1411:
471:
55:
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price, by which additional 'money' is being directly created. Though virtual currencies are not 'local' in the traditional sense, they do cater to the specific needs of a particular community, a virtual community. Once in circulation, they add to the total effective purchasing power of the on-line population as in the case of local currencies. The
Chinese government has begun to tax the coins as they are exchanged from virtual currency to actual hard currency.
2456:
1397:
483:
852:) that use price as a measure of value. An example of local currency implemented as a trade exchange is Bay Bucks in the Bay Area of California, USA. LETS were originally started in Vancouver, Canada, there are presently more than 30 LETS systems operating in Canada and over 400 in the United Kingdom. Australia, France, New Zealand, and Switzerland have similar systems.
723:
local purchasing power. The alternative currency is used to increase demand, resulting in a greater exploitation of productive resources. So long as the local economy is functioning at less than full capacity, the introduction of local currency need not be inflationary, even when it results in a significant increase in total money supply and total economic activity.
735:
Airline frequent flyer miles are a form of complementary currency that promotes customer-loyalty in exchange for free travel. The airlines offer most of the coupons for seats on less heavily sold flights where some seats normally go empty, thus providing a benefit to customers at relatively low cost to the airline.
767:
863:
Several software packages have been written supporting the management of community currencies. In 1998, Richard Kay, a senior lecturer at
Birmingham City University, wrote a "Multi-registry System" specification for routing and processing community currency transactions using an approach designed to
807:
Transition currencies are payment voucher-based systems that are exchangeable with the national currency. Between 2002-2014 many experiments in local currency took this form. Such currencies aim to raise the resilience of local economies by encouraging re-localisation of buying and food production.
734:
system in Japan issues credits in exchange for assistance to senior citizens. Family members living far from their parents can earn credits by offering assistance to the elderly in their local community. The credits can then be transferred to their parents and redeemed by them for local assistance.
722:
Local currencies enable the community to more fully use its existing productive resources, especially unemployed labor, which has a catalytic effect on the rest of the local economy. They are based on the premise that the community is not fully using its productive capacities, because of a lack of
743:
are a virtual form of currency that has gained wide circulation. QQ coins can be bought for
Renminbi and used to buy virtual products and services such as ringtones and on-line video game time. They can also be obtained through on-line exchange for goods and services at about twice the Renminbi
726:
Since local currencies are only accepted within the community, their usage encourages the purchase of locally produced and locally-available goods and services. Thus, for any level of economic activity, more of the benefit accrues to the local community and less drains out to other parts of the
689:
Addressing environmental impacts: Community currencies can play a role in better valuation of environmental resources and providing an incentive for more sustainable behavior. For example, the
Belgian Portemonnee rewards residents for environmentally positive actions such as composting. Reward
757:
movement in the UK have been criticized for failing to address the needs of the wider population, especially lower socio-economic groups. Such local currency initiatives have been more widely criticized as having limited success in stimulating spending in local economies, and as an unrealistic
674:
Supporting small and medium enterprises: Community currencies can serve as a means to promote independent shops over large corporations since they keep on circulating locally. They can also help SMEs support each other financially by lending and receiving credit, goods and services within the
831:
Rewards currency based on the frequent flyer model. Consumer spends cash with participating businesses who issue rewards points in a local currency. These rewards points can be used to offset cash prices in future purchases. An example is
Oakland Grown in Oakland,
685:
Countering inequality and social exclusion: Specially designed currencies can address inequality issues by giving everyone the chance to get involved in their community; for instance by rewarding participation in voluntary programs. (Spice Time
Credits,
727:
country or the world. For instance, construction work undertaken with local currencies employs local labor and uses as far as possible local materials. The enhanced local effect becomes an incentive for the local population to accept and use the scrips.
637:- generally, a synonym for complementary currency, referring to a currency designed to work in conjunction with the national currency; less often refers to a type of private currency which attempts to supplant or circumvent the national currency.
