Loch Ness Monster - Knowledge (XXG)

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this comparison was filmed under different lighting conditions, with a white boat. JARIC's estimates of the size and speed of the object are now believed to be overestimates, due to miscalculations of the angle of the camera and cuts in the film, and overlaying multiple frames seems to show a pale blob towards the rear end of the object, which appears in multiple frames and matches with the position of the helmsman of a boat as demonstrated in Dinsdale's boat comparison. It has also been noted that the object in his film does not actually submerge as often perceived but blends into the greyer reflections on the water. Additionally, Dick Raynor has noted that Dinsdale's binoculars were actually a wider field of view than his telephoto camera. Additionally, critics consider the dark shape noticed by the Discovery documentary analysis unlikely to be the shadow or a body underwater due to the low angle of view, and it is more likely to be reflections of the shore behind the object.

822:, and Adomnán's tale probably recycles a common motif attached to a local landmark. According to skeptics, Adomnán's story may be independent of the modern Loch Ness Monster legend and became attached to it by proximity and by believers seeking to bolster their claims. Ronald Binns considers that this is the most serious of various alleged early sightings of the monster, but all other claimed sightings before 1933 are dubious and do not prove a monster tradition before that date. Christopher Cairney uses a specific historical and cultural analysis of Adomnán to separate Adomnán's story about St. Columba from the modern myth of the Loch Ness Monster, but finds an earlier and culturally significant use of Celtic "water beast" folklore along the way. In doing so he also discredits any strong connection between 906:

and a long, wavy, narrow neck, slightly thicker than an elephant's trunk and as long as the 10–12-foot (3–4 m) width of the road. They saw no limbs. It lurched across the road toward the loch 20 yards (18 m) away, leaving a trail of broken undergrowth in its wake. Spicer described it as "the nearest approach to a dragon or pre-historic animal that I have ever seen in my life," and as having "a long neck, which moved up and down in the manner of a scenic railway." It had "an animal" in its mouth and had a body that "was fairly big, with a high back, but if there were any feet they must have been of the web kind, and as for a tail I cannot say, as it moved so rapidly, and when we got to the spot it had probably disappeared into the loch." Though he was the first to describe the creature as a

1469:, near the midpoint of the loch. With the mobile units in laybys about 80% of the loch surface was covered. The society's name was later shortened to the Loch Ness Investigation Bureau (LNIB), and it disbanded in 1972. The LNIB had an annual subscription charge, which covered administration. Its main activity was encouraging groups of self-funded volunteers to watch the loch from vantage points with film cameras with telescopic lenses. From 1965 to 1972 it had a caravan camp and viewing platform at Achnahannet, and sent observers to other locations up and down the loch. According to the bureau's 1969 annual report it had 1,030 members, of whom 588 were from the UK. 2291: 892:"The creature disported itself, rolling and plunging for fully a minute, its body resembling that of a whale, and the water cascading and churning like a simmering cauldron. Soon, however, it disappeared in a boiling mass of foam. Both onlookers confessed that there was something uncanny about the whole thing, for they realised that here was no ordinary denizen of the depths, because, apart from its enormous size, the beast, in taking the final plunge, sent out waves that were big enough to have been caused by a passing steamer." 2171: 1249:, camping next to Urquhart Castle, took "some of the clearest pictures of the monster until this day". Shiels, a magician, claimed to have summoned the animal out of the water. He later described it as an "elephant squid", claiming the long neck shown in the photograph is actually the squid's "trunk" and that a white spot at the base of the neck is its eye. Due to the lack of ripples, it has been declared a hoax by a number of people and received its name because of its staged look. 882:, about a large "beast" or "whale-like fish". The article by Alex Campbell, water bailiff for Loch Ness and a part-time journalist, discussed a sighting by Aldie Mackay of an enormous creature with the body of a whale rolling in the water in the loch while she and her husband John were driving on the A82 on 15 April 1933. The word "monster" was reportedly applied for the first time in Campbell's article, although some reports claim that it was coined by editor Evan Barron. 989: 1413: 1563:

plesiosaur-like animal, but sceptics argue the object is a log due to the lump on its "chest" area, the mass of sediment in the full photo, and the object's log-like "skin" texture. Another photograph seemed to depict a horned "gargoyle head", consistent with that of some sightings of the monster; however, sceptics point out that a tree stump was later filmed during Operation Deepscan in 1987, which bore a striking resemblance to the gargoyle head.

2110: 2051: 1226:, with a digital enhancement of the Dinsdale film. A person who enhanced the film noticed a shadow in the negative that was not obvious in the developed film. By enhancing and overlaying frames, he found what appeared to be the rear body of a creature underwater: "Before I saw the film, I thought the Loch Ness Monster was a load of rubbish. Having done the enhancement, I'm not so sure." 1673:, said he could not rule out the possibility of eels of extreme size, though none were found, nor were any ever caught. The other possibility is that the large amount of eel DNA simply comes from many small eels. No evidence of any reptilian sequences were found, he added, "so I think we can be fairly sure that there is probably not a giant scaly reptile swimming around in Loch Ness". 1606:, donated a number of echosounder units used in the operation. After examining a sonar return indicating a large, moving object at a depth of 180 metres (590 ft) near Urquhart Bay, Lowrance said: "There's something here that we don't understand, and there's something here that's larger than a fish, maybe some species that hasn't been detected before. I don't know." 1711:, and exotic species of large animals. A reviewer wrote that Binns had "evolved into the author of ... the definitive, skeptical book on the subject". Binns does not call the sightings a hoax, but "a myth in the true sense of the term" and states that the "'monster is a sociological ... phenomenon. ...After 1983 the search ... (for the) possibility that there just 1000:(near the north-eastern end of the loch) at about 1 a.m. on a moonlit night. According to Grant, it had a small head attached to a long neck; the creature saw him, and crossed the road back to the loch. Grant, a veterinary student, described it as a cross between a seal and a plesiosaur. He said he dismounted and followed it to the loch, but saw only ripples. 1532:, the photos were retouched to superimpose the flipper; the original enhancement showed a considerably less-distinct object. No one is sure how the originals were altered. During a meeting with Tony Harmsworth and Adrian Shine at the Loch Ness Centre & Exhibition, Rines admitted that the flipper photo may have been retouched by a magazine editor. 6313:, Wednesday, 11 June 1879 "This kelpie had been in the habit of appearing as a beautiful black horse... No sooner had the weary unsuspecting victim seated himself in the saddle than away darted the horse with more than the speed of the hurricane and plunged into the deepest part of Loch Ness, and the rider was never seen again." 1335:

location and weather conditions that day. According to Raynor, Edwards told him he had faked a photograph in 1986 that he claimed was genuine in the National Geographic documentary. Although Edwards admitted in October 2013 that his 2011 photograph was a hoax, he insisted that the 1986 photograph was genuine.

2230:. Robert Rines explained that the "horns" in some sightings function as breathing tubes (or nostrils), allowing it to breathe without breaking the surface. Also new discoveries have shown that plesiosaurs had the ability to swim in fresh waters, but the cold temperatures would make it hard for it to live. 1481:, volunteered his services as a sonar developer and expert at Loch Ness in 1968. His gesture, part of a larger effort led by the LNPIB from 1967 to 1968, involved collaboration between volunteers and professionals in a number of fields. Tucker had chosen Loch Ness as the test site for a prototype sonar 51: 1229:

However, additional analyses of the Dinsdale film have indicated that his sighting was a case of mistaken identity and that he likely filmed a boat under poor lighting conditions. Although Dinsdale attempted to rule this out by organizing for a fishing boat to sail a similar route later that morning,

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and Maurice Burton) consider it a picture of a diving bird or otter that Wilson mistook for the monster. According to Morrison, when the plates were developed, Wilson was uninterested in the second photo; he allowed Morrison to keep the negative, and the photo was rediscovered years later. When asked

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In August 1933, Italian journalist Francesco Gasparini submitted what he said was the first news article on the Loch Ness Monster. In 1959, he reported sighting a "strange fish" and fabricated eyewitness accounts: "I had the inspiration to get hold of the item about the strange fish. The idea of the

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producer) and Ira Dyer of MIT's Department of Ocean Engineering were on hand to examine the data. P. Skitzki of Raytheon suggested that the data indicated a 3-metre (10 ft) protuberance projecting from one of the echoes. According to author Roy Mackal, the shape was a "highly flexible laterally

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with a maximum range of 800 m (2,600 ft). The device was fixed underwater at Temple Pier in Urquhart Bay and directed at the opposite shore, drawing an acoustic "net" across the loch through which no moving object could pass undetected. During the two-week trial in August, multiple targets

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Little is known of the second photo; it is often ignored by researchers, who believe its quality too poor and its differences from the first photo too great to warrant analysis. It shows a head similar to the first photo, with a more turbulent wave pattern, and possibly taken at a different time and

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approaching, Wetherell sank the model with his foot and it is "presumably still somewhere in Loch Ness". Chambers gave the photographic plates to Wilson, a friend of his who enjoyed "a good practical joke". Wilson brought the plates to Ogston's, an Inverness chemist, and gave them to George Morrison

809:. They explained that the man was swimming in the river when he was attacked by a "water beast" that mauled him and dragged him underwater despite their attempts to rescue him by boat. Columba sent a follower, Luigne moccu Min, to swim across the river. The beast approached him, but Columba made the 2039:

as having "a bear's head and a brown scaly body with clawlike fins." The creature was placed in a van to be carried away for testing, but police seized the cadaver under an act of parliament prohibiting the removal of "unidentified creatures" from Loch Ness. It was later revealed that Flamingo Park

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Modern interest in the monster was sparked by a sighting on 22 July 1933, when George Spicer and his wife saw "a most extraordinary form of animal" cross the road in front of their car. They described the creature as having a large body (about 4 feet (1.2 m) high and 25 feet (7.6 m) long)

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Wakes have been reported when the loch is calm, with no boats nearby. Bartender David Munro reported a wake he believed was a creature zigzagging, diving, and reappearing; there were reportedly 26 other witnesses from a nearby car park. Although some sightings describe a V-shaped wake similar to a

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In a 1979 article, California biologist Dennis Power and geographer Donald Johnson claimed that the "surgeon's photograph" was the top of the head, extended trunk and flared nostrils of a swimming elephant photographed elsewhere and claimed to be from Loch Ness. In 2006, palaeontologist and artist

