Critical thinking - Knowledge

1198:

more nuanced possibility: that CMC may promote some aspects of critical thinking but hinder others. For example, Guiller et al. (2008) found that, relative to face-to-face discourse, online discourse featured more justifications, while face-to-face discourse featured more instances of students expanding on what others had said. The increase in justifications may be due to the asynchronous nature of online discussions, while the increase in expanding comments may be due to the spontaneity of 'real-time' discussion. Newman et al. (1995) showed similar differential effects. They found that while CMC boasted more important statements and linking of ideas, it lacked novelty. The authors suggest that this may be due to difficulties participating in a brainstorming-style activity in an asynchronous environment. Rather, the asynchrony may promote users to put forth "considered, thought out contributions".

1158:

reflect, and make a conclusive decision about the current situation they face. Critical thinking creates "new possibilities for the development of the nursing knowledge". Due to the sociocultural, environmental, and political issues that are affecting healthcare delivery, it would be helpful to embody new techniques in nursing. Nurses can also engage their critical-thinking skills through the Socratic method of dialogue and reflection. This practice standard is even part of some regulatory organizations such as the College of Nurses of Ontario's Professional Standards for Continuing Competencies (2006). It requires nurses to engage in

128: 1206:

but there is some evidence to suggest it is an important factor. For example, research has shown that three- to four-year-old children can discern, to some extent, the differential credibility and expertise of individuals. Further evidence for the impact of social experience on the development of critical-thinking skills comes from work that found that 6- to 7-year-olds from China have similar levels of skepticism to 10- and 11-year-olds in the United States. If the development of critical-thinking skills was solely due to maturation, it is unlikely we would see such dramatic differences across cultures.

390: 1202:

example, a statement might be coded as "Discuss ambiguities to clear them up" or "Welcoming outside knowledge" as positive indicators of critical thinking. Conversely, statements reflecting poor critical thinking may be labeled as "Sticking to prejudice or assumptions" or "Squashing attempts to bring in outside knowledge". The frequency of these codes in CMC and face-to-face discourse can be compared to draw conclusions about the quality of critical thinking.

934:

meanwhile expanding what it means to be a critical thinker. In 1994, Kerry Walters compiled a conglomeration of sources surpassing this logical restriction to include many different authors' research regarding connected knowing, empathy, gender-sensitive ideals, collaboration, world views, intellectual autonomy, morality and enlightenment. These concepts invite students to incorporate their own perspectives and experiences into their thinking.

7312: 6325: 957:

arguments. It also tests their ability to analyze certain related topics such as credibility and ethical decision-making. However, due to its comparative lack of subject content, many universities do not accept it as a main A-level for admissions. Nevertheless, the AS is often useful in developing reasoning skills, and the full Advanced GCE is useful for degree courses in politics, philosophy, history or

6335: 5547: 7322: 1246: 7300: 310:"Critical thinking is a type of thinking pattern that requires people to be reflective, and pay attention to decision-making which guides their beliefs and actions. Critical thinking allows people to deduct with more logic, to process sophisticated information and look at various sides of an issue so they can produce more solid conclusions." 4278: 1218: 252:; it identifies the intellectual capacity and the means "of judging", "of judgement", "for judging", and of being "able to discern". The intellectual roots of critical thinking are as ancient as its etymology, traceable, ultimately, to the critical reasoning of the Presocractic philosophers, as well as the teaching practice and vision of 1232: 1021:. The idea behind this was to offer high school students the opportunity to connect with the research environment in the Center for Advanced Materials (CAM) at Qatar University. Faculty members train and mentor the students and help develop and enhance their critical thinking, problem-solving, and teamwork skills. 1060:

In a more recent meta-analysis, researchers reviewed 341 quasi- or true-experimental studies, all of which used some form of standardized critical-thinking measure to assess the outcome variable. The authors describe the various methodological approaches and attempt to categorize differing assessment

330:

According to Ennis, "Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to

299:

Thinking about one's thinking in a manner designed to organize and clarify, raise the efficiency of, and recognize errors and biases in one's own thinking. Critical thinking is not 'hard' thinking nor is it directed at solving problems (other than 'improving' one's own thinking). Critical thinking is

2534:

The National Assessment of College Student Learning: Identification of the Skills to be Taught, Learned, and Assessed, NCES 94–286, US Dept of Education, Addison Greenwood (Ed), Sal Carrallo (PI). See also, Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and

1157:

Critical-thinking skills can be used to help nurses during the assessment process. Through the use of critical thinking, nurses can question, evaluate, and reconstruct the nursing care process by challenging the established theory and practice. Critical-thinking skills can help nurses problem solve,

956:

is now available: in addition to the two AS units, candidates sit the two papers "Resolution of Dilemmas" and "Critical Reasoning". The A-level tests candidates on their ability to think critically about, and analyze, arguments on their deductive or inductive validity, as well as producing their own

694:

The ability to critically analyze an argument — to dissect structure and components, thesis and reasons — is essential. But so is the ability to be flexible and consider non-traditional alternatives and perspectives. These complementary functions are what allow for critical thinking to be a practice

1205:

Searching for evidence of critical thinking in discourse has roots in a definition of critical thinking put forth by Kuhn (1991), which emphasizes the social nature of discussion and knowledge construction. There is limited research on the role of social experience in critical thinking development,

1125:

Critical thinking is considered important in the academic fields for enabling one to analyze, evaluate, explain, and restructure thinking, thereby ensuring the act of thinking without false belief. However, even with knowledge of the methods of logical inquiry and reasoning, mistakes occur, and due

380:

In the 'second wave' of critical thinking, authors consciously moved away from the logocentric mode of critical thinking characteristic of the 'first wave'. Although many scholars began to take a less exclusive view of what constitutes critical thinking, rationality and logic remain widely accepted

325:

Contemporary critical thinking scholars have expanded these traditional definitions to include qualities, concepts, and processes such as creativity, imagination, discovery, reflection, empathy, connecting knowing, feminist theory, subjectivity, ambiguity, and inconclusiveness. Some definitions of

159:

and of authority figures to possess knowledge and consequent insight; that for an individual man or woman to lead a good life that is worth living, that person must ask critical questions and possess an interrogative soul, which seeks evidence and then closely examines the available facts, and then

1197:

The advent and rising popularity of online courses have prompted some to ask if computer-mediated communication (CMC) promotes, hinders, or has no effect on the amount and quality of critical thinking in a course (relative to face-to-face communication). There is some evidence to suggest a fourth,

903:

The psychological theory disposes of the absolute nature of the rational mind, in reference to conditions, abstract problems and discursive limitations. Where the relationship between critical-thinking skills and critical-thinking dispositions is an empirical question, the ability to attain causal

929:

Each discipline adapts its use of critical-thinking concepts and principles. The core concepts are always there, but they are embedded in subject-specific content. For students to learn content, intellectual engagement is crucial. All students must do their own thinking, their own construction of

317:

Although critical thinking could be defined in several different ways, there is a general agreement in its key component—the desire to reach for a satisfactory result, and this should be achieved by rational thinking and result-driven manner. Halpern thinks that critical thinking firstly involves

1104:

conclusion. The concepts and principles of critical thinking can be applied to any context or case but only by reflecting upon the nature of that application. Critical thinking forms, therefore, a system of related, and overlapping, modes of thought such as anthropological thinking, sociological

372:

describes this ideology thus: "A logistic approach to critical thinking conveys the message to students that thinking is legitimate only when it conforms to the procedures of informal (and, to a lesser extent, formal) logic and that the good thinker necessarily aims for styles of examination and

908:. Accounting for a measure of "critical-thinking dispositions" is the California Measure of Mental Motivation and the California Critical Thinking Dispositions Inventory. The Critical Thinking Toolkit is an alternative measure that examines student beliefs and attitudes about critical thinking. 1201:

