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published a scientific opinion stating that the consumption of migratory locust in frozen, dried or ground state is safe for humans. On 12 November 2021, the EU member states gave their green light for the EU Commission to authorize the placing on the market of migratory locust as a food. This is one
560:
Locusts are highly mobile, and usually fly with the wind at a speed of about 15 to 20 kilometres per hour (9.3 to 12.4 mph). Swarms can travel 5 to 130 km or more in a day. Locust swarms can vary from less than one square kilometre to several hundred square kilometres with 40 to 80 million
1029:
Wang, Xianhui; Fang, Xiaodong; Yang, Pengcheng; Jiang, Xuanting; Jiang, Feng; Zhao, Dejian; Li, Bolei; Cui, Feng; Wei, Jianing; Ma, Chuan; Wang, Yundan; He, Jing; Luo, Yuan; Wang, Zhifeng; Guo, Xiaojiao; Guo, Wei; Wang, Xuesong; Zhang, Yi; Yang, Meiling; Hao, Shuguang; Chen, Bing; Ma, Zongyuan; Yu,
464:
Pigmentation and size of the migratory locust vary according to its phase (gregarious or solitary form) and its age. Gregarious nymphs have a yellow to orange covering with black spots; solitary nymphs are green or brown. The gregarious adult is brownish with yellow, the latter colour becoming more
1030:
Dan; Xiong, Zhiqiang; Zhu, Yabing; Fan, Dingding; Han, Lijuan; Wang, Bo; Chen, Yuanxin; Wang, Junwen; Yang, Lan; Zhao, Wei; Feng, Yue; Chen, Guanxing; Lian, Jinmin; Li, Qiye; Huang, Zhiyong; Yao, Xiaoming; Lv, Na; Zhang, Guojie; Li, Yingrui; Wang, Jian; Wang, Jun; Zhu, Baoli; Kang, Le (2014).
446:. It transitions between two main phenotypes in response to population density; the solitary phase and the gregarious phase. As the density of the population increases the locust transforms progressively from the solitary phase towards the gregarious phase with intermediate phases:
1095:
Li, Sheng; Zhu, Shiming; Jia, Qiangqiang; Yuan, Dongwei; Ren, Chonghua; Li, Kang; Liu, Suning; Cui, Yingying; Zhao, Haigang; Cao, Yanghui; Fang, Gangqi; Li, Daqi; Zhao, Xiaoming; Zhang, Jianzhen; Yue, Qiaoyun; Fan, Yongliang; Yu, Xiaoqiang; Feng, Qili; Zhan, Shuai (2018).
570:
occurred from 1928 to 1942. Since then, environmental transformations have made the development of swarms from the
African migratory locust unlikely. Nevertheless, potential outbreaks are constantly monitored as plagues can be devastating. The Malagasy migratory locust
356:
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intense and extensive on maturation. The solitary adult is brown with varying extent of green colour depending on the colour of the vegetation. Gregarious adults vary in size between 40 and 60 mm according to the sex; they are smaller than the solitary adults.
361:
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396:. It occurs throughout Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. It used to be common in Europe but has now become rare there. Because of the vast geographic area it occupies, which comprises many different ecological zones, numerous
480:
is high in the brain of the gregarious form, decreases in gregarious locusts when they are isolated, and increases in solitary locusts when they are crowded. Knock-down reduces phase-related locomotor activity. Transcriptionally,
651:
is found over a vast geographic area, and its range covers many different ecological zones. Because of this, numerous subspecies have been described; however, not all experts agree on the validity of some of these subspecies.
357:
582:
Locust survey and control are primarily the responsibility of the
Ministry of Agriculture in locust-affected countries and are operations undertaken by national locust units. The
524:
s nerve states because – as with insects and animals in general – nerve cells have a high K permeability, which allows K's transmembrane distribution to determine most cellular
1398:; Sword, G. A.; Piry, S.; Estoup, A. (1 August 2008). "Do outbreaks affect genetic population structure? A worldwide survey in a pest plagued by microsatellite null alleles".