714:
tend to circulate much more rapidly than national currencies. The same amount of currency in circulation is employed more times and results in far greater overall economic activity. It produces greater benefit per unit. The higher
738:
While most of these currencies are restricted to a small geographic area or a country, through the
Internet electronic forms of complementary currency can be used to stimulate transactions on a global basis. In China, Tencent's
555:
to a national currency, rather than replacing it, and aims to encourage spending within a local community, especially with locally owned businesses. Such currencies may not be backed by a national government nor be
655:... money is simply a social technology and the ways in which it is designed, produced and controlled – far from being neutral or predetermined factors – all influence the effects it has upon society at large.
670:
Democratizing services and organisations: time credits for volunteering encourage people to actively engage in their community while making services, such as elderly care, more democratic. Zeitvorsoge,
1864:
1560:
2954:
1265:
1323:
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Some forms of complementary currency can promote fuller use of resources over a much wider geographic area and help bridge the barriers imposed by distance. The
2811:
1618:
Robert
Costanza et al., "Complementary Currencies as a Method to Improve Local Sustainable Economic Welfare", University of Vermont, Draft, Dec. 12th, 2003.
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3027:
2099:
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2788:
2159:
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1283:
560:. About 300 complementary currencies, including local currencies, are listed in the Complementary Currency Resource Center worldwide database.
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3194:
1596:
1571:
514:
3199:
2919:
2909:
140:
135:
2002:
625:- a currency issued by an individual, business or non-governmental organization. Complementary currencies are a type of private currency.
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2821:
1487:
1455:
2187:
1990:
1802:
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2438:
1977:
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145:
113:
3133:
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2500:
1472:
1079:
849:
205:
164:
130:
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125:
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590:
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movement originating in the UK has used local currencies for re-localisation in the face of energy descent from
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1060:
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647:
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Local currencies aim at using money as a tool to achieve social or environmental objectives. According to the
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3412:
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3149:
2939:
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1755:
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227:
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by Krohn, G and Snyder, A (2008) International
Journal of Community Currency Research, Vol. 12, pages 53–68
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The drive for this change has arisen from a range of community-based initiatives and social movements. The
3341:
3189:
2827:
2743:
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2632:
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877:
572:
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394:
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3235:
3209:
3112:
2883:
2726:
2229:
1445:
262:
237:
1695:
1881:
619:- less common synonyms for community or local currency. (see for example Douthwaite & Wagman 1999)
3437:
3316:
3171:
3006:
2914:
2605:
2425:
777:
Monetary
Foundation. The currency is used by both tourists and local residents of Salt Spring Island.
711:
634:
500:
34:
666:
Some of the purposes for community currencies identified by Community Currencies in Action include:
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3465:
3311:
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3107:
3102:
3070:
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1742:
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703:
217:
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also known as Time Banks that use time as a measure of value. An example is Dane County Time Bank.
719:
is a result of the negative interest rate which encourages people to spend the money more quickly.
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865:
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363:
176:
101:
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Maintaining the purchasing power, value preservation. Example: Convertible Minute / Minutes Bank
54:
27:
Currency that can be spent in a particular geographical locality at participating organisations.
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3204:
2748:
2694:
2657:
2542:
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1004:
951:
716:
628:
252:
222:
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94:
631:- a complementary currency used within one economic sector, such as education or health care.
593:, such as residents of a locality, association, or members of a business or online community.
3356:
3321:
3166:
3034:
2863:
2731:
2716:
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2612:
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1737:
1663:
809:
786:
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622:
548:
331:
316:
242:
197:
3143:
3020:
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2711:
2639:
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2520:
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2318:
1868:
1762:
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1119:
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that can be spent in a particular geographical locality at participating organisations. A
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2721:
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illustrates some of the common characteristics and major benefits of local currencies.
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currencies can also encourage businesses to adopt more environmentally sound practices.
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3255:
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2868:
2396:
2113:
Tóth, Balázs. (2011). The Function of Local Currencies in Local Economic Development.
1941:
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794:
676:
159:
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3326:
3250:
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1402:
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580:
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375:
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321:
1533:"People Powered Money: designing, developing and delivering community currencies"
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2527:
2481:
2433:
2380:
2375:
1365:
661:
People Powered Money: designing, developing and delivering community currencies.