Researchers assessing critical thinking in online discussion forums often employ a technique called Content Analysis, where the text of online discourse (or the transcription of face-to-face discourse) is systematically coded for different kinds of statements relating to critical thinking. For

933:

Historically, the teaching of critical thinking focused only on logical procedures such as formal and informal logic. This emphasized to students that good thinking is equivalent to logical thinking. However, a second wave of critical thinking, urges educators to value conventional techniques,

221:

of the subject matter. According to the Foundation for Critical Thinking, in 1987 the U.S. National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking defined critical thinking as the "intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, or

181:

requires the comparative judgment of facts, which answers then would reveal the person's irrational thinking and lack of verifiable knowledge. Socrates also demonstrated that Authority does not ensure accurate, verifiable knowledge; thus, Socratic questioning analyses beliefs, assumptions, and

1109:

thinking, philosophical thinking, mathematical thinking, chemical thinking, biological thinking, ecological thinking, legal thinking, ethical thinking, musical thinking, thinking like a painter, sculptor, engineer, business person, etc. In other words, though critical-thinking principles are

2473:. National Center on Postsecondary Teaching, Learning, and Assessment, University Park, PA.; Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ED), U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC PUB TYPE – Reports Research/Technical (143). pp. 14–15. 926:, in the construction of basic ideas, principles, and theories inherent in content. And critical thinking is significant in the learning process of application, whereby those ideas, principles, and theories are implemented effectively as they become relevant in learners' lives. 279:"The intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action." 321:"Critical thinking is essentially a questioning, challenging approach to knowledge and perceived wisdom. It involves ideas and information from an objective position and then questioning this information in the light of our own values, attitudes and personal philosophy." 857:

are ethical qualities that encourage motivation to think in particular ways towards specific circumstances. However, these virtues have also been criticized by skeptics who argue that the evidence is lacking for a specific mental basis underpinning critical thinking.

318:

learned abilities such as problem-solving, calculation and successful probability application. It also includes a tendency to engage the thinking process. In recent times, Stanovich believed that modern IQ testing could hardly measure the ability of critical thinking.

151:

matter of the rightness or wrongness of Socrates escaping from prison. Upon consideration, Plato concluded that to escape prison would violate everything he believes to be greater than himself: the laws of Athens and the guiding voice that Socrates claims to hear.

313:

Critical thinking has seven critical features: being inquisitive and curious, being open-minded to different sides, being able to think systematically, being analytical, being persistent to truth, being confident about critical thinking itself, and lastly, being

1967: 1065:. The results emphasized the need for exposing students to real-world problems and the importance of encouraging open dialogue within a supportive environment. Effective strategies for teaching critical thinking are thought to be possible in a wide variety of 373:

appraisal that are analytical, abstract, universal, and objective. This model of thinking has become so entrenched in conventional academic wisdom that many educators accept it as canon". Such principles are concomitant with the increasing dependence on a

102:

habits of the mind; thus, a critical thinker is a person who practices the skills of critical thinking or has been trained and educated in its disciplines. Philosopher Richard W. Paul said that the mind of a critical thinker engages the person's

654:

that is likely, but not inevitable given some foreknowledge. For example: I observe sheep in a field, and they appear white from my viewing angle, so sheep are white. Contrast with the deductive statement: Some sheep are white on at least one

899:

Contemporary cognitive psychology regards human reasoning as a complex process that is both reactive and reflective. This presents a problem that is detailed as a division of a critical mind in juxtaposition to sensory data and memory.

2764:

Stupple, E. J. N., Maratos, F. A., Elander, J., Hunt, T. E., Cheung, K. Y., & Aubeeluck, A. V. (2017). "Development of the Critical Thinking Toolkit (CriTT): A measure of student attitudes and beliefs about critical thinking".

334:

According to Ennis' definition, critical thinking requires a lot of attention and brain function. When a critical thinking approach is applied to education, it helps the student's brain function better and understand texts

289:

judgment which results in interpretation, analysis, evaluation, and inference, as well as explanation of the evidential, conceptual, methodological, criteriological, or contextual considerations upon which that judgment is

267:, referring to critical analysis in the literary context. The meaning of "critical thinking" gradually evolved and expanded to mean a desirable general thinking skill by the end of the 19th century and early 20th century. 1971: 1095:

Critical thinking is an important element of all professional fields and academic disciplines (by referencing their respective sets of permissible questions, evidence sources, criteria, etc.). Within the framework of

884:

Educational programs aimed at developing critical thinking in children and adult learners, individually or in group problem solving and decision making contexts, continue to address these same three central elements.

353:

The study of logical argumentation is relevant to the study of critical thinking. Logic is concerned with the analysis of arguments, including the appraisal of their correctness or incorrectness. In the field of

683:

and insight". These "functions" are focused on discovery, on more abstract processes instead of linear, rules-based approaches to problem-solving. The linear and non-sequential mind must both be engaged in the

849:

and also a moral component such as reflective thinking. Critical thinkers therefore need to have reached a level of maturity in their development, possess a certain attitude as well as a set of taught skills.

2097:"Book Reviews and Notes : Teaching Thinking Skills: Theory and Practice. Joan Baron and Robert Sternberg. 1987. W.H. Freeman, & Co., New York. 275 pages. Index. ISBN 0-7167-1791-3. Paperback". 3664: 381:

as essential bases for critical thinking. Walters argues that exclusive logicism in the first wave sense is based on "the unwarranted assumption that good thinking is reducible to logical thinking".

1181:

in 1995 affirms that "education for tolerance could aim at countering factors that lead to fear and exclusion of others, and could help young people to develop capacities for independent judgement,

930:

knowledge. Good teachers recognize this and therefore focus on the questions, readings, activities that stimulate the mind to take ownership of key concepts and principles underlying the subject.

1061:

tools, which include standardized tests (and second-source measures), tests developed by teachers, tests developed by researchers, and tests developed by teachers who also serve the role as the

3613:, xiv, 403 p. : ill.; 22 cmHighland, N.Y: Gestalt Journal Press. "This Gestalt Journal Press edition is a verbatim reprint of the book as originally published in 1938" – T.p. verso. 3060: 2467:

National Assessment of College Student Learning: Identifying College Graduates' Essential Skills in Writing, Speech and Listening, and Critical Thinking. Final Project Report (NCES-95-001)

986:

have also modified theirs for 2008. Many examinations for university entrance set by universities, on top of A-level examinations, also include a critical-thinking component, such as the

3535: 822:

that characterize a person strongly disposed toward critical thinking include a desire to follow reason and evidence wherever they may lead, a systematic approach to problem-solving,

919:

is one of many educational leaders who recognized that a curriculum aimed at building thinking skills would benefit the individual learner, the community, and the entire democracy.

671:, argues that rationality demands more than just logical or traditional methods of problem solving and analysis or what he calls the "calculus of justification" but also considers " 500: 2880:

Abrami, P. C., Bernard, R. M., Borokhovski, E., Waddington, D. I., Wade, C. A., & Persson, T. (2014). "Strategies for Teaching Students to Think Critically: A Meta-Analysis".

