1212:(D-MN) in order to regulate the transmission and sharing of user location data in the United States. It is based on the individual's one time consent to participate in these services (Opt In). The bill specifies the collecting entities, the collectable data and its usage. The bill does not specify, however, the period of time that the data collecting entity can hold on to the user data (a limit of 24 hours seems appropriate since most of the services use the data for immediate searches, communications, etc.), and the bill does not include location data stored locally on the device (the user should be able to delete the contents of the location data document periodically just as he would delete a log document). The bill which was approved by the
486:
cellular and satellite-based communications channels. Utilizing the
Orbcomm satellite network, the device had multi level SOS features for both MAYDAY and marine assistance, vessel system condition and performance monitoring with remote notification, and a dedicated hardware device similar to GPS units. Based upon the device location, it was capable of providing detailed bearing, distance and communication information to the vessel operator in real time, in addition to the marine assistance and MAYDAY features. The concept and functionality was coined
455:(ANSI). As a result, the LCS sub-working group was created under ANSI T1P1.5. This group went on to select positioning methods and standardize Location Services (LCS), later known as Location Based Services (LBS). Nodes defined include the Gateway Mobile Location Centre (GMLC), the Serving Mobile Location Centre (SMLC) and concepts such as Mobile Originating Location Request (MO-LR), Network Induced Location Request (NI-LR) and Mobile Terminating Location Request (MT-LR).
498:), and the proof-of-concept beta device was demonstrated to various US government agencies for vessel identification, tracking, and enforcement operations in addition to the commercial product line. The device was capable of tracking assets including ships, planes, shipping containers, or any other mobile asset with a proper power source and antenna placement. Marex's financial challenges were unable to support product introduction and the beta device disappeared.
1252:
Montjoye et al. showed that 4 spatio-temporal points, approximate places and times, are enough to uniquely identify 95% of 1.5M people in a mobility database. The study further shows that these constraints hold even when the resolution of the dataset is low. Therefore, even coarse or blurred datasets provide little anonymity. A critical article by Dobson and Fisher discusses the possibilities for misuse of location information.
193:
136:
36:
77:
338:(RTLS) and related local services, as noted in ISO/IEC 19762-5 and ISO/IEC 24730-1. While networked computing devices generally do very well to inform consumers of days old data, the computing devices themselves can also be tracked, even in real-time. LBS privacy issues arise in that context, and are documented below.
1223:
in 2003, it became illegal in the United States to send any message to the end user without the end user specifically opting-in. This put an additional challenge on LBS applications as far as "carrier-centric" services were concerned. As a result, there has been a focus on user-centric location-based
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offered an on/off switch and allows to stick one's position to a free definable location. Additionally, it is an open question how users perceive and trust in different PETs. The only study that addresses user perception of state of the art PETs is. Another set of techniques included in the PETs are
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is still the main technology carrying mobile advertising / marketing campaigns to mobile phones. A classic example of LBS applications using SMS is the delivery of mobile coupons or discounts to mobile subscribers who are near to advertising restaurants, cafes, movie theatres. The
Singaporean mobile
882:
Currently there are roughly three different models for location-based apps on mobile devices. All share that they allow one's location to be tracked by others. Each functions in the same way at a high level, but with differing functions and features. Below is a comparison of an example application
1251:
One implication of this technology is that data about a subscriber's location and historical movements is owned and controlled by the network operators, including mobile carriers and mobile content providers. Mobile content providers and app developers are a concern. Indeed, a 2013 MIT study by de
822:
requires that all carriers meet certain criteria for supporting location-based services (FCC 94–102). The mandate requires 95% of handsets to resolve within 300 meters for network-based tracking (e.g. triangulation) and 150 meters for handset-based tracking (e.g. GPS). This can be especially useful
304:
LBS is critical to many businesses as well as government organizations to drive real insight from data tied to a specific location where activities take place. The spatial patterns that location-related data and services can provide is one of its most powerful and useful aspects where location is a
2136:
Benford, Steve; Seager, Will; Flintham, Martin; Anastasi, Rob; Rowland, Duncan; Humble, Jan; Stanton, Danaë; Bowers, John; Tandavanitj, Nick; Adams, Matt; Row-Farr, Ju; Oldroyd, Amanda; Sutton, Jon (2004), "The Error of Our Ways: The
Experience of Self-Reported Position in a Location-Based Game",
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to the correct location. CDMA and iDEN operators have chosen to use GPS location technology for locating emergency callers. This led to rapidly increasing penetration of GPS in iDEN and CDMA handsets in North
America and other parts of the world where CDMA is widely deployed. Even though no such
516:
The first LBS services were launched during 2001 by TeliaSonera in Sweden (FriendFinder, yellow pages, houseposition, emergency call location etc.) and by EMT in
Estonia (emergency call location, friend finder, TV game). TeliaSonera and EMT based their services on the Ericsson Mobile Positioning
485:
In 2002, Marex.com in Miami
Florida designed the world first marine asset telemetry device for commercial sale. The device, designed by Marex and engineered by its partner firms in telecom and hardware, was capable of transmitting location data and retrieving location-based service data via both
697:
technologies, which are used to match devices to nearby services. This application allows a person to access information based on their surroundings; especially suitable for using inside closed premises, restricted or regional area. Another alternative is an operator- and satellite-independent
539:
launched the first (US) mobile LBS local search application that used
Automatic Location Identification (ALI) technologies mandated by the FCC. go2 users were able to use AT&T's ALI to determine their location and search near that location to obtain a list of requested locations (stores,
555:
There are various companies that sell access to an individual's location history and this is estimated to be a $ 12 billion industry composed of collectors, aggregators and marketplaces. As of 2021, a company named Near claimed to have data from 1.6 billion people in 44 different countries,
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1243:
also provides a legal framework for data protection that may be applied for location-based services, and more particularly several
European directives such as: (1) Personal data: Directive 95/46/EC; (2) Personal data in electronic communications: Directive 2002/58/EC; (3) Data Retention:
589:
locating, sometimes referred to as positioning, the mobile phone service provider gets the location based on the radio signal delay of the closest cell-phone towers (for phones without satellite navigation features) which can be quite slow as it uses the 'voice control' channel. In the
373:, to provide services based on the geographical locations of users. Over their history, location-based software has evolved from simple synchronization-based service models to authenticated and complex tools for implementing virtually any location-based service model or facility.
594:, networks do not use trilateration; Because LBS services use a single base station, with a "radius" of inaccuracy, to determine a phone's location. This technique was the basis of the E-911 mandate and is still used to locate cellphones as a safety measure. Newer phones and
458:
As a result of these efforts in 1999 the first digital location-based service patent was filed in the US and ultimately issued after nine office actions in March 2002. The patent has controls which when applied to today's networking models provide key value in all systems.
2110:
Flintham, Martin; Anastasi, Rob; Benford, Steve; Drozd, Adam; Mathrick, James; Rowland, Duncan; Tandavanitj, Nick; Adams, Matt; Row-Farr, Ju; Oldroyd, Amanda; Sutton, Jon (2003). "Uncle Roy all around you: mixing games and theatre on the city streets".
2222:
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There are a number of ways in which the location of an object, such as a mobile phone or device, can be determined. Another emerging method for confirming location is IoT and blockchain-based relative object location verification.
702:). This solution enables accurate and quick determination of geographical coordinates of mobile phones by providing operator-independent location data and works also for handsets that do not have satellite navigation capability.
444:. This rule was a compromise resulting from US mobile operators seeking the support of the emergency community in order to obtain the same protection from lawsuits relating to emergency calls as fixed-line operators already had.
662:
games in 2006. Instead of tracking technologies, players were given a map which they could pan around and subsequently mark their location upon. With the rise of location-based networking, this is more commonly known as a user
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409:
in the 1970s, and was made available for worldwide use and use by civilians in the 1980s. Research forerunners of today's location-based services include the infrared Active Badge system (1989–1993), the
1259:(PETs). Such PETs range from simplistic on/off switches to sophisticated PETs using anonymization techniques (e.g. providing k-anonymity), or cryptograpic protocols. Only few LBS offer such PETs, e.g.,
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techniques, which slightly alter the location of the users in order to hide their real location while still being able to represent their position and receive services from their LBS provider.
2582:
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services. As an adjacency to this they began developing location-based services that could transmit information about location-based goods and services to custom-programmed alphanumeric
2774:
346:
Location-based services (LBSs) are widely used in many computer systems and applications. Modern location-based services are made possible by technological developments such as the
301:
when taking the form of coupons or advertising directed at customers based on their current location. LBS also includes personalized weather services and even location-based games.
1185:
Mobile messaging plays an essential role in LBS. Messaging, especially SMS, has been used in combination with various LBS applications, such as location-based mobile advertising.
870:
for locating subscribers. This is also a method used in Europe by companies that are using cell-based LBS as part of systems to recover stolen assets. In the US companies such as
605:
In addition there are emerging techniques like Real Time
Kinematics and WiFi RTT (Round Trip Timing) as part of Precision Time Management services in WiFi and related protocols.