442:
408:
42:
17:
2258:
People Powered Money: designing, developing and delivering community currencies
1926:
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2689:
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2334:
2328:
2076:
1392:
1343:
1088:
821:
798:
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425:
2138:
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Modern local currencies can be classified into the following distinct types:
543:
is a form of local currency encompassing a larger geographical area, while a
3470:
3346:
3270:
2979:
2858:
2667:
1617:
1440:
1165:
528:
382:
2274:
An economic analysis of contemporary local currencies in the United States
1978:"Introducing the Bangla-Pesa, Kenya's beautiful new complementary currency"
3499:
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3128:
2537:
2495:
2490:
2357:
2192:
1959:
1243:
813:
740:
536:
401:
389:
106:
89:
76:
864:
be decentralized, with no single point of control or failure, using the
3065:
2262:
https://neweconomics.org/uploads/files/0dba46d13aa81f0fe3_zhm62ipns.pdf
1430:
790:
2188:"Le Farinet, monnaie locale 100% valaisanne, verra le jour début 2017"
2843:
2600:
2559:
2510:
2402:
2369:
2279:
1425:
1138:
430:
1820:
2088:
1862:
Clone Town Britain survey: results reveals national identity crisis
2989:
2472:
2408:
1803:"Do "local currencies" really help the communities that use them?"
1492:
1052:
765:
449:
435:
418:
413:
2766:
2016:
2579:
2532:
2363:
2340:
2270:
by DeMeulenaere, S (1998) Complementary Currency Resource Centre
2077:
Le Krôcô, monnaie locale complémentaire de Nîmes & alentours
1885:
358:
84:
2770:
2283:
1720:
2414:
2268:
An overview of parallel, local and community currency systems
2208:
2064:
785:
Transition currency based on the local currencies used by the
2122:
1597:"Online Database of Complementary Currency Systems Worldwide"
1699:
882:
1906:
1458:
for community based initiatives aimed at emission reduction
1561:"Banknotes, local currencies and central bank objectives"
605:- a local currency where the locality is a larger region.
2003:"Triestingtaler" pumpte schon 300.000 Euro in die Region
2067:(www.bbc.com). April 19, 2019. Retrieved on 2019-05-01.
575:- is used as a complement to a national currency, as a
2230:
Conoce las monedas alternativas que circulan en MĂ©xico
2211:(www.bbc.com). June 27, 2017. Retrieved on 2017-06-28.
2196:, 18 November 2016 (page visited on 18 November 2016).
2102:
Regionalwährung „Berliner“ steht endgültig vor dem Aus
1777:"Lewes, the proud town that is printing its own money"
3430:
3375:
3284:
3218:
3159:
3121:
3095:
3079:
3053:
3044:
2998:
2892:
2836:
2804:
2588:
2471:
2424:
2389:
2317:
2955:National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee
1927:"Comparison Matrix of Community Currency Software"
1266:List of community currencies in the United Kingdom
839:system. This can be further sub-divided into two:
589:- a complementary currency used by a group with a
1324:List of community currencies in the United States
547:might be local or be used for exchange within an
710:Local currencies with negative interest rate or
2038:"Lokale munt 'Zinne' vanaf donderdag in omloop"
1842:"Measures Aim To Tackle Problem Of Empty Shops"
1636:Lietaer, Bernard; Hallsmith, Gwendolyn (2006).
652:
971:Kangdong Bilsalmoney - Seoul city Kang dong gu
599:- a complementary currency used in a locality.
2782:
2295:
2017:"Zinne.brussels | Monnaie Locale/Burgervalua"
1960:"SPECIFICATION FOR MRS CLIENT-SERVER SYSTEMS"
974:Incheon Euem Card - Incheon Metropolitan City
508:
8:
2812:Conscientious objection to military taxation
1775:Jamie Doward and Naomi Loomes (2008-08-17).
