Geology of solar terrestrial planets

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overlain with an icy mantle. This 100-kilometer-thick mantle (23%–28% of Ceres by mass; 50% by volume) contains 200 million cubic kilometers of water, which is more than the amount of fresh water on Earth. This result is supported by the observations made by the Keck telescope in 2002 and by evolutionary modeling. Also, some characteristics of its surface and history (such as its distance from the Sun, which weakened solar radiation enough to allow some fairly low-freezing-point components to be incorporated during its formation), point to the presence of volatile materials in the interior of Ceres. It has been suggested that a remnant layer of liquid water may have survived to the present under a layer of ice. The surface composition of Ceres is broadly similar to that of C-type asteroids. Some differences do exist. The ubiquitous features of the Cererian IR spectra are those of hydrated materials, which indicate the presence of significant amounts of water in the interior. Other possible surface constituents include iron-rich clay minerals (cronstedtite) and carbonate minerals (dolomite and siderite), which are common minerals in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. The spectral features of carbonates and clay minerals are usually absent in the spectra of other C-type asteroids. Sometimes Ceres is classified as a G-type asteroid.

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Fresh craters of all sizes have dark or bright halos and well-developed ray systems. Although Mercurian and lunar craters are superficially similar, they show subtle differences, especially in deposit extent. The continuous ejecta and fields of secondary craters on Mercury are far less extensive (by a factor of about 0.65) for a given rim diameter than those of comparable lunar craters. This difference results from the 2.5 times higher gravitational field on Mercury compared with the Moon. As on the Moon, impact craters on Mercury are progressively degraded by subsequent impacts. The freshest craters have ray systems and a crisp morphology. With further degradation, the craters lose their crisp morphology and rays and features on the continuous ejecta become more blurred until only the raised rim near the crater remains recognizable. Because craters become progressively degraded with time, the degree of degradation gives a rough indication of the crater's relative age. On the assumption that craters of similar size and morphology are roughly the same age, it is possible to place constraints on the ages of other underlying or overlying units and thus to globally map the relative age of craters.

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regions, designated Piazzi (123°E, 21°N) and Region A (231°E, 23°N), have been visualized in the near infrared as dark areas (Region A also has a bright center) by the W. M. Keck Observatory. Possible mechanisms for the vapor release are sublimation from about 0.6 km2 of exposed surface ice, or cryovolcanic eruptions resulting from radiogenic internal heat or from pressurization of a subsurface ocean due to growth of an overlying layer of ice. Surface sublimation would be expected to decline as Ceres recedes from the Sun in its eccentric orbit, whereas internally powered emissions should not be affected by orbital position. The limited data available are more consistent with cometary-style sublimation. The spacecraft Dawn is approaching Ceres at aphelion, which may constrain Dawn's ability to observe this phenomenon.

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relatively flat, sparsely cratered plains materials. They fill depressions that range in size from regional troughs to crater floors. The smooth plains are similar to the maria of the Moon, an obvious difference being that the smooth plains have the same albedo as the intercrater plains. Smooth plains are most strikingly exposed in a broad annulus around the Caloris basin. No unequivocal volcanic features, such as flow lobes, leveed channels, domes, or cones are visible. Crater densities indicate that the smooth plains are significantly younger than ejecta from the Caloris basin. In addition, distinct color units, some of lobate shape, are observed in newly processed color data. Such relations strongly support a volcanic origin for the mercurian smooth plains, even in the absence of diagnostic landforms.

994:, indicating a period of global compression. The lobate scarps typically transect smooth plains materials (early Calorian age) on the floors of craters, but post-Caloris craters are superposed on them. These observations suggest that lobate-scarp formation was confined to a relatively narrow interval of time, beginning in the late pre-Tolstojan period and ending in the middle to late Calorian Period. In addition to scarps, wrinkle ridges occur in the smooth plains materials. These ridges probably were formed by local to regional surface compression caused by lithospheric loading by dense stacks of volcanic lavas, as suggested for those of the lunar maria. 1668:

crater. Later near-infrared images with a higher resolution taken over a whole rotation with the Keck telescope using adaptive optics showed several bright and dark features moving with Ceres's rotation. Two dark features had circular shapes and are presumably craters; one of them was observed to have a bright central region, whereas another was identified as the "Piazzi" feature. More recent visible-light Hubble Space Telescope images of a full rotation taken in 2003 and 2004 showed 11 recognizable surface features, the natures of which are currently unknown. One of these features corresponds to the "Piazzi" feature observed earlier.

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surface, but escapes in a very short time. As a result, it is difficult to detect water vaporization. Water escaping from polar regions of Ceres was possibly observed in the early 1990s but this has not been unambiguously demonstrated. It may be possible to detect escaping water from the surroundings of a fresh impact crater or from cracks in the subsurface layers of Ceres. Ultraviolet observations by the IUE spacecraft detected statistically significant amounts of hydroxide ions near the Cererean north pole, which is a product of water-vapor dissociation by ultraviolet solar radiation.

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accepted hypothesis that Venus has undergone an essentially complete volcanic resurfacing at least once in its distant past, with the last event taking place approximately within the range of estimated surface ages. While the mechanism of such an impressionable thermal event remains a debated issue in Venusian geosciences, some scientists are advocates of processes involving plate motion to some extent. There are almost 1,000 impact craters on Venus, more or less evenly distributed across its surface.

1630: 786:—they act as seeds for planet formation. Initially, planetesimals were closely packed. They coalesced into larger objects, forming clumps up to a few kilometers across in a few million years, a small time in comparison to the age of the Solar System. After the planetesimals grew bigger in sizes, collisions became highly destructive, making further growth more difficult. Only the biggest planetesimals survived the fragmentation process and continued to slowly grow into 1080: 975: 1363: 1175: 550: 942: 92: 5531: 3615: 1713: 1537: 962:

kilometres (808 mi) in diameter. Individual massifs are typically 30 kilometres (19 mi) to 50 kilometres (31 mi) long; the inner edge of the unit is marked by basin-facing scarps. Lineated terrain extends for about 1,000 kilometres (621 mi) out from the foot of a weak discontinuous scarp on the outer edge of the Caloris mountains; this terrain is similar to the

1117: 1402:. Currently the total arable land is 13.31% of the land surface, with only 4.71% supporting permanent crops. Close to 40% of the Earth's land surface is presently used for cropland and pasture, or an estimated 13 million square kilometres (5.0 million square miles) of cropland and 34 million square kilometres (13 million square miles) of pastureland. 5230: 1148:, and has an average age of about 100 million years, while Venus' surface is estimated to be about 500 million years old. Venusian craters range from 3 kilometres (2 mi) to 280 kilometres (174 mi) in diameter. There are no craters smaller than 3 km, because of the effects of the dense atmosphere on incoming objects. Objects with less than a certain 5242: 1477: 1292:. The combination of these processes continually recycles the ocean plate material. Most of the ocean floor is less than 100 million years in age. The oldest ocean plate is located in the Western Pacific, and has an estimated age of about 200 million years. By comparison, the oldest fossils found on land have an age of about 3 billion years. 1728:. It is made of thousands of rocky planetesimals from 1,000 kilometres (621 mi) to a few meters across. These are thought to be debris of the formation of the Solar System that could not form a planet due to Jupiter's gravity. When asteroids collide they produce small fragments that occasionally fall on Earth. These rocks are called 1682:

There are indications that Ceres may have a tenuous atmosphere and water frost on the surface. Surface water ice is unstable at distances less than 5 AU from the Sun, so it is expected to vaporize if it is exposed directly to solar radiation. Water ice can migrate from the deep layers of Ceres to the

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to approximately date the Venusian surface (since there are thus far no known samples of Venusian rock to be dated by more reliable methods). Dates derived are primarily in the range ~500 Mya–750Mya, although ages of up to ~1.2 Gya have been calculated. This research has led to the fairly well

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Mercurian craters have the morphological elements of lunar craters—the smaller craters are bowl-shaped, and with increasing size they develop scalloped rims, central peaks, and terraces on the inner walls. The ejecta sheets have a hilly, lineated texture and swarms of secondary impact craters.