713:
are available, especially for indoor use. GPS and GSM do not work very well indoors, so other techniques are used, including co-pilot beacon for CDMA networks, Bluetooth, UWB,
650:
A low cost alternative to using location technology to track the player, is to not track at all. This has been referred to as "self-reported positioning". It was used in the
532:. Microsoft's Wi-Fi-based indoor location system RADAR (2000), MIT's Cricket project using ultrasound location (2000) and Intel's Place Lab with wide-area location (2003).
1275:
is also an effective approach at locating lost objects while still upholding the privacy of users. This is done by ensuring a limited level of interactions between users.
2641:
Burghardt, Thorben; Buchmann, Erik; Mueller, Jens; Boehm, Klemens (2009). "Understanding User
Preferences and Awareness: Privacy Mechanisms in Location-Based Services".
1483:
568:, found six out of 47 companies who claimed over a billion devices in their database. As of 2021, there are no rules or laws governing who can buy an individual's data.
547:
The main advantage is that mobile users do not have to manually specify postal codes or other location identifiers to use LBS, when they roam into a different location.
509:–level positioning information and share the title for first consumer LBS application: the Weather.com app from The Weather Channel, and the TrafficTouch app from Sony-
1630:
2026:
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rules are yet in place in Japan or in Europe the number of GPS-enabled GSM/WCDMA handset models is growing fast. According to the independent wireless analyst firm
448:
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games where your location is part of the game play, for example your movements during your day make your avatar move in the game or your position unlocks content.
540:
restaurants, etc.) ranked by proximity to the ALI provide by the AT&T wireless network. The ALI determined location was also used as a starting point for
1849:
Rantalainen, Timo (1995), "Location of Mobile Station in the GSM network", Master's thesis available at Aalto University Otaniemi Main Library (P1 Ark S80).
1905:
1216:, would also require mobile services to disclose the names of the advertising networks or other third parties with which they share consumers' locations.
387:
LBS is the ability to open and close specific data objects based on the use of location or time (or both) as controls and triggers or as part of complex
1692:
1194:
carried out such an initiative in 2007 that involved many local marketers, what was reported to be a huge success in terms of subscriber acceptance.
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in May 2001, using the technology of valis ltd. The service included friend finder, LBS dating and LBS games. The same service was launched later by
1233:
49:
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services and applications which give the user control of the experience, typically by opting in first via a website or mobile interface (such as
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Barak, Miri; Shani ziv (22 October 2012). "Wandering: a web based platform for the creation of location based interactive learning objects".
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2000:
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Broll, W.; Ohlenburg, J.; Lindt, I.; Herbst, I.; Braun, A. K. (2006). "Meeting technology challenges of pervasive augmented reality games".
470:(MLP), an interface between the telecom network and an LBS application running on a server in the Internet domain. Then, much driven by the
305:
common denominator in all of these activities and can be leveraged to better understand patterns and relationships. Banking, surveillance,
2200:
638:'s "NearMe" is one such example; it is used to maintain knowledge of the exact location. Satellite navigation is based on the concept of
406:
1695:
Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques – Harmonized vocabulary – Part 5: Locating systems
2086:
1272:
1825:
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Several categories of methods can be used to find the location of the subscriber. The simple and standard solution is LBS based on a
819:
437:
253:
235:
174:
117:
63:
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In 1997 Christopher Kingdon, of Ericsson, handed in the Location Services (LCS) stage 1 description to the joint GSM group of the
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1951:
1393:
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data or time-of-day constraints, or a combination thereof. As such, an LBS is an information service and has a number of uses in
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Palmieri, Paolo; Calderoni, Luca; Maio, Dario (2014), "Spatial Bloom Filters: Enabling Privacy in Location-Aware Applications",
2053:
2138:
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claims to have a database of 25 percent of the U.S. adult population. An analysis, conducted by the non-profit newsroom called
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by the principal architect and product manager for Marex, Jason Manowitz, SVP, Product and Strategy. The device was branded as
278:
202:
152:
1480:
642:, a basic geometric principle that allows finding one location if one knows its distance from other, already known locations.
1256:
145:
1772:
1745:
1559:
798:. Person by skill (doctor), business directory, navigation, weather, traffic, room schedules, stolen phone, emergency calls.
1718:
2759:
1799:
1454:
285:, entertainment, work, personal life, etc. Commonly used examples of location-based services include navigation software,
2421:
2310:
2030:
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in New York are using GPS and triangulation to enable college students to notify campus police when they are in trouble.
1704:
1305:
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key or hashing systems and the data they provide access to. Location-based services may be one of the most heavily used
362:
2257:
863:
As for economic impact, location-based services are estimated to have a $ 1.6 Trillion impact on the US economy alone.