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In August 2023, a weekend of high-tech searching was done in observance of the 90th anniversary of the 1933 Aldie Mackay sighting. The event was coordinated by Loch Ness Exploration volunteers in collaboration with the Loch Ness visitor’s centre. The technology used included "sonar for mapping the

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In 2001, Rines' Academy of Applied Science videotaped a V-shaped wake traversing still water on a calm day. The academy also videotaped an object on the floor of the loch resembling a carcass and found marine clamshells and a fungus-like organism not normally found in freshwater lochs, a suggested

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conducted a search for the monster involving sonar examination of the loch depths for unusual activity. Rines took precautions to avoid murky water with floating wood and peat. A submersible camera with a floodlight was deployed to record images below the surface. If Rines detected anything on the

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on 21 April 1934. Wilson's refusal to have his name associated with it led to it being known as the "surgeon's photograph". According to Wilson, he was looking at the loch when he saw the monster, grabbed his camera and snapped four photos. Only two exposures came out clearly; the first reportedly

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For 60 years, the photo was considered evidence of the monster's existence, although skeptics dismissed it as driftwood, an elephant, an otter or a bird. The photo's scale was controversial; it is often shown cropped (making the creature seem large and the ripples like waves), while the uncropped

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the scientists had made sonar contact with an unidentified object of unusual size and strength. The researchers returned, re-scanning the area. Analysis of the echosounder images seemed to indicate debris at the bottom of the loch, although there was motion in three of the pictures. Adrian Shine

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filmed what he believed to be a dark hump that left a wake crossing Loch Ness on 23 April 1960. Dinsdale, who reportedly had the sighting on his final day of search, described it as mahogany red with a blotch on its side when viewed through binoculars. He said that when he mounted his camera the

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In 2003, the BBC sponsored a search of the loch using 600 sonar beams and satellite tracking. The search had sufficient resolution to identify a small buoy. No animal of substantial size was found and, despite their reported hopes, the scientists involved admitted that this proved the Loch Ness

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financed a search. Twenty men with binoculars and cameras positioned themselves around the loch from 9 am to 6 pm for five weeks, beginning on 13 July 1934. Although 21 photographs were taken, none was considered conclusive. Supervisor James Fraser remained by the loch, filming, on 15

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Other researchers consider the photograph a hoax. Roy Mackal requested to use the photograph in his 1976 book. He received the original negative from MacNab, but discovered it differed from the photograph that appeared in Whyte's book. The tree at the bottom left in Whyte's was missing from the

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According to a 2013 article, Mackay said that she had yelled, "Stop! The Beast!" when viewing the spectacle. In the late 1980s, a naturalist interviewed Aldie Mackay and she admitted to knowing that there had been an oral tradition of a "beast" in the loch well before her claimed sighting. Alex

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A second search was conducted by Rines in 1975. Some of the photographs, despite their obviously murky quality and lack of concurrent sonar readings, did indeed seem to show unknown animals in various positions and lightings. One photograph appeared to show the head, neck, and upper torso of a

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analyzed the uncropped image and found a white object visible in every version of the photo (implying that it was on the negative). It was believed to be the cause of the ripples, as if the object was being towed, although the possibility of a blemish on the negative could not be ruled out. An

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documentary in which Edwards had participated. Researcher Dick Raynor has questioned Edwards' claim of discovering a deeper bottom of Loch Ness, which Raynor calls "Edwards Deep". He found inconsistencies between Edwards' claims for the location and conditions of the photograph and the actual

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It has been claimed that sightings of the monster increased after a road was built along the loch in early 1933, bringing workers and tourists to the formerly isolated area. However, Binns has described this as "the myth of the lonely loch", as it was far from isolated before then, due to the

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flipper, although sceptics have dismissed the images as depicting the bottom of the loch, air bubbles, a rock, or a fish fin. The apparent flipper was photographed in different positions, indicating movement. The first flipper photo is better-known than the second, and both were enhanced and

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From 2018 to 2019, scientists from New Zealand undertook a massive project to document every organism in Loch Ness based on DNA samples. Their reports confirmed that European eels are still found in the Loch. No DNA samples were found for large animals such as catfish, Greenland sharks, or

720:. It is often described as large, long-necked, and with one or more humps protruding from the water. Popular interest and belief in the creature has varied since it was brought to worldwide attention in 1933. Evidence of its existence is anecdotal with a number of disputed photographs and 1984:

legends. According to Sjögren, accounts of loch monsters have changed over time; originally describing horse-like creatures, they were intended to keep children away from the loch. Sjögren wrote that the kelpie legends have developed into descriptions reflecting a modern awareness of

1574:, citing the lack of significant sonar readings and a decline in eyewitness accounts. He undertook a final expedition, using sonar and an underwater camera in an attempt to find a carcass. Rines believed that the animals may have failed to adapt to temperature changes resulting from 1707:. In these he contends that an aspect of human psychology is the ability of the eye to see what it wants, and expects, to see. They may be categorised as misidentifications of known animals, misidentifications of inanimate objects or effects, reinterpretations of Scottish folklore, 1664:

survey of the lake in June 2018, looking for unusual species. The results were published in 2019; no DNA of large fish such as sharks, sturgeons and catfish could be found. No otter or seal DNA were obtained either, though there was a lot of eel DNA. The leader of the study, Prof

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Believers in the monster point to this story, set in the River Ness rather than the loch itself, as evidence for the creature's existence as early as the 6th century. Skeptics question the narrative's reliability, noting that water-beast stories were extremely common in medieval

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shot shows the other end of the loch and the monster in the centre. The ripples in the photo were found to fit the size and pattern of small ripples, rather than large waves photographed up close. Analysis of the original image fostered further doubt. In 1993, the makers of the

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A number of explanations have been suggested to account for sightings of the creature. According to Ronald Binns, a former member of the Loch Ness Phenomena Investigation Bureau, there is probably no single explanation of the monster. Binns wrote two sceptical books, the 1983

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pier on the south-western end of the loch, when he captured the movement. He said, "The water was very still at the time and there were no ripples coming off the wave and no other activity on the water." Sceptics suggested that the wave may have been caused by a wind gust.

1219:(JARIC) who published a 1966 report analyzing the film, the object was "probably animate". After the film, Dinsdale continued to pursue finding the Loch Ness Monster but while he claimed to have had additional sightings he was unable to produce more photographic evidence. 1506:

DE-725C sonar unit, operating at a frequency of 200 kHz and anchored at a depth of 11 metres (36 ft), identified a moving target (or targets) estimated by echo strength at 6 to 9 metres (20 to 30 ft) in length. Specialists from Raytheon, Simrad (now

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On 26 May 2007, 55-year-old laboratory technician Gordon Holmes videotaped what he said was "this jet black thing, about 14 metres (46 ft) long, moving fairly fast in the water.", Loch Ness monster watchers described it as among "the best footage ever seen."

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was an early suggestion for what the "monster" was. Eels are found in Loch Ness, and an unusually large one would explain many sightings. Dinsdale dismissed the hypothesis because eels undulate side to side like snakes. Sightings in 1856 of a "sea-serpent" (or

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level. Gas pressure would eventually rupture a resin seal at one end of the log, propelling it through the water (sometimes to the surface). According to Burton, the shape of tree logs (with their branch stumps) closely resembles descriptions of the monster.

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published the account of George Spicer's alleged sighting. Public interest skyrocketed, with countless letters being sent in detailing different sightings describing a "monster fish," "sea serpent," or "dragon," with the final name ultimately settling on

1964:, and this could be a description of an earthquake. Many reports consist only of a large disturbance on the surface of the water; this could be a release of gas through the fault, although it may be mistaken for something swimming below the surface. 1352:

On 27 August 2013, tourist David Elder presented a five-minute video of a "mysterious wave" in the loch. According to Elder, the wave was produced by a 4.5 m (15 ft) "solid black object" just under the surface of the water. Elder, 50, from

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reportedly saw an object resembling a log or an upturned boat "wriggling and churning up the water," moving slowly at first before disappearing at a faster speed. The account was not published until 1934, when Mackenzie sent his story in a letter to

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In 1972, a team of zoologists from Yorkshire's Flamingo Park Zoo, searching for the monster, discovered a large body floating in the water. The corpse, 4.9–5.4 m (16–18 ft) long and weighing as much as 1.5 tonnes, was described by the

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Neil Clark suggested that travelling circuses might have allowed elephants to bathe in the loch; the trunk could be the perceived head and neck, with the head and back the perceived humps. In support of this, Clark provided an example painting.

1910:); the Loch Ness oscillation period is 31.5 minutes. Earthquakes in Scotland are too weak to cause observable seiches, but extremely massive earthquakes far away could cause large waves. The seiche created in Loch Ness by the catastrophic 2569: 1007:, who stated it was consistent with the appearance and behavior of an otter. Regarding the long size of the creature reported by Grant, it has been suggested that this was a faulty observation due to the poor light conditions. Paleontologist 1181:. Its crew noted a large object keeping pace with the vessel at a depth of 146 metres (479 ft). It was detected for 800 m (2,600 ft) before contact was lost and regained. Previous sonar attempts were inconclusive or negative. 1804:. It is dark in colour, with a small dorsal fin. According to biologist Bruce Wright, the Greenland shark could survive in fresh water (possibly using rivers and lakes to find food) and Loch Ness has an abundance of salmon and other fish. 1690:(underwater microphones)" which did record some sounds, but were "probably ducks". Despite a large turnout of searchers onsite and hundreds more viewing Internet livestream cameras pointed at the loch, there were no conclusive sightings. 1378:

showed what appeared to be a large creature (thought by some to be the Loch Ness Monster) just below the surface of Loch Ness. At the loch's far north, the image appeared about 30 metres (98 ft) long. Possible explanations were the

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image of a 1.5-metre-wide (4.9 ft), unidentified object that seemed to follow his boat for two minutes at a depth of 23 m (75 ft) and ruled out the possibility of a small fish or seal. In April 2012, a scientist from the

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On 3 August 2012, skipper George Edwards claimed that a photo he took on 2 November 2011 shows "Nessie". Edwards claims to have searched for the monster for 26 years, and reportedly spent 60 hours per week on the loch aboard his boat,

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In 2005, two students claimed to have found a large tooth embedded in the body of a deer on the loch shore. They publicised the find, setting up a website, but expert analysis soon revealed that the "tooth" was the antler of a

1652:. Wally Veevers had designed the prop initially with a neck and two humps but Wilder disliked the humps and ordered them removed. This change altered the buoyancy and the prop promptly sank into the loch during a filming test. 4029: 1193:

on 29 July 1955 took a photograph that depicted two long black humps in the water. The photograph was not made public until it appeared in Constance Whyte's 1957 book on the subject. On 23 October 1958 it was published by the

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Another sonar contact was made, this time with two objects estimated to be about 9 metres (30 ft). The strobe camera photographed two large objects surrounded by a flurry of bubbles. Some interpreted the objects as two

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and said: "Go no further. Do not touch the man. Go back at once." The creature stopped as if it had been "pulled back with ropes" and fled, and Columba's men and the Picts gave thanks for what they perceived as a miracle.

