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Local homeomorphism

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And even if the polynomial function is not an open map, then this theorem may nevertheless still be applied (possibly multiple times) to restrictions of the function to appropriately chosen subsets of the domain (based on consideration of the map's local
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is also a local homeomorphism. The restriction of a local homeomorphism to any open subset of the domain will again be a local homomorphism; explicitly, if
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of two copies of the reals identifies every negative real of the first copy with the corresponding negative real of the second copy. The two copies of
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As pointed out above, the Hausdorff property is not local in this sense and need not be preserved by local homeomorphisms.
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The idea of a local homeomorphism can be formulated in geometric settings different from that of topological spaces. For
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is essential for the inclusion map to be a local homeomorphism because the inclusion map of a non-open subset of
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Every homeomorphism is a local homeomorphism. But a local homeomorphism is a homeomorphism if and only if it is
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is a continuous open surjection with discrete fibers so this result guarantees that the maximal open subset
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for this map is the empty set; that is, there does not exist any non-empty open subset
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is a local homeomorphism. In certain situations the converse is true. For example: if
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will continue to be a local homeomorphism when it is considered as the surjective map
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Thus restrictions of local homeomorphisms to open subsets are local homeomorphisms.
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fibers is "almost everywhere" a local homeomorphism (in the topological sense that
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that, intuitively, preserves local (though not necessarily global) structure. If
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Since the composition of two local homeomorphisms is a local homeomorphism, if
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in a natural way. All of this is explained in detail in the article on
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are not identified and they do not have any disjoint neighborhoods, so
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but the converse is not always true. For example, the two dimensional
3963:{\displaystyle X=\left(\mathbb {R} \sqcup \mathbb {R} \right)/\sim ,} 1178:
of two local homeomorphisms is a local homeomorphism; explicitly, if
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gives rise to a uniquely defined local homeomorphism with codomain
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yields a local homeomorphism (since it will not be an open map).
5666:{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} } 2872:
is an invertible linear map (invertible square matrix) for every
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transfers "local" topological properties in both directions:
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Similarly, it is possible to construct a local homeomorphisms
2979:). An analogous condition can be formulated for maps between 3552:
is a dense open subset of its domain). For example, the map
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a conclusion that may be false without the assumption that
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is not Hausdorff. One readily checks that the natural map
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one can show that a continuously differentiable function
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stand in a natural one-to-one correspondence with the
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be a local homeomorphism (as is the case with the map
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is a local homeomorphism depends on its codomain. The
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every fiber of every non-constant polynomial is finite
3202:-valued local homeomorphism on a dense open subset of 5806: 5776: 5756: 5723: 5679: 5635: 5576: 5556: 5536: 5503: 5483: 5357: 5337: 5310: 5286: 5247: 5223: 5192: 5168: 5137: 5113: 5082: 5058: 5023: 4998: 4959: 4930: 4901: 4860: 4828: 4778: 4735: 4699: 4658: 4638: 4605: 4564: 4544: 4503: 4483: 4451: 4422: 4387: 4336: 4282: 4246: 4226: 4206: 4174: 4148: 4122: 4077: 4043: 4023: 4003: 3979: 3919: 3896: 3872: 3840: 3808: 3777: 3752: 3702: 3673: 3646: 3604: 3558: 3531: 3503: 3483: 3454: 3428: 3405: 3378: 3358: 3334: 3284: 3264: 3231: 3208: 3188: 3168: 3136: 3116: 3092: 3064: 3040: 2997: 2943: 2907: 2878: 2848: 2819: 2799: 2758: 2731: 2707: 2681: 2661: 2641: 2599: 2570: 2534: 2509: 2486: 2452: 2416: 2396: 2376: 2353: 2340:
will be a local homeomorphism if and only if it is a
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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A map is a local homeomorphism if and only if it is
6298: 6262: 6148: 6069: 4378:local homeomorphism is therefore a homeomorphism. 