1500:
B. Guo; R. Fujimura; D. Zhang; M. Imai (2011). "Design-in-Play: Improving the Variability of Indoor Pervasive Games".
478:", which simplifies the integration of multiple LBS with an operators infrastructure. In 2004 LIF was merged with the
156:
99:
55:
1936:
1878:
1648:
1248:. However the applicability of legal provisions to varying forms of LBS and of processing location data is unclear.
1383:
1213:
916:
844:
824:
595:
290:
286:
1418:
1345:
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asset recovery combined with active RF to find, for example, stolen assets in containers where GPS would not work
710:
706:
402:
335:
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LBS trial by Jörgen Johansson (1995), and the master thesis written by Nokia employee Timo Rantalainen in 1995.
1902:
1433:
1285:
1245:
773:
694:
655:
467:
95:
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to provide services or information to users. LBS can be used in a variety of contexts, such as health, indoor
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479:
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the attach rate for GPS is growing rapidly in GSM/WCDMA handsets, from less than 8% in 2008 to 15% in 2009.
735:
699:
541:
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395:
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There is currently no agreed upon criteria for defining the market size of location-based services, but the
2604:
2147:
2116:
1335:
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jointly formed and launched the Location Interoperability Forum Ltd (LIF). This forum first specified the
206:
792:. Objects without privacy controls, using passive sensors or RF tags, such as packages and train boxcars.
2311:"The Boston Consulting Group – Geospatial Services: A $ 1.6 Trillion Growth Engine for the U.S. Economy"
2223:"Spatial Sparsity Based Indoor Localization in Wireless Sensor Network for Assistive Healthcare Systems"
1707:
Information technology – Real-time locating systems (RTLS) – Part 1: Application program interface (API)
1589:
1363:
982:
676:
381:
1672:
2434:
de Montjoye, Yves-Alexandre; César A. Hidalgo; Michel Verleysen; Vincent D. Blondel (March 25, 2013).
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In 2000, after approval from the world’s twelve largest telecom operators, Ericsson, Motorola and
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1981:
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651:
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Vodafone Friendzone: Mobile Community auf SMS-Basis Freunde mit Ortungs-Serviceim D2-Netz finden
1588:
Quercia, Daniele; Lathia, Neal; Calabrese, Francesco; Di Lorenzo, Giusy; Crowcroft, Jon (2010).
2197:
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Proceedings of 5th ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Network and system support for games - NetGames '06
1805:
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1724:
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1460:
1423:
1413:
1203:
659:
392:
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used location-based software as of 2013, and 30% of all Internet searches were for locations.
366:
320:
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Beside the legal framework there exist several technical approaches to protect privacy using
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2703:
2654:
2614:
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2455:
2157:
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1973:
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Anind Dey; Jeffrey Hightower; Eyal de Lara; Nigel Davies (2010). "Location-Based Services".
1598:
1509:
536:
370:
294:
282:
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For the carrier, location-based services provide added value by enabling services such as:
27:
General class of computer program-level services that use location data to control features
2601:
Proc. 10th International Conference on Information Security and Cryptology (Inscrypt 2014)
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1315:
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965:
897:
892:
680:
306:
298:
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Home-Explorer: Ontology-based Physical Artifact Search and Hidden Object Detection System
334:
This concept of location-based systems is not compliant with the standardized concept of
2699:
2650:
2451:
732:
requesting the nearest business or service, such as an ATM, restaurant or a retail store
2518:
2468:
2435:
1300:
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1002:
950:
924:
591:
441:
347:
328:
2603:, vol. 8957, Springer-Verlag, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 16–36,
213:
2753:
2572:"The new casper: query processing for location services without compromising privacy"
2050:
1378:
1350:
946:
920:
871:
815:
639:
635:
586:
561:
425:
Teletrac), founded in Los Angeles CA, introduced the world's first dynamic real-time
355:
324:
312:
2717:
2175:
2096:
1985:
1521:
852:
747:
receiving alerts, such as notification of a sale on gas or warning of a traffic jam
690:
608:
In order to provide a successful LBS technology the following factors must be met:
599:
388:
217:
2742:
2553:"Location-based services for mobile telephony: A study of users' privacy concerns"
2658:
810:. Payment based upon proximity (EZ pass, toll watch), automatic airport check-in.
151:
It may require cleanup to comply with Knowledge's content policies, particularly
17:
2708:
2683:
2618:
2161:
1290:
928:
725:
Location-based services may be employed in a number of applications, including:
557:
521:
1208:
The Location Privacy Protection Act of 2012 (S.1223) was introduced by Senator
2537:
2317:
2005:
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1428:
1340:
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1209:
612:
coordinates accuracy requirements that are determined by the relevant service,
565:
475:
331:
and which uses information on the geographical position of the mobile device.
