191:
the amount of EU funding they have received. It should be appealing that only registered lobbyists are granted passes that ease access to the parliament. As maximum means of sanction a commented deletion of the entry out of the registry and a withdrawal of the access pass is possible. The transparency gained by this register is seen as minor, since entries are voluntary, were drawn back arbitrarily by lobbyist in the past and incorrect information (which the co-signed code of conduct does not officially allow) is not sanctioned in practice. The register is however in an evaluation phase and there is the prospect of further improvement. The
1040:
1023:
439:
396:
365:
67:
interpreted that the early West-European politic was not focusing the concept of lobby transparency to gain public confidence into political processes, but rather on promoting economic development by enabling undisturbed communication between politics and economy. This setting of priorities is currently changing due to scandals and public pressure.
163:
transparency demand lobbyists to report about their activity on a monthly basis. This includes the information, with which members of parliament or their staff they interacted and about which topics they spoke. The conduct has a law status, is equipped with sanctional power and is controlled by an independent office.
308:
Further registers have been set up in
Australia (in the year 2011), Denmark, France (2010), Ireland, Israel (2008), Lithuania (2001), Macedonia (2008), Netherlands (2012), Poland (2005), Slovenia (2010), Taiwan, Hungary (2006-2011). In some cases long-term-experiences do not yet exist, in some cases
229:
involved in drafting and negotiating legislation must publish online their meetings with lobbyists. The amendment says that “rapporteurs, shadow rapporteurs or committee chairs shall, for each report, publish online all scheduled meetings with interest representatives falling under the scope of the
190:
is a voluntary lobbyist register operated jointly by the
European Parliament and the EU Commission since June 2011. Its coverage extends beyond lobbyists to law firms, NGOs, and think tanks, and it includes information on staff numbers, the legislative proposals they have attempted to influence, and
66:
Register opponents mainly argued in a survey that there would be no need for regulations, since it would be self-regulating and that they would fear a barrier of free exchange of views. Different from the US, West
European countries had only weak lobby regulations for a long time. Authors of a study
199:
is reluctant. First the reason given for this was that there would be no legal base. After a legal study disproved this, the EU Commission agreed that it was juristically possible, but stated that the current voluntary approach was sufficient. The need for a mandatory EU transparency register has
299:
In
Austria a mandatory lobby register with duty of disclosure including financial information and means of sanction was put into force. The register is still in the early phase, some deadlines to register end 2014, many lawyers wait for clarification by a court's decision and did not register.
280:
to be heard in the
Parliament was put out of force later. Many NGOs do not see this list as a means to further promote lobby transparency in Germany. Several initiatives of members of parliament in the opposition (social, left wing and green party) were denied by government (consisting of the
162:
into operation in 1989. This was extended regularly to comply with higher demands about data given, to extend the applying field of scope and to enable more powerful means of sanction. Maximum punishments are two years in prison and 200,000 Canadian $ . The strong regulations about lobby
271:
Since 1972 associations can voluntarily be included in a list reciting their contact data, head and representatives, general interests of the association and the number of their members. The list is limited to associations and there is no data about self-employed lobbyists, lawyers,
129:
A mandatory, publicly accessible and processable lobby register with enforced financial disclosure and theoretical high punishments exists on federal level, as well as in every state besides
Pennsylvania. A register was introduced in the US in 1946 with the
82:
Making an entry only mandatory if a certain threshold of money or time is spent on lobbying should prevent an inappropriately high bureaucratic burden for small actors (for example) in the US. Similar mechanisms are popular among supporters of a register.
177:
Complaints are pursued publicly, violations have been prosecuted legally in practice. In the
Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec and Ontario similar regulations were introduced.
58:. Registers exist for political committees of several countries. Their effectiveness is rated differently, strongly depending on their exact regulations. Many non-mandatory registers do not include powerful lobbyists.
115:
revealed, that a majority of them would support a mandatory register and publication of the data above (excluding financial information). Some registers, for example the
Canadian, require much more data.
79:
see means of controlling and sanction to handle missing or wrong entries as a central prerequisite for a working register. In many cases there are complains that this has not been put into practice.
288:, CSU, judiciary of the conservative coalition, warned about the "discrimination and stigmatization" of interest groups. Presenting and discussing individual interests should not be criminalized.
144:
with more precise definitions and more powerful means of sanction. The data published by this register is relatively informative. But it has been criticized that complaints lead to no action.
167:
Lobbyists shall not place public office holders in a conflict of interest by proposing or undertaking any action that would constitute an improper influence on a public office holder.
222:
in the appendices of legislative reports. This should list all lobbyists that were in contact with the members of parliament or influenced them during the creation of the law text.