1853:is equal to its composition with the inclusion map 5840: 5792: 5762: 5742: 5709: 5665: 5608: 5562: 5542: 5522: 5489: 5363: 5343: 5331:. Furthermore, every continuous map with codomain 5319: 5292: 5262: 5229: 5207: 5174: 5152: 5119: 5097: 5064: 5041: 5007: 4977: 4939: 4916: 4887: 4846: 4814: 4765:{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} ^{2}} 4764: 4717: 4685: 4644: 4620: 4591: 4550: 4530: 4489: 4469: 4437: 4405: 4342: 4322: 4268: 4232: 4212: 4192: 4160: 4134: 4108: 4063: 4029: 4009: 3985: 3962: 3902: 3878: 3858: 3814: 3790: 3763: 3739:{\displaystyle O_{f}=\mathbb {R} \setminus \{0\},} 3738: 3684: 3659: 3632: 3590: 3544: 3509: 3489: 3469: 3440: 3414: 3384: 3364: 3340: 3316: 3270: 3250: 3217: 3194: 3174: 3154: 3122: 3098: 3070: 3046: 3015: 2971: 2929: 2893: 2864: 2834: 2805: 2785: 2737: 2713: 2693: 2667: 2647: 2627: 2585: 2556: 2517: 2492: 2472: 2422: 2402: 2382: 2359: 2332: 2297: 2252: 2211: 2182: 2153: 2121: 2094: 2042: 1993: 1961: 1929: 1880: 1845: 1819: 1787: 1735: 1715: 1695: 1675: 1652: 1628: 1593: 1569: 1549: 1515: 1495: 1457: 1425: 1390: 1370: 1350: 1304: 1272: 1234: 1202: 1158: 1134: 1106: 1074: 1054: 1012: 983: 953: 930: 907: 887: 842: 788: 752: 700: 671: 643: 585: 565: 533: 510: 476: 437: 392: 356: 333: 313: 290: 268: 236: 212: 185: 165: 141: 110: 83: 63: 4269:{\displaystyle X=\mathbb {R} \sqcup \mathbb {R} } 1640:. But it is a local homeomorphism if and only if 1170:Local homeomorphisms and composition of functions 3771:This example also shows that it is possible for 3746:which confirms that this set is indeed dense in 16:Mathematical function revertible near each point 5793:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} } 5435: â€“ In mathematics, invertible homomorphism 5423: â€“ Isomorphism of differentiable manifolds 122:. Typical examples of local homeomorphisms are 4477:is necessarily an open subset of its codomain 2930:{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} } 2525:) is a local homeomorphism precisely when the 1312:is a local homeomorphism then its restriction 1242:are local homeomorphisms then the composition 1023:Generalizing the previous two examples, every 118:Local homeomorphisms are used in the study of 6047: 5813: 5583: 4538:will also be a local homeomorphism (that is, 3591:{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \to [0,\infty )} 3291: 2842:) is a local homeomorphism if the derivative 2014: 1901: 1762: 1325: 1027:is a local homeomorphism; in particular, the 938:), is a local homeomorphism for all non-zero 609: 8: 4100: 4094: 3730: 3724: 3225:To clarify this statement's conclusion, let 2043:{\displaystyle f{\big \vert }_{U}=f\circ i.} 1930:{\displaystyle f{\big \vert }_{U}=f\circ i.} 644:{\displaystyle f{\big \vert }_{U}:U\to f(U)} 2333:{\displaystyle U\subseteq \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 796:(so that geometrically, this map wraps the 6415: 6388: 6054: 6040: 6032: 5530:is equal to the union of all open subsets 5497:is continuous and open imply that the set 4652:). However, in general it is possible for 961:but it is a homeomorphism only when it is 717:Local homeomorphisms versus homeomorphisms 438:{\displaystyle S^{2}\to \mathbb {R} ^{2}.} 5834: 5833: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5805: 5786: 5785: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5755: 5734: 5722: 5678: 5659: 5658: 5651: 5650: 5643: 5642: 5634: 5609:{\displaystyle f{\big \vert }_{U}:U\to Y} 5588: 5582: 5581: 5575: 5555: 5535: 5514: 5502: 5482: 5356: 5336: 5309: 5285: 5246: 5222: 5191: 5167: 5136: 5112: 5081: 5057: 5022: 4997: 4958: 4929: 4900: 4859: 4827: 4777: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4743: 4742: 4734: 4698: 4657: 4637: 4604: 4563: 4543: 4502: 4482: 4450: 4421: 4386: 4335: 4312: 4303: 4302: 4295: 4294: 4281: 4262: 4261: 4254: 4253: 4245: 4225: 4205: 4173: 4147: 4121: 4082: 4076: 4057: 4056: 4042: 4022: 4002: 3978: 3949: 3940: 3939: 3932: 3931: 3918: 3895: 3871: 3839: 3807: 3782: 3776: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3717: 3716: 3707: 3701: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3651: 3645: 3624: 3603: 3566: 3565: 3557: 3536: 3530: 3502: 3482: 3453: 3427: 3404: 3377: 3357: 3333: 3317:{\displaystyle f{\big \vert }_{O}:O\to Y} 3296: 3290: 3289: 3283: 3263: 3242: 3230: 3207: 3187: 3167: 3135: 3115: 3091: 3063: 3039: 2996: 2963: 2942: 2923: 2922: 2915: 2914: 2906: 2877: 2853: 2847: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2798: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2757: 2730: 2706: 2680: 2660: 2640: 2619: 2598: 2569: 2539: 2533: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2485: 2466: 2465: 2451: 2415: 2395: 2375: 2352: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2310: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2269: 2224: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2166: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2114: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2066: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2006: 1974: 1942: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1893: 1858: 1832: 1800: 1788:{\displaystyle f{\big \vert }_{U}:U\to Y} 1767: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1728: 1708: 1688: 1665: 1645: 1609: 1586: 1562: 1536: 1508: 1470: 1438: 1406: 1383: 1363: 1351:{\displaystyle f{\big \vert }_{U}:U\to Y} 1330: 1324: 1323: 1317: 1285: 1247: 1215: 1183: 1151: 1127: 1087: 1067: 1035: 996: 970: 943: 923: 900: 876: 855: 834: 821: 809: 777: 765: 744: 733: 732: 730: 684: 664: 614: 608: 607: 601: 578: 549: 526: 497: 457: 426: 422: 421: 411: 405: 381: 377: 376: 373: 346: 326: 303: 283: 257: 253: 252: 249: 229: 202: 178: 158: 134: 100: 76: 44: 5629:Consider the continuous open surjection 5871: 5470: 4854:is a local homomorphism if and only if 3721: 3461: 3435: 3258:be the (unique) largest open subset of 2786:{\displaystyle f:U\to \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 2298:{\displaystyle f:U\to \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 2095:{\displaystyle f:U\to \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 278:If there is a local homeomorphism from 5379:Generalizations and analogous concepts 3830:Local homeomorphisms and Hausdorffness 4071:is a local homeomorphism. The fiber 895:which wraps the circle around itself 753:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \to S^{1}} 7: 3696:for instance), it can be shown that 3324:is a local homeomorphism. If every 3130:(which is a necessary condition for 400:but there is no local homeomorphism 5457: â€“ generalization of manifolds 4330:with the same equivalence relation 4064:{\displaystyle f:X\to \mathbb {R} } 3910:is not. Consider for instance the 3470:{\displaystyle O\neq \varnothing ;} 2473:{\displaystyle f:U\to \mathbb {C} } 2001:are local homomorphisms then so is 5327:this correspondence is in fact an 4240:is not: pick the natural map from 3692:with additional effort (using the 3582: 3441:{\displaystyle X\neq \varnothing } 3162:to be a local homeomorphism) then 2264:. Consequently, a continuous map 712:Examples and sufficient conditions 14: 3834:There exist local homeomorphisms 3521:second-countable spaces that has 2154:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n},} 1557:is any subspace (where as usual, 393:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2},} 269:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}.