1645:
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today as information, in entertainment or security, which is accessible with
2078:
1325:
1191:
2477:
1948:
1924:
762:
real-time Q&A revolving around restaurants, services, and other venues.
1747:
Location-Based Services Handbook: Applications, Technologies, and Security
1602:
1490:. Mobile Information Systems, Vol. 4 No.2 (2008), 81–103, IOS Press, 2008.
1977:
1680:
IEEE International Conference on Communication (ICC) 2008, Beijing, China
1012:
1007:
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525:
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471:
430:
411:
1868:- Controlling Access to Stored Information Based on Location And/Or Time
1398:
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location service based on access into the deep level telecoms network (
627:
505:, released in 1999. Two of the in-the-box applications made use of the
2459:
2401:"Del 11.5: The legal framework for location-based services in Europe"
2146:, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3205, pp. 70–87,
2001:"There's a Multibillion-Dollar Market for Your Phone's Location Data"
1157:
937:
902:
848:
840:
804:. Targeted advertising, buddy list, common profile matching (dating).
786:. Taxis, service people, rental equipment, doctors, fleet scheduling.
529:
474:
group, LIF went on to specify the Location Enabling Server (LES), a "
422:
2645:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5870. p. 304.
1597:. 2010 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining. p. 971.
941:
836:
772:
sending a mobile caller's location during an emergency call using
463:
433:
2424:, What are the downsides of using location-based services? (2010)
1673:"Location Based Services for Mobiles: Technologies and Standards"
2399:
Cuijpers, Colette; Roosendaal, Arnold; Koops, Bert-Jaap (2007).
832:
828:
766:
714:
510:
361:
Location-based services were developed by integrating data from
1826:"Active Badge system, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory"
843:– so that the operator can dispatch emergency services such as
440:(FCC) issued rules requiring all US mobile operators to locate
1186:
954:
933:
912:
631:
415:
186:
129:
70:
29:
2684:"Clustered Crowd GPS for Privacy Valuing Active Localization"
1646:"Permanent Reference Document SE.23: Location Based Services"
520:
Other early LBSs include friendzone, launched by swisscom in
2436:"Unique in the Crowd: The privacy bounds of human mobility"
1591:
Recommending Social Events from Mobile Phone Location Data
685:
Near LBS (NLBS) involves local-range technologies such as
2258:"CrowdOptic Enhances Launch and Tracking of Lunar Lander"
501:
The first consumer LBS-capable mobile Web device was the
985:(location kept secret from service provider and others)
1720:
Location-Based Services and Geo-Information Engineering
1633:, Stefan Steiniger, Moritz Neun and Alistair Edwardes,
878:
Comparison of location tracking apps for mobile devices
744:
locating people on a map displayed on the mobile phone
144:
A major contributor to this article appears to have a
2643:
On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2009
482:(OMA). An LBS work group was formed within the OMA.
1089:
Precision levels configurable on a per-friend basis
2027:"Blockchain comes to mapping - Smart Cities World"
2382:"Their Apps Track You. Will Congress Track Them?"
1165:Maximum distance calculated to friends' locations
2207:E. Martin, O. Vinyals, G. Friedland, R. Bajcsy,
2198:"Precise Indoor Localization Using Smart Phones"
309:, and many weapon systems are dependent on LBS.
2493:"Mobile location data 'present anonymity risk'"
1920:
1918:
1798:Schiller, Jochen; Voisard, Agnès (2004-05-21).
1453:Schiller, Jochen; Voisard, Agnès (2004-05-21).
1067:Yes, multiple users with expiry date & time
449:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
2775:Applications of geographic information systems
1771:Gartner, Georg; Huang, Haosheng (2014-11-05).
1744:Ahson, Syed A.; Ilyas, Mohammad (2011-06-03).
1558:Gartner, Georg; Huang, Haosheng (2014-11-05).
421:In 1990 International Teletrac Systems (later
8:
1154:User's own contacts stored locally on device
98:. There might be a discussion about this on
802:Proximity-based notification (push or pull)
784:Resource tracking with dynamic distribution
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1954:'s Palm VII programming memoir, March 2014
1717:Brimicombe, Allan; Li, Chao (2009-02-17).
1075:Bilateral sharing of location with friends
528:Germany, Orange Portugal and Pelephone in
216:. Please do not remove this message until
2707:
2608:
2467:
2368:"Location Privacy Protection Act of 2012"
2151:
2120:
1671:Shu Wang, Jungwon Min & Byung K. Yi.