810:"A persistent effort to examine any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the evidence that supports or refutes it and the further conclusions to which it tends." 2794: 635: 853:

There is a postulation by some writers that the tendencies from habits of mind should be thought as virtues to demonstrate the characteristics of a critical thinker. These

147:(470–399 BC) are the earliest records of what today is called critical thinking. In an early dialogue by Plato, the philosopher Socrates debates several speakers about the 107:

abilities and personality traits. Critical thinking presupposes assent to rigorous standards of excellence and mindful command of their use in effective communication and

5650: 1081:. Some success was noted and the researchers emphasized the value of the humanities in providing the skills to evaluate current events and qualitative data in context. 731:

In addition to possessing strong critical-thinking skills, one must be disposed to engage problems and decisions using those skills. Critical thinking employs not only

2751: 541: 462:

is drawing a conclusion from a pattern that is guaranteed by the strictness of the structure to which it applies. For example: The sum of even integers is even. Let

6995: 3134:

Newman, D. R.; Webb, Brian; Cochrane, Clive (1995). "A content analysis method to measure critical thinking in face-to-face and computer-supported group learning".

2997: 1087:

notes that there is some evidence to suggest that basic critical-thinking skills might be successfully taught to children at a younger age than previously thought.

573: 6963: 6838: 4335: 1045:

that higher education was failing to meet society's requirements for well-educated citizens. It concluded that although faculty may aspire to develop students'

2868:

Lion Gardiner, Redesigning Higher Education: Producing Dramatic Gains in Student Learning, in conjunction with: ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education, 1995

358:, critical thinking is considered to be logically correct thinking, which allows for differentiation between logically true and logically false statements. 3609:

Zeigarnik, B.V. (1927). "On finished and unfinished tasks". In English translation Edited by Willis D. Ellis; with an introduction by Kurt Koffka. (1997).

338:

Different fields of study may require different types of critical thinking. Critical thinking provides more angles and perspectives upon the same material.

222:

evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action."

5795: 7458: 4525: 365:

is removed from the train of thought, and the analysis of connections between concepts or points in thought is ostensibly free of any bias. In his essay

2922: 1541: 707:. According to Reynolds (2011), an individual or group engaged in a strong way of critical thinking gives due consideration to establish for instance: 7141: 6958: 5635: 3057: 1767: 7505: 6888: 6239: 2178:

Halpern, Diane F. (2006), "The Nature and Nurture of Critical Thinking", in Sternberg, Robert J; Roediger Iii, Henry L; Halpern, Diane F (eds.),

7273: 5655: 976: 6214: 3724:

Paul, R (1982). "Teaching critical thinking in the strong sense: A focus on self-deception, world views and a dialectical mode of analysis".

3600: 3571: 3435: 3407: 2950:

Baugher, Bob; Haldeman, Philip (July–August 2019). "Teaching College Students Critical Thinking Skills by Posing as a 'Registered Psychic'".

2682: 2670: 2519: 2511: 2478: 2448: 2419: 2394: 2261: 2221: 1628: 1603: 1578: 1465: 2843: 6472: 969: 7490: 6778: 6402: 6259: 4613: 3934: 3832: 3811: 3793: 3775: 2810: 5880: 4063: 870:

An attitude of being disposed to consider in a thoughtful way the problems and subjects that come within the range of one's experiences

866:

After undertaking research in schools, Edward M. Glaser proposed in 1941 that the ability to think critically involves three elements:

263:

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the exact term “critical thinking” first appeared in 1815, in the British literary journal

6828: 3474: 3373: 2827: 2791: 1054: 6290: 304:

of the thinker. One does not use critical thinking to solve problems—one uses critical thinking to improve one's process of thinking.

256:

2,500 years ago who discovered by a method of probing questioning that people could not rationally justify their confident claims to

7358: 7263: 7146: 7010: 4328: 4212: 3618: 3585: 3557: 3544: 3527: 3512: 3497: 3456: 3421: 3393: 2326: 2294: 2195: 1711: 1335: 952:, students can sit two exam papers for the AS: "Credibility of Evidence" and "Assessing and Developing Argument". The full Advanced 6933: 1511: 968:

offered in Critical Thinking in the UK, open to any A-level student regardless of whether they have the Critical Thinking A-level.

3846: 703:

The list of core critical thinking skills includes observation, interpretation, analysis, inference, evaluation, explanation, and

8487: 6843: 6738: 4296: 953: 3104:

Guiller, Jane; Durndell, Alan; Ross, Anne (2008). "Peer interaction and critical thinking: Face-to-face or online discussion?".

127: 7800: 7325: 6893: 6711: 6609: 6422: 4909: 4675: 3888: 3334: 3076: 1878: 1174: 1100:, the process of critical thinking involves the careful acquisition and interpretation of information and use of it to reach a 1078: 7106: 6300: 2605:

Bailin, Sharon; Case, Roland; Coombs, Jerrold R.; Daniels, Leroi B. (May 1999). "Common misconceptions of critical thinking".

7443: 6848: 6670: 6447: 6049: 5670: 4217: 3645: 2570:

Facione, Peter A.; Sánchez, Carol A.; Facione, Noreen C.; Gainen, Joanne (1995). "The Disposition Toward Critical Thinking".

1644: 6938: 3674: 833:

According to a definition analysis by Kompf & Bond (2001), critical thinking involves problem-solving, decision making,

7116: 7073: 7030: 5953: 1352: 6685: 6637: 6534: 6529: 6254: 6159: 4816: 4321: 2708:

Walsh, Catherine, M. (2007). "California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory: Further Factor Analytic Examination".

1101: 7096: 5100: 4654: 4649: 4292: 923: 5906: 3641:"Predicting real-world outcomes: Critical thinking ability is a better predictor of life decisions than intelligence" 331:

belief and action." This definition Ennis provided is highly agreed by Harvey Siegel, Peter Facione, and Deanna Kuhn.

7156: 3837: 2545: 8447: 8307: 7825: 7613: 7268: 7101: 6928: 6494: 6295: 5949: 5710: 4849: 4717: 4707: 4243: 3384: 1126:

to a thinker's inability to apply the methodology consistently, and because of overruling character traits such as

999: 995: 7040: 3680:

Kompf, M., & Bond, R. (2001). Critical reflection in adult education. In T. Barer-Stein & M. Kompf(Eds.),

7541: 7136: 6948: 6209: 6174: 6129: 5945: 5820: 5810: 5615: 5285: 5195: 5180: 4929: 4222: 4147: 3929: 1498: 1278: 7425: 7131: 7111: 6943: 6642: 6264: 8472: 8324: 7892: 7500: 7177: 7020: 6953: 6923: 6833: 6783: 6743: 6647: 6594: 6099: 6094: 5989: 5981: 5825: 5715: 5645: 5145: 4734: 4680: 4120: 2897:(2017). "Humanities, Too: In New Study, History Courses in Critical Thinking Reduce Pseudoscientific Beliefs". 1741: 1621:

Understanding the Lean Enterprise: Strategies, Methodologies, and Principles for a More Responsive Organization

1290: 965: 31: 389: 6913: 1411:. The International Center for the Assessment of Higher Order Thinking (ICAT, US)/Critical Thinking Community 131:

In the West, critical reasoning originated from the teachings of the Greek philosopher Socrates (470–399 BC).

8234: 6918: 6908: 6763: 6564: 6524: 6504: 6484: 6387: 6219: 6194: 6109: 6089: 6039: 6009: 5999: 5885: 5805: 5770: 5755: 5740: 5695: 5630: 5500: 5140: 4874: 4759: 4606: 4545: 4204: 2936: 6695: 6627: 6249: 465: 8127: 7972: 7758: 7663: 7381: 7240: 7185: 6990: 6903: 6898: 6883: 6818: 6793: 6675: 6499: 6305: 6184: 6179: 6059: 5936: 5932: 5923: 5914: 5760: 5507: 5190: 5185: 4824: 4794: 4789: 4774: 4749: 4690: 4685: 4365: 3640: 3211: 1361:– Topic tree that identifies many types of thoughts, types of thinking, aspects of thought, related fields 1166: 724: 446: 7907: 7351: 7230: 7220: 7205: 7005: 6868: 6803: 6773: 6748: 6680: 6579: 6574: 6549: 6407: 6199: 6154: 6134: 6124: 6024: 5910: 5860: 5835: 5685: 5680: 5660: 5625: 5610: 5175: 5155: 4994: 4899: 4869: 4769: 4744: 4580: 4258: 3448: 3022:

Boychuk Duchscher, Judy E. (1999). "Catching the wave: understanding the concept of critical thinking".