} 6414: 6387: 6377: 6367: 6356: 6346: 6345: 6139: 4693:to be a local homeomorphism but 2835:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 2655:is not a local homeomorphism at 2434:Local homeomorphisms in analysis 2212:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 1398:is also a local homeomorphism. 1118:local homeomorphism between two 843:{\displaystyle f:S^{1}\to S^{1}} 2987:Local homeomorphisms and fibers 1523:is also a local homeomorphism. 1503:are local homeomorphisms, then 1496:{\displaystyle g\circ f:X\to Z} 1273:{\displaystyle g\circ f:X\to Z} 789:{\displaystyle t\mapsto e^{it}} 6441:Theory of continuous functions 5921:General Topology: Chapters 1–4 5830: 5695: 5683: 5655: 5600: 5277:The local homeomorphisms with 5257: 5251: 5202: 5196: 5147: 5141: 5092: 5086: 5033: 4969: 4911: 4905: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4838: 4806: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4747: 4709: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4615: 4609: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4461: 4432: 4426: 4397: 4184: 4103: 4091: 4053: 3850: 3614: 3608: 3585: 3573: 3570: 3308: 3146: 3007: 2953: 2947: 2919: 2768: 2745:sheets come together there). 2609: 2603: 2557:{\displaystyle f^{\prime }(z)} 2551: 2545: 2462: 2280: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2177: 2171: 2077: 1985: 1953: 1869: 1811: 1779: 1620: 1487: 1449: 1417: 1342: 1296: 1264: 1226: 1194: 1098: 1046: 866: 860: 827: 770: 737: 695: 689: 638: 632: 626: 560: 554: 468: 417: 55: 1: 4895:is a local homeomorphism and 4109:{\displaystyle f^{-1}(\{y\})} 3764:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} .} 3685:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ;} 2390:such that the restriction of 2347:(meaning that every point in 2518:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } 1846:{\displaystyle U\subseteq X} 1550:{\displaystyle U\subseteq X} 4888:{\displaystyle f:X\to f(X)} 4815:{\displaystyle f(x)=(x,0),} 4686:{\displaystyle f:X\to f(X)} 4592:{\displaystyle f:X\to f(X)} 4531:{\displaystyle f:X\to f(X)} 2253:{\displaystyle f:U\to f(U)} 888:{\displaystyle f(z)=z^{n},} 341:is locally homeomorphic to 244:is locally homeomorphic to 193:has a neighborhood that is 6472: 6308:Banach fixed-point theorem 5995:Willard, Stephen (2004) . 5800:for which the restriction 5570:such that the restriction 4381:Whether or not a function 3633:{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}} 3598:defined by the polynomial 2972:{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{3}} 2628:{\displaystyle f(x)=z^{n}} 71:is a local homeomorphism, 6341: 6137: 5710:{\displaystyle f(x,y)=x.} 5409:Ă©tale geometric morphisms 5329:equivalence of categories 4953:of a local homeomorphism 4445:of a local homeomorphism 2500:is an open subset of the 1881:{\displaystyle i:U\to X;} 1433:is continuous while both 5932:ÉlĂ©ments de mathĂ©matique 5397:formally Ă©tale morphisms 5385:differentiable manifolds 5042:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 4978:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 4847:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 4718:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 4470:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 4406:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 4193:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 3859:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 3694:inverse function theorem 3155:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 3016:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 2981:differentiable manifolds 2750:inverse function theorem 2694:{\displaystyle n\geq 2.} 1994:{\displaystyle i:U\to X} 1962:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 1820:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 1629:{\displaystyle i:U\to X} 1458:{\displaystyle g:Y\to Z} 1426:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 1305:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 1235:{\displaystyle g:Y\to Z} 1203:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 1107:{\displaystyle p:X\to Y} 1055:{\displaystyle p:C\to Y} 477:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 64:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 5743:{\displaystyle O=O_{f}} 5523:{\displaystyle O=O_{f}} 5450:Locally Hausdorff space 4161:{\displaystyle y<0.} 4135:{\displaystyle y\geq 0} 3251:{\displaystyle O=O_{f}} 3027:surjection between two 2894:{\displaystyle x\in U.} 2635:on an open disk around 2586:{\displaystyle z\in U.} 6446:Functions and mappings 6363:Mathematics portal 6263:Metrics and properties 6249:Second-countable space 5966:Upper Saddle River, NJ 5842: 5794: 5764: 5744: 5711: 5667: 5610: 5564: 5544: 5524: 5491: 5455:Non-Hausdorff manifold 5365: 5345: 5321: 5294: 5264: 5231: 5209: 5176: 5154: 5129:locally path-connected 5121: 5099: 5066: 5043: 5017:A local homeomorphism 5009: 4979: 4941: 4918: 4889: 4848: 4816: 4766: 4719: 4687: 4646: 4622: 4599:onto its image, where 4593: 4552: 4532: 4491: 4471: 4439: 4407: 4344: 4324: 4270: 4234: 4214: 4194: 4162: 4136: 4110: 4065: 4031: 4011: 3987: 3964: 3904: 3880: 3860: 3816: 3792: 3765: 3740: 3686: 3661: 3634: 3592: 3546: 3511: 3491: 3471: 3442: 3416: 3386: 3366: 3342: 3318: 3272: 3252: 3219: 3196: 3176: 3156: 3124: 3100: 3072: 3048: 3017: 2973: 2931: 2895: 2866: 2865:{\displaystyle D_{x}f} 2836: 2807: 2787: 2739: 2715: 2695: 2669: 2649: 2629: 2587: 2558: 2519: 2494: 2474: 2424: 2404: 2384: 2361: 2334: 2299: 2254: 2213: 2184: 2155: 2123: 2096: 2044: 1995: 1963: 1931: 1882: 1847: 1821: 1789: 1737: 1717: 1697: 1677: 1654: 1630: 1595: 1571: 1551: 1517: 1497: 1459: 1427: 1392: 1372: 1352: 1306: 1274: 1236: 1204: 1160: 1136: 1108: 1076: 1056: 1014: 985: 955: 932: 909: 889: 844: 790: 754: 702: 673: 655:(where the respective 645: 587: 567: 535: 512: 511:{\displaystyle x\in X} 478: 439: 394: 358: 335: 315: 292: 270: 238: 214: 187: 167: 143: 112: 85: 65: 5843: 5795: 5765: 5745: 5712: 5668: 5611: 5565: 5545: 5525: 5492: 5477:The assumptions that 5389:local diffeomorphisms 5366: 5346: 5322: 5295: 5265: 5232: 5210: 5177: 5155: 5122: 5100: 5067: 5044: 5010: 4980: 4942: 4924:is an open subset of 4919: 4890: 4849: 4817: 4767: 4720: 4688: 4647: 4623: 4594: 4553: 4533: 4492: 4472: 4440: 4408: 4345: 4343:{\displaystyle \sim } 4325: 4271: 4235: 4215: 4195: 4163: 4137: 4111: 4066: 4032: 4012: 3988: 3986:{\displaystyle \sim } 3965: 3905: 3881: 3861: 3817: 3793: 3791:{\displaystyle O_{f}} 3766: 3741: 3687: 3662: 3660:{\displaystyle O_{f}} 3635: 3593: 3547: 3545:{\displaystyle O_{f}} 3519:completely metrizable 3512: 3492: 3472: 3443: 3417: 3387: 3367: 3343: 