
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1096:
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1080:
1076:
1075:Eluned Morgan
1072:
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1063:
1059:
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1051:
1046:
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1037:
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1008:Bernd Posselt
1001:
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988:
981:
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949:
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