2745: 1775: 1408: 1097: 348: 6665: 5233: 1912: 961:, providing the skills required for critical analysis that are useful, for example, in biblical study. 2437:"Critical thinking and systems thinking: towards a critical literacy for systems thinking in practice" 7235: 7210: 7190: 7151: 7055: 6878: 6808: 6788: 6604: 6554: 6514: 6467: 6462: 6452: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6412: 6397: 6392: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6224: 6139: 6119: 6004: 5994: 5845: 5815: 5800: 5785: 5775: 5765: 5730: 5725: 5675: 5620: 5595: 5483: 5473: 5200: 5012: 4984: 4974: 4934: 4804: 4799: 4779: 4739: 4659: 4177: 4023: 3440: 1840: 1385: 1364: 1308: – Discursive method of arriving at the truth by way of reasoned contradiction and argumentation 1272: 1260: 1143: 578: 178: 8492: 8467: 8462: 7962: 7902: 7763: 7495: 7398: 7251: 7215: 7195: 7126: 7050: 6823: 6813: 6758: 6753: 6690: 6632: 6599: 6589: 6569: 6559: 6544: 6539: 6519: 6489: 6457: 6442: 6417: 6353: 6279: 6269: 6204: 6169: 6104: 6084: 6074: 6034: 6019: 6014: 5855: 5850: 5790: 5745: 5705: 5600: 5581: 5295: 5207: 5160: 5110: 5058: 5053: 5032: 4954: 4864: 4844: 4834: 4724: 4517: 4344: 4132: 4115: 4095: 4058: 4007: 4002: 3944: 3881: 3742: 3216: 1299: 1159: 1014: 942: 854: 772: 695:

encompassing imagination and intuition in cooperation with traditional modes of deductive inquiry.

647: 459: 434: 422: 418: 414: 99: 6334: 5546: 904:

domination exists, for which Socrates was known to be largely disposed against as the practice of

896:

in prevalence today to assess how the systems are working to promote or impede critical thinking.

8452: 7927: 7556: 7463: 7392: 7315: 7200: 7045: 7035: 7025: 7015: 6873: 6798: 6584: 6509: 6479: 6310: 6229: 6189: 6164: 6144: 6079: 6054: 6044: 6029: 5830: 5780: 5735: 5720: 5700: 5690: 5665: 5605: 5300: 5088: 4939: 4889: 4839: 4784: 4729: 4641: 4599: 4408: 4068: 3997: 3954: 3712: 3169: 2957: 2952: 2927: 2899: 2847: 2733: 2587: 2367: 2122: 2010: 1358: 1355:– Topic tree presenting the traits, capacities, models, and research fields of human intelligence 1326: – Position that beliefs should be formed only on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism 1317: 893: 668: 442: 2143:

Facione, Peter A.; Facione, Noreen C. (March 1993). "Profiling critical thinking dispositions".

1162:

and keep records of this continued professional development for possible review by the college.

2028:

Nieto, Ana M.; Saiz, Carlos (2010). "Critical Thinking: A Question of Aptitude and Attitude?".

1114:. Psychology offerings, for example, have included courses such as Critical Thinking about the 8457: 8268: 8262: 8191: 8020: 8013: 7882: 7723: 7581: 7225: 7121: 7078: 7000: 6768: 6149: 6114: 6069: 6064: 5973: 5840: 5750: 5640: 5478: 5290: 5272: 5150: 5120: 5093: 5083: 5068: 5037: 4969: 4959: 4944: 4904: 4712: 4695: 4440: 4425: 4282: 4253: 4248: 4238: 4172: 4100: 3622: 3614: 3596: 3581: 3567: 3553: 3552:& Lewis Vaughn "How to Think About Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age" (2010) 3540: 3523: 3508: 3493: 3470: 3452: 3431: 3417: 3403: 3389: 3369: 3313: 3264: 3229: 3161: 3039: 2725: 2678: 2675:

Thinking and Reasoning in Human Decision Making: The Method of Argument and Heuristic Analysis

2666: 2622: 2579: 2515: 2474: 2444: 2415: 2390: 2359: 2322: 2290: 2257: 2217: 2191: 2160: 2114: 2045: 1860: 1624: 1599: 1574: 1461: 1346: 1237: 1223: 505: 410: 404: 160:

follows the implications of the statement under analysis, thereby tracing the implications of

87: 3856: 2693: 1049:

skills, in practice they have tended to aim at facts and concepts utilizing lowest levels of

8477: 8028: 7922: 7775: 7475: 7448: 7438: 7344: 5550: 5466: 5407: 5170: 5165: 5135: 5022: 5017: 4979: 4884: 4859: 4764: 4570: 4462: 4187: 3913: 3908: 3704: 3654: 3303: 3295: 3256: 3221: 3151: 3143: 3113: 3031: 2918: 2894: 2717: 2614: 2351: 2314: 2282: 2211: 2183: 2152: 2106: 2037: 2002: 1852: 1379: 1251: 1084: 980: 946: 664: 369: 136: 3202:

Koenig, M A; Harris, P L (2005). "Preschoolers mistrust ignorant and inaccurate speakers".

2823: 546: 296:

The skill and propensity to engage in an activity with reflective scepticism (McPeck, 1981)

8482: 8389: 8102: 8036: 7957: 7386: 5223: 5130: 5125: 5007: 5002: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4894: 4854: 4555: 4404: 4033: 3975: 3802: 3784: 3549: 3064: 2831: 2798: 1913:"Critical Thinking as Defined by the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking" 823: 202: 162: 108: 104: 95: 41: 1719: 3788: 3348: 3077:"International Day for Tolerance . Declaration of Principles on Tolerance, Article 4, 3" 1519: 1431: 791:

Recognize the existence (or non-existence) of logical relationships between propositions

413:. Informally, two kinds of logical reasoning can be distinguished in addition to formal 8148: 7526: 7469: 7304: 5350: 5243: 5063: 4357: 4287: 3980: 3959: 3874: 3462: 3308: 3283: 3247:

Lutz, D J; Keil, F C (2002). "Early understanding of the division of cognitive labor".

3117: 1943: 1329: 1311: 1139: 1122:

and tested on their belief of the "psychic", who is eventually announced to be a fake.

8275: 8199: 1938: 765:

Understand the importance of prioritization and order of precedence in problem-solving

8441: 8333: 7947: 7932: 7912: 7713: 7698: 7683: 7596: 7591: 7485: 7408: 6328: 5425: 5027: 4964: 4829: 4702: 4137: 4078: 3806: 3716: 3708: 3299: 3225: 3147: 3035: 2371: 2126: 2072: 2062:

Carmichael, Kirby; letter to Olivetti, Laguna Salada Union School District, May 1997.