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show an absence of any craters less than 2 kilometres (1 mi) in diameter. However, there are also fewer of the large craters, and those appear relatively young; they are rarely filled with lava, showing that they happened after volcanic activity in the area, and radar shows that they are rough

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The geology of the dwarf planet, Ceres, was largely unknown until Dawn spacecraft explored it in early 2015. However, certain surface features such as "Piazzi", named after the dwarf planets' discoverer, had been resolved. Ceres's oblateness is consistent with a differentiated body, a rocky core

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Venus shows no evidence of active plate tectonics. There is debatable evidence of active tectonics in the planet's distant past; however, events taking place since then (such as the plausible and generally accepted hypothesis that the Venusian lithosphere has thickened greatly over the course of

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In early 2014, using data from the Herschel Space Observatory, it was discovered that there are several localized (not more than 60 km in diameter) mid-latitude sources of water vapor on Ceres, which each give off about 10 molecules (or 3 kg) of water per second. Two potential source

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Prior to the Dawn mission, only a few Cererian surface features had been unambiguously detected. High-resolution ultraviolet Hubble Space Telescope images taken in 1995 showed a dark spot on its surface, which was nicknamed "Piazzi" in honor of the discoverer of Ceres. This was thought to be a

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that formed many of the tectonic and volcanic features on the planet. The average thickness of the planet's crust is about 50 km, and it is no thicker than 125 kilometres (78 mi), which is much thicker than Earth's crust which varies between 5 kilometres (3 mi) and 70 kilometres

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mountains. It consists of low, closely spaced to scattered hills about 0.3 to 1 kilometre (1 mi) across and from tens of meters to a few hundred meters high. The outer boundary of this unit is gradational with the (younger) smooth plains that occur in the same region. A hilly and furrowed

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has only one, subdued massif-like rim 625 kilometres (388 mi) in diameter, but displays an impressive, well lineated ejecta blanket that extends as far as 500 kilometres (311 mi). As at Tolstoj, Beethoven ejecta is asymmetric. The Caloris basin is defined by a ring of mountains 1,300

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The floor of the Caloris basin is deformed by sinuous ridges and fractures, giving the basin fill a grossly polygonal pattern. These plains may be volcanic, formed by the release of magma as part of the impact event, or a thick sheet of impact melt. Widespread areas of Mercury are covered by

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in South America—extend for thousands of kilometres. The longest rivers are the river Nile in Africa (6,695 kilometres or 4,160 miles) and the Amazon river in South America (6,437 kilometres or 4,000 miles). Deserts cover about 20% of the total land area. The largest is the

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Much of Venus' surface appears to have been shaped by volcanic activity. Overall, Venus has several times as many volcanoes as Earth, and it possesses some 167 giant volcanoes that are over 100 kilometres (62 mi) across. The only volcanic complex of this size on Earth is the

957:, displaying at least two, and possibly as many as four, concentric rings. It has a well-preserved ejecta blanket extending outward as much as 500 kilometres (311 mi) from its rim. The basin interior is flooded with plains that clearly postdate the ejecta deposits. 777:

in nearly circular orbits right next to each other, as the gas from which they condensed. Gradually, gentle collisions allowed the flakes to stick together and make larger particles which, in turn, attracted more solid particles towards them. This process is known as

819:. That is why the terrestrial planets could not grow very large and could not exert a strong pull on hydrogen and helium gas. Also, the faster collisions among particles close to the Sun were more destructive on average. Even if the terrestrial planets had had 3671: 1517:(rust). Mars has twice as much iron oxide in its outer layer as Earth does, despite their supposed similar origin. It is thought that Earth, being hotter, transported much of the iron downwards in the 1,800 kilometres (1,118 mi) deep, 3,200 1314:

is formed from the accumulation of sediment that becomes compacted together. Nearly 75% of the continental surfaces are covered by sedimentary rocks, although they form only about 5% of the crust. The third form of rock material found on Earth is

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collection, and data from landers and orbital observations. The lava flows from Martian volcanos show that lava has a very low viscosity, typical of basalt. Analysis of the soil samples collected by the Viking landers in 1976 indicate iron-rich

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by accretion of planetesimals of similar composition. After the protoplanet formed, accumulation of heat from radioactive decay of short-lived elements melted the planet, allowing materials to differentiate (i.e. to separate according to their

1032:, nearly 51% of the surface is found located within 500 metres (1,640 ft) of the median radius of 6,052 km (3760 mi); only 2% of the surface is located at greater elevations than 2 kilometres (1 mi) from the median radius. 1671:

These last observations also determined that the north pole of Ceres points in the direction of right ascension 19 h 24 min (291°), declination +59°, in the constellation Draco. This means that Ceres's axial tilt is very small—about 3°.

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Crater morphology provides information about the physical structure and composition of the surface. Impact craters allow us to look deep below the surface and into Mars geological past. Lobate ejecta blankets (pictured left) and central

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that occur between and around large craters. The plains predate the heavily cratered terrain, and have obliterated many of the early craters and basins of Mercury; they probably formed by widespread volcanism early in Mercurian history.

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rocks on Earth, though these observations may also be explained by silica glass, phyllosilicates, or opal. Much of the surface is deeply covered by dust as fine as talcum powder. The red/orange appearance of Mars' surface is caused by

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The Mariner 10 mission (1974) mapped about half the surface of Mercury. On the basis of that data, scientists have a first-order understanding of the geology and history of the planet. Mercury's surface shows intercrater plains,

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Crater counts give an important estimate for the age of the surface of a planet. Over time, bodies in the Solar System are randomly impacted, so the more craters a surface has, the older it is. Compared to

5157: 4731: 1533:(43 mi). As a result, Mars' crust does not easily deform, as was shown by the recent radar map of the south polar ice cap which does not deform the crust despite being about 3 km thick. 5127: 1580:

so called because of the rampart like edge of the ejecta. In the Yuty crater the ejecta completely covers an older crater at its side, showing that the ejected material is just a thin layer.

1319:, which is created from the transformation of pre-existing rock types through high pressures, high temperatures, or both. The most abundant silicate minerals on the Earth's surface include 4928: 1016:, scientists found that the total distance from the lowest point to the highest point on the entire surface was about 13 kilometres (8 mi), while on the Earth the distance from the 2643: 1732:

and provide information about the primordial solar nebula. Most of these fragments have the size of sand grains. They burn up in the Earth's atmosphere, causing them to glow like

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The Cererian surface is relatively warm. The maximum temperature with the Sun overhead was estimated from measurements to be 235 K (about −38 °C, −36 °F) on 5 May 1991.

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Lobate scarps are widely distributed over Mercury and consist of sinuous to arcuate scarps that transect preexisting plains and craters. They are most convincingly interpreted as

1457:: the current eon in the geologic timescale. It covers 539 million years. During this time, continents drifted about, eventually collected into a single landmass known as 1961: 1591:): Formation of the oldest extant surfaces of Mars, 3.8 billion years ago to 3.5 billion years ago. Noachian age surfaces are scarred by many large impact craters. The 5164: 1598:

Hesperian epoch (named after Hesperia Planum): 3.5 billion years ago to 1.8 billion years ago. The Hesperian epoch is marked by the formation of extensive lava plains.

461: 28: 2192:

Pettengill, G. H.; Eliason, E.; Ford, P. G.; Loriot, G. B.; Masursky, H.; McGill, G. E. (1980). "Pioneer Venus radar results – Altimetry and surface properties".

2747:", is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, or roughly 149 597 870 691 metres. It is the standard unit of measurement for interplanetary distances. 4716: 2011: 5392: 4861: 3585: 679:), which also have a solid surface, but are primarily composed of icy materials. During the formation of the Solar System, there were probably many more ( 4627: 1140:. However, this is not because Venus is more volcanically active than Earth, but because its crust is older. Earth's crust is continually recycled by 580: 1504:

consistent with weathering of basaltic rocks. There is some evidence that some portion of the Martian surface might be more silica-rich than typical

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terrain is found antipodal to the Caloris basin, probably created by antipodal convergence of intense seismic waves generated by the Caloris impact.