1276:
Oonincx, Dennis G. A. B.; van
Itterbeeck, Joost; Heetkamp, Marcel J. W.; van den Brand, Henry; van Loon, Joop J. A.; van Huis, Arnold; Hansen, Immo A. (29 December 2010).
1346:
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individuals per square kilometre. An adult locust can consume its own weight (several grams) in fresh food per day. For every million locusts, one ton of food is eaten.
329:
1711:
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provides information on the general locust situation to all interested countries and gives warnings and forecasts to those countries in danger of invasion.
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Safety of frozen and dried formulations from migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) as a Novel food pursuant to
Regulation (EU) 2015/2283
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Barsics, F., 2010. L'alimentation des
Populations locales de Madagascar productrices de Vers à Soie. - Univ. de Liège.: 1-84.
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1278:"An Exploration on Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Production by Insect Species Suitable for Animal or Human Consumption"
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have been described. However, not all experts agree on the validity of some of these subspecies.
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Hou, Li; Wang, Xuesong; Yang, Pengcheng; Li, Beibei; Lin, Zhe; Kang, Le; Wang, Xianhui (2020).
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1098:"The genomic and functional landscapes of developmental plasticity in the American cockroach"
2004:
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1176:"DNA methyltransferase 3 participates in behavioral phase change in the migratory locust"
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Other species of
Orthoptera that display gregarious and migratory behaviour are called
599:
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1850:
1411:
1207:
823:
579:, which is very similar to the African migratory locust, remains a major threat too.
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authorization procedure. As a next step, the
Commission will now adopt a legal act.
41:
1877:
1625:
1427:
894:(note: "spur-throated grasshoppers/locusts" may also refer to spp. in other genera)
814:
509:, with the final result of reducing the force output of said muscle. He also found
1032:"The locust genome provides insight into swarm formation and long-distance flight"
17:
1835:
1302:
419:
are referred to as 'locusts' in the vernacular, including the widely distributed
327:
1968:
1937:
1844:
1729:
1698:
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1157:
This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the
603:
602:. In Europe, the migratory locust is officially approved for the use in food in
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556:
Adult female (top), adult male (bottom left), fifth instar nymph (bottom right)
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1468:(2nd ed.). London: Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute.
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in muscle activating nerves by Hoyle 1953. This then in turn reduces the
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915:) also often displays locust-like behaviour in the Sahel region.
430:, the migratory locust possesses one of the largest known insect
1638:
1535:
1890:
575:) still regularly swarms (roughly twice every ten years). The
306:
1159:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
476:
in the brain. Expression of the DNA methyltrasferase gene
1221:
Overgaard, Johannes; MacMillan, Heath A. (2017-02-10).
717:(African migratory locust: Africa and Atlantic islands)
1223:"The Integrative Physiology of Insect Chill Tolerance"
1527:
Sound recordings of
Migratory Locust at BioAcoustica
1819:
1544:
485:is linked with phase-core transcriptional factor,
564:In Africa, the last serious widespread plague of
528:. This is shaping and will continue to shape the
461:(intermediate form) → solitaire = solitary phase.
1447:The Reed Handbook of Common New Zealand Insects
8:
944:Second and fourth instar nymphs (gregarious)
456:
450:
1532:
1394:Chapuis, M-P.; Lecoq, M.; Michalakis, Y.;
64:
40:
31:
1381:Approval of second insect as a Novel Food
1365:In: EFSA Journal. Vol. 19, Issue 7. DOI:
1311:
1301:
1244:
1180:Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
1169:
1167:
1137:
1071:
455:(intermediate form) → gregarious phase →
1367:https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6667
1490:Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
1378:European Commission (2 November 2021):
1021:
922:
674:(Malagasy migratory locust: Madagascar)
513:cold temperatures to increase K in the
606:(since May 2017). On 2 July 2021, the
342:
335:Field recording in the Netherlands 21s
1445:Walker, Annette; Heath, Eric (2000).