1721:"We Create Meaningful Change In Communities"
983:E Bargu pay - Busan Metropolitan City Donggu
989:Daegu Hangbok Pay - Daegu Metropolitan City
986:ohrukdo pay - Busan Metropolitan City Namgu
3050:
3028:The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest
2789:
2775:
2767:
2386:
2302:
2288:
2280:
1682:"Community Currencies in Action: SoNantes"
977:Ontong Daejeon - Daejeon Metropolitan City
515:
501:
29:
2817:List of historical acts of tax resistance
2005:, wirtschaftspressedienst.at, 13 May 2005
1871:The new economics foundation, 6 June 2005
1696:"TradeQoin is a network of entrepreneurs"
820:. Other drives include movements against
650:partner Community Currencies in Action:
2206:The criminal who inspired a new currency
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
1823:. Salt Spring Island Monetary Foundation
1595:Complementary Currency Resource Center.
980:Dong baek jeon - Busan Metropolitan City
2260:(2015) Community Currencies in Action (
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
1515:
773:are a community currency issued by the
41:
2960:Northern California War Tax Resistance
2950:National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1284:List of community currencies in Canada
3403:Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes
3195:Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)
2668:Commodity theory of money (Metallism)
2062:The French region with a new currency
1554:
1552:
1550:
758:strategy to reduce carbon emissions.
7:
3200:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
2920:Association of Real Estate Taxpayers
2910:All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation
959:Bucheon Pay - Kyunggido Bucheon City
835:Mutual Credit currency based on the
2822:Tax resistance in the United States
2242:TĂşmin, moneda alternativa en MĂ©xico
1488:Schumacher Center for New Economics
1456:Emissions Reduction Currency System
3185:No taxation without representation
965:Seoul Love Gift Token - Seoul city
25:
3383:Anti-austerity movement in Greece
2645:Akkadian standards of measurement
789:movement in the UK. They include
3393:Edward and Elaine Brown standoff
3362:Women's poll tax repeal movement
2930:Committee for Non-Violent Action
2454:
1535:. Community Currencies in Action
1409:
1395:
878:List of complementary currencies
675:currency network. Examples are:
481:
469:
53:
2331:(W. Mesoamerica & N. Andes)
1756:China Taxes Online Game Players
3443:Potentially dangerous taxpayer
1765:KerryOnWorld, December 7, 2008
1643:. Global Community Initiatives
956:Si-ru - Kyunggi-do Sheung city
1:
2985:Women's Tax Resistance League
2648:
2596:List of historical currencies
2501:Central bank digital currency
1844:. Publicnet.co.uk. 2009-04-15
1664:"Private Currency Definition"
1601:www.complementarycurrency.org
1473:Local exchange trading system
1371:Convertible Minute (currency)
968:NO WON - Seoul city No won gu
850:local exchange trading system
551:. A local currency acts as a
3494:history in the United States
2702:Standard of deferred payment
1801:Harford, Tim (May 3, 2008).
962:Daeon - Kyunggido Ansan city
3134:Revolt of the papier timbré
2137:(in Slovak). Archived from
749:Difficulties and criticisms
3567:
2945:Irish National Land League
2905:Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera
1991:Gyeonggi-do Local Currency
1946:Birmingham City University
1638:"Community Currency Guide"
875:
848:Trade exchanges and LETS (
3139:Revolt of the va-nu-pieds
3087:Cornish Rebellion of 1497
2449:
2160:"Recurs Econòmic Ciutadà "
1356:Community Exchange System
1164:Recurs Econòmic Ciutadà (
913:Community Exchange System
753:Local currencies and the
2685:Quantity theory of money
2506:Chattel/movable property
2244:Retrieved on 2019-12-21.
2232:Retrieved on 2019-12-21.
2079:Retrieved on 2019-12-21.
1993:Retrieved on 2020-09-04.
872:List of local currencies
648:New Economics Foundation
3413:Movimiento Pos Me Salto
1478:Local multiplier effect
1249:Reka-Check (since 1940)
762:Modern local currencies
679:, SoNantes, TradeQoin,
579:, which is usually not
395:Commemorative banknotes
3342:Poplar Rates Rebellion
3190:Philadelphia Tea Party
2744:Complementary currency
2673:Credit theory of money
2633:Depository institution
1483:Paul Glover (activist)
1469:(aka informal economy)
868:for server discovery.
