156:
362:
97:
310:
and take action against 'nuisances' (nuisances was a very broad concept encompassing a wide range of environmental public health problems: such as unsanitary dwellings, accumulations of refuse and sewage, smoke dust and smells and industrial emissions, polluted water, noise, adulterated food, slaughterhouse issues etc.).
309:
Employees: A local board of health was allowed to appoint a number of employees, including a surveyor, a clerk, a treasurer, and an officer of health (who had to be a qualified doctor). It was compulsory for the board to appoint an inspector of nuisances (sanitary inspector) to investigate complaints
505:
had included model clauses for the government of towns which could be adopted in all or in part by existing borough corporations, local boards of health or improvement commissioners. The application of these was very uneven, so they were incorporated into the 1858 act, all local boards gaining these
288:
Where a local board district coincided with a borough, or was entirely within a borough's limits, all the members were selected by the corporation. Where a district was entirely outside a municipality, all the members were elected. In districts which were partly in and partly outside a borough the
296:
Those entitled to elect board members could have multiple votes depending on how much property they owned. This ranged from one vote for owners of property worth less than £50, to six votes for those holding more than £250 of property. It followed that board members were generally wealthy property
431:
c. 98). The act came into force in all existing local board of health districts on 1 September 1858. The act made some changes to the procedure for constituting a local board and gave them some additional powers. There was also a change in nomenclature: the authorities created by the 1858 act were
175:
c. 63). The aim of the act was to improve the sanitary condition of towns and populous places in
England and Wales by placing: the supply of water; sewerage; drainage; cleansing; paving, and environmental health regulation under a single local body. The act could be applied to any place in England
258:
In the latter case a superintending inspector appointed by the
General Board would hold an inquiry into the sewerage, drainage, supply of water, state of burial grounds and other matters relating to the sanitary condition of the town, and where necessary define boundaries for the district of the
223:
579:. Many of these local government districts had a population of fewer than 500, and several fewer than 100. Further legislation was passed in 1863 to limit the population of a new local government district to 3,000 or more. Some of these small authorities survived as
481:
Petitions from ten per cent of the ratepayers of places other than those with a "known or defined boundary" to adopt the act were now made to the
Secretary of State. If one in twenty ratepayers objected to the formation of a local board they now had the
622:. A new urban district council was to govern the district. The new council was to be directly elected by all those entitled to voted in parliamentary elections, replacing the weighted property voting system used for local boards.
667:
924:
920:
846:
1031:
974:
722:
934:
607:, with the local board becoming the urban sanitary authority. The titles of the district and board did not change however, the local board assuming extra duties as a sanitary authority.
226:, the other two members being appointed by warrant. The board was originally to be dissolved after five years, but acts of parliament were passed annually allowing for its continuation.
960:
334:
Burials: The local board was allowed to provide houses for the reception of the dead prior to burial. They could also apply to the
General Board to have an existing graveyard closed.
1006:
631:
839:
885:
996:
1016:
832:
560:
merged local boards into municipal boroughs and improvement commissioners where they shared the same district. 419 of the local boards had been formed under the
1011:
313:
Sewers: The local board took over ownership of all public sewers in its district. Where private sewers operated for profit, the local board could purchase them.
1026:
1021:
1001:
619:
580:
59:
468:
The procedure for adopting the act and constituting a local board was laid out in sections 12 – 17 of the act, and was similar to that in the 1848 act.
155:
745:
251:
in any city, town, borough (municipal or parliamentary), parish or place with a defined boundary not having less than 30 such qualified ratepayers.
27:
This article is about the 19th-century
English and Welsh local government establishments. For the 21st-century NHS Wales administrative units, see
1036:
384:
119:
890:
881:
289:
board had a mixture of selected and elected members. Selected members did not have to be members of the corporation. Borough mayors were
316:
Street cleansing: The local board was required to clean the streets in its district, removing dust, ashes, rubbish, filth, dung and soil.
916:
379:
An Act to amend the Public Health Act, 1848, and to make further
Provision for the Local Government of Towns and populous Districts.
185:
325:
Street paving: The local board took over the public streets in the district, and could also require that private streets be paved.
366:
101:
493:
The method of electing members of the board remained the same, although existing or new boards could now be divided into wards.
192:
206:. This was supported by reports, from the Royal Commission on the Health of Towns (formed in 1843) and local branches of the
199:
771:
453:
262:
Where the boundaries of a proposed local board's district were the same as an existing local unit, the act was applied by
440:
When the
General Board of Health was abolished in 1858 its responsibilities in respect of local government passed to the
571:
The number of local boards was inflated in 1862–63, as communities adopted the act in order to avoid being grouped into
502:
331:
Water supply: The local board was allowed to supply water, but only if a private company could not provide the service.