519:
136:. Loopholes in the regulation lead to the fact that only 4 000 of 13 000 lobbyists were registered, before the rules of disclosure were substituted by the stricter
757:
685:
905:
Lobbying: An
Austrian Solution - A new law seeks to curb political corruption, but critics view it as another half-hearted attempt ; The Vienna Review; 2012
225:
Eventually on 31 January 2019 the EU Parliament adopted binding rules on lobby transparency. Amending its Rules of
Procedure, the Parliament stipulated that
843:
86:
Implementation as a database is favored over a list format since it allows not only searches but also enables data analysis and graphical representations.
204:
which has argued for the need to create a robust and credible mandatory register which would serve to increase the public trust in the EU institutions.
132:
1052:
Experiences of Australia, Canada, Hungary, Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States with regulations designed to increase scrutiny for lobbying.
291:
The German states Brandenburg and Rhineland-Palatinate have de facto voluntary lists for associations that are comparable to the list on federal level.
141:
1019:
Lobbying and transparency: A comparative analysis of regulatory reform; C Holmana and W Luneburg; Interest Groups & Advocacy (2012) 1, 75–104.
360:
Lobbying and transparency: A comparative analysis of regulatory reform; C Holmana and W Luneburg; Interest Groups & Advocacy (2012) 1, 75–104.
433:
Hogan, J.: "Next door they have regulation, but not here …”: Assessing the opinions of actors in the opaque world of unregulated lobbying (2008)
334:
743:
580:
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and NGOs. There is no financial information and the registration is voluntary. A regulation making a registry in the list mandatory for
651:
620:"Commission and European Parliament launch Joint Transparency Register to shed light on all those seeking to influence European policy"
265:
256:
A mandatory lobby register came into force in Germany on 1 January, 2022, along with a code of conduct. These were implemented by the
981:
697:
555:
686:
http://transparency.eu/resource/transparency-internationals-assessment-of-the-proposal-for-a-mandatory-eu-transparency-register/
544:
Report for Congress - Lobbying Reform: Background and Legislative Proposals; RE Petersen; Congressional Research Service (2006)
260:. The scope of the register and code of conduct were widely criticized as insufficient, both by the opposition parties and the
137:
1122:
708:
581:"The Lobbyists' Code of Conduct - Rule 8; The Office of the Commissioner of Lobbying, Independent Agent of Parliament Canada"
329:
246:
782:
945:
640:
324:
148:
76:
719:
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Court Cases and Complaints About the Canadian Federal Government Ethics Rules and Enforcement System; Democracy Watch NGO
457:
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820:
498:
475:
929:
831:
1077:
201:
821:
national integrity system report Germany (short version); 2012; Point 10; Transparency International - Germany NGO
882:
284:
In June 2016 the proposal of the opposition was turned down in the Bundestag. In the debate preceding the voting
969:
1143:
832:
Discussion about the introduction of a new lobby register; German parliament; (available only in German)2011
458:
Transparency and Integrity in Lobbying (2012); OECD - Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
208:
43:
1039:
1022:
438:
395:
364:
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There is a voluntary register in the United Kingdom since 2011, but some NGOs criticize it as ineffective.
673:
419:“Rescue the Register! How to make EU lobby transparency credible and reliable” - The ALTER-EU report; 2013
904:
359:
257:
231:
556:"The Lobbying Act; The Office of the Commissioner of Lobbying, independent Agent of Parliament Canada"
1036:
Lobbyists, Governments and Public Trust, Volume 1; Increasing Transparency through Legislation; OECD
684:
Transparency International's assessment of the proposal for a mandatory EU Transparency Register. At
51:
730:
192:
674:
ALTER-EU: Legal framework for a mandatory EU lobby register; Friends Of The Earth Europe NGO; 2013
619:
418:
390:
Regulating Lobbyists: A Comparative Analysis of the USA, Canada, Germany and the European Union
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844:"Nach Bundestagsentscheidung - "Einfluss von Lobbyisten ist nach wie vor sehr groĂź""
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277:
261:
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1027:
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432:
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and their staff. Several studies indicate that lobby transparency leads to a decrease of
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legal study: a mandatory EU Lobby register is possible; Prof. Dr. Markus Krajewski, 2013
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47:
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Lobbyingregister; Federal Ministry of Justice Austria; (available in German only)
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1068:
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55:
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760:[New Ethics Rules: Cabinet Passes Code of Conduct for Lobbyists].