3319: 3273: 3253: 3220: 3197: 3177: 3157: 3125: 3101: 3073: 3049: 3018: 2974: 2932: 2896: 2867: 2837: 2813:is an open subset of 2808: 2788: 2740: 2716: 2696: 2670: 2650: 2630: 2588: 2559: 2520: 2495: 2475: 2425: 2405: 2385: 2362: 2335: 2300: 2255: 2214: 2185: 2156: 2124: 2097: 2045: 1996: 1964: 1932: 1883: 1848: 1822: 1790: 1738: 1718: 1698: 1678: 1655: 1638:topological embedding 1631: 1596: 1577:is equipped with the 1572: 1552: 1518: 1498: 1460: 1428: 1393: 1373: 1353: 1307: 1275: 1237: 1205: 1161: 1137: 1109: 1077: 1057: 1015: 986: 956: 933: 910: 890: 845: 791: 755: 703: 674: 646: 588: 568: 536: 513: 479: 440: 395: 359: 336: 316: 293: 271: 239: 215: 197:to an open subset of 188: 168: 144: 113: 86: 66: 6318:Invariance of domain 6270:Euler characteristic 6244:Bundle (mathematics) 5848:is an injective map. 5804: 5774: 5754: 5721: 5677: 5633: 5574: 5554: 5534: 5501: 5481: 5445:Local diffeomorphism 5439:Invariance of domain 5355: 5335: 5308: 5284: 5263:{\displaystyle f(X)} 5245: 5221: 5208:{\displaystyle f(X)} 5190: 5166: 5153:{\displaystyle f(X)} 5135: 5111: 5098:{\displaystyle f(X)} 5080: 5056: 5021: 4996: 4957: 4928: 4917:{\displaystyle f(X)} 4899: 4858: 4826: 4822:for example). A map 4776: 4733: 4697: 4656: 4636: 4621:{\displaystyle f(X)} 4603: 4562: 4542: 4501: 4481: 4449: 4438:{\displaystyle f(X)} 4420: 4385: 4334: 4280: 4244: 4224: 4204: 4172: 4146: 4120: 4116:has two elements if 4075: 4041: 4021: 4001: 3977: 3972:equivalence relation 3917: 3894: 3870: 3838: 3822:'s domain. Because 3806: 3775: 3750: 3700: 3671: 3644: 3602: 3556: 3529: 3501: 3481: 3452: 3426: 3403: 3376: 3356: 3332: 3282: 3262: 3229: 3206: 3186: 3166: 3134: 3114: 3090: 3062: 3038: 2995: 2941: 2905: 2876: 2846: 2817: 2797: 2756: 2729: 2705: 2679: 2659: 2639: 2597: 2568: 2564:is non-zero for all 2532: 2507: 2484: 2450: 2414: 2394: 2374: 2351: 2309: 2305:from an open subset 2268: 2223: 2194: 2183:{\displaystyle f(U)} 2165: 2133: 2113: 2109:from an open subset 2065: 2059:Invariance of domain 2054:Invariance of domain 2005: 1973: 1941: 1892: 1857: 1831: 1799: 1753: 1727: 1707: 1687: 1664: 1644: 1608: 1585: 1561: 1535: 1507: 1469: 1437: 1405: 1382: 1362: 1316: 1284: 1246: 1214: 1182: 1166:is a covering map. 1150: 1126: 1086: 1066: 1034: 1013:{\displaystyle n=-1} 995: 969: 965:(that is, only when 942: 922: 915:times (that is, has 899: 854: 808: 764: 729: 701:{\displaystyle f(U)} 683: 663: 600: 577: 566:{\displaystyle f(U)} 548: 525: 496: 456: 404: 372: 345: 325: 302: 282: 248: 228: 201: 177: 157: 151:locally homeomorphic 133: 129:A topological space 99: 75: 43: 23:, more specifically 6328:Tychonoff's theorem 6323:PoincarĂ© conjecture 6077:General (point-set) 5964:(Second ed.). 5858:minimums/maximums). 4142:and one element if 3372:then this open set 2061:guarantees that if 984:{\displaystyle n=1} 657:subspace topologies 490:local homeomorphism 29:local homeomorphism 6313:De Rham cohomology 6234:Polyhedral complex 6224:Simplicial complex 6007:Dover Publications 5970:Prentice Hall, Inc 5927:Topologie GĂ©nĂ©rale 5838: 5790: 5760: 5740: 5707: 5663: 5606: 5560: 5540: 5520: 5487: 5361: 5341: 5320:{\displaystyle Y;} 5317: 5290: 5260: 5227: 5205: 5172: 5150: 5117: 5095: 5062: 5039: 5008:{\displaystyle X.} 5005: 4975: 4940:{\displaystyle Y.} 4937: 4914: 4885: 4844: 4812: 4762: 4715: 4683: 4642: 4618: 4589: 4548: 4528: 4487: 4467: 4435: 4403: 4340: 4320: 4266: 4230: 4210: 4190: 4158: 4132: 4106: 4061: 4027: 4007: 3983: 3960: 3900: 3876: 3856: 3812: 3788: 3761: 3736: 3682: 3657: 3630: 3588: 3542: 3507: 3487: 3467: 3438: 3422:In particular, if 3415:{\displaystyle X.} 3412: 3382: 3362: 3338: 3314: 3268: 3248: 3218:{\displaystyle X.} 3215: 3192: 3172: 3152: 3120: 3096: 3068: 3044: 3013: 2969: 2927: 2891: 2862: 2832: 2803: 2783: 2735: 2711: 2691: 2665: 2645: 2625: 2583: 2554: 2515: 2490: 2470: 2420: 2400: 2380: 2357: 2330: 2295: 2250: 2209: 2180: 2151: 2119: 2092: 2040: 1991: 1959: 1927: 1878: 1843: 1817: 1785: 1733: 1713: 1693: 1676:{\displaystyle X.} 1673: 1650: 1626: 1591: 1567: 1547: 1513: 1493: 1455: 1423: 1388: 1368: 1348: 1302: 1270: 1232: 1200: 1156: 1132: 1104: 1072: 1052: 1010: 981: 954:{\displaystyle n,} 951: 928: 905: 885: 840: 786: 750: 698: 669: 641: 583: 563: 531: 508: 486:topological spaces 474: 435: 390: 357:{\displaystyle Y,} 354: 331: 314:{\displaystyle Y,} 311: 288: 266: 234: 213:{\displaystyle Y.} 210: 183: 173:if every point of 163: 139: 111:{\displaystyle Y.} 108: 81: 61: 37:topological spaces 6428: 6427: 6217:fundamental group 6016:978-0-486-43479-7 5979:978-0-13-181629-9 5958:Munkres, James R. 5941:978-3-540-64241-1 5916:Bourbaki, Nicolas 5880:Munkres, James R. 5763:{\displaystyle U} 5563:{\displaystyle X} 5543:{\displaystyle U} 5490:{\displaystyle f} 5364:{\displaystyle Y} 5344:{\displaystyle Y} 5293:{\displaystyle Y} 5230:{\displaystyle X} 5175:{\displaystyle X} 5120:{\displaystyle X} 5074:locally connected 5065:{\displaystyle X} 4987:discrete subspace 4645:{\displaystyle Y} 4630:subspace topology 4551:{\displaystyle f} 4490:{\displaystyle Y} 4368:locally injective 4233:{\displaystyle Y} 4220:is Hausdorff and 4213:{\displaystyle X} 4030:{\displaystyle X} 4010:{\displaystyle 0} 3903:{\displaystyle X} 3879:{\displaystyle Y} 3815:{\displaystyle f} 3510:{\displaystyle f} 3490:{\displaystyle f} 3392:is necessarily a 3385:{\displaystyle O} 3365:{\displaystyle X} 3350:discrete subspace 3341:{\displaystyle f} 3271:{\displaystyle X} 3195:{\displaystyle Y} 3175:{\displaystyle f} 3123:{\displaystyle X} 3108:discrete subspace 3099:{\displaystyle f} 3071:{\displaystyle Y} 3047:{\displaystyle X} 2806:{\displaystyle U} 2738:{\displaystyle n} 2714:{\displaystyle 0} 2668:{\displaystyle 0} 2648:{\displaystyle 0} 2493:{\displaystyle U} 2423:{\displaystyle N} 2403:{\displaystyle f} 2383:{\displaystyle N} 2360:{\displaystyle U} 2122:{\displaystyle U} 1736:{\displaystyle X} 1716:{\displaystyle X} 1696:{\displaystyle U} 1653:{\displaystyle U} 1594:{\displaystyle X} 1579:subspace topology 1570:{\displaystyle U} 1516:{\displaystyle f} 1391:{\displaystyle X} 1371:{\displaystyle U} 1159:{\displaystyle p} 1135:{\displaystyle Y} 1075:{\displaystyle Y} 931:{\displaystyle n} 908:{\displaystyle n} 672:{\displaystyle U} 586:{\displaystyle Y} 534:{\displaystyle U} 520:open neighborhood 448:Formal definition 334:{\displaystyle X} 291:{\displaystyle X} 237:{\displaystyle n} 186:{\displaystyle X} 166:{\displaystyle Y} 142:{\displaystyle X} 91:is said to be an 84:{\displaystyle X} 6463: 6451:General topology 6418: 6417: 6391: 6390: 6381: 6371: 6361: 6360: 6349: 6348: 6143: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6033: 6028: 5998:General Topology 5991: 5953: 5902: 5901: 5886:(2nd ed.). 