250: 1447:). It is generally believed that small proto-continents existed prior to 3000 Ma, and that most of the Earth's landmasses collected into a single 2394: 2368: 4782: 4427: 4412: 4392: 3651: 2647: 1525:), lava seas of the early planet, while Mars, with a lower lava temperature of 2,200 °C (3,992 °F) was too cool for this to happen. 4726: 4459: 4422: 4417: 2905: 5152: 4743: 4464: 4402: 4397: 2813: 5306: 4407: 2603: 235: 2672: 1044:

several hundred million years) has made constraining the course of its geologic record difficult. However, the numerous well-preserved

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is similar, but lacks a substantial iron core. Three of the four solar terrestrial planets (Venus, Earth, and Mars) have substantial

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Asteroids, comets, and meteoroids are all debris remaining from the nebula in which the Solar System formed 4.6 billion years ago.

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surrounding the Imbrium basin on the Moon. Hummocky material forms a broad annulus about 800 kilometres (497 mi) from the

735:, which refers to any planet that is closer to the Sun than the observer's planet is, but usually refers to Mercury and Venus. 245: 3700: 3685: 5122: 4538: 4372: 3694: 3149: 1970: 255: 3693: 27:

This article is about the geology of terrestrial planets in our solar system. For geological aspects of other planets, see

4647: 4543: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3680: 1443:: extends for approximately 90% of geologic time, from 4.6 billion years ago to the beginning of the Cambrian Period (539 573: 2570: 1804:, although it is far larger; 20 times as wide and 20–200 times as massive. Like the asteroid belt, it consists mainly of 1605:): 1.8 billion years ago to present. Amazonian regions have few meteorite impact craters but are otherwise quite varied. 5147: 4702: 4682: 4577: 3698: 3690: 1883: 1595:

volcanic upland is thought to have formed during this period, with extensive flooding by liquid water late in the epoch.

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The geological history of Mars can be broadly classified into many epochs, but the following are the three major ones:

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and other such bodies, Venus has very few craters. In part, this is because Venus's dense atmosphere burns up smaller

365: 3696: 2990: 743: 5560: 5534: 5378: 5137: 4938: 4821: 4770: 3706: 3644: 3418: 1959:

See, T. J. J. (1909). "The Past History of the Earth as Inferred from the Mode of Formation of the Solar System".

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data agree: there are very few impact craters with a diameter less than 30 kilometres (19 mi), and data from

766:. This theory holds that 4.6 billion years ago the Solar System formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant 4980: 4955: 4765: 3423: 2763: 260: 107: 1421:

The elevation of the land surface of the Earth varies from the low point of −418 m (−1,371 ft) at the

5271: 4876: 4471: 3225: 2524: 1609:, the largest volcano in the known Universe, formed during this period along with lava flows elsewhere on Mars. 779: 566: 3139: 2970: 2019: 4960: 4787: 4434: 4338: 4251: 3951: 3801: 1805: 1751: 1554: 2759:"Collisional Erosion in the Primordial Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt and the Generation of the 30-50 AU Kuiper Gap" 1253:

The planetary surface undergoes reshaping over geological time periods due to the effects of tectonics and

37: 4965: 4903: 4851: 4841: 4826: 4777: 4662: 4637: 4567: 3989: 3703: 1853: 1165: 827:, the Sun would have heated the gases and caused them to escape. Hence, solar terrestrial planets such as 3681: 3675: 5555: 5331: 5258: 5132: 4985: 4948: 4836: 4831: 3637: 3192: 2890: 1762:(or atmosphere) and/or a tail—both primarily from the effects of solar radiation upon the comet's 3702: 1690:

Note: This info was taken directly from the main article, sources for the material are included there.

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Mercury's oldest surface is its intercrater plains, which are present (but much less extensive) on the

2956: 4893: 4846: 4804: 4503: 3961: 3926: 3921: 3815: 3766: 3739: 3353: 3305: 3086: 2864: 2848: 2776: 2398: 2372: 2201: 1917: 1619: 907: 763: 630: 240: 62: 3699: 5488: 5345: 5234: 5072: 5045: 4995: 4799: 4263: 3956: 3808: 3496: 3453: 3287: 3230: 3081: 3073: 3031: 1079: 974: 755: 748: 493: 425: 204: 131: 122: 843:

are dense small worlds composed mostly from 2% of heavier elements contained in the solar nebula.

664:. Terrestrial planets have a compact, rocky surfaces, and Venus, Earth, and Mars each also has an 5417: 5325: 5195: 5142: 5060: 5020: 4990: 4898: 4711: 3848: 3692: 3683: 3365: 2980: 2909: 2668: 2549: 2276: 1982: 1941: 1370:

of the surface of the Earth—approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered with water.

1356: 1285: 958: 900: 852: 602: 483: 393: 384: 342: 314: 127: 112: 2824: 3677: 770:. This initial cloud was likely several light-years across and probably birthed several stars. 5503: 5498: 5480: 5401: 5185: 5065: 4755: 4697: 4488: 4377: 4303: 4244: 4215: 3973: 3697: 3689: 3686: 3595: 3577: 3481: 3448: 2794: 2744: 2541: 2498: 1974: 1933: 1908: 1793: 1602: 1566: 1496: 1362: 860: 645: 533: 523: 454: 406: 2975: 2932: 2680: 690:

The terrestrial planets all have roughly the same structure: a central metallic core, mostly

5470: 5465: 5422: 5246: 5050: 5040: 4933: 4908: 4318: 4288: 4159: 4139: 4038: 4013: 3853: 3718: 3508: 3375: 3360: 3237: 3217: 3159: 3063: 3058: 2872: 2852: 2784: 2533: 2497:(Volume 48 ed.). Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2209: 1925: 1529: 1316: 1311: 1219: 1089: 1072:

probes identified almost 150 such features of probable impact origin. Global coverage from

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Earth-based radar surveys made it possible to identify some topographic patterns related to

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The physical features of land are remarkably varied. The largest mountain ranges—the

5493: 5427: 5117: 5015: 4923: 4814: 4792: 4589: 4533: 4523: 4313: 4293: 4268: 4256: 4210: 4198: 4132: 4102: 4095: 4085: 4045: 4023: 4018: 3678: 3676: 3503: 3486: 3443: 3433: 3325: 2960: 2472: 2241:

Effects of the Venusian atmosphere on incoming meteoroids and the impact crater population

1861: 1759: 1514: 1481: 1471: 1289: 1270: 1223: 1207: 1133: 872: 767: 731: 498: 184: 2976:

Illustration comparing the sizes of the planets with each other, the sun, and other stars

2702: 2302: 1816:, which may be geologically active. But while the asteroid belt is composed primarily of 2868: 2780: 2345:

Mueller, R.D.; Roest, W.R.; Royer, J.-Y.; Gahagan, L.M.; Sclater, J.G. (March 7, 2007).

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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varies greatly from place to place. About 70.8% of the surface is covered by water. The

5101: 4886: 4881: 4871: 4672: 4599: 4560: 4481: 4454: 4178: 4149: 4127: 4117: 4107: 4060: 3679: 3618: 3536: 3526: 3390: 3385: 3144: 3134: 3024: 1841: 1817: 1577: 1448: 1215: 1174: 1149: 1145: 1049: 888: 864: 856: 804: 683:), but they have all merged with or been destroyed by the four remaining worlds in the 661: 554: 430: 155: 1425:, to a 2005-estimated maximum altitude of 8,848 m (29,028 ft) at the top of 1257:. Surface features built up or deformed through plate tectonics are subject to steady 941: 5549: 5200: 5180: 4760: 4493: 4476: 4297: 4220: 4183: 4154: 4144: 4112: 4090: 4070: 4033: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3546: 3476: 3428: 3395: 3267: 3257: 3247: 3207: 3202: 2947: 1945: 1801: 1763: 1707: 1592: 1588: 1426: 1247: 1227: 1057: 1045: 1017: 991: 979: 946: 915: 783: 759: 707: 672: 332: 304: 2855:; Vasilyev, M. V.; Yagudina, E. I. (July 2002). "Hidden Mass in the Asteroid Belt". 2450: 1191: 1152:

are slowed down so much by the atmosphere that they do not create an impact crater.