1246:10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034142
7:
1992:dab29c8f-f284-44aa-9926-131311b71fff
1917:fa31bdce-6c3e-408b-a8ef-0410eaf2b61c
1753:9ecd295c-7ca3-4fe6-bec2-c85ffa1e2fff
1678:c5daf12b-9cfa-4976-b9be-ed1a3ba9d0e1
295:(Fairmaire & L.J. Reiche, 1849)
2051:IUCN Red List least concern species
1009:Australian Plague Locust Commission
980:Part of a hopper band in Kazakhstan
715:(Fairmaire & L.J. Reiche, 1849)
1004:2013 Madagascar locust infestation
25:
584:Food and Agriculture Organization
1412:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03869.x
1152:
985:
973:
968:Fourth instar nymph (gregarious)
961:
956:Third instar nymphs (gregarious)
949:
937:
925:
365:Close-Up of a Locusta migratoria
343:Problems playing this file? See
325:
89:
2012:Orthoptera Species File (new):
1796:Orthoptera Species File (new):
1786:Orthoptera Species File (old):
1522:Orthoptera Species File on Line
932:First instar nymph (gregarious)
1464:Steedman, Alison, ed. (1988).
777:Other species called 'locusts'
1:
701:Locusta migratoria manilensis
449:Solitaire = solitary phase →
1303:10.1371/journal.pone.0014445
2106:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1228:Annual Review of Physiology
608:European Food Safety Agency
598:The migratory locust is an
2127:
1192:10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103374
1122:10.1038/s41467-018-03281-1
611:of the final steps in the
2091:Insects described in 1758
992:Hopper band in Kazakhstan
861:Nomadacris septemfasciata
379:) is the most widespread
292:Pachytylus migratorioides
258:
251:
228:
221:
86:Scientific classification
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
2086:Acrididae of New Zealand
1502:The phenomenon of phases
802:Chortoicetes terminifera
798:Australian plague locust
543:Relationship with humans
497:Increased extracellular
442:The migratory locust is
49:Female migratory locust
2111:Insect pests of millets
875:Sahelian tree locusts,
851:Dociostaurus maroccanus
517:. These changes affect
503:membrane depolarization
909:Senegalese grasshopper
792:Schistocerca americana
776:
645:
634:
557:
539:under climate change.
457:
451:
366:
311:
284:Pachytylus migratorius
27:Species of grasshopper
2076:Orthoptera of Oceania
2023:Paleobiology Database
1102:Nature Communications
1036:Nature Communications
913:Oedaleus senegalensis
897:Sudan plague locust,
866:Rocky Mountain locust
828:Schistocerca gregaria
640:
629:
555:
364:
310:
2081:Insects of Australia
2071:Orthoptera of Europe
2061:Orthoptera of Africa
1912:Fauna Europaea (new)
1673:Fauna Europaea (new)
1358:EFSA (2 July 2021):
885:Spur-throated locust
843:Calliptamus italicus
835:Anacridium aegyptium
809:Nomadacris succincta
711:L. m. migratorioides
642:L. m. migratorioides
631:L. m. migratorioides
567:L. m. migratorioides
458:transiens dissocians
452:transiens congregans
276:Pachytylus australis
262:Acridium migratorium
1294:2010PLoSO...514445O
1114:2018NatCo...9.1008L
1048:2014NatCo...5.2957W
819:Locustana pardalina
726:Chen, Yonglin, 1963
526:diffusion potential
501:was found to cause
472:may be mediated by
417:migratory behaviour
56:Conservation status
2066:Orthoptera of Asia
1590:Locusta_migratoria
1576:Locusta migratoria
1546:Locusta migratoria
1495:2004-10-30 at the
1449:. Auckland: Reed.
1056:10.1038/ncomms3957
870:Melanoplus spretus
646:
635:
621:Locusta migratoria
558:
376:Locusta migratoria
367:
320:Locusta migratoria
312:
232:Locusta migratoria
214:L. migratoria
18:Locusta migratoria
2038:
2037:
2000:Open Tree of Life
1774:Open Tree of Life
1538:Taxon identifiers
1475:978-0-85954-232-6
1456:978-0-7900-0718-2
1406:(16): 3640–3653.