1666:
1664:
492:Integrated Marine Asset Management System
254:Learn how and when to remove this message
236:Learn how and when to remove this message
175:Learn how and when to remove this message
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
2280:"Berg Insight – GPS and Mobile Handsets"
1927:. tarif4you.de. 8 April 2003 (in German)
1774:Progress in Location-Based Services 2014
1631:"Foundations of Location Based Services"
1561:Progress in Location-Based Services 2014
885:
808:Proximity-based actuation (push or pull)
618:minimal impact on network and equipment.
560:claims data on 1.9 billion devices, and
212:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1445:
2517:J.E. Dobson & P.F. Fisher (2003).
1999:Keegan, Jon; Alfred, Ng (2021-09-30).
1583:
1581:
1050:Optional, visible only to tracked user
658:in 2003 and considered for use in the
273:) is a general term denoting software
2682:Yucel, Fatih; Bulut, Eyuphan (2018).
1626:
1624:
1622:
756:contextualizing learning and research
453:American National Standards Institute
7:
2526:IEEE Technology and Society Magazine
1723:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1.
1204:GPS tracking unit § Legislation
866:European operators are mainly using
729:recommending social events in a city
1145:Source of friends' names and photos
1092:Best location, city-level or hidden
407:United States Department of Defense
354:systems, and the widespread use of
2221:Pourhomayoun; Jin; Fowler (2012).
2140:UbiComp 2004: Ubiquitous Computing
25:
1502:Multimedia Tools and Applications
750:location-based mobile advertising
438:Federal Communications Commission
45:This article has multiple issues.
2491:Palmer, Jason (March 25, 2013).
1952:Greg Bryant (computer scientist)
1949:The First Location Based Service
191:
155:. Please discuss further on the
134:
75:
34:
1939:. O'reilly Palm VII Development
1271:Recent research has shown that
883:from each of the three models.
279:geographic data and information
53:or discuss these issues on the
1879:"Merchant Marine | Emerson CZ"
1257:privacy-enhancing technologies
1:
2743:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.015
2348:. Apple Inc. 18 February 2021
598:typically have an integrated
2659:10.1007/978-3-642-05148-7_21
1537:"Del 11.2: Mobility and LBS"
1479:B. Guo, S. Satake, M. Imai.
1306:Enterprise digital assistant
1019:Update frequency of location
796:Finding someone or something
741:assistive healthcare systems
363:satellite navigation systems
2709:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2830300
2619:10.1007/978-3-319-16745-9_2
2570:Mokbel; Chow; Aref (2006).
2162:10.1007/978-3-540-30119-6_5
1103:Manually configure location
909:Operating systems supported
405:was first developed by the
218:conditions to do so are met
2791:
2056:September 4, 2013, at the
1384:Mobile identity management
1214:Senate Judiciary Committee
1201:
1061:Temporary location sharing
845:emergency medical services
825:emergency telephone number
711:indoor positioning systems
674:
380:estimated that 40% of all
336:real-time locating systems
291:location-based advertising
287:social networking services
2731:Computers & Education
2538:10.1109/MTAS.2003.1188276
1777:. Springer. p. 273.
1564:. Springer. p. 274.
1514:10.1007/s11042-010-0711-z
1419:Social positioning method
1346:Indoor positioning system
1028:On demand by remote user
707:local positioning systems
646:Self-reported positioning
403:Global Positioning System
1937:PQA development examples
1804:. Elsevier. p. 10.
1434:Wi-Fi positioning system
1286:Advanced Mobile Location
1219:With the passing of the
1033:Stale location behaviour
1025:On demand by remote user
774:Advanced Mobile Location
695:near-field communication
656:Uncle Roy All Around You
468:Mobile Location Protocol
2765:Location-based software
2079:10.1145/1230040.1230097
2051:LBS Positioning Methods
1912:. Newsweek. 30 May 1999
1801:Location-Based Services
1459:. Elsevier. p. 9.
1456:Location-Based Services
1117:Check into nearby place
1042:Last reported location
736:turn-by-turn navigation
488:Location Based Services
480:Open Mobile Association
427:stolen vehicle recovery
297:. LBS can also include
2551:Barkhuus; Dey (2003).
1903:The World in Your Hand
1535:Deuker, André (2008).