778:
664:
573:Complementary currency
553:complementary currency
476:Numismatics portal
114:Circulating currencies
3418:Yellow vests protests
3408:Movimento Passe Livre
3388:Anti-Bin Tax Campaign
3210:White Lotus Rebellion
3113:Revolt of the Pitauds
2884:Unreported employment
2828:List of tax resisters
2727:Digital gold currency
2100:Berliner Morgenpost:
1821:"Salt Spring Dollars"
1446:Collaborative finance
769:
206:Historical currencies
47:the study of currency
3438:Income tax threshold
3317:Champaran Satyagraha
3007:An Act of Conscience
2940:I Don't Pay Movement
2915:Anti-Poll Tax Unions
2606:Coincidence of wants
2426:Representative money
2135:"Lokálna mena živec"
1725:www.justaddspice.org
1559:Naqvi, Mona (2013).
1255:Farinet (since 2017)
992:Tamnanen Jeon - Jeju
635:Alternative currency
177:Fictional currencies
3541:Localism (politics)
3505:Taxation as slavery
3466:Redemption movement
3462:Freeman on the land
3312:Bondelswarts affair
3276:Wallachian uprising
3266:Tancament de Caixes
3241:Hut Tax War of 1898
3103:Croquant rebellions
2754:Time-based currency
2089:offizielle Homepage
1743:The Future of Money
1568:bankofengland.co.uk
1503:Time-based currency
843:Time-based currency
803:Salt Spring Dollars
771:Salt Spring dollars
364:Commemorative coins
275:Medieval currencies
184:Proposed currencies
3551:Community building
3448:Render unto Caesar
3302:Bardoli Satyagraha
3297:Bambatha Rebellion
3014:Civil Disobedience
2925:Catalunya Diu Prou
2623:Clearinghouse bank
2311:Medium of exchange
1867:2012-11-08 at the
1761:2017-02-12 at the
1623:2009-06-12 at the
1417:Numismatics portal
1074:Approximately 300
866:Domain Name System
779:
775:Salt Spring Island
609:Auxiliary currency
587:Community currency
577:medium of exchange
568:Some definitions:
545:community currency
3518:
3517:
3510:Taxation as theft
3481:Tax noncompliance
3458:Sovereign citizen
3426:
3425:
3261:Saminism Movement
3205:Whiskey Rebellion
3172:Fries's Rebellion
2764:
2763:
2749:Sectoral currency
2695:Market monetarism
2658:Code of Hammurabi
2447:
2446:
2439:Gold certificates
1385:
1384:
1085:Berliner Regional
1005:Kelantanese dinar
952:Gyeonggi Province
717:velocity of money
629:Sectoral currency
603:Regional currency
541:regional currency
525:
524:
16:(Redirected from
3558:
3531:Local currencies
3357:Vedaranyam March
3322:Kheda Satyagraha
3236:House Tax Hartal
3167:Boston Tea Party
3071:Peasants' Revolt
3051:
3035:Vyborg Manifesto
2864:Self-sufficiency
2791:
2784:
2777:
2768:
2732:Virtual currency
2717:Digital currency
2653:
2650:
2613:Bureau de change
2464:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2390:Domestic animals
2387:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2281:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2212:
2203:
2197:
2184:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2131:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2097:
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2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1884:. Archived from
1878:
1872:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1772:
1766:
1753:
1747:
1746:, Century, 2002.