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Muir-Wood, Robert; Mignan, Arnaud (2009). "A Phenomenological Reconstruction of the Mw9 November 1st 1755 Earthquake Source". In Mendes-Victor, Luiz A.; Sousa Oliveira, Carlos; Azevedo, João; Ribeiro, António (eds.).

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published a report of Spicer's sighting. This sighting triggered a massive amount of public interest and an uptick in alleged sightings, leading to the solidification of the actual name "Loch Ness Monster."

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or water-horses and the modern "media-augmented" creation of the Loch Ness Monster. He also concludes that the story of Saint Columba may have been impacted by earlier Irish myths about the Caoránach and an

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on 12 November 1933 was the first photograph alleged to depict the monster. It was slightly blurred, and it has been noted that if one looks closely the head of a dog can be seen. Gray had taken his

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came into "possession of two lantern slides, contact positives from th original negative" and when projected onto a screen they revealed an "otter rolling at the surface in characteristic fashion."

1836:, and photos of them and deer swimming in the loch, which were cited by author Ronald Binns, may have been misinterpreted. According to Binns, birds may be mistaken for a "head and neck" sighting. 860:

sighted "a large stubby-legged animal" surfacing from the loch and propelling itself within 50 yd (46 m) of the shore where Macdonald stood. Macdonald reported his sighting to Loch Ness

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A number of hoax attempts have been made, some of which were successful. Other hoaxes were revealed rather quickly by the perpetrators or exposed after diligent research. A few examples follow.

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monster had never dawned on me, but then I noted that the strange fish would not yield a long article, and I decided to promote the imaginary being to the rank of monster without further ado."

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shows a small head and back, and the second shows a similar head in a diving position. The first photo became well known, and the second attracted little publicity because of its blurriness.

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to fund a 2-year programme of daylight watches from May to October. The principal equipment was 35 mm movie cameras on mobile units with 20-inch lenses, and one with a 36-inch lens at

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article. The creature was reportedly a toy submarine built by Christian Spurling, the son-in-law of actor, screenwriter, director, producer, and -- perhaps most saliently -- big-game hunter

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On 2 July 2003, Gerald McSorely discovered a fossil, supposedly from the creature, when he tripped and fell into the loch. After examination, it was clear that the fossil had been planted.

1543:(Greek for "Ness inhabitant with diamond-shaped fin"). Scott intended that the name would enable the creature to be added to the British register of protected wildlife. Scottish politician 5945: 408: 2027:

went to Loch Ness to look for the monster. Wetherell claimed to have found footprints, but when casts of the footprints were sent to scientists for analysis they turned out to be from a

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and Constance Whyte "to study Loch Ness to identify the creature known as the Loch Ness Monster or determine the causes of reports of it". In 1967 it received a grant of $ 20,000 from

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Italian geologist Luigi Piccardi has proposed geological explanations for ancient legends and myths. Piccardi noted that in the earliest recorded sighting of a creature (the

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Other researchers have questioned the photograph's authenticity, and Loch Ness researcher Steve Feltham suggested that the object in the water is a fibreglass hump used in a

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for a walk that day and it is suspected that the photograph depicts his dog fetching a stick from the loch. Others have suggested that the photograph depicts an

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European Eels may reach an estimated maximal length of 1–1.3 meters. R. P. Mackal (1976) The Monsters of Loch Ness page 216, see also chapter 9 and appendix G

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as an example of the shape. According to Holiday, this explains the land sightings and the variable back shape; he likened it to the medieval description of

1216: 1099:. After testing it in a local pond the group went to Loch Ness, where Ian Marmaduke Wetherell took the photos near the Altsaigh Tea House. When they heard a 6460: 5915: 3484: 1930:

appearance to the water with calm patches appearing dark from the shore (reflecting the mountains and clouds). In 1979, W. H. Lehn showed that atmospheric

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If creatures similar to plesiosaurs lived in Loch Ness they would be seen frequently, since they would have to surface several times a day to breathe.

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for "Monster hoax by Sir Peter S". However, Rines countered that when rearranged, the letters could also spell "Yes, both pix are monsters – R."

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September 1934; the film is now lost. Zoologists and professors of natural history concluded that the film showed a seal, possibly a grey seal.

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documentary team, using cinematic special-effects experts, tried to convince people that there was something in the loch. They constructed an

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It is difficult to judge the size of an object in water through a telescope or binoculars with no external reference. Loch Ness has resident

1512: 924:, a film that was extremely popular in theaters in his home city of London during August 1933, when Spicer reported the sighting. Loxton and 5877: 3697: 2215:

The loch is only about 10,000 years old, dating to the end of the last ice age. Before then, it was frozen for about 20,000 years.

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is a large oscillation of a lake, caused by water reverting to its natural level after being blown to one end of the lake (resulting in a

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Campbell's 1933 article also stated that "Loch Ness has for generations been credited with being the home of a fearsome-looking monster".

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Concurrent with the sonar readings, the floodlit camera obtained a pair of underwater photographs. Both depicted what appeared to be a

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An international team consisting of researchers from the universities of Otago, Copenhagen, Hull and the Highlands and Islands, did a

453: 31: 3237: 2133: 2120: 6761: 6719: 6705: 6697: 6351: 6331: 6295: 4790: 4766: 4695: 4662: 4445: 3719: 3569: 3509: 2987: 2842: 2784: 2658: 2201: 2152: 6084: 5711: 5350: 5192: 4230: 5416: 3907: 2533: 1454: 6831: 5651: 5442: 4066: 1889:

logs rising to the surface of the loch. A decomposing log could not initially release gases caused by decay because of its high

6399: 438: 6482: 1121:, Spurling "... was vague, thought it might have been a piece of wood they were trying out as a monster, but not sure." 2370: 2279:

as "worms". Although this theory was considered by Mackal, he found it less convincing than eels, amphibians or plesiosaurs.

1486:

were identified. One was probably a shoal of fish, but others moved in a way not typical of shoals at speeds up to 10 knots.

6421: 4633: 3402: 5967: 5847: 4317: 3095: 1166: 1076:. Spurling admitted the photograph was a hoax in January 1991. Wetherell had been publicly ridiculed by his employer, the 4802: 3801: 3667: 3827: 1399:

In September 2021, it was reported that a 20 ft (6.1 m) creature was captured on a live-stream near the loch.

1291: 4742:<!-anonymous letter commenting on news: name and address supplied--> (1 June 1972). "Take a Lesson from Nessie". 4263: 3600: 3444: 4141: 3385: 1331: 918:

suggested that Spicer's sighting was fictionalized and inspired by a long-necked dinosaur that rises out of a lake in

876:

The best-known article that first attracted a great deal of attention about a creature was published on 2 May 1933 in

797:, written in the 7th century AD. According to Adomnán, writing about a century after the events described, Irish monk 351: 231: 1246: 1088:(his son, himself a future actor, who bought the material for the fake), and Maurice Chambers (an insurance agent). 5817: 5265: 4963: 2245:; Roy Mackal examined the possibility, giving it the highest score (88 percent) on his list of possible candidates. 6859: 2212:

of the neck makes it absolutely certain that the plesiosaur could not lift its head up swan-like out of the water".

1324: 1051:

analysis of the full photograph indicated that the object was small, about 60 to 90 cm (2 to 3 ft) long.

5571: 3539: 2509: 1812:

In July 2015 three news outlets reported that Steve Feltham, after a vigil at the loch that was recognized by the

6456: 3521: 3279: 2634: 2415: 5907: 4348: 3481: 1559:-like animals, suggesting several large animals living in Loch Ness. This photograph has rarely been published. 4209: 2450: 2254: 2226:, Peter Scott and Roy Mackal postulate a trapped marine creature that evolved from a plesiosaur directly or by 1478: 769: 697: 672: 321: 5795: 4115:"stv News North Tonight – Loch Ness Monster sighting report and interview with Gordon Holmes – tx 28 May 2007" 3593:"Loch Ness Monster Surface Photographs. Pictures of Nessie taken by Monster Hunters and Loch Ness Researchers" 1023:

The "surgeon's photograph" is reportedly the first photo of the creature's head and neck. Supposedly taken by

2550: 888:

in 2017 published excerpts from the Campbell article, which had been titled "Strange Spectacle in Loch Ness".

6376: 4381: 4353: 4092: 1462: 1340: 1092: 561: 503: 241: 35: 6371: 1715:

be continues to enthrall a small number for whom eye-witness evidence outweighs all other considerations".

50: 3201: 3031:

2 May 1933 "Loch Ness has for generations been credited with being the home of a fearsome-looking monster"

1915: 1914:

was reportedly "so violent as to threaten destruction to some houses built on the sides of it", while the

1911: 1813: 1466: 996:

On 5 January 1934 a motorcyclist, Arthur Grant, claimed to have nearly hit the creature while approaching

973: 586: 528: 356: 226: 196: 4118: 1784:. The Greenland shark, which can reach up to 20 feet in length, inhabits the North Atlantic Ocean around 3862: 2330: 1642:. While investigating the depths of the loch, they found the resting place of a Nessie prop created for 1112:

location in the loch. Some believe it to be an earlier, cruder attempt at a hoax, and others (including

1024: 920: 878: 566: 498: 478: 296: 3961:"Books on the Loch Ness Monster 3: The Man Who Filmed Nessie: Tim Dinsdale and the Enigma of Loch Ness" 1902:

Loch Ness, because of its long, straight shape, is subject to unusual ripples affecting its surface. A

2571:

The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions

1064:

article that fell into obscurity. Details of how the photo was taken were published in the 1999 book,

6226: 5071: 5022: 4559: 4173:"Scottish Sailor Claims To Have Best Picture Yet of Loch Ness Monster | ABC News Blogs – Yahoo!" 3930: 2689:

So "Nessie" is at her tricks again. After a long, she has by all accounts bobbed up in home waters...