54:
and ensure the proper supply of water to their districts. Local boards were eventually merged with the corporations of
266:. Where a new district was created this was done by provisional order of the General Board, confirmed by Parliament.
207:
545:
322:
Slaughterhouses: The local board was to regulate slaughterhouses, and was allowed to provide such facilities itself.
50:
epidemics and were given powers to control sewers, clean the streets, regulate environmental health risks including
222:
as a central authority to administer the act. There were three commissioners: the president of the board being the
951:
911:
895:
867:
611:
584:
475:
71:
796:
966:
699:
596:
557:
449:
195:
694:
478:
could adopt the act for their district, the board of commissioners becoming in addition the local board.
374:
109:
576:
147:
871:
772:"An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment and Walkover Survey of Land at The Pentagon Centre, Chatham"
448:
was formed to administer the local boards. In 1871 a separate agency was again formed entitled the
876:
28:
319:
Public lavatories: The local board could provide "public necessities" (as the act called them).
970:
790:
604:
523:
483:
412:
279:
232:
In 1852, Edward Gotto was employed to carry out the national
General Board of Health Survey.
55:
43:
737:
615:
600:
572:
548:, and was given a new power to provide a market place where one was required or inadequate.
428:
389:
263:
181:
172:
124:
51:
224:
First
Commissioner of Her Majesty's Woods and Forests, Land Revenues, Works and Buildings
17:
824:
328:
Pleasure grounds: The local boards were allowed to provide and lay out pleasure grounds.
254:
By the
General Board if the death rate exceeded twenty-three in a thousand in any place.
930:
457:
441:
229:
Chadwick was appointed a commissioner, and the board was strongly associated with him.
203:
177:
990:
672:
544:
The local board also took over any lamps, lamp posts and gas posts provided by the
402:
160:
137:
810:
489:
The power to create a local board where there was excess mortality was abolished.
432:
simply entitled "local boards" and their areas as "local government districts".
305:
The powers and duties of a local board of health were enumerated in the act:
741:
610:
Local boards and local government districts were finally abolished by the
248:
957:
Public Health Act 1848 - Local board of health/Local government district
210:(formed in 1844), of poor and insanitary conditions in many UK cities.
47:
456:
member. The Local Government Board also took over the duties of the
556:
The number of local boards peaked at 721 in 1873. In that year the
154:
828:
436:
The Local Government Act Office and the Local Government Board
730:
Journal of the Society for the Social History of Medicine
247:
By a petition of one-tenth of the inhabitants rated to
235:
The board finally ceased to exist on 1 September 1858.
944:
904:
860:
513:
Removal of obstructions and nuisances in the street
411:
401:
396:
383:
373:
146:
136:
131:
118:
108:
46:from 1848 to 1894. They were formed in response to
1032:Defunct types of subdivision in the United Kingdom
618:c. 73), when all urban sanitary districts became
632:Local boards formed in England and Wales 1848–94
603:c. 55) designated local government districts as
519:Provision and control of places of public resort
284:Elected by owners of property and by rate payers
695:"List of commissions and officials: 1840-1849"
167:The first local boards were created under the
840:
8:
1007:1894 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
349:
84:
896:Non-metropolitan district (shire district)
847:
833:
825:
723:"The Healthy City and the Ecological Idea"
348:
337:Land: The local board could purchase land.
243:Local boards could be formed in two ways:
83:
42:) was a local authority in urban areas of
997:1848 establishments in the United Kingdom
537:Removal of ruinous or dangerous buildings
442:Secretary of State of the Home Department
452:, with a President who was frequently a
659:
114:An Act for promoting the Public Health.
1017:Local government in the United Kingdom
788:
591:Sanitary districts and urban districts
297:owners or members of the professions.
855:District status in the United Kingdom
274:Members of local boards were either:
148:Text of statute as originally enacted
7:
1012:Organizations disestablished in 1894
882:Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973
1027:Urban society in the United Kingdom
1022:Public health in the United Kingdom
721:Ashton, John; Ubido, Janet (1991).
531:Naming streets and numbering houses
509:Areas covered by the clauses were:
159:Sitting of the Board of Health, at
528:Provision of public bathing houses
25:
1002:Organizations established in 1848
777:. archaeologyse.co.uk. p. 19
423:The 1848 act was replaced by the
367:Parliament of the United Kingdom
360:
278:Selected by the corporations of
102:Parliament of the United Kingdom
95:
239:Forming a local board of health
202:, in response to the urging of
1037:John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
564:, the remaining 302 under the
546:Lighting and Watching Act 1833
1:
891:Districts of Northern Ireland
534:Improving the line of streets
184:already under the control of
668:"The 1848 Public Health Act"
503:Town Police Clauses Act 1847
180:and some other areas in the
446:Local Government Act Office
270:Membership of a local board
208:Health of Towns Association
1053:
770:Thorne, Alice (Oct 2006).