787:
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press release ; European parliament; Reference No.: 20110510IPR19128
313:
36:
1031:
532:
373:
1090:
919:
Lobbying: Regulations and codes of conduct in selected countries; OECD
758:"Neue Ethikregeln: Kabinett beschlieĂźt Verhaltenskodex fĂĽr Lobbyisten"
195:
is still working to transform it into a mandatory register, while the
247:
Lobbying in the United Kingdom § Proposed regulation of lobbying
893:
1005:
533:
Official Register US - Lobbying disclosure House of Representatives
389:
1069:
Lobbying: Regulations and codes of conduct in selected countries
226:
112:
149:
Lobbying in the United States § The regulatory environment
1074:
883:
Bundesländer: Lobby-Transparenz ungenügend; 2013; LobbyControl
810:
public list of registered trade associations, German Bundestag
392:; R Chari, G Murphy, J Hogan; (2007) The Political Quarterly,
218:
It has been planned by the EU Parliament in 2011 to publish a
1115:
1102:
1082:
1071:
OECD – Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
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Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
1096:
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also been highlighted by the anti-corruption organisation,
783:"Europarat bemängelt Deutschlands Kampf gegen Korruption"
39:
actors and key data about their actions can be accessed.
868:
The new lobby register of Brandenburg; 2013; Newspaper
731:
Text adopted by EU Parliament on lobbying transparency
709:
Rescue the EU Lobby Register; ALTER-EU initiative 2013
652:
resolution of the EU Parliament; 11. May 2011; Point 5
491:
Analyzed and graphically processed data about lobbyism
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912:
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creative commons-article; Vol. 78, No. 3, pp. 422-438
385:
383:
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355:
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Most registers contain at least the following data:
744:"Statement on the Register of Lobbyists Bill; 2013"
435:; Canadian Political Science Review. Vol 2, No 3;
428:
426:
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35:is a public database, in which information about
518:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
309:the need for improvement is already seen today.
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453:
451:
8:
1063:NGOs and initiatives for lobby transparency
930:Lobbying-Register started; 2013; Newspaper
614:
612:
1006:world map with facts about lobby registers
720:EU Parliament to end secret lobby meetings
501:. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28
111:A survey among lobbyists conducted by the
142:Honest Leadership and Open Government Act
345:
281:conservatives and liberals 2009-2013).
172:The Lobbyists' Code of Conduct - Rule 8
511:
499:"Lobbying Database | OpenSecrets"
335:Freedom of information laws by country
120:Lobby registers in different countries
641:Codex of the EU transparency register
77:non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
7:
622:. European Commission. 23 June 2011
314:Lobbyism § Lobbying by country
140:. In 2007 this was extended by the
14:
1038:
1021:
437:
394:
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266:anti-corruption monitoring body
138:Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995
29:Register for Lobby Transparency
1123:Center for Media and Democracy
330:Lobbying in the United Kingdom
1:
870:Potsdamer Neueste Nachrichten
325:Lobbying in the United States
46:about possible influences of
1086:Corporate Europe Observatory
970:Lobbyist Registry Netherland
62:Positions and considerations
1105:Focus on Germany and Europe
1093:Focus on England and Europe
946:"Australian Lobby Register"
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1078:Transparency International
934:(available in German only)
872:(available in German only)
742:Spinwatch (17 July 2013).
311:
244:
206:
202:Transparency International
146:
982:"Lobby Register Slovenia"
850:(in German). 11 June 2016
444:creative commons article.
160:Lobbyist Registration Act
1091:lobbyingtransparency.org
1049:10.1787/9789264073371-en
98:Identity of the lobbyist
764:(in German). 2021-06-16
209:European Union lobbying
234:”-database of the EU.
175:
258:Fourth Merkel cabinet
232:Transparency Register
220:legislative footprint
214:Legislative footprint
188:Transparency Register
158:Canada was putting a
33:Registry of Lobbyists
1083:corporateeurope.org
193:European Parliament
42:Its aim is to gain
1032:10.1057/iga.2012.4
478:2011-07-28 at the
374:10.1057/iga.2012.4
278:trade associations
101:contracting entity
71:Regulation details
1103:LobbyControl e.V.
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304:Further countries
262:Council of Europe
104:motivations/goals
25:Lobbyist Registry
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1121:operated by the
1099:Focus on England
1075:transparency.org
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1119:SourceWatch
495:OpenSecrets
473:OpenSecrets
274:think tanks
1133:Categories
992:2013-08-31
956:2013-08-31
854:2016-06-14
795:1 February
768:2021-06-18
762:spiegel.de
591:2013-08-31
566:2013-08-31
505:2013-08-30
469:Lobby data
341:References
312:See also:
245:See also:
207:See also:
147:See also:
56:corruption
1139:Lobbying
788:Die Zeit
626:14 March
514:cite web
476:Archived
319:See also
170:—
37:lobbying
295:Austria
252:Germany
154:Canada
1110:Wikis
75:Many
797:2022
628:2015
520:link
227:MEPs
186:The
1045:doi
1028:doi
370:doi
264:'s
50:on
31:or
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