2435: 2410: 2350: 2258: 2227: 1603: 1129:

On 29 May 1938, South African tourist G. E. Taylor filmed something in the loch for three minutes on

1060: 581: 576: 523: 261: 6508: 4533: 2178:

In 1933, it was suggested that the creature "bears a striking resemblance to the supposedly extinct

6264: 5475: 4235: 2170: 1670: 911: 665: 631: 473: 139: 6165:"Nessie and Noctilucent Clouds: A Meteorological Explanation for Some Loch Ness Monster Sightings" 5673: 5502: 5378: 6426: 6242: 5411: 5134: 5087: 1927: 1639: 1544: 1539:

announced in 1975, on the basis of the photographs, that the creature's scientific name would be

1508: 961: 717: 341: 291: 127: 6164: 4290: 1918:

caused two-foot (60 cm) waves. However, no sightings of the monster were reported in 1755.

988: 5734: 1934:

could distort the shape and size of objects and animals, and later published a photograph of a

1338:

A survey of the literature about other supposed sightings, including photographs, published in

6864: 6757: 6715: 6701: 6693: 6347: 6327: 6291: 6112: 5470: 5040: 4939: 4885: 4786: 4762: 4711: 4691: 4658: 4382:"Loch Ness Monster Sighting? Photographer Claims 'Black Object' Glided Beneath Lake's Surface" 3505: 3327: 3283: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2914: 2908: 2780: 2654: 2575: 2305: 2036: 1753:. Many scientists now believe that giant eels account for many, if not most of the sightings. 1358: 1234: 810: 709: 636: 346: 216: 171: 161: 6234: 6172: 5079: 5030: 4759:

The Great Orm of Loch Ness: A Practical Inquiry into the Nature and Habits of Water-monsters

4062: 3777: 3761: 3749: 3319: 3073:"Report of strange spectacle on Loch Ness in 1933 leaves unanswered question – what was it?" 2355: 2325: 2092: 1961: 1865: 1315:, taking tourists for rides. Edwards said, "In my opinion, it probably looks kind of like a 1270: 1264: 957: 945: 732: 571: 468: 458: 76: 6585: 2621:, 11 August 1933 "Loch Ness, which is becoming famous as the supposed abode of a dragon..." 1141:, who did not show it to other researchers. A single frame was published in his 1961 book, 6383: 5196: 4595: 4205: 3784: 3488: 3409: 3271: 3229: 2847: 2673:

for the monsters of Lochs Shiel, Ness and Morag, adding that they are feminine diminutives

2537: 2024: 1973: 1781: 1683: 1529: 1516: 1495: 1477:

D. Gordon Tucker, chair of the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering at the

1450: 1429: 1384: 1190: 1158: 1154: 1134: 1073: 1043: 925: 513: 316: 251: 191: 3723: 3561: 1080:, after he found "Nessie footprints" that turned out to be a hoax. To get revenge on the 6230: 5703: 5342: 5189: 5075: 5026: 2190:. A popular explanation at the time, the following arguments have been made against it: 1864:

published a picture with the caption: "This queerly-shaped tree-trunk, washed ashore at

1233:

Although most researchers do not believe Dinsdale to be a hoaxer, his susceptibility to

1202:

negative. It is suspected that the photograph was doctored by re-photographing a print.

6806: 5646: 5567: 3899: 3645: 3377: 3355: 3298: 2480:

The date is inferred from the oldest written source reporting a monster near Loch Ness.

2440: 2380: 2067: 1882: 1833: 1776: 1745:

were explained as those of an oversized eel, also believed common in "Highland lakes".

1742: 1575: 1446: 1380: 1138: 1084:, Wetherell perpetrated his hoax with co-conspirators Spurling (sculpture specialist), 1004: 977: 965: 948:. In the 1930s, the existing road by the side of the loch was given a serious upgrade. 828: 601: 596: 533: 491: 336: 331: 201: 6824: 2530: 6853: 6819: 6395: 4628: 4054: 3364: 3306: 3267: 2777:

Monsters of Film, Fiction and Fable, the Cultural Links Between the Human and Inhuman

2445: 2405: 2345: 2335: 2271: 2196: 2041: 1952: 1939: 1907: 1877: 1635: 1591: 1587: 1362: 1354: 1274: 1100: 915: 861: 744: 736: 626: 538: 381: 326: 306: 256: 211: 5117:

Fairbairn, Nicholas (18 December 1975). "Loch Ness monster". Letters to the Editor.

6586:"Legend of Nessie – Ultimate and Official Loch Ness Monster Site – About Loch Ness" 6486: 6246: 5540: 5447: 3398: 3100: 2880: 2425: 2296: 2262: 2223: 2179: 2055: 2040:

education officer John Shields shaved the whiskers and otherwise disfigured a bull

2028: 1997: 1977: 1860: 1817: 1750: 1729: 1666: 1643: 1421: 1259: 1215:

object began to move, and he shot 40 ft (12 m) of film. According to the

1211: 1008: 845: 651: 641: 621: 616: 556: 433: 366: 301: 281: 186: 66: 5818:"'River Monsters' Finale: Hunt For Loch Ness Monster And Greenland Shark (Video)" 2044:

that had died the week before and dumped it in Loch Ness to dupe his colleagues.

1520:

flattened tail" or the misinterpreted return from two animals swimming together.

17: 6217:

Lehn, W. H.; Schroeder, I. (1981). "The Norse merman as an optical phenomenon".

5597: 4213: 3592: 3003: 2430: 2238: 2087: 2071: 2004:. A study of pre-1933 Highland folklore references to kelpies, water horses and 1993: 1771: 1536: 1458: 1299: 1162: 1028: 819: 727:

The scientific community explains alleged sightings of the Loch Ness Monster as

646: 371: 84: 6207:

vol 205. No. 4402 pages 183–185 "Atmospheric Refraction and Lake Monsters"

1599:

speculated, based on size, that they might be seals that had entered the loch.

1412: 3797: 2400: 2360: 2286: 2266: 2183: 2075: 2005: 1986: 1931: 1886: 1687: 1590:

equipment were deployed across the width of the loch, and simultaneously sent

1571: 1556: 1482: 1375: 1344:

blog network on 10 July 2013, indicates all of them are not actual sightings.

1130: 1113: 1096: 1033: 907: 865: 806: 794: 740: 606: 426: 361: 266: 221: 176: 147: 5044: 4889: 3823: 805:

with his companions when he encountered local residents burying a man by the

789:

The earliest report of a monster in the vicinity of Loch Ness appears in the

6802: 5848:"Scientist wonders if Nessie-like monster in Alaska lake is a sleeper shark" 5641: 3440: 2365: 2209: 2205: 1868:

may, it is thought, be responsible for the reported appearance of a 'Monster

1789: 1085: 997: 857: 713: 376: 206: 166: 123: 4412:"Do new pictures from amateur photographer prove Loch Ness Monster exists?" 1494:

In 1972, a group of researchers from the Academy of Applied Science led by

6177: 3276:

Abominable Science! Origins of the Yeti, Nessie, and Other Famous Cryptids

2050: 1885:

proposed that sightings of Nessie and similar creatures may be fermenting

1586:

Operation Deepscan was conducted in 1987. Twenty-four boats equipped with

5507: 5383: 5107:

Dinsdale, T. "Loch Ness Monster" (Routledge and Kegan Paul 1976), p. 171.

2390: 2340: 2200:

article, "Why the Loch Ness Monster is no plesiosaur", Leslie Noè of the

1801: 1738: 1595: 1524: 1503: 1388: 1285:

On 24 August 2011, Loch Ness boat captain Marcus Atkinson photographed a

1012: 611: 518: 443: 246: 236: 113: 5650:. Hobart, Tas.: National Library of Australia. 10 June 1856. p. 3. 5138:. Vol. 125, no. 43,063. Reuters. 19 December 1975. p. 78. 5091: 3690:"Police chief William Fraser demanded protection for Loch Ness Monster" 3535: 2501: 2455: 2420: 2395: 2315: 2310: 2083: 1996:

in Loch Ness was mentioned in an 1879 Scottish newspaper, and inspired

1850:

boat's, others report something not conforming to the shape of a boat.

1793: 1623: 1548: 1316: 1003:

Grant produced a sketch of the creature that was examined by zoologist

840: 798: 591: 386: 311: 271: 80: 4997:

Loch Ness, Nessie & Me: Loch Ness Understood and Monster Explained

6324:

Project Water Horse. The true story of the monster quest at Loch Ness

6238: 5035: 5010: 2320: 2276: 2174:

Reconstruction of Nessie as a plesiosaur outside the Museum of Nessie

1981: 1935: 1903: 1797: 1785: 1734: 1638:

supported a survey of the Loch using an underwater robot operated by

1320: 823: 508: 276: 181: 5083: 4199:

Scottish Sailor Claims To Have Best Picture Yet Of Loch Ness Monster

4291:"An examination of the claims and pictures taken by George Edwards" 5968:"Loch Ness Monster is just a 'giant catfish' – says Nessie expert" 3403:"Hunting Monsters: Cryptozoology and the Reality Behind the Myths" 2704:, (1950) Abbey Press, Fort Augustus, cited by Tim Dinsdale (1961) 2169: 2049: 1890: 1411: 1295: 1286: 1145:. His analysis concluded it was a floating object, not an animal. 987: 802: 721: 286: 5704:"New DNA evidence may prove what the Loch Ness Monster really is" 57:

The "surgeon's photograph" of 1934, now known to have been a hoax

6756:, London, Geoffrey Bles, 1934 and paperback, Lyle Stuart, 1976, 3522:"Loch Ness-odjuret – Historien bakom bilden » Moderskeppet" 2242: 1708: 1528:

retouched from the original negatives. According to team member

1269:

aired it on 28 May 2007 and interviewed Holmes. Adrian Shine, a

1177:

In December 1954, sonar readings were taken by the fishing boat

1055: 969: 764:." Since the 1940s, the creature has been affectionately called 728: 448: 6726:

The Elusive Monster: An Analysis of the Evidence from Loch Ness

4624:"'Loch Ness Monster' spotted again! This time on drone footage" 4591:"'Loch Ness monster' spotted lurking near shore by wild camper" 4560:"Loch Ness Monster on Apple Maps? Why Satellite Images Fool Us" 3650:

The Elusive Monster: An Analysis of the Evidence From Loch Ness

2775:

Bro, Lisa; O'Leary-Davidson, Crystal; Gareis, Mary Ann (2018).