1336:Groundhog Technologies
1131:Custom location labels
1036:Last reported location
581:Control plane locating
267:Location-based service
2557:Intellectual Property
1603:10.1109/ICDM.2010.152
1364:Location intelligence
1360:Location as a service
983:End-to-end encryption
677:Mobile phone tracking
675:Further information:
615:lowest possible cost,
535:In May 2002, go2 and
382:computer applications
153:neutral point of view
2760:Geosocial networking
1978:10.1109/MPRV.2010.10
1635:University of Zurich
1404:Near-me area network
1374:Location-based media
1369:Location-based games
1331:Geosocial networking
1266:location obfuscation
1246:Directive 2006/24/EC
1022:Dynamically periodic
687:Bluetooth Low Energy
624:satellite navigation
378:European GNSS Agency
352:satellite navigation
88:confusing or unclear
2700:2018IEEEA...623213Y
2651:2009LNCS.5870..304B
2452:2013NatSR...3E1376D
2370:. 17 December 2012.
2209:ACM Multimedia 2010
1966:Pervasive Computing
1389:Mobile local search
1098:Best location only
999:User identification
205:of this article is
96:clarify the article
2440:Scientific Reports
2405:FIDIS Deliverables
2388:. January 5, 2013.
2342:"Find My security"
2203:2013-05-13 at the
1908:2012-01-15 at the
1864:2021-02-24 at the
1651:2009-12-31 at the
1541:FIDIS Deliverables
1486:2011-09-04 at the
1409:Real-time locating
1394:Mobile positioning
1356:Location awareness
1228:, mobile Web, and
1095:Best location only
1070:No, always shared
652:mixed reality game
436:. In 1996 the US
396:decision framework
315:are controlled by
2668:978-3-642-05147-0
2628:978-3-319-16744-2
2460:10.1038/srep01376
2171:978-3-540-22955-1
1811:978-0-08-049172-1
1784:978-3-319-11879-6
1757:978-1-4398-5672-7
1730:978-0-470-85738-0
1612:978-1-4244-9131-5
1571:978-3-319-11879-6
1466:978-0-08-049172-1
1424:Urban informatics
1414:Reverse geocoding
1178:
1177:
790:Resource tracking
660:Augmented reality
551:Location industry
537:AT&T Mobility
513:/ Metro Traffic.
442:emergency callers
393:application-layer
367:cellular networks
321:social networking
264:
263:
256:
246:
245:
238:
185:
184:
177:
148:with its subject.
128:
127:
120:
68:
18:Location services
16:(Redirected from
2782:
2746:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2612:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2581:. Archived from
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2548:
2542:
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2523:
2514:
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2329:
2328:
2322:
2316:. Archived from
2315:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2285:. Archived from
2284:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2232:. Archived from
2227:
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2195:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2174:, archived from
2155:
2145:
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2126:
2124:
2113:DiGRA Conference
2107:
2101:
2100:
2066:
2060:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2029:. Archived from
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1961:
1955:
1946:
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1928:
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1828:. Archived from
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1497:
1491:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1450:
1181:Mobile messaging
1047:Location history
1039:Unknown location
886:
823:when dialing an
572:Locating methods
371:mobile computing
295:tracking systems
259:
252:
241:
234:
230:
227:
221:
195:
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187:
180:
173:
169:
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146:close connection
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38:
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30:
21:
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2728:
2725:
2694:: 23213–23221.
2681:
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2640:
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2635:
2629:
2610:10.1.1.471.4759
2598:
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2256:
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2251:
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2240:
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2220:
2219:
2215:
2205:Wayback Machine
2196:
2192:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2153:10.1.1.591.7952
2143:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2122:10.1.1.106.7644
2109:
2108:
2104:
2089:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2058:Wayback Machine
2049:
2045:
2036:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2009:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1916:
1910:Wayback Machine
1901:
1897:
1888:
1886:
1883:www.emerson.com
1877:
1876:
1872:
1866:Wayback Machine
1857:
1853:
1848:
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1835:
1833:
1824:
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1812:
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1770:
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1705:ISO/IEC 24730-1
1703:
1699:
1693:ISO/IEC 19762-5
1691:
1687:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1657:GSM Association
1653:Wayback Machine
1644:
1640:
1629:
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1594:
1587:
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1579:
1572:
1557:
1556:
1552:
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1499:
1498:
1494:
1488:Wayback Machine
1478:
1474:
1467:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1316:Geo (marketing)
1281:
1261:Google Latitude
1236:applications).
1206:
1200:
1183:
1150:Google profiles
1084:Yes, mandatory
1078:Yes, by default
966:Web application
898:Find My Friends
893:Google Latitude
880:
723:
683:
681:Locating engine
673:
648:
626:system such as
583:
574:
553:
451:(ETSI) and the
344:
313:Access policies
307:online commerce
299:mobile commerce
260:
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39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2788:
2786:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2770:Geopositioning
2767:
2762:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2724:
2723:
2674:
2667:
2633:
2627:
2591:
2588:on 2013-05-25.