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under the leading edges. At the same time, upwellings of mantle material create a

5319: 5313: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5030: 5005: 5000: 4975: 4970: 4918: 4913: 4738: 4652: 4611: 4572: 4449: 4308: 4280: 4203: 4166: 4055: 3348: 3154: 3091: 1845: 1780:

The Kuiper belt, sometimes called the Edgeworth–Kuiper belt, is a region of the

1775: 1573: 1454: 1440: 1395: 1387: 1383: 1125: 787: 773:

The first solid particles were microscopic in size. These particles orbited the

715: 634: 347: 2937: 5338: 5285: 5025: 4604: 4188: 3438: 3405: 3380: 3182: 3101: 2578: 1873: 1849: 1546: 1522: 1375: 1310:, a denser volcanic rock that is the primary constituent of the ocean floors. 1281: 1274: 1266: 1258: 1183: 1141: 1009: 953:

At least 15 ancient basins have been identified on Mercury. Tolstoj is a true

867:. They are composed largely of minerals with high melting points, such as the 703: 665: 337: 299: 194: 2798: 2545: 1978: 5299: 5292: 4721: 4687: 4518: 4439: 4362: 4357: 4075: 4028: 3897: 3880: 3370: 3315: 3300: 3272: 3242: 3169: 3111: 2996: 2213: 1929: 1729: 1509: 1406: 1399: 1367: 1352: 1348: 1328: 1231: 1203: 1068: 1062: 1025: 711: 513: 389: 309: 17: 2876: 1937: 1116: 2965: 2723: 1902:

Weber, RC; Lin, PY; Garnero, EJ; Williams, Q; Lognonné, P (January 2011).

5352: 5190: 4809: 4657: 4513: 4498: 4239: 3946: 3794: 1558: 1557:(ice and water) on Mars. Degraded impact structures record variations in 1429:. The mean height of land above sea level is 686 m (2,250 ft). 1422: 1336: 1324: 1303: 1021: 919: 868: 820: 649: 175: 1280:

As the continental plates migrate across the planet, the ocean floor is

5447: 5432: 4594: 4582: 4508: 3907: 3885: 3760: 3745: 3463: 3340: 3310: 3126: 3116: 2553: 1840:. The objects within the Kuiper belt, together with the members of the 1833: 1829: 1789: 1733: 1725: 1562: 1518: 1476: 1344: 1340: 1299: 1254: 1243: 1235: 1211: 1199: 1179: 967: 930: 792: 719: 598: 503: 199: 150: 82: 1986: 5442: 5437: 5409: 5035: 4328: 4323: 4232: 4227: 3941: 3936: 3902: 3890: 3835: 3787: 3780: 3755: 3750: 3330: 3197: 3177: 2941: 1505: 1492: 1458: 1415: 1320: 1307: 1295:

The continental plates consist of lower density material such as the

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subsequently made it possible to identify nearly 900 impact craters.

884: 824: 653: 189: 5370: 2537: 2519: 1903: 1024:

is about 20 kilometres (12.4 mi). According to the data of the

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Vilas F. et al., eds. (1988) Mercury. Univ. Arizona Press, 794 pp.

2012:"Lecture 13: The Nebular Theory of the origin of the Solar System" 1857: 1837: 1821: 1813: 1785: 1745: 1535: 1475: 1444: 1410: 1239: 1161: 1115: 1078: 1034: 973: 911: 836: 832: 808: 676: 657: 618: 614: 50: 46: 1277:, and large meteorite impacts also act to reshape the landscape. 1008:

The surface of Venus is comparatively very flat. When 93% of the

3984: 3868: 3733: 3567: 3187: 1766:, which itself is a minor body composed of rock, dust, and ice. 1721: 1550: 1501: 1488: 1379: 1332: 1093: 926: 880: 840: 812: 699: 691: 622: 54: 5374: 3633: 3629: 3020: 1856:(TNOs). Two TNOs have been visited and studied at close range, 633:. Earth is the only terrestrial planet known to have an active 3713: 3011: 3001: 1825: 1808:(remnants from the Solar System's formation) and at least one 1797: 1755: 1623: 815:. These elements constituted only 0.6% of the material in the 774: 754:

The Solar System is believed to have formed according to the

3669: 2299:"Terrestrial Impact Cratering and Its Environmental Effects" 803:

In the warmer inner Solar System, planetesimals formed from

2953: 2906:"DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM OF ASTEROIDS AS OF MAY 20, 2004" 2277:"Exploring the Ocean Basins with Satellite Altimeter Data" 2142:

Schultz, P.H. and Gault, D.E. (1975) The Moon 12, 159-177.

1461:

and then split up into the current continental landmasses.

949:

is one of the largest impact features in the Solar System.

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Melosh H.J. and McKinnon W.B. (1988) In Mercury, 374-400.

2168:

Robinson M.R. and Lucey P.G. (1997) Science 275, 197-200.

640:

Terrestrial planets are substantially different from the

3016: 1716:

Image of the main asteroid belt and the Trojan asteroids

1495:, based upon the observed lava flows from volcanos, the 1378:

is the outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of

1230:. The remaining 29.2% not covered by water consists of 2101:

Spudis P.D. and Guest J.E. (1988) in Mercury, 118-164.

1206:

has mountainous features, including a globe-spanning

929:. The intercrater plains are level to gently rolling 811:

cooked billions of years ago in the cores of massive

5479: 5456: 5408: 5173: 5110: 4860: 4696: 4626: 4337: 4279: 3972: 3834: 3576: 3560: 3517: 3462: 3404: 3339: 3286: 3216: 3168: 3125: 3072: 2891:"Pluto is alive—but where is the heat coming from?" 2423:. Museum of Natural History, Oregon. Archived from 1436:can be broadly classified into two periods namely: 668:. Their size, radius, and density are all similar. 2673:"Immense ice deposits found at south pole of Mars" 2275:Sandwell, D. T.; Smith, W. H. F. (July 26, 2006). 1553:, which may indicate the presence of near-surface 671:Terrestrial planets have numerous similarities to 2230:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York 1962:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 2301:. Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. Archived from 978:The so-called “Weird Terrain” was formed by the 462:Lists of geological features of the Solar System 34:Geology of Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and Ceres 3673: 2200:. The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System: 8261. 648:and are composed mostly of some combination of 29:List of geological features of the Solar System 1540:Yuty impact crater with typical rampart ejecta 5386: 3645: 3032: 2981:Q&A: The IAU's Proposed Planet Definition 2821:Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii 2646:. Argonne National Laboratory. Archived from 782:. The objects formed by accretion are called 574: 8: 2164: 2162: 1418:, which covers nearly one-third of Africa. 5393: 5379: 5371: 4623: 3831: 3827: 3652: 3638: 3630: 3039: 3025: 3017: 2133:McCauley J.F. et al. (1981) Icarus 47, 184 581: 567: 68: 2788: 2644:"APS X-rays reveal secrets of Mars' core" 2565: 2563: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2097: 2095: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1852:objects, are collectively referred to as 1824:, the Kuiper belt is composed largely of 1113:and have not had time to be eroded down. 5165:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules 2757:Stern, S. Alan; Colwell, Joshua (1997). 2152: 2150: 2148: 2110:Schaber G.G. et al. (1977) PEPI 15, 189. 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 1711: 1361: 1265:, thermal cycles, and chemical effects. 1173: 940: 742: 251:Principle of cross-cutting relationships 36: 5361:) may be read as "within" or "part of". 4389:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets 2598: 2596: 2156:Strom, R.G. et al. (1975) JGR 80, 2478. 2129: 2127: 2125: 2069:Gault D. E. et al. (1975) JGR 80, 2444. 2065: 2063: 2061: 2046:Mariner 10 Special Issue (1975) JGR 80. 1894: 1758:and (at least occasionally) exhibits a 1549:are common on Mars but uncommon on the 1491:is thought to be primarily composed of 1120:Computer generated perspective view of 80: 41:The inner planets. From left to right: 3012:Planetary Science Research Discoveries 1784:beyond the planets extending from the 1083:Danilova, Aglaonice and Saskja craters 847:Surface geology of inner solar planets 261:Principle of inclusions and components 2814:"The Solar System Beyond The Planets" 2257:(2nd ed.). PhysicalGeography.net 1904:"Seismic Detection of the Lunar Core" 1720:The asteroid belt is located between 1528:The core is surrounded by a silicate 7: 5517:Geology of solar terrestrial planets 3591:Geology of solar terrestrial planets 2323:Duennebier, Fred (August 12, 1999). 2255:"Fundamentals of Physical Geography" 2239:Herrick R.R., Phillips R.J. (1993), 1386:. It exists at the interface of the 1343:. Common carbonate minerals include 595:geology of solar terrestrial planets 467:Geology of solar terrestrial planets 236:Principle of original horizontality 2449:. Williams College. Archived from 2395:"Weathering and Sedimentary Rocks" 2119:McCauley J.F. (1977) PEPI 15, 220. 1796:) to approximately 55 AU from the 25: 2773:The American Astronomical Society 2397:. Cal Poly Pomona. Archived from 1192:TerrainBase Digital Terrain Model 1100:before they hit the surface. The 5530: 5529: 5252: 5240: 5228: 3614: 3613: 2933:International Astronomical Union 2520:"The Permanence of Ocean Basins" 1628: 1188:National Geophysical Data Center 762:and independently formulated by 548: 90: 5128:Gravitationally rounded objects 3321:Human impact on the environment 2812:Audrey Delsanti; David Jewitt. 2705:. Lunar and Planetary Institute 2371:. Volcano World. Archived from 2347:"Age of the Ocean Floor Poster" 2194:Journal of Geophysical Research 246:Principle of lateral continuity 3150:Climate variability and change 2724:"Viking Orbiter Views Of Mars" 1971:American Philosophical Society 1480:Rock strewn surface imaged by 982:impact at its antipodal point. 694:, with a surrounding silicate 256:Principle of faunal succession 1: 3586:Evolution of the Solar System 2679:. Yahoo!, Inc. Archived from 2610:. URL accessed 18 April 2006. 2228:Volcanoes of the solar system 1601:Amazonian epoch (named after 3326:Evolutionary history of life 2986:Q&A New planets proposal 2954:Pictures of the Solar System 2495:FAO Production Yearbook 1994 2243:, Icarus, v. 112, p. 253–281 1884:Water on terrestrial planets 1587:Noachian epoch (named after 1210:system, as well as undersea 758:, first proposed in 1755 by 729:should not be confused with 5223:Outline of the Solar System 4986:Interplanetary medium/space 1434:geological history of Earth 1170:Geological history of Earth 366:Geological history of Earth 5577: 4939:Extraterrestrial materials 2642:Dave Jacqué (2003-09-26). 2606:– 6 May 2004 article from 2518:Mill, Hugh Robert (1893). 2471:Staff (February 8, 2007). 2253:Pidwirny, Michael (2006). 1773: 1743: 1705: 1617: 1469: 1159: 1001: 898: 739:Formation of solar planets 218:Laws, principles, theories 97:Science of the solid Earth 26: 5525: 5512: 5259:Earth sciences portal 5218: 4981:Interplanetary dust cloud 3825: 3667: 3609: 3054: 2966:Renderings of the planets 2764:The Astrophysical Journal 1694:Small Solar System bodies 1637:This section needs to be 1039:Danilova crater in relief 747:Artist's conception of a 714:surface features such as 5272:Local Interstellar Cloud 3990:other near-Earth objects 3596:Location in the Universe 3527:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 3226:List of sovereign states 3002:Nine Planets Information 2525:The Geographical Journal 1384:soil formation processes 1048:have been utilized as a 859:compositions, few or no 226:Stratigraphic principles 5235:Solar System portal 4961:Giant-impact hypothesis 4568:Trans-Neptunian objects 2997:Atlas of Mercury – NASA 2622:"How Mars got its rust" 2604:"How Mars got its rust" 2214:10.1029/JA085iA13p08261 1930:10.1126/science.1199375 1854:trans-Neptunian objects 1800:. It is similar to the 1752:small Solar System body 871:which form their solid 644:, which might not have 5123:Possible dwarf planets 4966:Gravitational collapse 4904:Circumstellar envelope 3709: 2877:10.1006/icar.2002.6837 2703:"Stones, Wind and Ice" 2327:. University of Hawaii 2325:"Pacific Plate Motion" 1717: 1541: 1484: 1371: 1195: 1166:Structure of the Earth 1128: 1084: 1040: 983: 950: 751: 625:– and one terrestrial 597:mainly deals with the 66: 5332:Laniakea Supercluster 4949:Sample-return mission 3708: 3306:Biogeochemical cycles 3231:dependent territories 2904:Gérard FAURE (2004). 2581:on September 29, 2006 2447:"Carbonate sediments" 2369:"Layers of the Earth" 2016:University of Arizona 1715: 1539: 1508:, perhaps similar to 1479: 1365: 1177: 1144:at the boundaries of 1119: 1082: 1038: 977: 944: 879:, and metals such as 746: 40: 5247:Astronomy portal 5148:Solar System objects 4894:Circumplanetary disk 3354:Computer cartography 3087:Prebiotic atmosphere 2473:"The World Factbook" 2445:Cox, Ronadh (2003). 1620:Ceres (dwarf planet) 764:Pierre-Simon Laplace 660:existing in various 601:aspects of the four 241:Law of superposition 5489:Geology of the Moon 5346:Observable universe 5143:Solar System models 5073:Protoplanetary disk 4996:Interstellar medium 4956:Frost/Ice/Snow line 3497:Geologic time scale 3218:Culture and society 3082:Atmosphere of Earth 2948:Solar System Viewer 2869:2002Icar..158...98K 2781:1997ApJ...490..879S 2575:Volcanology of Mars 2226:Frankel C. (1996), 2206:1980JGR....85.8261P 1922:2011Sci...331..309W 1576:is an example of a 887:, which form their 853:terrestrial planets 799:Terrestrial planets 749:protoplanetary disk 603:terrestrial planets 385:Branches of geology 324:Landform structures 205:Geologic time scale 5448:Geology of Neptune 5433:Geology of Jupiter 5418:Geology of Mercury 5326:Virgo Supercluster 5307:Milky Way subgroup 5138:Natural satellites 5021:Nebular hypothesis 5001:Interstellar space 4991:Interstellar cloud 4899:Circumstellar disc 4489:Near-Earth objects 4373:names and meanings 3710: 3492:Geological history 3366:Geodetic astronomy 2959:2008-02-16 at the 2493:FAO Staff (1995). 