1738:Lietaer, Bernard
1735:
1729:
1728:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1698:. Archived from
1692:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1642:
1633:
1627:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1603:. Archived from
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1570:. Archived from
1565:
1556:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1529:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1398:
883:
810:Transition Towns
801:in the USA, and
787:Transition Towns
755:Transition Towns
704:Wörgl experiment
662:
623:Private currency
549:online community
517:
510:
503:
488:Money portal
486:
485:
484:
474:
473:
472:
198:History of money
153:Local currencies
57:
48:
30:
21:
18:Local currencies
3566:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3546:Monetary reform
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3422:
3371:
3280:
3214:
3155:
3144:Salt Tax Revolt
3117:
3091:
3075:
3046:
3040:
3021:Clericis laicos
2994:
2935:Fasci Siciliani
2888:
2832:
2800:
2795:
2765:
2760:
2712:Unit of account
2651:
2584:
2570:Promissory note
2548:Deposit account
2521:Cheque clearing
2475:
2467:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2443:
2420:
2385:
2353:Precious metals
2320:
2313:
2308:
2254:
2252:Further reading
2249:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2215:
2204:
2200:
2185:
2174:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1882:"Oakland Grown"
1880:
1879:
1875:
1869:Wayback Machine
1860:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1763:Wayback Machine
1754:
1750:
1736:
1732:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1625:Wayback Machine
1616:
1612:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1498:Sharing economy
1467:Informal sector
1462:Fiscal localism
1415:
1410:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1352:
1333:
1275:
1152:ZvolenskĂ˝ Ĺľivec
1125:
1078:(comparable to
1013:
927:
890:
880:
874:
861:
806:
764:
751:
700:
663:
660:
644:
566:
521:
492:
482:
480:
470:
468:
460:
459:
352:Coin collecting
347:
346:
337:
336:
290:
289:
280:
279:
201:
200:
189:
188:
80:
79:
46:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3564:
3562:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:Freiwirtschaft
3533:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3431:Related topics
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3398:Bonnets Rouges
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3337:Poll Tax Riots
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2970:Peace churches
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2854:Local currency
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2798:Tax resistance
2796:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2739:Local currency
2736:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2722:Cryptocurrency
2714:
2709:
2707:Store of value
2704:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2665:
2662:§100; §122–125
2655:
2652: 2150 BC
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:(Tibet, China)
2412:
2406:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2360:(cotton cloth)
2355:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2234:
2213:
2198:
2172:
2151:
2126:
2115:
2106:
2092:
2081:
2069:
2054:
2029:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1980:. 20 May 2013.
1969:
1951:
1933:
1918:
1898:
1873:
1854:
1833:
1812:
1807:Slate Magazine
1793:
1767:
1748:
1730:
1712:
1687:
1673:
1654:
1628:
1610:
1607:on 2013-01-16.
1587:
1546:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1436:Cryptocurrency
1433:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1406:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1260:United Kingdom
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1023:TriestingTaler
1020:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
994:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
948:
947:
945:
941:
940:
934:
933:
931:
926:
923:
922:
921:
916:
909:
908:
906:
902:
901:
897:
896:
894:
889:
886:
881:
873:
870:
860:
857:
856:
855:
854:
853:
846:
833:
829:
818:climate change
763:
760:
750:
747:
746:
745:
736:
728:
724:
720:
699:
696:
695:
694:
691:
687:
683:
672:
658:
643:
640:
639:
638:
632:
626:
620:
606:
600:
597:Local currency
594:
584:
565:
562:
533:local currency
523:
522:
520:
519:
512:
505:
497:
494:
493:
491:
490:
478:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
452:
446:
445:
439:
438:
433:
428:
422:
421:
416:
411:
405:
404:
398:
397:
392:
386:
385:
379:
378:
373:
367:
366:
361:
355:
354:
348:
344:
343:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
329:
324:
319:
313:
312:
307:
302:
297:
291:
287:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
209:
208:
202:
196:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
180:
179:
173:
172:
167:
162:
156:
155:
149:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
117:
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
92:
87:
81:
75:
74:
73:
70:
69:
68:
67:
59:
58:
50:
49:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3563:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3486:Tax protester
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3476:Tax inversion
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:Rebecca Riots
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Low Rebellion
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:Anti-Rent War
3224:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Tuchin Revolt
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Pagal Panthis
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:Organizations
2891:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Tax avoidance
2872:
2870:
2869:Simple living
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:; c. 1750 BC)
2663:
2659:
2656:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2452:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2397:Water buffalo
2395:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2366:(Roman world)
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2337:(Mesoamerica)
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2141:on 2015-08-21
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1964:copsewood.net
1961:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1888:on 2014-01-08
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1702:on 2017-02-11
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1662:Chen, James.