2086:. The tooth was a publicity stunt to promote a horror novel by 1816:, theorised that the monster is an unusually large specimen of 1277:, suggested that the footage was an otter, seal or water bird. 6798: 5878:"'Alaska lake monster' may be a sleeper shark, biologist says" 5443:"Loch Ness monster: remains of film model discovered by robot" 5210:"Veteran Loch Ness Monster Hunter Gives Up – The Daily Record" 4761:. London: Faber & Faber. pp. 30–60, 98–117, 160–173. 2876:"Adrian Shine on making sense of the Loch Ness monster legend" 2103: 1824:), which may have been released during the late 19th century. 1661: 1237:

and trusting dubious sources as evidence has been criticized.

5938:"Nessie hunter believes Loch Ness monster is 'giant catfish'" 4534:"Fallen branches 'could explain Loch Ness Monster sightings'" 1567:

connection to the sea and a possible entry for the creature.

1108:, who then announced that the monster had been photographed. 4866:

40 (1968): 564–566; "Sonar Picks Up Stirrings in Loch Ness"

4727:

Spector, Leo (14 September 1967). "The Great Monster Hunt".

1374:

On 19 April 2014, it was reported that a satellite image on

1011:

has suggested that Grant may have seen either an otter or a

864:

Alex Campbell, and described the creature as looking like a

49: 6742:, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961, SBN 7100 1279 9 6081:"Movement of Water in Lakes: Long standing waves (Seiches)" 2031:; a prankster had used a hippopotamus-foot umbrella stand. 1570:

In 2008, Rines theorised that the creature may have become

3482:

Book review of Nessie – The Surgeon's Photograph – Exposed

1222:

In 1993, Discovery Communications produced a documentary,

3004:"Loch Ness Monster: Is Nessie just a tourist conspiracy?" 2637:

gives 9 June 1933 as the first usage of the exact phrase

1327:, they're probably just seeing three separate monsters." 932:

as evidently an influence on the Loch Ness Monster myth.

848:

shortly after popular interest in the monster increased.

5536:"Loch Ness monster could be a giant eel, say scientists" 3435: 3433: 3431: 2008:

indicated that Ness was the loch most frequently cited.

1774:

investigated the creature in 2013 as part of the series

914:

in 2013 proved his story to be fake. The university and

2128: 1976:

and author Bengt Sjögren wrote that present beliefs in

1054:

Since 1994, most agree that the photo was an elaborate

6782:

More Than a Legend: The Story of the Loch Ness Monster

5674:"Loch Ness Monster may be a giant eel, say scientists" 5503:"Loch Ness Monster may be a giant eel, say scientists" 4476:"Finally, is this proof the Loch Ness monster exists?" 4349:"Latest Loch Ness 'Sighting' Causes a Monstrous Fight" 2257:

proposed that Nessie and other lake monsters, such as

5735:"Loch Ness Contains No 'Monster' DNA, Say Scientists" 3824:"Loch Ness movie film & Loch Ness video evidence" 1058:. It had been described as fake in a 7 December 1975 910:-like dinosaur, evidence suggested by researchers at 6261:"Seismotectonic Origins of the Monster of Loch Ness" 6134:"The Earth-shattering Loch Ness Monster that wasn't" 5471:"First phase of hunt for Loch Ness monster complete" 5407:"Loch Ness Monster Is Found! (Kind of. Not Really.)" 5379:"Film's lost Nessie monster prop found in Loch Ness" 3851:

Discovery Communications, Loch Ness Discovered, 1993

2649:

Campbell, Elizabeth Montgomery & David Solomon,

1960:" ("with loud roaring"). The Loch Ness is along the 1437:

Loch Ness Phenomena Investigation Bureau (1962–1972)

735:, and the misidentification of mundane objects. The 4055:"Tourist Says He's Shot Video of Loch Ness Monster" 3258:

R. Mackal (1976) "The Monsters of Loch Ness" p. 85.

2779:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 377–399. 119: 109: 98: 90: 72: 62: 6770:, London, Faber & Faber, 1968, SBN 571 08473 7 6683:The Enigma of Loch Ness: Making Sense of a Mystery 5132:"Loch Ness Monster Shown a Hoax by Another Name". 4688:The Enigma of Loch Ness: Making Sense of a Mystery 3167:"Are Hunters Closing in on the Loch Ness Monster?" 2971: 1980:such as the Loch Ness Monster are associated with 1840:Misidentifications of inanimate objects or effects 5299: 5297: 4835:"The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search" 4318:"Loch Ness Monster: George Edwards 'faked' photo" 3624:, revised edition, Penguin Books, 1975, pp. 44–45 2910:A Monstrous Commotion: The Mysteries of Loch Ness 2574:, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 200–201, 1499:sonar, he turned the light on and took pictures. 1445:(LNPIB) was a UK-based society formed in 1962 by 6797:. Produced & Directed by Christopher Jeans ( 5103: 5101: 4944:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3863:"The Dinsdale Loch Ness Film. An Image Analysis" 3127: 3125: 3123: 3096:"Has the internet killed the Loch Ness monster?" 1104:for development. He sold the first photo to the 747:has placed particular emphasis on the creature. 5908:"Loch Ness Monster 'Most Likely Large Catfish'" 5600:(2017). "Loch Ness Solved – Even More Fully!". 5332:(1988) by the Editors of Time-Life Books, p. 90 4690:, p. 163 (University of Illinois Press, 1986). 3441:"The Loch Ness Monster and the Surgeon's Photo" 3230:"How scientists debunked the Loch Ness Monster" 6065:Burton, Maurice (1982). "The Loch Ness Saga". 6050:Burton, Maurice (1982). "The Loch Ness Saga". 6035:Burton, Maurice (1982). "The Loch Ness Saga". 5149: 5147: 5145: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4926:. Archived from the original on 29 August 2011 4677:5 October 1934, p. 12 Loch Ness "Monster" Film 4446:"New photo of Loch Ness Monster sparks debate" 4142:"Does sonar image show the Loch Ness Monster?" 6685:, Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1986 6422:"Loch Ness 'Monster' Is an April Fool's Joke" 5608:(6). Committee for Skeptical Inquiry: 59, 61. 5469:Gemmell, Neil; Rowley, Ellie (28 June 2018). 4803:"1969 Annual Report: Loch Ness Investigation" 4439: 4437: 2728: 2726: 2716: 2714: 2376:List of topics characterised as pseudoscience 2182:", a long-necked aquatic reptile that became 2137:that contextualizes different points of view. 1956:), the creature's emergence was accompanied " 1490:Robert Rines studies (1972, 1975, 2001, 2008) 673: 30:"Nessie" redirects here. For other uses, see 8: 6735:, Buffalo, New York, Prometheus Books, 1985. 6552:"Why the Loch Ness Monster is no plesiosaur" 6483:"Loch Ness monster: The Ultimate Experiment" 6396:"Birth of a legend: Famous Photo Falsified?" 5436: 5434: 5372: 5370: 5368: 4731:. Cleveland, Ohio: The Penton Publishing Co. 4231:"Photos of the Loch Ness Monster, revisited" 3992:"Photos of the Loch Ness Monster, revisited" 3847: 3845: 1217:Joint Air Reconnaissance Intelligence Centre 43: 6832:"Loch Ness: Fiction Is Stranger Than Truth" 3664:"Loch Ness Monster is real, says policeman" 3500:David S. Martin & Alastair Boyd (1999) 1770:Zoologist, angler and television presenter 839:In October 1871 (or 1872), D. Mackenzie of 6747:The encyclopaedia of the Loch Ness Monster 6451: 6449: 5766:"The Loch Ness Monster is still a mystery" 4878:"Scientists Plan All-Out Loch Ness Search" 3722:. Sansilke.freeserve.co.uk. Archived from 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2061:Loch Ness Monster: The Ultimate Experiment 1634:Adrian Shine of The Loch Ness Project and 1630:Adrian Shine and Kongsberg Maritime (2016) 1602:Sonar expert Darrell Lowrance, founder of 680: 666: 134: 6176: 5572:"Letter to America: The Benefit of Doubt" 5034: 4962:Townend, Lorne (writer/director) (2001). 3900:"Reflections on Tim Dinsdale's 1960 film" 3502:Nessie – the Surgeon's Photograph Exposed 3145: 3143: 2798: 2796: 2153:Learn how and when to remove this message 1068:, which contains a facsimile of the 1975 1066:Nessie – the Surgeon's Photograph Exposed 4957: 4955: 4503:"Loch Ness Monster found on Apple Maps?" 4224: 4222: 3931:"Views from Cyberspace a sort of f.a.q." 3464: 3462: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2825:The Mammoth Encyclopedia of the Unsolved 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 1443:Loch Ness Phenomena Investigation Bureau 1383:of a boat (with the boat itself lost in 1361:, was taking a picture of a swan at the 1015:and exaggerated his sighting over time. 6485:. Crawley-creatures.com. Archived from 5212:. Dailyrecord.co.uk. 13 February 2008. 5184: 5182: 4965:Loch Ness Monster: Search for the Truth 4264:"Follow up to the George Edwards Photo" 3768:. Aberdeen University Press. pp. 43–44. 2913:. Orion Publishing Group. p. 105. 2843:"Monster mania on Nessie's anniversary" 2836: 2834: 2832: 2551:"(Ann) an tòir air uilebheist Loch Nis" 2492: 2473: 1416:Loch Ness, reported home of the monster 1095:, and its head and neck were made from 1018: 146: 6596:from the original on 29 September 2018 5745:from the original on 10 September 2019 5714:from the original on 11 September 2019 5121:. No. 59,581. London. p. 13. 4937: 4482:from the original on 28 September 2013 4456:from the original on 24 September 2015 4049: 4047: 1677:High-Tech 2023 90th Anniversary Search 1511:), Hydroacoustics, Marty Klein of the 856:In 1888, mason Alexander Macdonald of 42: 6566:from the original on 23 February 2007 6109:The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake: Revisited 5684:from the original on 6 September 2019 5548:from the original on 6 September 2019 5515:from the original on 6 September 2019 4710:, p. 35 (Infobase Publishing, 2010). 4532:McKenzie, Steven (21 November 2014). 3804:from the original on 26 December 2017 3603:from the original on 13 February 2015 3161: 3159: 3108:from the original on 12 December 2019 3053:from the original on 11 December 2019 2888:from the original on 15 February 2020 2855:from the original on 11 December 2019 2188:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 2059:model used in the Five TV programme, 1513:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 464:Prizes for evidence of the paranormal 7: 6733:The Loch Ness Monster – The Evidence 6083:. Biology.qmul.ac.uk. Archived from 5858:from the original on 23 January 2015 5654:from the original on 28 October 2021 5534:Weaver, Matthew (5 September 2019). 5343:"BBC 'proves' Nessie does not exist" 5009:Scott, Peter; Rines, Robert (1975). 4845:from the original on 28 October 2021 4392:from the original on 28 October 2020 4152:from the original on 17 October 2021 3971:from the original on 6 November 2023 3910:from the original on 5 November 2023 3879:from the original on 5 November 2023 3700:from the original on 28 October 2021 2629: 2627: 2588:from the original on 16 October 2021 2386:Loch Ness Monster in popular culture 1262:broadcast the video on 29 May 2007. 6777:, Santa Barbara, Capra Press, 1974. 6692:, Great Britain, Open Books, 1983, 6519:from the original on 29 August 2007 4876:Wilford, John Noble (28 May 1976). 4708:Loch Ness Monster: Fact or Fiction? 4380:Jauregui, Andres (26 August 2013). 4297:from the original on 8 October 2018 4171:McLaughlin, Erin (15 August 2012). 3766:The Loch Ness Monster: The Evidence 3634:Ness Information Service Newsletter 3572:from the original on 4 January 2015 3324:The Loch Ness Monster: The Evidence 3240:from the original on 13 August 2023 3079:. 11 September 2017. Archived from 3041:Campbell, Steuart (14 April 2013). 2557:from the original on 3 August 2020. 1926:Wind conditions can give a choppy, 1649:The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes 1620:Searching for the Loch Ness Monster 1611:Searching for the Loch Ness Monster 1391:-caused ripples, or floating wood. 1153:On 15 August 1938, William Fraser, 1119:Ness Information Service Newsletter 992:Sketch of the Arthur Grant sighting 6509:"Nessie swims in Loch for TV Show" 6463:from the original on 21 April 2010 5483:from the original on 21 April 2019 5441:Siddique, Haroon (13 April 2016). 5377:McKenzie, Steven (13 April 2016). 5307:. Firstscience.com. 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Rosen Publishing Group. p. 2927:from the original on 5 August 2020 1719:Misidentification of known animals 1294:said that the image is a bloom of 1091:The toy submarine was bought from 956:Hugh Gray's photograph taken near 454:James Randi Educational Foundation 32:Loch Ness Monster (disambiguation) 25: 6728:, London, Rupert Hart-Davis, 1961 6434:from the original on 24 June 2021 6144:from the original on 4 April 2022 5978:from the original on 18 July 2015 5948:from the original on 18 July 2015 5918:from the original on 17 July 2015 5888:from the original on 5 March 2016 5828:from the original on 2 April 2015 5733:Tom Metcalfe (9 September 2019). 5353:from the original on 28 July 2018 4622:Linge, Mary (25 September 2021). 4570:from the original on 5 April 2015 4513:from the original on 30 July 2018 4422:from the original on 30 July 2018 4361:from the original on 10 July 2015 4262:Watson, Roland (20 August 2012). 4179:from the original on 7 March 2016 4117:. Scotlandontv.tv. Archived from 3209:from the original on 20 July 2023 2874:Searle, Maddy (3 February 2017). 2222:In response to these criticisms, 1875:In a 1982 series of articles for 1408:Edward Mountain expedition (1934) 6754:The Loch Ness Monster and Others 6402:from the original on 4 June 2011 6370:. 1 January 2009. Archived from 6364:"Invention of Loch Ness monster" 6263:. Gsa.confex.com. Archived from 6185:from the original on 6 July 2023 6138:Scientific American Blog Network 5405:Victor, Daniel (13 April 2016). 5305:"What is the Loch Ness Monster?" 4589:Gill, Kate (24 September 2021). 4328:from the original on 11 May 2015 4270:from the original on 6 July 2017 4089:"Fabled monster caught on video" 4069:from the original on 14 May 2013 4032:from the original on 10 May 2019 3959:Naish, Darren (24 August 2019). 3662:Casciato, Paul (28 April 2010). 3504:(East Barnet: Martin and Boyd). 2957:The Loch Ness Monster and Others 2289: 2123:to fringe sources and hypotheses 2108: 1942:that resembled a head and neck. 1686:drones to scan the surface; and 1426:The Loch Ness Monster and Others 1306:George Edwards photograph (2011) 1273:at the Loch Ness 2000 Centre in 6830:Darnton, John (20 March 1994). 6784:, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1957 6132:Bressan, David (30 June 2013). 6111:. Springer. pp. 130, 138. 5972:International Business Times UK 4478:. news.com.au. 28 August 2013. 4347:Gross, Jenny (5 October 2013). 3542:from the original on 8 May 2019 3228:Edwards, Phil (21 April 2015). 3197:"Did King Kong inspire Nessie?" 2841:Bignell, Paul (14 April 2013). 2512:from the original on 8 May 2019 801:was staying in the land of the 439:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 6775:The Loch Ness Monster Watchers 6714:, London, Zoilus Press, 2017, 6712:The Loch Ness Mystery Reloaded 5011:"Naming the Loch Ness monster" 4229:Naish, Darren (10 July 2013). 3898:Raynor, Dick (23 April 2010). 2568:Carroll, Robert Todd (2011) , 2371:List of reported lake monsters 2023:In the 1930s, big-game hunter 1705:The Loch Ness Mystery Reloaded 1515:(MIT) and Klein Associates (a 1117:about the second photo by the 1: 6344:The Water Horses of Loch Ness 6326:(Routledge & Kegan Paul) 5199:. Academy of Applied Science. 4140:Love, David (21 April 2012). 4091:. 1 June 2007. Archived from 1780:, and concluded that it is a 1167:National Archives of Scotland 1086:Ian Colin Marmaduke Wetherell 1019:"Surgeon's photograph" (1934) 393:Reportedly haunted locations: 27:Mythical creature in Scotland 6870:Scottish legendary creatures 6690:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 6539:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 6011:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 5998:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 4656:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 3800:. YouTube. 19 January 2007. 3746:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 3360:A Fast Moving, Agile Beastie 3094:Hoare, Philip (2 May 2013). 2763:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 2743:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 2607:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 1737:) in a freshwater lake near 1701:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 1370:Apple Maps photograph (2014) 1292:National Oceanography Centre 976:was lost. However, in 1963, 708:, is a mythical creature in 6749:, London, Robert Hale, 1999 4913:p. 307, see also appendix E 3386:The Illustrated London News 3326:. Prometheus Books. p. 33. 