1844:and any potential 1718: 1542: 1485: 1372: 1286:divergent boundary 1273:, the build-up of 1196: 1178:Present day Earth 1129: 1085: 1041: 984: 951: 901:Geology of Mercury 851:The four inner or 756:nebular hypothesis 752: 555:Geology portal 475:By planet and body 343:Structural Geology 315:Structure of Earth 67: 5561:Planetary geology 5543: 5542: 5504:Geology of Charon 5499:Geology of Triton 5443:Geology of Uranus 5438:Geology of Saturn 5402:Planetary Geology 5368: 5367: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5186:Lagrangian points 5158:by discovery date 4756:Human spaceflight 4727:historical models 4620: 4619: 4245:S/2015 (136472) 1 3627: 3626: 3578:Planetary science 3561:Natural satellite 3482:Extremes on Earth 3449:Signal processing 3007:NASA's fact sheet 2971:NASA Planet Quest 2938:Solar System Live 2745:astronomical unit 1658: 1657: 1603:Amazonis Planitia 1497:Martian meteorite 1306:. Less common is 1220:submarine canyons 591: 590: 455:Planetary geology 407:Geological survey 16:(Redirected from 5568: 5533: 5532: 5471:Geology of Pluto 5466:Geology of Ceres 5423:Geology of Venus 5395: 5388: 5381: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5233: 5232: 5231: 4934:Exozodiacal dust 4624: 4590:Detached objects 3832: 3828: 3672: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3631: 3617: 3616: 3509:History of Earth 3160:Paleoclimatology 3041: 3034: 3027: 3018: 2940:(an interactive 2921: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2908:. Archived from 2901: 2895: 2894: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2849:Krasinsky, G. A. 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2829: 2823:. Archived from 2818: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2792: 2754: 2748: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2731: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2617: 2611: 2600: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2577:. Archived from 2571:"NASA Mars Page" 2567: 2558: 2557: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2458: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2432: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2380: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2354: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2332: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2297:Kring, David A. 2294: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2284: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2262: 2250: 2244: 2237: 2231: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2169: 2166: 2157: 2154: 2143: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2070: 2067: 2056: 2053: 2047: 2044: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2027: 2018:. Archived from 2008: 1991: 1990: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1916:(6015): 309–12. 1899: 1754:that orbits the 1653: 1650: 1644: 1632: 1631: 1624: 1409:in Asia and the 1317:metamorphic rock 1312:Sedimentary rock 1290:mid-ocean ridges 1224:oceanic plateaus 1216:oceanic trenches 1186:. Data from the 1004:Geology of Venus 955:multi-ring basin 875:and semi-liquid 583: 576: 569: 553: 552: 357:Geologic history 94: 69: 65:(sizes to scale) 57:and terrestrial 21: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5521: 5508: 5475: 5452: 5428:Geology of Mars 5404: 5399: 5369: 5364: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5349: 5342: 5335: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5253: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5214: 5205: 5169: 5106: 5090:vs. Hill sphere 5016:Molecular cloud 4944:Sample curation 4924:Detached object 4863: 4856: 4700: 4692: 4629: 4616: 4561:Neptune trojans 4344: 4342: 4340: 4333: 4275: 3968: 3839: 3821: 3707: 3670: 3663: 3658: 3628: 3623: 3605: 3572: 3556: 3513: 3504:Geologic record 3458: 3444:Plate tectonics 3434:Mineral physics 3414:Earth structure 3400: 3335: 3282: 3212: 3164: 3121: 3068: 3050: 3045: 2961:Wayback Machine 2929: 2924: 2915: 2913: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2742: 2738: 2729: 2727: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2708: 2706: 2701:Nadine Barlow. 2700: 2699: 2695: 2686: 2684: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2653: 2651: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2601: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2569: 2568: 2561: 2538:10.2307/1773821 2517: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2478: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2456: 2454: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2430: 2428: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2404: 2402: 2393:Jessey, David. 2392: 2391: 2387: 2378: 2376: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2352: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2330: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2308: 2306: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2282: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2260: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2238: 2234: 2225: 2221: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2172: 2167: 2160: 2155: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2073: 2068: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2034: 2025: 2023: 2022:on July 3, 2017 2010: 2009: 1994: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1870: 1862:486958 Arrokoth 1778: 1772: 1748: 1742: 1710: 1704: 1696: 1680: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1633: 1629: 1622: 1616: 1515:iron(III) oxide 1487:The surface of 1482:Mars Pathfinder 1474: 1472:Geology of Mars 1468: 1451:around 1000 Ma. 1382:and subject to 1271:coastal erosion 1248:geomorphologies 1208:mid-ocean ridge 1172: 1160:Main articles: 1158: 1146:tectonic plates 1006: 1000: 903: 897: 849: 801: 768:molecular cloud 741: 732:inferior planet 662:physical states 587: 547: 540: 539: 538: 479: 471: 457: 447: 446: 445: 420: 412: 411: 398: 380: 372: 371: 370: 361: 353: 352: 328: 320: 319: 290: 282: 280: 272: 271: 270: 231: 221: 219: 211: 210: 209: 185:Plate tectonics 180: 145: 137: 99: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5574: 5572: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5548: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5414: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5375: 5366: 5365: 5262: 5261: 5249: 5237: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5102:Scattered disc 5099: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5082: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4887:Excretion disk 4882:Accretion disk 4879: 4874: 4872:Star formation 4868: 4866: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4761:space stations 4753: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4714: 4708: 4706: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4634: 4632: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4600:Scattered disc 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3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3145:Climate change 3142: 3140:Energy balance 3137: 3135:Climate system 3131: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3078: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3036: 3029: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2951: 2945: 2935: 2928: 2927:External links 2925: 2923: 2922: 2896: 2882: 2853:Pitjeva, E. V. 2840: 2804: 2790:10.1086/304912 2749: 2736: 2715: 2693: 2671:(2007-03-15). 