1400:Molecular Ecology
1347:"Insects as food"
848:Moroccan locust,
832:Egyptian locust,
789:American locust,
785:. This includes:
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757:
750:
742:
735:
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695:
694:(Linnaeus, 1758)
684:
679:L. m. cinerascens
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633:female (solitary)
383:species, and the
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287:(Linnaeus, 1758)
280:
279:(Saussure, 1884)
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35:Migratory locust
16:(Redirected from
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771:(Linnaeus, 1758)
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768:L. m. migratoria
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756:(Linnaeus, 1758)
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753:L. m. migratoria
749:RemaudiÄŤre, 1947
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741:(Linnaeus, 1758)
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738:L. m. migratoria
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722:L. m. tibetensis
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690:L. m. migratoria
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530:distribution of
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470:phase transition
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761:L. m. solitaria
683:Fabricius, 1781
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1237:Annual Reviews
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136:
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96:
95:
82:
81:
63:
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59:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2123:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
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2082:
2079:
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2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
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1857:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1837:
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1794:
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1534:
1528:
1525:
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1467:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1448:
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1429:
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1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1349:(German only)
1348:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1295:
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1189:
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983:
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947:
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935:
928:
923:
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867:
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855:
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852:
847:
845:
844:
839:
837:
836:
831:
829:
825:
824:Desert locust
822:
820:
816:
813:
811:
810:
805:
803:
799:
796:
794:
793:
788:
787:
786:
784:
769:
762:
759:
754:
747:
746:L. m. gallica
744:
739:
732:
729:
724:
723:
719:
713:
712:
708:
705:(Meyen, 1875)
703:
702:
698:
692:
691:
687:
681:
680:
676:
670:
669:
665:
660:
659:
658:L. m. burmana
655:
654:
653:
650:
649:L. migratoria
643:
639:
632:
628:
622:
618:
616:
614:
609:
605:
601:
600:edible insect
593:
591:
589:
586:(FAO) of the
585:
580:
578:
577:desert locust
574:
569:
568:
562:
554:
547:
542:
540:
538:
533:
532:L. migratoria
527:
520:
519:L. migratoria
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
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488:
484:
479:
475:
471:
466:
459:
453:
447:
445:
437:
435:
433:
429:
424:
422:
421:desert locust
418:
415:and possibly
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:
372:
348:
346:
322:
321:
293:
290:
285:
282:
277:
274:
270:
267:
263:
260:
259:
257:
254:
250:
245:
241:
235:
233:
227:
224:
223:Binomial name
220:
216:
215:
210:
207:
206:
201:
196:
195:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
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158:
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148:
147:
144:
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138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
87:
83:
77:
72:
71:Least Concern
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1820:
1545:
1517:
1465:
1446:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1379:
1374:
1359:
1354:
1341:
1330:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1232:
1226:
1216:
1183:
1179:
1105:
1101:
1090:
1039:
1035:
1024:
912:
906:
898:
888:
880:melanorhodon
876:
869:
860:
849:
841:
833:
827:
818:
815:Brown locust
807:
801:
790:
782:
780:
767:
764:Carthy, 1955
760:
752:
745:
737:
731:L. m. danica
730:
720:
709:
699:
688:
677:
668:L. m. capito
666:
656:
648:
647:
641:
630:
620:
597:
581:
573:L. m. capito
572:
565:
563:
559:
531:
518:
510:
496:
482:
477:
467:
463:
441:
425:
402:
392:
391:
385:only species
375:
374:
370:
368:
319:
291:
283:
275:
268:
261:
231:
229:
213:
212:
193:
192:
29:
2056:Oedipodinae
1938:iNaturalist
1845:Wikispecies
1699:iNaturalist
1570:Wikispecies
1396:Loiseau, A.
1239:: 187–208.
1108:(1): 1008.
662:Ramme, 1951
604:Switzerland
438:Polyphenism
409:grasshopper
403:Many other
173:Oedipodinae
169:Subfamily:
2045:Categories
1439:References
1186:: 103374.