5876: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5837: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5816: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5789: 5781: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5662: 5654: 5646: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5586: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5475: 5460: 5387:, we obtain the 5370: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5006: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4746: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4298: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4265: 4257: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4090: 4089: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4060: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4016: 4014: 4013: 4008: 3992: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3969: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3935: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3802:dense subset of 3797: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3720: 3712: 3711: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3655: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3569: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3439: 3421: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3391: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3347: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3323: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3173: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3129: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3077: 3075: 3074: 3069: 3053: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3032:second-countable 3023:is a continuous 3022: 3020: 3019: 3014: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2967: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2918: 2900: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2857: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2812: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2792: 2790: 2789: 2784: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2725:" (intuitively, 2720: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2700: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2623: 2592: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2563: 2561: 2560: 2555: 2544: 2543: 2524: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2440:complex analysis 2430:is injective). 2429: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2389: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2304: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2259: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2128: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2101: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2000: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1968: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1936: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1887: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1852: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1826: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1794: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1765: 1749:The restriction 1742: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1722: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1702: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1682: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1659: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1600: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1576: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1556: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1502: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1464: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1397: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1349: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1279: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1241: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1209: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1165: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1141: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1120:Hausdorff spaces 1113: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1061: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1019: 1017: 1016: 1011: 990: 988: 987: 982: 960: 958: 957: 952: 937: 935: 934: 929: 914: 912: 911: 906: 894: 892: 891: 886: 881: 880: 849: 847: 846: 841: 839: 838: 826: 825: 795: 793: 792: 787: 785: 784: 759: 757: 756: 751: 749: 748: 736: 707: 705: 704: 699: 678: 676: 675: 670: 650: 648: 647: 642: 619: 618: 613: 612: 592: 590: 589: 584: 572: 570: 569: 564: 540: 538: 537: 532: 517: 515: 514: 509: 483: 481: 480: 475: 444: 442: 441: 436: 431: 430: 425: 416: 415: 399: 397: 396: 391: 386: 385: 380: 363: 361: 360: 355: 340: 338: 337: 332: 320: 318: 317: 312: 297: 295: 294: 289: 275: 273: 272: 267: 262: 261: 256: 243: 241: 240: 235: 219: 217: 216: 211: 192: 190: 189: 184: 172: 170: 169: 164: 148: 146: 145: 140: 117: 115: 114: 109: 90: 88: 87: 82: 70: 68: 67: 62: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6355: 6337: 6333:Urysohn's lemma 6294: 6258: 6144: 6135: 6107:low-dimensional 6065: 6060: 6017: 5994: 5980: 5956: 5942: 5914: 5911: 5906: 5905: 5898: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5862: 5856: 5852: 5810: 5802: 5801: 5772: 5771: 5752: 5751: 5730: 5719: 5718: 5675: 5674: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5580: 5572: 5571: 5552: 5551: 5532: 5531: 5510: 5499: 5498: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5458: 5417: 5401:Ă©tale morphisms 5381: 5353: 5352: 5333: 5332: 5306: 5305: 5282: 5281: 5243: 5242: 5241:if and only if 5239:first-countable 5219: 5218: 5188: 5187: 5186:if and only if 5184:locally compact 5164: 5163: 5133: 5132: 5131:if and only if 5109: 5108: 5078: 5077: 5076:if and only if 5054: 5053: 5019: 5018: 4994: 4993: 4955: 4954: 4926: 4925: 4897: 4896: 4856: 4855: 4824: 4823: 4774: 4773: 4750: 4731: 4730: 4695: 4694: 4654: 4653: 4634: 4633: 4632:inherited from 4601: 4600: 4560: 4559: 4540: 4539: 4499: 4498: 4479: 4478: 4447: 4446: 4418: 4417: 4383: 4382: 4356: 4332: 4331: 4293: 4289: 4278: 4277: 4242: 4241: 4222: 4221: 4202: 4201: 4170: 4169: 4144: 4143: 4118: 4117: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4039: 4038: 4019: 4018: 3999: 3998: 3975: 3974: 3930: 3926: 3915: 3914: 3892: 3891: 