2660: 2634: 2620:Peplow, Mark. 2612: 2602:Peplow, Mark, 2592: 2559: 2510: 2503: 2485: 2463: 2437: 2411: 2385: 2359: 2337: 2315: 2289: 2267: 2245: 2232: 2219: 2184: 2170: 2158: 2144: 2135: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2071: 2057: 2048: 2032: 1992: 1951: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1869: 1866: 1842:scattered disc 1774:Main article: 1771: 1768: 1744:Main article: 1741: 1738: 1706:Main article: 1703: 1700: 1695: 1692: 1679: 1674: 1656: 1655: 1636: 1634: 1627: 1618:Main article: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1599: 1596: 1578:Rampart crater 1470:Main article: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1452: 1449:supercontinent 1228:abyssal plains 1157: 1154: 1150:kinetic energy 1046:impact craters 1012:was mapped by 1002:Main article: 999: 996: 899:Main article: 896: 893: 848: 845: 800: 797: 740: 737: 708:impact craters 675:(objects like 646:solid surfaces 589: 588: 586: 585: 578: 571: 563: 560: 559: 558: 557: 542: 541: 537: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 480: 478: 477: 470: 469: 464: 458: 453: 452: 449: 448: 444: 443: 438: 433: 428: 422: 421: 418: 417: 414: 413: 410: 409: 404: 397: 396: 387: 381: 378: 377: 374: 373: 369: 368: 362: 360: 359: 351: 350: 345: 340: 335: 329: 327: 326: 318: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 291: 289: 288: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 269: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 232: 230: 229: 220: 217: 216: 213: 212: 208: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 181: 179: 178: 173: 167: 162: 153: 147: 146: 144:Key components 143: 142: 139: 138: 136: 135: 125: 120: 115: 110: 104: 101: 100: 95: 87: 86: 78: 77: 33: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5573: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5536: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5494:Geology of Io 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5458:Dwarf Planets 5455: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5391: 5389: 5384: 5382: 5377: 5376: 5373: 5363: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5202: 5201:Tidal locking 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5181:Double planet 5179: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5133:Minor planets 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5066:Merging stars 5064: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4668:Subsatellites 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4628:Hypothetical 4625: 4622: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4494:Asteroid belt 4492: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4368:Minor planets 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 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3584: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3547:Pacific Ocean 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3477:Earth science 3475: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3429:Magnetosphere 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3396:Virtual globe 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3361:Earth's orbit 3359: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3268:World history 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3258:World economy 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3208:South America 3206: 3204: 3203:North America 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993:– About Space 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2912:on 2007-05-29 2911: 2907: 2900: 2897: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2863:(1): 98–105. 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2830:on 2007-01-29 2826: 2822: 2815: 2808: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2704: 2697: 2694: 2683:on 2007-03-17 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2650:on 2009-02-21 2649: 2645: 2638: 2635: 2623: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2514: 2511: 2506: 2504:92-5-003844-5 2500: 2496: 2489: 2486: 2474: 2467: 2464: 2453:on 2009-04-05 2452: 2448: 2441: 2438: 2427:on 2007-07-03 2426: 2422: 2415: 2412: 2401:on 2007-07-03 2400: 2396: 2389: 2386: 2375:on 2007-02-24 2374: 2370: 2363: 2360: 2348: 2341: 2338: 2326: 2319: 2316: 2305:on 2007-02-06 2304: 2300: 2293: 2290: 2278: 2271: 2268: 2256: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1955: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1898: 1895: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:asteroid belt 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1750:A comet is a 1747: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1714: 1709: 1708:Asteroid belt 1702:Asteroid belt 1701: 1699: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1652: 1640: 1635: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1593:Tharsis bulge 1590: 1589:Noachis Terra 1586: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1427:Mount Everest 1424: 1419: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1297:igneous rocks 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263:precipitation 1260: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1127: 1123: 1122:pancake domes 1118: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1051: 1050:dating method 1047: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1014:Pioneer Venus 1011: 1005: 997: 995: 993: 992:thrust faults 988: 981: 980:Caloris Basin 976: 972: 969: 965: 960: 956: 948: 947:Caloris Basin 943: 939: 935: 932: 928: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 902: 894: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 846: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 798: 796: 794: 789: 785: 784:planetesimals 781: 776: 771: 769: 765: 761: 760:Immanuel Kant 757: 750: 745: 738: 736: 734: 733: 728: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 688: 686: 682: 681:planetesimals 678: 674: 673:dwarf planets 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 642:giant planets 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 584: 579: 577: 572: 570: 565: 564: 562: 561: 556: 551: 546: 545: 544: 543: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 481: 476: 473: 472: 468: 465: 463: 460: 459: 456: 451: 450: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 423: 416: 415: 408: 405: 403: 400: 399: 395: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 376: 375: 367: 364: 363: 358: 355: 354: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 333:Geomorphology 331: 330: 325: 322: 321: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 305:Sedimentology 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 292: 287: 284: 283: 276: 275: 267: 266:Walther's law 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 228: 227: 223: 222: 215: 214: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 182: 177: 174: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 141: 140: 133: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 105: 103: 102: 98: 93: 89: 88: 85: 84: 79: 75: 71: 70: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 39: 30: 19: 5556:Solar System 5516: 5357:Each arrow ( 5279:Local Bubble 5265:Solar System 5263: 5056:Planetesimal 5011:Kuiper cliff 4739:Space probes 4712:Colonization 4551:Kirkwood gap 4472:Saturn Moons 4385:Planetesimal 3849:Terrestrials 3814: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3772: 3765: 3738: 3661:Solar System 3601:Solar System 3590: 3552:Oceanography 3542:Indian Ocean 3532:Arctic Ocean 3472:Age of Earth 3424:Geomagnetism 3107:Thermosphere 3097:Stratosphere 2991:Solar system 2914:. Retrieved 2910:the original 2899: 2885: 2860: 2856: 2843: 2832:. Retrieved 2825:the original 2820: 2807: 2768: 2762: 2752: 2743:One AU, or " 2739: 2728:. Retrieved 2718: 2707:. Retrieved 2696: 2685:. Retrieved 2681:the original 2676: 2669:Dunham, Will 2663: 2652:. Retrieved 2648:the original 2637: 2625:. Retrieved 2615: 2583:. Retrieved 2579:the original 2574: 2532:(3): 230–4. 2529: 2523: 2513: 2494: 2488: 2477:. Retrieved 2475:. U.S. C.I.A 2466: 2455:. Retrieved 2451:the original 2440: 2429:. Retrieved 2425:the original 2414: 2403:. Retrieved 2399:the original 2388: 2377:. Retrieved 2373:the original 2362: 2351:. Retrieved 2340: 2329:. Retrieved 2318: 2307:. Retrieved 2303:the original 2292: 2281:. Retrieved 2270: 2259:. Retrieved 2248: 2240: 2235: 2227: 2222: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2138: 2115: 2106: 2051: 2024:. Retrieved 2020:the original 2015: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1913: 1907: 1897: 1879:Martian soil 1810:dwarf planet 1806:small bodies 1782:Solar System 1779: 1749: 1719: 1697: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1649:October 2015 1646: 1638: 1607:Olympus Mons 1582: 1571: 1543: 1527: 1521:(5,792 1486: 1431: 1420: 1404: 1373: 1294: 1279: 1252: 1246:, and other 1198:The Earth's 1197: 1130: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1086: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1042: 1029: 1013: 1007: 989: 985: 963: 952: 936: 924: 904: 865:ring systems 855:have dense, 850: 817:solar nebula 802: 788:protoplanets 772: 753: 730: 727:inner planet 726: 724: 716:rift valleys 689: 685:solar nebula 670: 639: 627:dwarf planet 607:Solar System 594: 592: 474: 466: 419:Applications 401: 356: 323: 295:Geochemistry 285: 224: 96: 81: 59:dwarf planet 18:Lobate scarp 5320:Local Sheet 5314:Local Group 5097:Rubble pile 5085:Roche limit 5080:Ring system 5031:Outer space 5006:Kuiper belt 4976:Hill sphere 4971:Hills cloud 4919:Debris disk 4914:Cosmic dust 4698:Exploration 4653:Planet Nine 4638:Fifth giant 4612:Hills cloud 4573:Kuiper belt 4544:exceptional 4460:Trojan camp 3349:Cartography 3288:Environment 3155:Climatology 3092:Troposphere 2950:(animation) 2677:Yahoo! News 2279:. NOAA/NGDC 1846:Hills cloud 1776:Kuiper belt 1770:Kuiper belt 1574:Yuty crater 1547:pit craters 1455:Phanerozoic 1441:Precambrian 1396:hydrosphere 1388:lithosphere 1275:coral reefs 1126:Alpha Regio 1124:in Venus's 706:; all have 704:atmospheres 635:hydrosphere 426:Engineering 348:Volcanology 286:Composition 170:Metamorphic 165:Sedimentary 5550:Categories 5339:Local Hole 5286:Gould Belt 5026:Oort cloud 4862:Formation, 4852:Deep space 4688:Vulcanoids 4605:Oort cloud 4529:first 1000 4465:Greek camp 4363:Meteoroids 4358:Damocloids 4304:Charikloan 3454:Tomography 3439:Seismology 3406:Geophysics 3381:Navigation 3273:Time zones 3238:In culture 3183:Antarctica 3170:Continents 3102:Mesosphere 3074:Atmosphere 2916:2007-06-01 2834:2007-03-09 2775:: 879–82. 