540:Provision of public clocks
346:United Kingdom legislation
191:The Act was passed by the
81:United Kingdom legislation
69:
66:Pre-Public Health Act 1848
26:
912:Local Government Act 1894
868:Local Government Act 1972
815:spartacus-educational.com
649:Local Government Act 1894
646:Local Government Act 1858
612:Local Government Act 1894
566:Local Government Act 1858
516:Fires and fire prevention
476:Improvement commissioners
464:Constituting local boards
425:Local Government Act 1858
359:
354:
350:Local Government Act 1858
342:Local Government Act 1858
94:
89:
72:Improvement commissioners
18:Local Government Act 1858
952:Improvement Act District
605:urban sanitary districts
444:, in whose department a
471:Changes made included:
301:Powers of a local board
220:General Board of Health
214:General Board of Health
967:Public Health Act 1875
700:British History Online
643:Public Health Act 1848
597:Public Health Act 1875
562:Public Health Act 1848
558:Public Health Act 1872
552:Number of local boards
450:Local Government Board
169:Public Health Act 1848
164:
85:Public Health Act 1848
77:Public Health Act 1848
886:Districts of Scotland
176:and Wales except the
158:
70:Further information:
36:local board of health
872:Districts of England
795:: CS1 maint: year (
585:county review orders
163:, Whitehall, in 1849
751:on 24 December 2013
742:10.1093/shm/4.1.173
351:
186:sewer commissioners
86:
58:in 1873, or became
945:Pre-1894 districts
877:Districts of Wales
280:municipal boroughs
249:relief of the poor
218:The act created a
165:
56:municipal boroughs
29:Local health board
984:
983:
971:Sanitary district
616:56 & 57 Vict.
601:38 & 39 Vict.
577:Highways Act 1862
573:highway districts
524:hackney carriages
497:Additional powers
484:right to petition
429:21 & 22 Vict.
421:
420:
390:21 & 22 Vict.
355:Act of Parliament
200:Lord John Russell
173:11 & 12 Vict.
153:
152:
125:11 & 12 Vict.
90:Act of Parliament
44:England and Wales
16:(Redirected from
1044:
905:County districts
849:
842:
835:
826:
819:
818:
811:"Edwin Chadwick"
807:
801:
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786:
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744:. Archived from
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664:
417:1 September 1858
364:
363:
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264:Order in Council
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21:
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715:
705:
703:
693:
692:
688:
678:
676:
666:
665:
661:
656:
640:
628:
620:urban districts
593:
581:urban districts
554:
499:
466:
438:
369:
361:
347:
344:
303:
293:board members.
272:
241:
216:
104:
96:
82:
79:
74:
68:
60:urban districts
52:slaughterhouses
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
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1004:
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989:
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982:
981:
979:
978:
964:
954:
948:
946:
942:
941:
939:
938:
931:Rural district
928:
917:Urban district
914:
908:
906:
902:
901:
899:
898:
893:
888:
879:
874:
864:
862:
858:
857:
854:
852:
851:
844:
837:
829:
821:
820:
802:
762:
736:(1): 173–181.
713:
686:
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655:
652:
651:
650:
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644:
639:
636:
635:
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627:
624:
592:
589:
587:of the 1930s.
553:
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541:
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529:
526:
522:Regulation of
520:
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465:
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458:Poor Law Board
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204:Edwin Chadwick
178:City of London
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142:31 August 1848
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673:UK Parliament
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407:2 August 1858
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259:local board.
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38:(or simply a
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19:
956:
861:Contemporary
814:
805:
779:. Retrieved
765:
753:. Retrieved
746:the original
733:
729:
716:
704:. Retrieved
698:
689:
677:. Retrieved
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413:Commencement
403:Royal assent
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190:
168:
166:
161:Gwydyr House
138:Royal assent
39:
35:
33:
486:against it.
40:local board
991:Categories
781:1 February
583:until the
575:under the
375:Long title
291:ex officio
196:government
182:Metropolis
110:Long title
925:1896–1974
62:in 1894.
791:cite web
626:See also
506:powers.
385:Citation
120:Citation
921:1894–95
638:Sources
454:Cabinet
48:cholera
755:8 July
706:29 May
679:29 May
975:Rural
775:(PDF)
749:(PDF)
726:(PDF)
654:Notes
397:Dates
392:c. 98
132:Dates
127:c. 63
961:List
935:List
797:link
783:2014
757:2013
708:2020
681:2020
595:The
501:The
193:Whig
923:) (
738:doi
198:of
993::
969:-
884:-
870:-
813:.
793:}}
789:{{
732:.
728:.
697:.
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568:.
460:.
188:.
34:A
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841:t
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817:.
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710:.
683:.
614:(
599:(
427:(
171:(
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