2014: 2006: 1669: 1111: 1106: 1074: 834: 704: 282:"Disciplined thinking that is clear, rational, open-minded, and informed by evidence" 174: 116: 3173: 2972: 2737: 1886: 1302: – Philosophical question of how to distinguish between science and non-science 8169: 8005: 7967: 7917: 7887: 7855: 7845: 7840: 7753: 7733: 7653: 7453: 7432: 7403: 5323: 5115: 4550: 4535: 4127: 3949: 3667: 1119: 846: 355: 286: 3819: 2041: 1856: 1811:"Lexical Investigations: Critical Thinking – Everything After Z by Dictionary.com" 783: 2465: 2251: 2187: 1810: 7987: 7877: 7795: 7718: 7668: 7571: 6338: 5105: 4530: 4420: 4390: 4162: 4157: 4110: 2110: 1712:"The Critical Thinking Movement: Alternating Currents in One Teacher's Thinking" 1481: 1373: 1323: 1127: 1018: 740: 676: 301: 214: 112: 59: 17: 3284:"Evaluating claims people make about themselves: The development of skepticism" 2286: 1670:"Critical thinking | Definition, History, Criticism, & Skills | Britannica" 1150:

believe that schools should focus on teaching their students critical-thinking

1029:

In 1995, a meta-analysis of the literature on teaching effectiveness in higher

8300: 8109: 8077: 7942: 7867: 7835: 7815: 7688: 7678: 7638: 7618: 7576: 5228: 5078: 4575: 4565: 4472: 4447: 4400: 4105: 4073: 4038: 3823: 3658: 2721: 1213: 1170: 1115: 1070: 1038: 983: 949: 916: 803:

Render accurate judgments about specific things and qualities in everyday life

194: 190: 91: 71: 3828: 3750: 2626: 2583: 2363: 2355: 2164: 2118: 2049: 1864: 1110:

universal, their application to disciplines requires a process of reflective

8348: 8094: 8085: 7937: 7770: 7748: 7738: 7693: 7673: 7643: 7633: 7608: 7531: 7480: 5316: 5238: 4879: 4622: 4507: 4487: 4395: 4370: 4167: 4028: 3939: 3260: 2618: 1305: 1147: 1131: 1066: 1050: 1034: 1030: 1010: 842: 827: 748: 736: 680: 672: 651: 257: 236: 156: 8220: 5253: 3317: 3268: 3233: 3165: 3043: 2729: 1488:, Vol. 62, No. 3 (July–September 2014), pp. 86-93, accessed 26 January 2023 5248: 3604: 3603:

Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International License, at

2640: 2318: 2156: 1245: 8420: 8341: 8282: 8162: 8070: 7952: 7872: 7830: 7805: 7780: 7728: 7658: 7603: 7566: 7561: 7551: 7546: 7536: 4754: 4560: 4540: 4492: 4477: 4415: 4375: 4088: 3755: 3639:

Butler, Heather; Christopher Pentoney; Mabelle P. Bong (September 2017).

3626: 1266: 1062: 1042: 958: 779: 744: 685: 438: 393: 293:"Includes a commitment to using reason in the formulation of our beliefs" 253: 249: 218: 144: 67: 63: 55: 3687:

McPeck, J. (1992). Thoughts on subject specificity. In S. Norris (Ed.),

3520:

Critical Thinking Tools for Taking Charge of Your Learning and Your Life

3366:

Critical Reasoning: Understanding and Criticizing Arguments and Theories

2591: 1571:

Seeking Understanding: The Lifelong Pursuit to Build the Scientific Mind

275:

Traditionally, critical thinking has been variously defined as follows:

8396: 8382: 8315: 8255: 8248: 8213: 8176: 8141: 7897: 7820: 7790: 7743: 7703: 7628: 7586: 4949: 4467: 4457: 4452: 4435: 4152: 4083: 3505:

Critical Thinking: How to Prepare Students for a Rapidly Changing World

3156: 2412:

Handbook of Research on Advancing Critical Thinking in Higher Education

1046: 905: 874: 752: 637:, which is even; so summing two even numbers results in an even number. 362: 4313: 800:

Reconstruct one's patterns of beliefs on the basis of wider experience

449:. For example: X is human and all humans have a face, so X has a face. 8364: 8356: 8227: 8206: 8155: 8134: 8092: 8083: 8060: 7977: 7708: 7367: 4502: 4497: 4482: 4380: 3990: 3841: 3695:

Mulnix, J. W. (2010). "Thinking critically about critical thinking".

1993:

Mulnix, J. W. (2010). "Thinking critically about critical thinking".

1438:(Summer 2024 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 1284: 1269: – Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion 1186: 1178: 889: 838: 762:

Recognize problems, to find workable means for meeting those problems

148: 797:

Put to test the conclusions and generalizations at which one arrives

1745: 1596:

Asking Good Questions: Case Studies in Ethics and Critical Thinking

979:

has also been offering an A-level Critical Thinking specification.

8241: 8183: 8062: 8054: 7850: 7810: 7648: 7510: 4182: 3897: 3861: 3770: 3416:, Center for Research in Critical Thinking (UK) / Edgepress (US). 1340: 1151: 1006: 991: 732: 397: 388: 140: 126: 2792:

Critical Thinking FAQs from Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations

1430:

Hitchcock, David (2024), Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.),

1013:- an outreach, non-traditional educational program that targeted 8412: 8404: 7862: 7785: 7623: 4430: 4385: 4142: 2665:, Govitch, Griffin, Kahneman (Eds), Cambridge University Press. 2436: 1499:

Succeeding in postgraduate study: 2.1 The philosophical approach

1135: 987: 941:

is offered as a subject that 16- to 18-year-olds can take as an

819: 688: 78:

analyses and evaluation. In modern times, the use of the phrase

75: 51: 7340: 7169: 6976: 6724: 6351: 5971: 5579: 5568: 5270: 4633: 4595: 4317: 3870: 2695:

Research on Sociocultural Influences on Motivation and Learning

1699:. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 181–198. 7982: 3847:

Critical Thinking: What Is It Good for? (In Fact, What Is It?)

3483:

Weaponized Lies: How to Think Critically in the Post-Truth Era

2279:

The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Thinking in Higher Education

182:

presumptions, by relying upon evidence and a sound rationale.

3737: 3675:

Critical Thinking: What It Is and Why It Counts – 2007 Update

1281: – Reduction of the negative effects of cognitive biases 4591: 2342:

Kuhn, Deanna (January 2015). "Thinking Together and Alone".

1073:' role in teaching critical thinking and reducing belief in 922:

Critical thinking is significant in the learning process of

437:

is the conclusion drawn from the structure of an argument's

3593:

A Guide to Good Reasoning: Cultivating Intellectual Virtues

3445:

Thought 2 Talk: A Crash Course in Reflection and Expression

2663:

Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment

788:

Interpret data, to appraise evidence and evaluate arguments

7336: 3368:(7th ed.). Andover, Hampshire, UK: Cengage Learning. 3056:

College of Nurses of Ontario – Professional Standards for

2387:

Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking, Sixth Edition

2677:, Facione and Facione, 2007, California Academic Press. 2253:

Re-Thinking Reason: New Perspectives in Critical Thinking

1619:

Chiarini, Andrea; Found, Pauline; Rich, Nicholas (2015).

720:

Applicable methods or techniques for forming the judgment

3866: 3536:

The Demon-Haunted World: Science As a Candle in the Dark

3428:

The Philosophy of Anything: Critical Thinking in Context

2210:

Judge, Brenda; McCreery, Elaine; Jones, Patrick (2009).

1458:

Critical Dialogues: Thinking Together in Turbulent Times

1263: – 17th- to 18th-century European cultural movement 4302: 8189: 3595:(2nd edition) University of Minnesota Libraries Ebook 326:

critical thinking exclude these subjective practices.