3888:Hausdorff space 3868: 3867: 3836: 3835: 3804: 3803: 3778: 3773: 3772: 3748: 3747: 3703: 3698: 3697: 3669: 3668: 3647: 3642: 3641: 3620: 3600: 3599: 3554: 3553: 3532: 3527: 3526: 3499: 3498: 3479: 3478: 3450: 3449: 3424: 3423: 3401: 3400: 3374: 3373: 3354: 3353: 3330: 3329: 3288: 3280: 3279: 3260: 3259: 3238: 3227: 3226: 3204: 3203: 3184: 3183: 3164: 3163: 3132: 3131: 3112: 3111: 3088: 3087: 3060: 3059: 3036: 3035: 2993: 2992: 2959: 2939: 2938: 2903: 2902: 2874: 2873: 2849: 2844: 2843: 2820: 2815: 2814: 2795: 2794: 2771: 2754: 2753: 2727: 2726: 2721:is a point of " 2703: 2702: 2677: 2676: 2657: 2656: 2637: 2636: 2615: 2595: 2594: 2566: 2565: 2535: 2530: 2529: 2505: 2504: 2482: 2481: 2448: 2447: 2442:that a complex 2438:It is shown in 2412: 2411: 2392: 2391: 2372: 2371: 2349: 2348: 2318: 2307: 2306: 2283: 2266: 2265: 2221: 2220: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2163: 2162: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2111: 2110: 2080: 2063: 2062: 2011: 2003: 2002: 1971: 1970: 1939: 1938: 1898: 1890: 1889: 1855: 1854: 1829: 1828: 1797: 1796: 1759: 1751: 1750: 1725: 1724: 1705: 1704: 1685: 1684: 1662: 1661: 1642: 1641: 1606: 1605: 1583: 1582: 1559: 1558: 1533: 1532: 1505: 1504: 1467: 1466: 1435: 1434: 1403: 1402: 1380: 1379: 1378:open subset of 1360: 1359: 1322: 1314: 1313: 1282: 1281: 1244: 1243: 1212: 1211: 1180: 1179: 1148: 1147: 1144:locally compact 1124: 1123: 1084: 1083: 1064: 1063: 1032: 1031: 1029:universal cover 993: 992: 967: 966: 940: 939: 920: 919: 897: 896: 872: 852: 851: 830: 817: 806: 805: 773: 762: 761: 740: 727: 726: 714: 681: 680: 661: 660: 606: 598: 597: 575: 574: 546: 545: 523: 522: 494: 493: 492:if every point 454: 453: 450: 420: 407: 402: 401: 375: 370: 369: 343: 342: 323: 322: 300: 299: 280: 279: 251: 246: 245: 226: 225: 220:For example, a 199: 198: 175: 174: 155: 154: 131: 130: 97: 96: 73: 72: 41: 40: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6469: 6467: 6459: 6458: 6456:Homeomorphisms 6453: 6448: 6443: 6433: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6385: 6375: 6365: 6353: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6304: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6280:Winding number 6277: 6272: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6212:homotopy group 6204: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6051: 6044: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6015: 5992: 5978: 5954: 5940: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5896: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5850: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5759: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5622: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5559: 5539: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5486: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5421:Diffeomorphism 5416: 5413: 5395:, we have the 5380: 5377: 5360: 5340: 5316: 5313: 5289: 5272: 5271: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5226: 5216: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5171: 5161: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5116: 5106: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5061: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5004: 5001: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4936: 4933: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4728: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4641: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4547: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4486: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4355: 4352: 4339: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4285: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4229: 4209: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4085: 4081: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4026: 4006: 3995:disjoint union 3982: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3912:quotient space 3899: 3875: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3811: 3801: 3785: 3781: 3760: 3756: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3681: 3677: 3654: 3650: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3539: 3535: 3506: 3486: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3411: 3408: 3396: 3381: 3361: 3337: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3267: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3214: 3211: 3191: 3171: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3119: 3095: 3067: 3043: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2829: 2824: 2802: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2734: 2710: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2664: 2644: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2513: 2489: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2419: 2399: 2379: 2356: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2314: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2206: 2201: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2118: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2022: 2016: 2010: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1795:of a function 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1745: 1732: 1712: 1703:being open in 1692: 1672: 1669: 1649: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1590: 1566: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1527:Inclusion maps 1512: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1387: 1367: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1333: 1327: 1321: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1155: 1131: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1071: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 980: 977: 974: 950: 947: 927: 917:winding number 904: 884: 879: 875: 871: 868: 865: 862: 859: 837: 833: 829: 824: 820: 816: 813: 783: 780: 776: 772: 769: 747: 743: 739: 735: 713: 710: 697: 694: 691: 688: 668: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 617: 611: 605: 582: 562: 559: 556: 553: 530: 507: 504: 501: 491: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 449: 446: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 410: 389: 384: 379: 353: 350: 330: 310: 307: 287: 265: 260: 255: 233: 209: 206: 182: 162: 138: 107: 104: 80: 60: 57: 54: 51: 48: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6468: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6352: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6290:Orientability 