1658:
1655:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1577:on 2015-09-23
1573:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
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1350:International
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1331:South America
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1318:United States
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1273:North America
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837:mutual credit
834:
830:
827:
823:
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800:
796:
795:Bristol Pound
792:
791:Brixton Pound
788:
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768:
761:
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756:
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729:
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688:
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677:Bristol Pound
673:
669:
668:
667:
657:
656:
651:
649:
641:
636:
633:
630:
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624:
621:
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614:
613:microcurrency
610:
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371:Bullion coins
369:
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160:Company scrip
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141:South America
139:
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136:North America
134:
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60:
56:
52:
51:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
3453:Irwin Schiff
3332:Mau movement
3327:Johnson cult
3251:Mejba Revolt
3177:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2853:
2849:Gift economy
2738:
2628:Savings bank
2618:Central bank
2555:Legal tender
2462:Money portal
2273:
2267:
2257:
2237:
2201:
2191:
2186:Lila Erard,
2164:. Retrieved
2162:(in Catalan)
2154:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:the original
2129:
2118:
2109:
2101:
2095:
2084:
2072:
2057:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:www.bruzz.be
2041:
2032:
2021:. Retrieved
2010:
1998:
1986:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1921:
1910:. Retrieved
1901:
1890:. Retrieved
1886:the original
1876:
1857:
1846:. Retrieved
1836:
1825:. Retrieved
1815:
1806:
1796:
1785:. Retrieved
1780:
1770:
1751:
1741:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1704:. Retrieved
1700:the original
1690:
1676:
1668:Investopedia
1667:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1631:
1613:
1605:the original
1600:
1590:
1579:. Retrieved
1572:the original
1567:
1537:. Retrieved
1451:Conder token
1403:Money portal
1379:
1375:Minutes Bank
1321:
1281:
1263:
1246:(since 1934)
1124:
1094:Urstromtaler
1075:
938:Fureai kippu
905:South Africa
862:
780:
752:
732:Fureai kippu
701:
665:
654:
653:
645:
616:
612:
608:
602:
596:
581:legal tender
567:
558:legal tender
544:
540:
532:
526:
409:Credit cards
170:Time dollars
152:
3367:Women's War
3307:Beit Sahour
3231:Dog Tax War
3108:Rappenkrieg
2975:Peacemakers
2879:Tax evasion
2580:Safekeeping
2434:Bimetallism
2349:(W. Africa)
1942:"Our Staff"
1907:"Bay Bucks"
1366:Hub Culture
1236:Switzerland
1076:Tauschringe
900:Bangla-Pesa
797:in the UK,
591:common bond
564:Terminology
443:Scripophily
43:Numismatics
3525:Categories
3352:Salt March
3047:by century
2900:Addiopizzo
2690:Monetarism
2678:Chartalism
2575:Redemption
2565:Possession
2528:Clay token
2381:Trade bead
2335:Cocoa bean
2319:Commodity
2166:2019-08-23
2145:2015-08-23
2048:2023-02-25
2044:(in Dutch)
2023:2023-02-25
2019:(in Dutch)
1912:2014-01-15
1892:2014-01-15
1848:2010-08-14
1827:2011-04-27
1787:2010-08-14
1706:2017-02-10
1581:2015-06-17
1510:References
1322:See here:
1282:See here:
1264:See here:
1195:Expronceda
1174:Costavales
1089:Chiemgauer
876:See also:
822:clone town
805:in Canada.
799:BerkShares
681:Chiemgauer
345:Collection
288:Production
218:Achaemenid
3490:arguments
3471:Tax haven
3347:Turra Coo
3271:Tithe War
3152:in Moscow
3150:Salt Riot
3045:Campaigns
2980:Planka.nu
2859:Rebellion
2399:(SE Asia)
2329:Axe-money
2015:zinneke.