139:(5th c.–4th c. BC) of Ancient Greece, the philosopher 8026: 8003: 3691:(pp. 198–205). New York: Teachers College Press. 2876: 2874: 2508:

An Experiment in the Development of Critical Thinking

1542:"It's a Fine Line Between Narcissism and Egocentrism" 1033:

was undertaken. The study noted concerns from higher

581: 549: 508: 468: 307:"An appraisal based on careful analytical evaluation" 2998:"Critical Thinking, Moral Integrity and Citizenship" 2661:

Solomon, S.A. (2002) "Two Systems of Reasoning", in

1906: 1904: 1369:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1367: – practice of teaching and learning philosophy 1295:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

888:

The Critical Thinking project at Human Science Lab,

8374: 8292: 8119: 8046: 7996: 7519: 7417: 7374: 7249: 7176: 7087: 7064: 6983: 6857: 6731: 6704: 6656: 6618: 6360: 6278: 6238: 5980: 5894: 5869: 5588: 5216: 5046: 4993: 4815: 4668: 4640: 4516: 4351: 4231: 4203: 4196: 4051: 4016: 3968: 3922: 1970:. insightassessment.com. p. 26. Archived from 1382: – Process of evaluating an information source 1165:Critical thinking is also considered important for 1105:thinking, historical thinking, political thinking, 892:, is involved in the scientific study of all major 768:

Gather and marshal pertinent (relevant) information

66:in order to form a judgement by the application of 1645:"A Brief History of the Idea of Critical Thinking" 714:Context skills to isolate the problem from context 629: 567: 535: 494: 300:inward-directed with the intent of maximizing the 3430:, Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque Iowa. 2811:"Cambridge International AS and A Level subjects" 2030:Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines 1968:"Critical Thinking: What It is and Why It Counts" 1594:Stanlick, Nancy A.; Strawser, Michael J. (2015). 1118:, in which students are subjected to a series of 82:can be traced to John Dewey, who used the phrase 3414:Critical Thinking: Its Definition and Assessment 1314: – Deliberately deceptive false information 3488:Moore, Brooke Noel and Parker, Richard. (2012) 3400:Critical Thinking: An Introduction to Reasoning 2213:Critical Thinking Skills for Education Students 1598:. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. p. 6. 1332: – Inculcating a person with certain ideas 1130:. Critical thinking includes identification of 3099: 3097: 2923:"Teaching Skepticism: How Early Can We Begin?" 2277:Ennis, Robert H. (2015), "Critical Thinking", 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2138: 2136: 1388: – International day proclaimed by UNESCO 794:Draw warranted conclusions and generalizations 717:Relevant criteria for making the judgment well 86:The application of critical thinking includes 8418: 8402: 7352: 4607: 4329: 3882: 3129: 3127: 2182:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–14, 2099:Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 2036:(2). Philosophy Documentation Center: 19–26. 1742:"Foundation for Critical Thinking index page" 1349: – Process of drawing correct inferences 143:(428–347 BC) indicated that the teachings of 8: 7275:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3507:. 4th ed. Foundation for Critical Thinking. 3191:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2750:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2389:. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. p. 12. 1841:"Revisiting the origin of critical thinking" 1293: – 2020 film directed by John Leguizamo 1275: – Academic field of logic and rhetoric 758:Critical thinking calls for the ability to: 8354: 8331: 8322: 8313: 1376: – Latin phrase meaning "dare to know" 1287: – Person who offers reasoned judgment 7993: 7459:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues 7359: 7345: 7337: 7166: 6973: 6721: 6348: 5968: 5576: 5565: 5496: 5491: 5462: 5457: 5421: 5416: 5403: 5398: 5364: 5359: 5346: 5341: 5312: 5307: 5281: 5267: 4630: 4614: 4600: 4592: 4336: 4322: 4314: 4200: 3965: 3889: 3875: 3867: 3412:Fisher, Alec and Scriven, Michael. (1997) 1512:"Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development" 1138:, propaganda, self-deception, distortion, 155:Socrates established the unreliability of 3689:The generalizability of critical thinking 3307: 3215: 3155: 2826:, Assessment and Qualifications Alliance 2535:instruction. ERIC Document No. ED 315–423 2501: 2499: 2497: 1798:The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 937:In the English and Welsh school systems, 580: 548: 507: 488: 487: 467: 226:Etymology and origin of critical thinking 3578:Bad Thoughts – A Guide to Clear Thinking 3522:, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Publishing. 3364:Cederblom, J B.; Paulsen, David (2012). 2414:. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. p. 294. 1911:Scriven, Michael; Paul, Richard (1987). 1154:and cultivation of intellectual traits. 667:, an emeritus philosophy professor from 7506:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths 3738:Argument Maps Improve Critical Thinking 3605:https://open.lib.umn.edu/goodreasoning/ 3518:Paul, Richard and Elder, Linda. (2006) 1436:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1399: 3136:Interpersonal Computing and Technology 2743: 1919:. The Foundation for Critical Thinking 1175:Declaration of Principles on Tolerance 1053:, rather than developing intellect or 1017:and focussed on a curriculum based on 977:Assessment and Qualifications Alliance 723:Applicable theoretical constructs for 361:In "First wave" logical thinking, the 3684:(pp. 21–38). Toronto, ON: Irwin. 3492:. 10th ed. Published by McGraw-Hill. 2782:. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath & Co. 2512:Teachers College, Columbia University 1834: 1832: 880:Some skill in applying those methods. 826:, even-handedness, and confidence in 495:{\displaystyle x,y,z\in \mathbb {Z} } 7: 3467:A Field Guide to Lies and Statistics 2510:. New York: Bureau of Publications, 2309:Siegel, Harvey (27 September 2013). 1815:Everything After Z by Dictionary.com 1772:The Foundation for Critical Thinking 1569:Visser, Jan; Visser, Muriel (2019). 1564: 1562: 1460:. Bristol: Policy Press. p. 6. 1069:settings. One attempt to assess the 972:have an A-level in Thinking Skills. 970:Cambridge International Examinations 873:Knowledge of the methods of logical 727:the problem and the question at hand 367:Beyond Logicism in Critical Thinking 27:Analysis of facts to form a judgment 7491:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers 7321: 4064:Analytic and synthetic propositions 3935:Formal semantics (natural language) 3857:Glossary of Critical Thinking Terms 3833:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project 3812:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3794:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3776:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3611:A source book of Gestalt psychology 3282:Heyman, G D; Fu, G; Lee, K (2007). 1839:Lau, Joe Y. F. (26 February 2024). 1009:, critical thinking was offered by 3118:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2007.03.001 2443:. Nova Science Publishers: 37–68. 2435:Reynolds, Martin (December 2011). 1343: – Study of correct reasoning 837:, rationality, rational thinking, 385:Deduction, abduction and induction 244:= "critic") derives from the word 25: 3697:Educational Philosophy and Theory 1995:Educational Philosophy and Theory 1845:Educational Philosophy and Theory 1336:International Philosophy Olympiad 1320: – Freedom to hold a thought 660:Critical thinking and rationality 30:For the American drama film, see 7320: 7311: 7310: 7298: 6839:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6333: 6324: 6323: 5881:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 5651:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5545: 4276: 3709:10.1111/j.1469-5812.2010.00673.x 3300:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01003.x 3226:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00849.x 3148:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x 3036:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.00925.x 2973:"[F08] Cognitive biases" 2572:The Journal of General Education 2007:10.1111/j.1469-5812.2010.00673.x 1244: 1230: 1216: 650:is drawing a conclusion using a 3562:van den Brink-Budgen, R (2010) 2641:"Research at Human Science Lab" 2180:Critical Thinking in Psychology 1623:. Cham: Springer. p. 132. 1079:North Carolina State University 630:{\displaystyle 2x+2y=2(x+y)=2z} 111:, and a commitment to overcome 7444:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues 6996:Federated States of Micronesia 6291:British Indian Ocean Territory 3646:Thinking Skills and Creativity 3564:Critical Thinking for Students 3058:Continuing Competencies (2006) 2882:Review of Educational Research 2767:Thinking Skills and Creativity 1573:. Leiden: Brill. p. 233. 755:, significance, and fairness. 615: 603: 1: 2607:Journal of Curriculum Studies 2042:10.5840/inquiryctnews20102524 1857:10.1080/00131857.2024.2320199 1353:Outline of human intelligence 862:Research in critical thinking 50:is the analysis of available 8093: 8084: 8061: 6964:United States Virgin Islands 3682:The craft of teaching adults 2956:. Vol. 43, no. 4. 2844:"Welcome to Al-Bairaq World" 2464:Jones, Elizabeth A. (1995). 2385:Salmon, Merrilee H. (2013). 2188:10.1017/cbo9780511804632.002 1768:"Defining Critical Thinking" 1409:"Defining Critical Thinking" 814:Habits or traits of the mind 782:with accuracy, clarity, and 377:understanding of the world. 185:In modern times, the phrase 8190: 8027: 8004: 6726:Education in North America 3024:Journal of Advanced Nursing 2710:Perceptual and Motor Skills 2111:10.1177/0270467688008001113 1482:Creating a Critical Thinker 543:are even by definition. If 8509: 7171:Education in South America 3736:Twardy, Charles R. (2003) 3388:, 6th Edition, Wadsworth. 3385:Attacking Faulty Reasoning 2971:Lau, Joe; Chan, Jonathan. 2935:(5): 30–31. Archived from 2287:10.1057/9781137378057.0005 1966:Facione, Peter A. (2011). 1516:www.telacommunications.com 1501:, accessed 26 January 2023 1000:Thinking Skills Assessment 996:BioMedical Admissions Test 739:criteria such as clarity, 402: 346: 173:As a form of co-operative 39: 29: 7292: 6939:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6319: 5575: 5564: 5540: 5494: 5460: 5419: 5401: 5362: 5344: 5310: 5286:Early childhood education 5279: 5266: 4629: 4463:Parsimony (Occam's razor) 4271: 4148:Necessity and sufficiency 3904: 3726:Informal Logic Newsletter 3659:10.1016/j.tsc.2017.06.005 3591:David Carl Wilson (2020) 3398:Dauer, Francis Watanabe. 3382:Damer, T. Edward. (2005) 3349:Resources in your library 3142:(September 1993): 56–77. 3063:12 September 2014 at the 2722:10.2466/pms.104.1.141-151 2506:Edward M. Glaser (1941). 2250:Kerry S. Walters (1994). 2105:(1): 101. February 1988. 1944:Dictionary.com Unabridged 1279:Cognitive bias mitigation 1142:, etc. Given research in 964:There used to also be an 679:, conceptual creativity, 409:There are three types of 7142:Northern Mariana Islands 6959:Turks and Caicos Islands 6040:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5636:Central African Republic 3106:Learning and Instruction 2830:17 February 2008 at the 2546:"Teaching Metacognition" 2410:Sherrie, Wisdom (2015). 2356:10.3102/0013189x15569530 1917:www.criticalthinking.org 1649:www.criticalthinking.org 966:Advanced Extension Award 711:Evidence through reality 536:{\displaystyle 2x,2y,2z} 40:Not to be confused with 8488:Philosophy of education 7107:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6301:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3261:10.1111/1467-8624.00458 2619:10.1080/002202799183124 1695:Walters, Kerry (1994). 1091:Importance in academics 8419: 8403: 8355: 8332: 8323: 8314: 6889:British Virgin Islands 6403:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3849:by Howard Gabennesch, 3503:Paul, Richard. (1995) 3189:The skills of argument 2344:Educational Researcher 2281:, Palgrave Macmillan, 1167:human rights education 631: 569: 537: 496: 447:propositional calculus 400: 132: 7908:Righteous indignation 7090:and other territories 6829:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5796:São Tomé and Príncipe 5656:Republic of the Congo 4518:Theories of deduction 4283:Philosophy portal 3862:Critical Thinking Web 3449:Automatic Press / VIP 2977:Critical thinking web 2797:11 April 2008 at the 2778:Dewey, John. (1910). 2319:10.4324/9781315001722 2157:10.1002/au.3650050202 2077:TheFreeDictionary.com 1796:Brown, Lesley. (ed.) 1480:Piergiovanni, P. R., 1456:Clarke, John (2019). 