2234:Long-necked giant amphibian 2100:Exotic large-animal species 1332:National Geographic Channel 1133:. The film was obtained by 835:D. Mackenzie (1871 or 1872) 232:Electronic voice phenomenon 6886: 6820:Nova Documentary On Nessie 6768:The Great Orm of Loch Ness 6654:The Great Orm of Loch Ness 6457:"Loch Ness Monster Hoaxes" 5788:"National Geographic News" 3562:"Nessie's Secret Revealed" 3468:"A Fresh Look at Nessie", 2687:. 14 May 1945. p. 1. 1031:, it was published in the 852:Alexander Macdonald (1888) 29: 6667:The Monsters of Loch Ness 6641:The Monsters of Loch Ness 6616:The Monsters of Loch Ness 5680:. BBC. 5 September 2019. 5058:Lawton, John H. (1996). " 4911:The Monsters of Loch Ness 3934:lochnessinvestigation.com 3904:lochnessinvestigation.com 3870:lochnessinvestigation.com 3861:Shine, Adrian J. (2003). 3666:. reuters. Archived from 3423:The Monsters of Loch Ness 3280:Columbia University Press 2955:Gould, Rupert T. (1934). 2804:The Monsters of Loch Ness 2702:Loch Ness and its Monster 2635:Oxford English Dictionary 2416:Nahuel Huapi Lake Monster 1582:Operation Deepscan (1987) 1241:"Loch Ness Muppet" (1977) 48: 6669:pp. 141–142, chapter XIV 6382:13 November 2013 at the 4599:. London. Archived from 2959:. London: Geoffrey Bles. 2907:Gareth Williams (2015). 2720:Adomnán, p. 176 (II:27). 2451:Zegrze Reservoir Monster 2241:suggested a long-necked 1814:Guinness Book of Records 1479:University of Birmingham 1348:David Elder video (2013) 1323:. When people see three 1044:Discovery Communications 712:that is said to inhabit 504:Apparitional experiences 6825:Smithsonian Institution 6311:Aberdeen Weekly Journal 6290:(in Swedish). Settern. 6286:Sjögren, Bengt (1980). 5240:www.lochnessproject.com 5060:Nessiteras Rhombopteryx 4757:Holiday, F. W. (1968). 4354:The Wall Street Journal 3798:"The Loch Ness Monster" 3787:. The Museum of Hoaxes. 3778:"The MacNab Photograph" 3744:Binns, Ronald. (1983). 3652:. Hart-Davis. pp. 83–84 3487:14 January 2012 at the 3303:A Ring of bright water? 2970:Delrio, Martin (2002). 2269:; he cited the extinct 1541:Nessiteras rhombopteryx 1473:Sonar study (1967–1968) 1463:World Book Encyclopedia 1341:The Scientific American 562:Argument from ignorance 529:Out-of-body experiences 242:Extrasensory perception 104:Nessiteras rhombopteryx 36:Nessie (disambiguation) 6700:and Star Books, 1984, 6656:(Faber and Faber 1968) 6643:, pp. 138–139, 211–213 6630:9 December 1933, p. 14 6459:. Museumofhoaxes.com. 6163:Smith, Oliver (2023). 5195:23 August 2006 at the 3720:"Searching for Nessie" 3536:"Loch Ness Hoax Photo" 3443:. Museumofhoaxes.com. 3310:. 24 June 1982. p. 872 3202:The New Zealand Herald 2536:17 August 2016 at the 2175: 2063: 1912:1755 Lisbon earthquake 1828:Other resident animals 1417: 1210:Aeronautical engineer 1131:16 mm colour film 993: 894: 773: 701: 587:Communal reinforcement 54: 6614:Roy P. Mackal (1976) 6178:10.1344/co20233425-45 5776:on 22 September 2019. 5576:skepticlainquirer.org 5570:(11 September 2023). 3783:19 April 2017 at the 3408:5 August 2020 at the 3368:. 1 July 1982. p. 41. 3077:The Inverness Courier 2974:The Loch Ness Monster 2331:Chessie (sea monster) 2173: 2131:by rewriting it in a 2053: 1953:Life of Saint Columba 1415: 1173:Sonar readings (1954) 1149:William Fraser (1938) 1025:Robert Kenneth Wilson 991: 935:On 4 August 1933 the 890: 879:The Inverness Courier 567:Argumentum ad populum 499:Anomalous experiences 479:Scientific skepticism 297:Paranormal television 53: 6795:Secrets of Loch Ness 6665:R. P. Mackal (1976) 6639:R. P. Mackal (1976) 6374:on 27 December 2011. 6322:Tim Dinsdale (1975) 6025:17 August 1933 p. 12 5852:Alaska Dispatch News 5710:. 6 September 2019. 5627:Tim Dinsdale (1961) 5578:. Center for Inquiry 5511:. 5 September 2019. 5330:Mysterious Creatures 5236:"Operation Deepscan" 4924:"Photographic image" 4781:Tim Dinsdale (1973) 4204:7 March 2016 at the 3472:, v. 83, pp. 358–359 3421:R. P. Mackal (1976) 3083:on 21 February 2020. 2651:The Search for Morag 2502:"The Surgeon's Hoax" 2436:Selma (lake monster) 2351:Lake Tianchi Monster 2228:convergent evolution 1618:Monster was a myth. 1604:Lowrance Electronics 1502:On 8 August, Rines' 1395:Drone footage (2021) 1247:Anthony "Doc" Shiels 1224:Loch Ness Discovered 1206:Dinsdale film (1960) 1048:Loch Ness Discovered 944:construction of the 901:George Spicer (1933) 755:In August 1933, the 582:Cognitive dissonance 577:Begging the question 524:Ideomotor phenomenon 6731:Campbell, Steuart. 6537:R. J. Binns (1983) 6231:1981Natur.289..362L 5822:The Huffington Post 5792:National Geographic 5770:The Washington Post 5476:University of Otago 5155:"Martin Klein Home" 5076:1996Oikos..77..378L 5027:1975Natur.258..466S 4236:Scientific American 4197:McLaughlin, Erin, " 3996:Scientific American 3622:The Loch Ness Story 3149:T. Dinsdale (1961) 2553:. Am Faclair Beag. 2531:Life of St. Columba 2194:In an October 2006 2025:Marmaduke Wetherell 2002:Project Water Horse 1958:cum ingenti fremitu 1671:University of Otago 1547:called the name an 1535:British naturalist 1253:Holmes video (2007) 1185:Peter MacNab (1955) 1143:The Elusive Monster 984:Arthur Grant (1934) 912:Columbia University 872:Aldie Mackay (1933) 791:Life of St. Columba 785:Saint Columba (565) 702:Uilebheist Loch Nis 632:Scientific evidence 474:Scientific literacy 45: 6836:The New York Times 6780:Whyte, Constance, 6515:. 16 August 2005. 6427:The New York Times 6203:W. H. Lehn (1979) 5602:Skeptical Inquirer 5412:The New York Times 5268:educational.rai.it 5190:Loch Ness Findings 5135:The New York Times 4995:Harmsworth, Tony. 4909:Roy Mackal (1976) 4882:The New York Times 4418:. 26 August 2013. 4022:"Nessie sightings" 3205:. 17 August 2014. 2685:Edinburgh Scotsman 2653:(Tom Stacey 1972) 2176: 2064: 1640:Kongsberg Maritime 1545:Nicholas Fairbairn 1509:Kongsberg Maritime 1418: 1387:or low contrast), 1281:Sonar image (2011) 1267:News North Tonight 1169:on 27 April 2010. 1125:Taylor film (1938) 994: 751:Origin of the name 718:Scottish Highlands 342:Spirit photography 292:Paranormal fiction 217:Demonic possession 128:Scottish Highlands 55: 6860:Loch Ness Monster 6740:Loch Ness Monster 6724:Burton, Maurice, 6118:978-1-4020-8608-3 6069:. 07–08: 112–113. 5629:Loch Ness Monster 5188:Robert H. Rines. 4716:978-0-7910-9779-3 4566:. 22 April 2014. 4316:Alistair, Munro. 4175:. Gma.yahoo.com. 4028:. 21 April 2015. 3826:. Loch-ness.org. 3762:Campbell, Steuart 3696:. 27 April 2010. 3591:Tony Harmsworth. 3566:yowieocalypse.com 3389:. May, 27. p. 896 3344:Loch Ness Monster 3320:Campbell, Steuart 3288:978-0-231-15321-8 3151:Loch Ness Monster 3134:Inverness Courier 3029:Inverness Courier 2920:978-1-4091-5875-2 2706:Loch Ness Monster 2639:Loch Ness monster 2581:978-0-471-27242-7 2306:Bear Lake Monster 2261:, may be a large 2163: 2162: 2155: 2117:This article may 2037:Press Association 1898:Seiches and wakes 1656:DNA survey (2018) 1359:South Lanarkshire 1235:confirmation bias 811:sign of the cross 762:Loch Ness monster 710:Scottish folklore 704:), also known as 694:Loch Ness Monster 690: 689: 637:Scientific method 347:Spirit possession 162:Astral projection 133: 132: 44:Loch Ness Monster 18:Loch Ness monster 16:(Redirected from 6877: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6773:Perera, Victor, 6766:Holiday, F. W., 6681:Bauer, Henry H. 6670: 6663: 6657: 6650: 6644: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6590:www.nessie.co.uk 6582: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6548: 6542: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6453: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6430:. 2 April 1972. 6418: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6392: 6386: 6375: 6360: 6354: 6340: 6334: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6288:Berömda vidunder 6283: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6239:10.1038/289362a0 6214: 6208: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6180: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6009:R. Binns (1983) 6007: 6001: 6000:plates 15(a)–(f) 5996:R. Binns (1983) 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5974:. 16 July 2015. 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5794:. Archived from 5784: 5778: 5777: 5772:. Archived from 5761: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5638: 5632: 5625: 5619: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5438: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5419:on 17 April 2016 5415:. 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The UnMuseum. 3532: 3526: 3525: 3518: 3512: 3498: 3492: 3491:Douglas Chapman. 3479: 3473: 3466: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3437: 3426: 3419: 3413: 3396: 3390: 3375: 3369: 3353: 3347: 3340: 3334: 3317: 3311: 3296: 3290: 3272:Prothero, Donald 3265: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3173:. Archived from 3163: 3154: 3147: 3138: 3137: 3136:. 4 August 1933. 3129: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2977: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2952: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2838: 2827: 2822: 2807: 2800: 2791: 2790: 2772: 2766: 2759: 2746: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2721: 2718: 2709: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2680: 2674: 2661:, page 28 gives 2647: 2641: 2631: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2547: 2541: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2497: 2481: 2478: 2356:Lake Van Monster 2326:Champ (folklore) 2299: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2158: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2138: 2134:balanced fashion 2112: 2111: 2104: 1992:The kelpie as a 1972:In 1980 Swedish 1962:Great Glen Fault 1871: 1313:Nessie Hunter IV 1271:marine biologist 1245:On 21 May 1977, 1189:Peter MacNab at 1070:Sunday Telegraph 1061:Sunday Telegraph 952:Hugh Gray (1933) 946:Caledonian Canal 733:wishful thinking 682: 675: 668: 572:Bandwagon effect 469:Pseudoskepticism 459:Magical thinking 135: 102:Nessie, Niseag, 73:Similar entities 46: 21: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6850: 6849: 6840: 6838: 6829: 6816: 6807:A&E Network 6791: 6745:Harrison, Paul 6738:Dinsdale, Tim, 6710:Binns, Ronald, 6688:Binns, Ronald, 6678: 6673: 6664: 6660: 6651: 6647: 6638: 6634: 6626: 6622: 6613: 6609: 6599: 6597: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6569: 6567: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6536: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6492: 6490: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6466: 6464: 6455: 6454: 6447: 6437: 6435: 6420: 6419: 6415: 6405: 6403: 6394: 6393: 6389: 6384:Wayback Machine 6368:The Irish Times 6362: 6361: 6357: 6342:Watson, Roland, 6341: 6337: 6321: 6317: 6309: 6305: 6298: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6270: 6268: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6202: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6147: 6145: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6090: 6088: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6054:. 07–01: 41–42. 6049: 6048: 6044: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6021: 6017: 6008: 6004: 5995: 5991: 5981: 5979: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5951: 5949: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5921: 5919: 5906: 5905: 5901: 5891: 5889: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5861: 5859: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5831: 5829: 5824:. 28 May 2013. 5816: 5815: 5811: 5801: 5799: 5798:on 20 July 2009 5786: 5785: 5781: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5739:livescience.com 5732: 5731: 5727: 5717: 5715: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5687: 5685: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5613: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5581: 5579: 5568:Grossman, Wendy 5566: 5565: 5561: 5551: 5549: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5518: 5516: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5453: 5451: 5440: 5439: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5376: 5375: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5303: 5302: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5249: 5247: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5197:Wayback Machine 5187: 5180: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5143: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5099: 5084:10.2307/3545927 5057: 5056: 5052: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4994: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4961: 4960: 4953: 4936: 4929: 4927: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4848: 4846: 4839:news.google.com 4833: 4832: 4828: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4705: 4701: 4685: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4654:R. Binns (1983) 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4636:on 10 July 2023 4621: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4603:on 10 July 2023 4596:The Independent 4588: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4507:The Independent 4500: 4499: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4443: 4442: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4393: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4228: 4227: 4220: 4206:Wayback Machine 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4121:on 17 July 2010 4113: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4095:on 18 June 2007 4087: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4070: 4065:. 