2562:
2543:
2509:
2483:
2426:
2414:
2391:
2386:New York Times
2373:
2359:
2333:
2302:
2271:
2249:
2213:
2190:
2170:
2128:
2102:
2088:978-1595935892
2087:
2073:. p. 28.
2061:
2043:
2018:
1991:
1956:
1941:
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1870:
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1353:
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1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1301:Dead reckoning
1298:
1296:Dashtop mobile
1293:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1241:European Union
1199:
1198:Privacy issues
1196:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1146:
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1141:
1138:
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1128:
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1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:No, by default
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1003:Google Account
1000:
996:
995:
993:
990:
988:
979:
978:
975:
972:
969:
962:
961:
951:Windows Mobile
944:
931:
925:Windows Mobile
910:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
879:
876:
829:enhanced 9-1-1
812:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
777:
776:
770:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
738:to any address
733:
730:
722:
719:
693:, infrared or
672:
669:
647:
644:
620:
619:
616:
613:
582:
579:
573:
570:
552:
549:
517:System (MPS).
398:in computing.
348:World Wide Web
343:
340:
329:mobile network
325:mobile devices
262:
261:
244:
243:
199:
197:
190:
183:
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2395:
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2383:
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2369:
2363:
2360:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2323:on 2014-04-07
2319:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2292:on 2010-04-14
2288:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2239:on 2013-11-10
2235:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2181:on 2013-10-29
2177:
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2090:
2084:
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2076:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2033:on 2021-01-17
2032:
2028:
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2019:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1995:
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1987:
1983:
1979:
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1971:
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1953:
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1919:
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1911:
1907:
1904:
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1884:
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1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1832:on 2013-01-27
1831:
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1759:
1753:
1750:. CRC Press.
1749:
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1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:Mobile dating
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1351:LocationSmart
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
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1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
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1309:
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1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1273:crowdsourcing
1269:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
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1211:
1205:
1197:
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1111:
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1038:
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1021:
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991:
989:
987:
984:
981:
980:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
963:
960:
956:
953:, Windows 8,
952:
948:
947:Windows Phone
945:
943:
939:
935:
932:
930:
926:
922:
921:BlackBerry OS
918:
914:
911:
908:
907:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
888:
887:
884:
877:
875:
873:
872:Rave Wireless
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2737:: 159–170.
2688:IEEE Access
1508:: 259–277.
1291:Cartography
929:Symbian S60
765:tracking a
717:and Wi-Fi.
705:Many other
558:Mobilewalla
522:Switzerland
2754:Categories
2559:: 709–712.
2327:2014-04-04
2296:2010-04-28
2264:26 October
2243:2013-04-30
2185:2013-11-13
2037:2019-03-14
2012:2021-10-01
2006:The Markup
1889:2021-10-10
1885:(in Czech)
1858:US6370629
1836:2013-02-27
1441:References
1429:Wayfinding
1341:Key finder
1311:Fire Eagle
1210:Al Franken
1202:See also:
1168:5000 miles
827:– such as
566:The Markup
476:middleware
277:which use
203:neutrality
90:to readers
50:improve it
2605:CiteSeerX
2532:: 47–52.
2352:25 August
2346:apple.com
2211:, 787–790
2148:CiteSeerX
2117:CiteSeerX
1972:: 11–12.
1326:GeoReader
1192:MobileOne
1190:operator
1174:Infinite
1148:Friends'
968:available
214:talk page
157:talk page
56:talk page
2718:21716708
2502:12 April
2497:BBC News
2478:23524645
2446:: 1376.
2422:"WhyGeo"
2230:Embc2012
2201:Archived
2097:15130951
2054:Archived
1986:12423179
1906:Archived
1862:Archived
1649:Archived
1484:Archived
1279:See also
1171:Infinite
1160:Profile
1013:Facebook
1008:Apple ID
959:Facebook
889:Function
665:check-in
526:Vodafone
507:ZIP-code
503:Palm VII
472:Vodafone
431:Motorola
412:Ericsson
317:location
275:services
207:disputed
2696:Bibcode
2647:Bibcode
2469:3607247
2448:Bibcode
1522:9008319
1399:Navizon
1321:Geoloqi
917:Android
868:Cell ID
814:In the
654:called
628:Galileo
342:History
86:may be
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602:chip.
562:X-Mode
530:Israel
434:pagers
423:PacTel
369:, and
293:, and
2714:S2CID
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1518:S2CID
942:macOS
835:, or
671:Other
600:A-GPS
585:With
496:IMAMS
464:Nokia
2663:ISBN
2623:ISBN
2579:VLDB
2504:2013
2474:PMID
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1140:No
1137:Yes
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992:Yes
971:Yes
955:iOS
934:iOS
913:iOS
851:or
839:in
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