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6142: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6126:Set-theoretic 6124: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6087:Combinatorial 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6052: 6050: 6045: 6043: 6038: 6037: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6003:Mineola, N.Y. 6000: 5999: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5899: 5897:0-13-181629-2 5893: 5889: 5888:Prentice Hall 5885: 5881: 5875: 5872: 5865: 5854: 5851: 5827: 5824: 5819: 5807: 5782: 5757: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5680: 5647: 5639: 5636: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5618:injective map 5603: 5597: 5594: 5589: 5577: 5557: 5537: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5484: 5474: 5471: 5464: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5427:Homeomorphism 5425: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5407:, we get the 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5358: 5338: 5330: 5314: 5311: 5303: 5287: 5280: 5275: 5254: 5248: 5240: 5224: 5217: 5199: 5193: 5185: 5169: 5162: 5144: 5138: 5130: 5114: 5107: 5089: 5083: 5075: 5059: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5015: 5002: 4999: 4992: 4988: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4952: 4947: 4934: 4931: 4908: 4902: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4809: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4757: 4739: 4736: 4726: 4712: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4639: 4631: 4612: 4606: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4545: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4484: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4429: 4423: 4416: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4351: 4337: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4258: 4250: 4247: 4227: 4207: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4097: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4024: 4004: 3996: 3980: 3973: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3936: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3913: 3897: 3889: 3873: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3825: 3809: 3799: 3783: 3779: 3758: 3733: 3727: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3695: 3679: 3652: 3648: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3579: 3576: 3562: 3559: 3537: 3533: 3524: 3520: 3504: 3484: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3432: 3429: 3409: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3379: 3359: 3351: 3335: 3327: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3297: 3285: 3265: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3212: 3209: 3189: 3169: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3117: 3109: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3065: 3057: 3041: 3034:spaces where 3033: 3030: 3026: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2982: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2911: 2908: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2827: 2800: 2778: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2751: 2746: 2732: 2724: 2708: 2701:In that case 2688: 2685: 2682: 2662: 2642: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2593:The function 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2548: 2536: 2528: 2503: 2502:complex plane 2487: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2417: 2397: 2377: 2370: 2354: 2346: 2345:injective map 2344: 2325: 2315: 2312: 2290: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2263: 2262:homeomorphism 2244: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2204: 2174: 2168: 2148: 2143: 2116: 2108: 2107:injective map 2105: 2087: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2008: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1907: 1895: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1756: 1747: 1743: 1730: 1710: 1690: 1670: 1667: 1647: 1639: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1604: 1603:inclusion map 1588: 1580: 1564: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1510: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1399: 1385: 1365: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1331: 1319: 1299: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1267: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1229: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1153: 1145: 1129: 1121: 1117: 1101: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1069: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 978: 975: 972: 964: 948: 945: 925: 918: 902: 882: 877: 873: 869: 863: 857: 835: 831: 822: 818: 814: 811: 803: 799: 781: 778: 774: 767: 745: 741: 724: 719: 718: 711: 709: 692: 686: 666: 658: 654: 653:homeomorphism 635: 629: 623: 620: 615: 603: 596: 580: 557: 551: 544: 528: 521: 505: 502: 499: 489: 487: 471: 465: 462: 459: 447: 445: 432: 427: 412: 408: 387: 382: 367: 351: 348: 328: 308: 305: 285: 276: 263: 258: 231: 224:of dimension 223: 207: 204: 196: 180: 160: 152: 136: 127: 125: 124:covering maps 121: 105: 102: 94: 78: 58: 52: 49: 46: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 6420:Publications 6285:Chern number 6275:Betti number 6158: / 6149:Key concepts 6097:Differential 5997: 5961: 5925: 5920: 5883: 5874: 5853: 5625: 5473: 5382: 5276: 5273: 5016: 4948: 4380: 4357: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3667:is dense in 3080:normal space 2990: 2986: 2985: 2747: 2723:ramification 2437: 2433: 2432: 2369:neighborhood 2342: 2057: 2053: 2052: 1888:explicitly, 1827:to a subset 1748: 1636:is always a 1530: 1526: 1525: 1400: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1025:covering map 1022: 720: 716: 715: 659:are used on 488:is called a 484:between two 451: 277: 195:homeomorphic 150: 128: 92: 28: 18: 6383:Wikiversity 6300:Key results 5673:defined by 5433:Isomorphism 5304:of sets on 4772:defined by 3082:. If every 3056:Baire space 2190:is open in 1683:The subset 1660:is open in 1601:) then the 1581:induced by 1176:composition 1062:of a space 850:defined by 800:around the 760:defined by 595:restriction 573:is open in 452:A function 93:Ă©tale space 21:mathematics 6435:Categories 6229:CW complex 6170:Continuity 6160:Closed set 6119:cohomology 5909:References 5403:; and for 4360:continuous 4354:Properties 4350:as above. 3970:where the 3278:such that 2748:Using the 2527:derivative 2104:continuous 6408:geometric 6403:algebraic 6254:Cobordism 6190:Hausdorff 6185:connected 6102:Geometric 6092:Continuum 6082:Algebraic 5918:(1989) . 