1441:Buy local
1336:Argentina
1244:WIR franc
1192:EuroDelta
1166:Barcelona
712:demurrage
617:Eco-Money
529:economics
390:Banknotes
383:Notaphily
317:Hammering
300:Designers
223:Byzantine
90:Banknotes
3500:Tax riot
3292:Agbekoya
3146:in Spain
3129:Angelets
2538:Currency
2516:Clearing
2496:Banknote
2491:Bailment
2411:(Arabia)
2372:(barley)
2358:Quachtli
2193:Le temps
1865:Archived
1783:. London
1781:Guardian
1759:Archived
1621:Archived
1389:See also
1298:Amanatli
1231:VaramedĂ
1213:Ossetana
1207:Ogerleko
1145:Slovakia
997:Malaysia
859:Software
814:peak oil
741:QQ coins
698:Benefits
659:—
537:currency
402:Exonumia
253:Japanese
233:Filipino
213:Aksumite
77:Currency
65:Glossary
35:a series
33:Part of
3066:Harelle
2837:Methods
2589:General
2543:Deposit
2533:Coinage
2405:(Hindu)
2347:Manilla
1647:18 June
1539:31 July
1431:Bitcoin
1344:Crédito
1307:Itacate
1228:Txantxi
1225:Txanpon
1186:Edenred
1180:Ecoseny
1171:Boniato
1067:Germany
1061:Occitan
1048:Abeille
1028:Belgium
1016:Austria
828:trends.
826:big-box
686:Makkie)
642:Purpose
431:Cheques
376:Grading
310:Milling
305:Coining
268:Tibetan
248:Italian
228:Chinese
146:Oceania
95:Forgery
3180:affair
3178:Gaspee
2844:Barter
2805:Topics
2601:Barter
2560:Notary
2511:Cheque
2376:Shells
2370:Shekel
2343:(rice)
1426:Barter
1380:
1304:Fausto
1301:Caribe
1291:Mexico
1278:Canada
1222:Turuta
1216:Pancha
1183:Ecosol
1139:Kolion
1131:Russia
1100:Greece
1040:France
1035:Zinne
1011:Europe
888:Africa
671:Makkie
450:Stocks
436:Scrips
426:Tokens
419:Medals
414:Jetons
332:Errors
327:Metals
243:Indian
131:Europe
121:Africa
2999:Media
2990:Zuism
2482:Token
2473:Money
2409:Camel
2321:money
2264:PDF])
2123:Ilios
1641:(PDF)
1575:(PDF)
1564:(PDF)
1493:Scrip
1358:(CES)
1313:TĂşmin
1252:LĂ©man
1201:Irati
1157:Spain
1120:Simec
1112:Italy
1107:Ilios
1057:KrĂ´kĂ´
1053:Eusko
944:Korea
930:Japan
915:(CES)
893:Kenya
535:is a
455:Bonds
359:Coins
258:Roman
238:Greek
85:Coins
3376:21st
3285:20th
3219:19th
3160:18th
3122:17th
3096:16th
3080:15th
3054:14th
2640:Mint
2478:Fiat
2364:Salt
2341:Koku
1649:2015
1541:2020
1310:Kuni
1219:Puma
1210:Osel
1204:Mola
1198:Illa
1189:Ekhi
1080:LETS
925:Asia
824:and
816:and
793:and
702:The
531:, a
322:Cast
295:Mint
263:Thai
165:LETS
126:Asia
102:List
2415:Yak
2403:Cow
2209:BBC
2065:BBC
1373:by
1364:by
1362:Ven
1177:Eco
919:Ora
832:CA.
527:In
107:ISO
3527::
3492:/
3464:/
3460:/
2649:c.
2216:^
2190:,
2175:^
2040:.
1962:.
1944:.
1805:.
1779:.
1740:,
1723:.
1666:.
1599:.
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1518:^
615:,
611:,
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2647:(
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2480:/
2476:(
2303:e
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2169:.
2148:.
2051:.
2026:.
1966:.
1948:.
1931:/
1929:.
1915:.
1895:.
1851:.
1830:.
1809:.
1790:.
1727:.
1709:.
1684:.
1670:.
1651:.
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1168:)
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