2730:2007-03-16 2709:2007-03-15 2687:2007-03-16 2654:2006-07-01 2608:Nature.com 2479:2007-02-25 2457:2007-04-21 2431:2007-03-20 2421:"Minerals" 2405:2007-03-20 2379:2007-03-11 2353:2007-03-14 2331:2007-03-14 2309:2007-03-22 2283:2007-04-21 2261:2007-03-19 2026:2006-12-27 1973:: 119–28. 1890:References 1874:Lunar soil 1850:Oort cloud 1828:, such as 1730:meteorites 1677:Atmosphere 1569:activity. 1392:atmosphere 1376:pedosphere 1366:Elevation 1347:(found in 1267:Glaciation 1259:weathering 1184:bathymetry 1142:subduction 1134:Big Island 1098:meteorites 1060:, and the 1026:altimeters 1010:topography 945:Mercury's 922:features. 666:atmosphere 599:geological 338:Glaciology 300:Mineralogy 195:Weathering 5300:Milky Way 5293:Orion Arm 5061:Formation 5046:Migration 5041:Disrupted 4909:Coatlicue 4877:Accretion 4864:evolution 4810:Asteroids 4722:astronomy 4717:Discovery 4578:Cubewanos 4499:Asteroids 4329:Quaoarian 4319:Neptunian 4309:Chironean 4294:Saturnian 4076:Enceladus 3371:Geomatics 3316:Ecosystem 3301:Biosphere 3263:Etymology 3243:Earth Day 3193:Australia 3112:Exosphere 2799:0004-637X 2546:1475-4959 1979:0003-049X 1946:206530647 1555:volatiles 1510:andesitic 1407:Himalayas 1400:biosphere 1368:histogram 1353:aragonite 1349:limestone 1329:amphibole 1325:feldspars 1282:subducted 1232:mountains 1212:volcanoes 1204:sea floor 1180:altimetry 1069:Venera 16 1063:Venera 15 1022:Himalayas 964:sculpture 959:Beethoven 910:, smooth 869:silicates 863:, and no 780:accretion 725:The term 720:volcanoes 436:Forensics 390:Geologist 310:Petrology 5535:Category 5353:Universe 5191:Moonlets 4771:programs 4744:timeline 4732:timeline 4663:Planet X 4658:Planet V 4595:Sednoids 4583:Plutinos 4556:Centaurs 4534:families 4269:Dysnomia 4257:Xiangliu 4252:Gonggong 4240:Makemake 4199:Kerberos 4086:Hyperion 4024:Callisto 4019:Ganymede 3952:Gonggong 3947:Makemake 3802:Gonggong 3795:Makemake 3619:Category 2957:Archived 2627:March 3, 2585:June 13, 1938:21212323 1868:See also 1559:volcanic 1423:Dead Sea 1357:dolomite 1337:pyroxene 1304:andesite 1244:plateaus 1110:Magellan 1106:Magellan 1074:Magellan 920:tectonic 821:hydrogen 712:tectonic 650:hydrogen 441:Military 379:Research 176:Sediment 151:Minerals 132:Timeline 123:Glossary 118:Category 74:a series 72:Part of 5410:Planets 5174:Related 5153:by size 4842:Neptune 4827:Jupiter 4778:Mercury 4703:outline 4648:Phaeton 4643:Nemesis 4630:objects 4482:Neptune 4455:Jupiter 4435:Trojans 4428:Neptune 4413:Jupiter 4393:Mercury 4324:Haumean 4314:Uranian 4296: ( 4216:Hiʻiaka 4150:Proteus 4140:Neptune 4128:Miranda 4118:Umbriel 4108:Titania 4096:all 146 4061:Iapetus 4014:Jupiter 3908:Neptune 3886:Jupiter 3854:Mercury 3836:Planets 3761:Neptune 3746:Jupiter 3719:Mercury 3464:Geology 3376:Gravity 3341:Geodesy 3311:Ecology 3127:Climate 3117:Weather 3064:History 3059:Outline 2865:Bibcode 2777:Bibcode 2554:1773821 2419:Staff. 2367:Staff. 2202:Bibcode 1969:(191). 1918:Bibcode 1909:Science 1834:ammonia 1830:methane 1812:— 1792:(at 30 1790:Neptune 1764:nucleus 1734:meteors 1726:Jupiter 1639:updated 1567:aeolian 1563:fluvial 1345:calcite 1341:olivine 1300:granite 1255:erosion 1236:deserts 1200:terrain 1090:Mercury 1058:craters 1030:Pioneer 1028:of the 1020:to the 968:Caloris 931:terrain 916:craters 895:Mercury 877:mantles 829:Mercury 793:density 611:Mercury 605:of the 484:Mercury 402:Methods 200:Erosion 160:Igneous 128:History 113:Outline 83:Geology 43:Mercury 5348: 5341: 5334: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5267: 5196:Syzygy 5118:Comets 5051:System 5036:Planet 4929:EXCEDE 4837:Uranus 4832:Saturn 4822:Comets 4815:mining 4793:mining 4683:Vulcan 4524:active 4519:Hygiea 4514:Pallas 4477:Uranus 4423:Uranus 4418:Saturn 4353:Comets 4345:bodies 4343:System 4289:Jovian 4233:Weywot 4228:Quaoar 4221:Namaka 4211:Haumea 4184:Charon 4160:all 16 4155:Nereid 4145:Triton 4133:all 28 4113:Oberon 4103:Uranus 4091:Phoebe 4071:Tethys 4046:Saturn 4039:all 95 4034:Europa 4007:Deimos 4002:Phobos 3981:Earth 3942:Quaoar 3937:Haumea 3917:Dwarfs 3903:Uranus 3891:Saturn 3876:Giants 3841:dwarfs 3788:Quaoar 3781:Haumea 3756:Uranus 3751:Saturn 3519:Oceans 3487:Future 3331:Nature 3253:Symbol 3198:Europe 3178:Africa 2942:orrery 2857:Icarus 2797: 2726:. NASA 2552: 2544: 2501: 2349:. NOAA 1987:983817 1985: 1977: 1944: 1936: 1836:, and 1740:Comets 1565:, and 1530:mantle 1506:basalt 1493:basalt 1459:Pangea 1416:Sahara 1398:, and 1355:, and 1339:, and 1323:, the 1321:quartz 1308:basalt 1288:along 1240:plains 1226:, and 1168:, and 1138:Hawaii 1102:Venera 1092:, the 1018:basins 918:, and 912:plains 908:basins 885:nickel 873:crusts 839:, and 825:helium 809:metals 698:. The 696:mantle 656:, and 654:helium 621:, and 534:Charon 524:Triton 431:Mining 279:Topics 190:Strata 5481:Moons 5111:Lists 4847:Pluto 4805:Ceres 4783:Venus 4678:Tyche 4673:Theia 4509:Vesta 4504:Ceres 4445:Earth 4440:Venus 4403:Earth 4398:Venus 4378:moons 4341:Solar 4339:Small 4298:Rhean 4281:Rings 4194:Hydra 4179:Pluto 4172:Vanth 4167:Orcus 4123:Ariel 4081:Mimas 4066:Dione 4051:Titan 3974:Moons 3962:Sedna 3932:Pluto 3927:Orcus 3922:Ceres 3864:Earth 3859:Venus 3816:Sedna 3774:Pluto 3767:Orcus 3740:Ceres 3729:Earth 3724:Venus 3296:Biome 3278:World 3048:Earth 2828:(PDF) 2817:(PDF) 2771:(2). 2550:JSTOR 1983:JSTOR 1942:S2CID 1858:Pluto 1838:water 1822:metal 1814:Pluto 1786:orbit 1746:Comet 1614:Ceres 1502:clays 1411:Andes 1261:from 1162:Earth 1156:Earth 998:Venus 889:cores 861:moons 857:rocky 837:Earth 833:Venus 813:stars 805:rocks 677:Pluto 658:water 631:Ceres 619:Earth 615:Venus 529:Pluto 519:Titan 509:Ceres 504:Vesta 489:Venus 394:List) 108:Index 63:Ceres 51:Earth 47:Venus 4800:Mars 4788:Moon 4766:list 4749:list 4450:Mars 4408:Mars 4264:Eris 4204:Styx 4056:Rhea 3997:Mars 3985:Moon 3957:Eris 3869:Mars 3809:Eris 3734:Mars 3568:Moon 3248:Flag 3188:Asia 2795:ISSN 2629:2007 2587:2006 2542:ISSN 2499:ISBN 1975:ISSN 1934:PMID 1860:and 1826:ices 1820:and 1818:rock 1760:coma 1724:and 1722:Mars 1572:The 1551:Moon 1489:Mars 1466:Mars 1432:The 1380:soil 1374:The 1333:mica 1302:and 1182:and 1104:and 1094:Moon 1066:and 927:Moon 883:and 881:iron 841:Mars 823:and 807:and 718:and 710:and 700:Moon 692:iron 623:Mars 593:The 499:Mars 494:Moon 156:Rock 55:Mars 4539:PHA 4189:Nix 3898:Ice 3881:Gas 3714:Sun 2873:doi 2861:158 2785:doi 2769:490 2534:doi 2210:doi 1926:doi 1914:331 1848:or 1798:Sun 1788:of 1756:Sun 1351:), 1190:'s 1136:of 795:). 775:Sun 5552:: 4300:?) 4029:Io 2871:. 2859:. 2851:; 2819:. 2793:. 2783:. 2767:. 2761:. 2675:. 2595:^ 2573:. 2562:^ 2548:. 2540:. 2528:. 2522:. 2208:. 2198:85 2196:. 2173:^ 2161:^ 2147:^ 2124:^ 2074:^ 2060:^ 2035:^ 2014:. 1995:^ 1981:. 1967:48 1965:. 1940:. 1932:. 1924:. 1912:. 1906:. 1864:. 1832:, 1794:AU 1736:. 1561:, 1523:°F 1519:°C 1445:Ma 1394:, 1390:, 1359:. 1335:, 1331:, 1327:, 1269:, 1250:. 1242:, 1238:, 1234:, 1222:, 1218:, 1214:, 1164:, 914:, 891:. 835:, 831:, 722:. 687:. 652:, 637:. 629:: 617:, 613:, 609:– 514:Io 76:on 61:, 53:, 49:, 45:, 5394:e 5387:t 5380:v 5359:→ 5350:→ 5343:→ 5336:→ 5329:→ 5323:→ 5317:→ 5311:→ 5304:→ 5297:→ 5290:→ 5283:→ 5276:→ 5269:→ 4705:) 4701:( 3838:, 3653:e 3646:t 3639:v 3040:e 3033:t 3026:v 2944:) 2919:. 2893:. 2879:. 2875:: 2867:: 2837:. 2801:. 2787:: 2779:: 2733:. 2712:. 2690:. 2657:. 2631:. 2589:. 2556:. 2536:: 2530:1 2507:. 2482:. 2460:. 2434:. 2408:. 2382:. 2356:. 2334:. 2312:. 2286:. 2264:. 2216:. 2212:: 2204:: 2029:. 1989:. 1948:. 1928:: 1920:: 1651:) 1647:( 1641:. 1194:. 582:e 575:t 568:v 392:( 172:) 158:( 134:) 130:( 31:. 20:)

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