5866:Citations 5831:→ 5783:× 5656:→ 5648:× 5601:→ 5034:→ 4970:→ 4871:→ 4839:→ 4748:→ 4710:→ 4669:→ 4575:→ 4514:→ 4462:→ 4398:→ 4376:bijective 4338:∼ 4318:∼ 4300:⊔ 4259:⊔ 4185:→ 4127:≥ 4084:− 4054:→ 3981:∼ 3955:∼ 3937:⊔ 3851:→ 3722:∖ 3583:∞ 3571:→ 3462:∅ 3459:≠ 3436:∅ 3433:≠ 3309:→ 3147:→ 3029:Hausdorff 3008:→ 2920:→ 2883:∈ 2769:→ 2686:≥ 2575:∈ 2541:′ 2463:→ 2446:function 2316:⊆ 2281:→ 2236:→ 2078:→ 2032:∘ 1986:→ 1954:→ 1919:∘ 1870:→ 1838:⊆ 1812:→ 1780:→ 1621:→ 1542:⊆ 1488:→ 1476:∘ 1450:→ 1418:→ 1343:→ 1297:→ 1265:→ 1253:∘ 1227:→ 1195:→ 1099:→ 1047:→ 1005:− 963:bijective 828:→ 798:real line 771:↦ 738:→ 723:bijective 627:→ 503:∈ 469:→ 418:→ 56:→ 6373:Wikibook 6351:Category 6239:Manifold 6207:Homotopy 6165:Interior 6156:Open set 6114:Homology 6063:Topology 5988:42683260 5962:Topology 5960:(2000). 5950:18588129 5884:Topology 5882:(2000). 5717:The set 5415:See also 5399:and the 5279:codomain 4628:has the 4372:open map 3798:to be a 3523:discrete 3517:between 2991:Suppose 2444:analytic 1142:is also 593:and the 222:manifold 35:between 33:function 25:topology 6398:general 6200:uniform 6180:compact 6131:Digital 5930:]. 5405:toposes 5393:schemes 5373:sheaves 5302:sheaves 4989:of its 3993:on the 2793:(where 2480:(where 2343:locally 1358:to any 1146:, then 1122:and if 679:and on 518:has an 120:sheaves 6393:Topics 6195:metric 6070:Fields 6025:115240 6023:  6013:  5986:  5976:  5948:  5938:  5894:  5616:is an 5391:; for 4991:domain 4949:Every 4366:, and 4200:where 3866:where 3800:proper 3397:subset 2367:has a 1116:proper 802:circle 541:whose 366:sphere 6175:Space 5924:[ 5465:Notes 4985:is a 4951:fiber 4415:image 3886:is a 3448:then 3395:dense 3348:is a 3326:fiber 3182:is a 3106:is a 3084:fiber 3078:is a 3054:is a 2937:with 2675:when 2260:is a 2161:then 2102:is a 1744:never 1114:is a 651:is a 543:image 321:then 95:over 31:is a 6021:OCLC 6011:ISBN 5984:OCLC 5974:ISBN 5946:OCLC 5936:ISBN 5892:ISBN 4497:and 4374:. A 4364:open 4153:< 3890:but 3058:and 3025:open 2219:and 1969:and 1465:and 1210:and 1174:The 1020:). 27:, a 5770:of 5550:of 5270:is. 5237:is 5215:is; 5182:is 5160:is; 5127:is 5105:is; 5072:is 4727:not 4725:to 4276:to 3399:of 3352:of 3328:of 3110:of 3086:of 2983:. 2410:to 2129:of 1531:If 1401:If 991:or 708:). 298:to 153:to 149:is 19:In 6437:: 6019:. 6009:. 6005:: 6001:. 5982:. 5972:. 5968:: 5944:. 5890:. 5411:. 5375:. 4362:, 4156:0. 2689:2. 126:. 6055:e 6048:t 6041:v 6027:. 5990:. 5952:. 5900:. 5835:R 5828:U 5825:: 5820:U 5814:| 5808:f 5787:R 5779:R 5758:U 5736:f 5732:O 5728:= 5725:O 5705:. 5702:x 5699:= 5696:) 5693:y 5690:, 5687:x 5684:( 5681:f 5660:R 5652:R 5644:R 5640:: 5637:f 5620:. 5604:Y 5598:U 5595:: 5590:U 5584:| 5578:f 5558:X 5538:U 5516:f 5512:O 5508:= 5505:O 5485:f 5359:Y 5339:Y 5315:; 5312:Y 5288:Y 5258:) 5255:X 5252:( 5249:f 5225:X 5203:) 5200:X 5197:( 5194:f 5170:X 5148:) 5145:X 5142:( 5139:f 5115:X 5093:) 5090:X 5087:( 5084:f 5060:X 5037:Y 5031:X 5028:: 5025:f 5003:. 5000:X 4973:Y 4967:X 4964:: 4961:f 4935:. 4932:Y 4912:) 4909:X 4906:( 4903:f 4883:) 4880:X 4877:( 4874:f 4868:X 4865:: 4862:f 4842:Y 4836:X 4833:: 4830:f 4810:, 4807:) 4804:0 4801:, 4798:x 4795:( 4792:= 4789:) 4786:x 4783:( 4780:f 4758:2 4753:R 4744:R 4740:: 4737:f 4713:Y 4707:X 4704:: 4701:f 4681:) 4678:X 4675:( 4672:f 4666:X 4663:: 4660:f 4640:Y 4616:) 4613:X 4610:( 4607:f 4587:) 4584:X 4581:( 4578:f 4572:X 4569:: 4566:f 4546:f 4526:) 4523:X 4520:( 4517:f 4511:X 4508:: 4505:f 4485:Y 4465:Y 4459:X 4456:: 4453:f 4433:) 4430:X 4427:( 4424:f 4401:Y 4395:X 4392:: 4389:f 4314:/ 4309:) 4304:R 4296:R 4291:( 4287:= 4284:Y 4263:R 4255:R 4251:= 4248:X 4228:Y 4208:X 4188:Y 4182:X 4179:: 4176:f 4150:y 4130:0 4124:y 4104:) 4101:} 4098:y 4095:{ 4092:( 4087:1 4080:f 4058:R 4051:X 4048:: 4045:f 4025:X 4005:0 3958:, 3951:/ 3946:) 3941:R 3933:R 3928:( 3924:= 3921:X 3898:X 3874:Y 3854:Y 3848:X 3845:: 3842:f 3810:f 3784:f 3780:O 3759:. 3755:R 3734:, 3731:} 3728:0 3725:{ 3718:R 3714:= 3709:f 3705:O 3680:; 3676:R 3653:f 3649:O 3626:2 3622:x 3618:= 3615:) 3612:x 3609:( 3606:f 3586:) 3580:, 3577:0 3574:[ 3567:R 3563:: 3560:f 3538:f 3534:O 3505:f 3485:f 3465:; 3456:O 3430:X 3410:. 3407:X 3380:O 3360:X 3336:f 3312:Y 3306:O 3303:: 3298:O 3292:| 3286:f 3266:X 3244:f 3240:O 3236:= 3233:O 3213:. 3210:X 3190:Y 3170:f 3150:Y 3144:X 3141:: 3138:f 3118:X 3094:f 3066:Y 3042:X 3011:Y 3005:X 3002:: 2999:f 2965:3 2961:x 2957:= 2954:) 2951:x 2948:( 2945:f 2924:R 2916:R 2912:: 2909:f 2889:. 2886:U 2880:x 2860:f 2855:x 2851:D 2828:n 2823:R 2801:U 2779:n 2774:R 2766:U 2763:: 2760:f 2733:n 2709:0 2683:n 2663:0 2643:0 2621:n 2617:z 2613:= 2610:) 2607:x 2604:( 2601:f 2581:. 2578:U 2572:z 2552:) 2549:z 2546:( 2537:f 2512:C 2488:U 2467:C 2460:U 2457:: 2454:f 2418:N 2398:f 2378:N 2355:U 2326:n 2321:R 2313:U 2291:n 2286:R 2278:U 2275:: 2272:f 2248:) 2245:U 2242:( 2239:f 2233:U 2230:: 2227:f 2205:n 2200:R 2178:) 2175:U 2172:( 2169:f 2149:, 2144:n 2139:R 2117:U 2088:n 2083:R 2075:U 2072:: 2069:f 2038:. 2035:i 2029:f 2026:= 2021:U 2015:| 2009:f 1989:X 1983:U 1980:: 1977:i 1957:Y 1951:X 1948:: 1945:f 1925:. 1922:i 1916:f 1913:= 1908:U 1902:| 1896:f 1876:; 1873:X 1867:U 1864:: 1861:i 1841:X 1835:U 1815:Y 1809:X 1806:: 1803:f 1783:Y 1777:U 1774:: 1769:U 1763:| 1757:f 1731:X 1711:X 1691:U 1671:. 1668:X 1648:U 1624:X 1618:U 1615:: 1612:i 1589:X 1565:U 1545:X 1539:U 1511:f 1491:Z 1485:X 1482:: 1479:f 1473:g 1453:Z 1447:Y 1444:: 1441:g 1421:Y 1415:X 1412:: 1409:f 1386:X 1366:U 1346:Y 1340:U 1337:: 1332:U 1326:| 1320:f 1300:Y 1294:X 1291:: 1288:f 1268:Z 1262:X 1259:: 1256:f 1250:g 1230:Z 1224:Y 1221:: 1218:g 1198:Y 1192:X 1189:: 1186:f 1154:p 1130:Y 1102:Y 1096:X 1093:: 1090:p 1070:Y 1050:Y 1044:C 1041:: 1038:p 1008:1 1002:= 999:n 979:1 976:= 973:n 949:, 946:n 926:n 903:n 883:, 878:n 874:z 870:= 867:) 864:z 861:( 858:f 836:1 832:S 823:1 819:S 815:: 812:f 782:t 779:i 775:e 768:t 746:1 742:S 734:R 696:) 693:U 690:( 687:f 667:U 639:) 636:U 633:( 630:f 624:U 621:: 616:U 610:| 604:f 581:Y 561:) 558:U 555:( 552:f 529:U 506:X 500:x 472:Y 466:X 463:: 460:f 433:. 428:2 423:R 413:2 409:S 388:, 383:2 378:R 352:, 349:Y 329:X 309:, 306:Y 286:X 264:. 259:n 254:R 232:n 208:. 205:Y 181:X 161:Y 137:X 106:. 103:Y 79:X 59:Y 53:X 50:: 47:f

Index

mathematics
topology
function
topological spaces
sheaves
covering maps
homeomorphic
manifold
sphere
topological spaces
open neighborhood
image
restriction
homeomorphism
subspace topologies
bijective
real line
circle
winding number
bijective
covering map
universal cover
proper
Hausdorff spaces
locally compact
composition
subspace topology
inclusion map
topological embedding
Invariance of domain

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