1 June 2007. 4053: 4052: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3990:Naish, Darren. 3989: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3865: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3785:Wayback Machine 3776: 3772: 3760: 3756: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3727: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3646:Burton, Maurice 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3499: 3495: 3489:Wayback Machine 3480: 3476: 3467: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3416: 3410:Wayback Machine 3397: 3393: 3378:Burton, Maurice 3376: 3372: 3356:Burton, Maurice 3354: 3350: 3341: 3337: 3318: 3314: 3299:Burton, Maurice 3297: 3293: 3282:. pp. 142–144. 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3177:on 29 July 2019 3165: 3164: 3157: 3148: 3141: 3131: 3130: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3010:. 12 April 2013 3002: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2954: 2953: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2921: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2891: 2889: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2848:The Independent 2840: 2839: 2830: 2823: 2810: 2801: 2794: 2787: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2760: 2749: 2740: 2736: 2732:Adomnán p. 330. 2731: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2699: 2695: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2648: 2644: 2632: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2604: 2600: 2591: 2589: 2582: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2538:Wayback Machine 2529: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2251: 2236: 2202:Sedgwick Museum 2168: 2159: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2129:help improve it 2126: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2014: 1970: 1948: 1924: 1922:Optical effects 1916:1761 aftershock 1900: 1869: 1856: 1847: 1842: 1830: 1810: 1800:, and possibly 1782:Greenland shark 1768: 1766:Greenland shark 1759: 1726: 1721: 1703:, and his 2017 1696: 1684:thermal imaging 1679: 1658: 1632: 1615: 1594:. According to 1584: 1530:Charles Wyckoff 1517:side-scan sonar 1496:Robert H. Rines 1492: 1475: 1451:R. S. R. Fitter 1439: 1430:Edward Mountain 1410: 1405: 1397: 1385:image stitching 1372: 1350: 1308: 1283: 1255: 1243: 1208: 1196:Weekly Scotsman 1191:Urquhart Castle 1187: 1175: 1159:Inverness-shire 1155:chief constable 1151: 1135:popular science 1127: 1093:F. W. Woolworth 1074:M. A. Wetherell 1021: 986: 972:. The original 954: 926:Donald Prothero 903: 874: 854: 837: 787: 782: 770:Scottish Gaelic 753: 698:Scottish Gaelic 686: 657: 656: 552: 544: 543: 514:False awakening 494: 484: 483: 429: 419: 418: 317:Psychic reading 252:Fortune-telling 192:Close encounter 157: 58: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6883: 6881: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6852: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6827: 6822: 6815: 6814:External links 6812: 6811: 6810: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6752:Gould, R. T., 6750: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6708: 6686: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6658: 6652:Holiday, F.T. 6645: 6632: 6620: 6607: 6577: 6543: 6530: 6500: 6474: 6445: 6413: 6387: 6355: 6335: 6315: 6303: 6296: 6278: 6267:on 15 May 2010 6252: 6209: 6196: 6155: 6124: 6117: 6098: 6087:on 31 May 2009 6072: 6057: 6042: 6027: 6015: 6002: 5989: 5959: 5929: 5899: 5884:. 9 May 2012. 5869: 5854:. 3 May 2012. 5839: 5809: 5779: 5756: 5725: 5708:www.popsci.com 5695: 5665: 5647:Colonial Times 5633: 5620: 5611: 5589: 5559: 5526: 5494: 5461: 5430: 5397: 5364: 5334: 5322: 5311:on 4 June 2009 5293: 5257: 5227: 5201: 5178: 5141: 5124: 5109: 5097: 5070:(3): 378–380. 5050: 5001: 4983: 4951: 4915: 4902: 4868: 4856: 4826: 4794: 4774: 4767: 4749: 4734: 4729:Machine Design 4719: 4699: 4679: 4667: 4647: 4614: 4581: 4551: 4524: 4493: 4467: 4433: 4403: 4372: 4339: 4308: 4289:Raynor, Dick. 4281: 4254: 4218: 4190: 4163: 4132: 4106: 4080: 4043: 4013: 3982: 3951: 3929:Raynor, Dick. 3921: 3890: 3853: 3841: 3815: 3789: 3770: 3754: 3737: 3726:on 31 May 2009 3711: 3681: 3670:on 2 June 2016 3654: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3583: 3553: 3527: 3513: 3493: 3474: 3458: 3427: 3414: 3391: 3370: 3348: 3346:pp. 44–45 3335: 3332:978-1573921787 3312: 3291: 3268:Loxton, Daniel 3260: 3251: 3220: 3188: 3155: 3139: 3119: 3086: 3064: 3033: 3021: 2995: 2988: 2962: 2938: 2919: 2899: 2866: 2828: 2808: 2792: 2785: 2767: 2747: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2693: 2675: 2642: 2623: 2611: 2598: 2580: 2560: 2542: 2523: 2500:Krystek, Lee. 2491: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2441:Stronsay Beast 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2381:Living fossils 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2284: 2281: 2250: 2247: 2235: 2232: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2116: 2114: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2013: 2010: 1969: 1966: 1947: 1944: 1923: 1920: 1899: 1896: 1883:Maurice Burton 1855: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1829: 1826: 1822:Silurus glanis 1809: 1806: 1777:River Monsters 1767: 1764: 1758: 1755: 1743:Outer Hebrides 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1695: 1692: 1678: 1675: 1657: 1654: 1631: 1628: 1614: 1608: 1592:acoustic waves 1583: 1580: 1576:global warming 1491: 1488: 1474: 1471: 1447:Norman Collins 1438: 1435: 1420:After reading 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1371: 1368: 1349: 1346: 1307: 1304: 1282: 1279: 1254: 1251: 1242: 1239: 1207: 1204: 1186: 1183: 1174: 1171: 1150: 1147: 1139:Maurice Burton 1126: 1123: 1020: 1017: 1005:Maurice Burton 985: 982: 978:Maurice Burton 953: 950: 902: 899: 873: 870: 853: 850: 836: 833: 786: 783: 781: 778: 752: 749: 688: 687: 685: 684: 677: 670: 662: 659: 658: 655: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 602:Fringe science 599: 597:Falsifiability 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 553: 550: 549: 546: 545: 542: 541: 536: 534:Parapsychology 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 495: 492:Parapsychology 490: 489: 486: 485: 482: 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A Carruth 2697: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659:0-85468-093-4 2656: 2652: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2609:pp 19–27 2608: 2602: 2599: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2564: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2540:(chapter 28). 2539: 2535: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2477: 2474: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2446:Wani (dragon) 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2406:Mokele-mbembe 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2346:Lake Bumbunga 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2336:Gaasyendietha 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2272:Tullimonstrum 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2255:F. W. Holiday 2248: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2197:New Scientist 2193: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2172: 2165: 2157: 2154: 2146: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2124: 2122: 2115: 2106: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2042:elephant seal 2038: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1978:lake monsters 1975: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1940:Lake Winnipeg 1938:of a rock on 1937: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1908:standing wave 1905: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1878:New Scientist 1873: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1858:In 1933, the 1853: 1851: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1765: 1763: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1646:'s 1970 film 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636:VisitScotland 1629: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1588:echo sounding 1581: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1497: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1453:, politician 1452: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1414: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1363:Fort Augustus 1360: 1356: 1355:East Kilbride 1347: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1275:Drumnadrochit 1272: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1213: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1192: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1115: 1109: 1107: 1102: 1101:water bailiff 1098: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1029:gynaecologist 1026: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 990: 983: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 951: 949: 947: 941: 938: 933: 931: 927: 923: 922: 917: 916:Daniel Loxton 913: 909: 900: 898: 893: 889: 887: 883: 881: 880: 871: 869: 867: 863: 862:water bailiff 859: 851: 849: 847: 842: 834: 832: 830: 825: 821: 820:hagiographies 815: 812: 808: 804: 800: 799:Saint Columba 796: 792: 784: 779: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 750: 748: 746: 745:cryptozoology 742: 738: 737:pseudoscience 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 683: 678: 676: 671: 669: 664: 663: 661: 660: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 627:Pseudoscience 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 554: 548: 547: 540: 539:Synchronicity 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 493: 488: 487: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 431: 428: 423: 422: 415: 412: 410: 409:United States 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 395: 394: 388: 385: 383: 382:Table-turning 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 327:Reincarnation 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 307:Preternatural 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 257:Ghost hunting 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 212:Cryptozoology 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 156:Main articles 153: 152: 149: 145: 141: 137: 136: 129: 125: 122: 118: 115: 112: 108: 105: 101: 99:Other name(s) 97: 93: 89: 86: 82: 78: 75: 71: 68: 65: 61: 52: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6839:. 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Pbs.org. 5882:Yahoo! News 5832:28 December 5688:9 September 5642:"Varieties" 5582:17 February 5552:6 September 5519:6 September 5454:14 February 5423:14 February 5390:14 February 5171:24 February 4849:15 November 4665:, pp. 36–39 4564:livescience 4301:1 September 4247:14 November 4214:Yahoo! News 3412:. Arcturus. 2745:, pp. 52–57 2592:15 November 2431:Sea monster 2267:bristleworm 2239:R. T. Gould 2208:said: "The 2186:during the 2088:Steve Alten 2074:model of a 2072:animatronic 2066:In 2004, a 2006:water bulls 1994:water horse 1987:plesiosaurs 1946:Seismic gas 1772:Jeremy Wade 1751:plesiosaurs 1688:hydrophones 1537:Peter Scott 1467:Achnahannet 1459:Peter Scott 1455:David James 1300:zooplankton 1163:harpoon gun 1027:, a London 886:The Courier 829:Oilliphéist 647:Uncertainty 372:Telekinesis 322:Psychometry 207:Conjuration 85:Altamaha-ha 6854:Categories 6600:31 October 5892:14 January 5250:29 January 4509:. London. 3975:6 November 3944:4 November 3914:4 November 3883:4 November 3764:. 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Binns 2463:Footnotes 2366:Leviathan 2210:osteology 2206:Cambridge 2143:July 2023 1790:Greenland 1622:aired on 1179:Rival III 998:Abriachan 930:King Kong 921:King Kong 858:Abriachan 780:Sightings 714:Loch Ness 444:Debunking 377:Telepathy 227:Ectoplasm 197:Cold spot 167:Astrology 124:Loch Ness 6865:Cryptids 6809:, 1995). 6618:, p. 138 6594:Archived 6564:Archived 6517:Archived 6513:BBC News 6467:28 April 6461:Archived 6432:Archived 6400:Archived 6380:Archived 6183:Archived 6169:Coolabah 6148:12 April 6142:Archived 5976:Archived 5946:Archived 5916:Archived 5912:Sky News 5886:Archived 5856:Archived 5826:Archived 5743:Archived 5712:Archived 5682:Archived 5678:BBC News 5652:Archived 5546:Archived 5513:Archived 5508:BBC News 5487:21 April 5481:Archived 5384:BBC News 5351:Archived 5347:BBC News 5286:11 March 5277:Archived 5270:(p. 17)" 5244:Archived 5220:28 April 5214:Archived 5193:Archived 5162:Archived 4976:19 April 4970:Archived 4940:cite web 4930:18 April 4843:Archived 4810:Archived 4574:21 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