902:simulatrix
890:Austracris
878:Anacridium
857:Red locust
613:novel food
515:haemolymph
444:polyphenic
413:gregarious
398:subspecies
345:media help
149:Suborder:
143:Orthoptera
123:Arthropoda
1836:Q15122569
1255:0066-4278
1208:215758648
1130:2041-1723
1064:2041-1723
1016:Footnotes
892:guttulosa
872:– extinct
318:Sound of
208:Species:
183:Locustini
163:Acrididae
153:Caelifera
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
1830:Wikidata
1717:10478051
1597:BioLib:
1561:Q1059580
1555:Wikidata
1493:Archived
1420:18643881
1322:21206900
1282:PLOS ONE
1263:27860831
1200:32283278
1148:29559629
1082:24423660
1042:: 2957.
998:See also
900:Aiolopus
696:(europe)
253:Synonyms
240:Linnaeus
200:Linnaeus
159:Family:
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
1956:locusta
1930:1687259
1865:Locusta
1851:Locusta
1821:Locusta
1809:4224649
1789:1103073
1691:1713418
1518:Locusta
1428:4185861
1313:3012052
1290:Bibcode
1161:license
1139:5861062
1110:Bibcode
1073:3896762
1044:Bibcode
783:locusts
594:As food
537:s range
511:chronic
432:genomes
426:At 6.5
405:species
393:Locusta
387:in the
194:Locusta
189:Genus:
179:Tribe:
139:Order:
133:Insecta
129:Class:
74: (
2028:207852
2015:850276
2005:178927
1989:NZOR:
1943:201631
1904:1LOCUG
1806:uBio:
1799:809837
1779:178934
1750:NZOR:
1704:201627
1665:402382
1652:256035
1639:494417
1516:Genus
1507:Biolib
1472:
1453:
1426:
1418:
1320:
1310:
1261:
1253:
1206:
1198:
1146:
1136:
1128:
1080:
1070:
1062:
1011:(APLC)
919:Photos
381:locust
202:, 1758
1891:32589
1878:8NTNP
1712:IRMNG
1647:EUNIS
1626:72LGF
1613:26142
1600:96807
1424:S2CID
1235:(1).
1204:S2CID
535:'
522:'
489:HR3.
483:Dnmt3
478:Dnmt3
411:with
389:genus
1982:7003
1977:NCBI
1951:MNHN
1925:GBIF
1899:EPPO
1766:1931
1743:7004
1738:NCBI
1686:GBIF
1608:BOLD
1470:ISBN
1451:ISBN
1416:PMID
1318:PMID
1259:PMID
1251:ISSN
1196:PMID
1144:PMID
1126:ISSN
1078:PMID
1060:ISSN
907:The
468:The
369:The
244:1758
1964:NBN
1886:EoL
1873:CoL
1860:AFD
1725:NBN
1634:EoL
1621:CoL
1585:AFD
1520:at
1408:doi
1308:PMC
1298:doi
1241:doi
1188:doi
1184:121
1134:PMC
1118:doi
1068:PMC
1052:doi
751:=
428:Gbp
407:of
2047::
2025::
2002::
1979::
1966::
1953::
1940::
1927::
1914::
1901::
1888::
1875::
1862::
1847::
1832::
1776::
1763::
1740::
1727::
1714::
1701::
1688::
1675::
1662::
1649::
1636::
1623::
1610::
1587::
1572::
1557::
1422:.
1414:.
1404:17
1402:.
1316:.
1306:.
1296:.
1284:.
1280:.
1257:.
1249:.
1233:79
1231:.
1225:.
1202:.
1194:.
1182:.
1178:.
1166:^
1142:.
1132:.
1124:.
1116:.
1104:.
1100:.
1076:.
1066:.
1058:.
1050:.
1038:.
1034:.
887:,
868:,
859:,
826:,
817:,
800:,
766:=
736:=
434:.
423:.
242:,
1478:.
1459:.
1430:.
1410::
1384:.
1369:.
1363:.
1324:.
1300::
1292::
1286:5
1265:.
1243::
1210:.
1190::
1150:.
1120::
1112::
1106:9
1084:.
1054::
1046::
1040:5
911:(
571:(
499:K
373:(
347:.
246:)
238:(
78:)
20:)
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