1098:scientific skepticism 632: 570: 568:{\displaystyle x+y=z} 538: 497: 392: 349:Logic and rationality 343:Logic and rationality 205:, the development of 130: 7426:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā 6978:Education in Oceania 6354:Education in Europe 6215:United Arab Emirates 5582:Education in Africa 4805:Instructional design 3539:. Ballantine Books. 3533:Sagan, Carl. (1995) 3441:Vincent F. Hendricks 3002:Criticalthinking.org 1386:World Philosophy Day 1365:Philosophy education 1273:Argumentation theory 1261:Age of Enlightenment 1193:Online communication 1144:cognitive psychology 1015:high school students 855:intellectual virtues 773:unstated assumptions 579: 547: 506: 466: 396:terminology used in 179:Socratic questioning 84:reflective thinking. 7496:Theological virtues 7399:Positive psychology 6844:Trinidad and Tobago 6739:Antigua and Barbuda 6619:States with limited 6242:limited recognition 5871:States with limited 5570:Education by region 5296:Secondary education 5208:Teaching philosophy 5111:Pedagogical pattern 5054:21st century skills 5033:Religious education 4676:Aims and objectives 4345:Philosophical logic 3945:Philosophy of logic 3789:"Critical Thinking" 3771:"Critical Thinking" 3749:Patty Souza (2023) 3743:Teaching Philosophy 3426:Hamby, B.W. (2007) 2824:"New GCEs for 2008" 2643:. Human Science Lab 2216:. SAGE. p. 9. 2073:"critical analysis" 1939:"critical thinking" 1778:on 23 November 2023 1432:"Critical Thinking" 1300:Demarcation problem 1160:Reflective Practice 1077:claims was made at 894:educational systems 778:Comprehend and use 265:The Critical Review 240:, (Grk. κριτικός = 7928:Self-transcendence 7520:Individual virtues 7464:Nine Noble Virtues 7393:Nicomachean Ethics 7305:Schools portal 6779:Dominican Republic 5974:Education in Asia 5301:Tertiary education 5239:Learning resources 4730:Education sciences 4409:Unity of opposites 4244:Rules of inference 4213:Mathematical logic 3955:Semantics of logic 3851:Skeptical Inquirer 3672:Facione, P. 2007. 2958:Center for Inquiry 2953:Skeptical Inquirer 2939:on 10 August 2018. 2928:Skeptical Inquirer 2900:Skeptical Inquirer 1748:on 9 November 2023 1697:Re-Thinking Reason 1674:www.britannica.com 1407:Edward M. Glaser. 1359:Outline of thought 1318:Freedom of thought 669:Gettysburg College 627: 565: 533: 492: 445:formally those of 443:rules of inference 401: 133: 8448:Critical thinking 8435: 8434: 8431: 8430: 7582:Conscientiousness 7449:Epistemic virtues 7334: 7333: 7288: 7287: 7284: 7283: 7256:other territories 7165: 7164: 7157:Wallis and Futuna 7065:Associated states 6972: 6971: 6861:other territories 6720: 6719: 6347: 6346: 6284:other territories 5967: 5966: 5898:other territories 5671:Equatorial Guinea 5560: 5559: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5291:Primary education 5262: 5261: 5151:Dialogic learning 5121:Teacher retention 5074:Critical thinking 5069:Class arrangement 5038:Special education 4713:Standardized test 4696:Course evaluation 4589: 4588: 4441:List of fallacies 4426:Explanatory power 4353:Critical thinking 4311: 4310: 4267: 4266: 4101:Deductive closure 4047: 4046: 3986:Critical thinking 3838:Critical thinking 3829:Critical thinking 3820:Critical thinking 3751:Critical Thinking 3601:978-1-946135-66-7 3576:Whyte, J. (2003) 3572:978-1-84528-386-5 3490:Critical Thinking 3436:978-0-7575-4724-9 3408:978-0-19-504884-1 3340:Critical thinking 3335:Library resources 3288:Child Development 3249:Child Development 3204:Child Development 2960:. pp. 50–52. 2919:Lilienfeld, Scott 2895:Frazier, Kendrick 2683:978-1-891557-58-3 2671:978-0-521-79679-8 2521:978-0-404-55843-7 2480:978-0-16-048051-5 2450:978-1-61324-419-7 2441:Critical Thinking 2421:978-1-4666-8412-6 2396:978-1-133-04975-3 2263:978-0-7914-2095-9 2223:978-1-84445-556-0 2145:Assessment Update 1710:Elkins, James R. 1630:978-3-319-19994-8 1605:978-1-58510-755-1 1580:978-90-04-41680-2 1497:Open University, 1467:978-1-4473-5097-2 1347:Logical reasoning 1291:Critical Thinking 1238:Psychology portal 1224:Philosophy portal 1183:critical thinking 1112:contextualization 939:Critical Thinking 411:logical reasoning 405:logical reasoning 232:critical thinking 211:critical analysis 207:critical thinking 187:critical thinking 80:critical thinking 48:Critical thinking 33:Critical Thinking 16:(Redirected from 8500: 8424: 8408: 8360: 8337: 8328: 8319: 8195: 8098: 8089: 8066: 8032: 8009: 7994: 7923:Self-cultivation 7476:Prussian virtues 7439:Cardinal virtues 7361: 7354: 7347: 7338: 7324: 7323: 7314: 7313: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7276: 7264:Falkland Islands 7178:Sovereign states 7167: 7147:Pitcairn Islands 7117:French Polynesia 7102:Christmas Island 7031:Papua New Guinea 7011:Marshall Islands 6984:Sovereign states 6974: 6929:Saint Barthélemy 6859:Dependencies and 6732:Sovereign states 6722: 6657:Dependencies and 6361:Sovereign states 6349: 6337: 6327: 6326: 6296:Christmas Island 5982:Sovereign states 5969: 5959: 5958:(United Kingdom) 5954:Tristan da Cunha 5950:Ascension Island 5942: 5929: 5920: 5896:Dependencies and 5589:Sovereign states 5577: 5566: 5549: 5497: 5492: 5467:Higher education 5463: 5458: 5422: 5417: 5408:Secondary school 5404: 5399: 5365: 5360: 5347: 5342: 5313: 5308: 5282: 5268: 5196:Student-centered 5181:Phenomenon-based 5171:Peer instruction 5136:Blended learning 5059:Bloom's taxonomy 5023:Gifted education 5018:Education reform 4850:Computer science 4631: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4593: 4571:Platonic realism 4338: 4331: 4324: 4315: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4201: 3966: 3930:Computer science 3891: 3884: 3877: 3868: 3816: 3807:"Informal logic" 3803:Zalta, Edward N. 3798: 3785:Zalta, Edward N. 3780: 3733: 3720: 3662: 3566:, How To Books. 3480: 3379: 3322: 3321: 3311: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3255:(4): 1073–1084. 3244: 3238: 3237: 3219: 3210:(6): 1261–1277. 3199: 3193: 3192: 3187:Kuhn, D (1991). 3184: 3178: 3177: 3159: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3101: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3073: 3067: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2891: 2885: 2878: 2869: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2850:on 19 April 2014 2846:. Archived from 2840: 2834: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2807: 2801: 2789: 2783: 2776: 2770: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2749: 2741: 2705: 2699: 2691: 2685: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2542: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2503: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2472: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2311:Educating Reason 2306: 2300: 2299: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2247: 2228: 2227: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2140: 2131: 2130: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2025: 2019: 2018: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1908: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1889:on 28 March 2019 1885:. Archived from 1875: 1869: 1868: 1836: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1807: 1801: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1774:. Archived from 1764: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1744:. Archived from 1738: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1718:. Archived from 1707: 1701: 1700: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1676:. 15 August 2024 1666: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1566: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1546:Psychology Today 1538: 1532: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1518:. Archived from 1508: 1502: 1495: 1489: 1486:College Teaching 1478: 1472: 1471: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1404: 1380:Source criticism 1370: 1296: 1254: 1252:Education portal 1249: 1248: 1240: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1085:Scott Lilienfeld 1075:pseudoscientific 665:Kerry S. Walters 636: 634: 633: 628: 574: 572: 571: 566: 542: 540: 539: 534: 501: 499: 498: 493: 491: 370:Kerry S. Walters 137:classical period 92:self-disciplined 21: 18:Logical thinking 8508: 8507: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8473:Social concepts 8438: 8437: 8436: 8427: 8370: 8288: 8115: 8042: 7992: 7515: 7501:Three Treasures 7418:Virtue families 7413: 7387:Moral character 7370: 7365: 7335: 7330: 7299: 7297: 7280: 7274: 7257: 7255: 7245: 7172: 7161: 7089: 7083: 7066: 7060: 7041:Solomon Islands 6979: 6968: 6862: 6860: 6853: 6727: 6716: 6700: 6658: 6652: 6638:Northern Cyprus 6620: 6614: 6535:North Macedonia 6356: 6343: 6315: 6283: 6274: 6255:Northern Cyprus 6241: 6234: 5976: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5940: 5927: 5918: 5899: 5897: 5890: 5874: 5872: 5865: 5584: 5571: 5556: 5555: 5536: 5527: 5518: 5510: 5503: 5481: 5469: 5450: 5441: 5433: 5428: 5410: 5391: 5382: 5374: 5369: 5353: 5334: 5326: 5319: 5275: 5258: 5212: 5131:Active learning 5126:Teaching method 5101:Learning theory 5042: 5008:Autodidacticism 5003:Adult education 4989: 4930:Performing arts 4811: 4718:Teacher quality 4708:Standards-based 4664: 4636: 4625: 4620: 4590: 4585: 4556:Logical atomism 4512: 4405:Socratic method 4356: 4347: 4342: 4312: 4307: 4277: 4275: 4263: 4227: 4218:Boolean algebra 4192: 4043: 4034:Metamathematics 4012: 3964: 3918: 3900: 3895: 3801: 3783: 3769: 3766: 3759:11:5 June 2023. 3746:27:2 June 2004. 3723: 3694: 3638: 3635: 3550:Theodore Schick 3477: 3463:Levitin, Daniel 3461: 3376: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3329:Further reading 3326: 3325: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3133: 3132: 3125: 3103: 3102: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3065:Wayback Machine 3055: 3051: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2832:Wayback Machine 2822: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2799:Wayback Machine 2790: 2786: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2759: 2742: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2688: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2505: 2504: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2470: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2249: 2248: 2231: 2224: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2142: 2141: 2134: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2027: 2026: 2022: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1974:on 29 July 2013 1965: 1964: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1910: 1909: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1838: 1837: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1795: 1791: 1781: 1779: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1722:on 13 June 2018 1716:myweb.wvnet.edu 1709: 1708: 1704: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1679: 1677: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1653: 1651: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1631: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1606: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1581: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1550: 1548: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1496: 1492: 1479: 1475: 1468: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1441: 1439: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1414: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1368: 1294: 1250: 1243: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1195: 1093: 1027: 924:internalization 914: 864: 824:inquisitiveness 816: 701: 662: 644: 577: 576: 545: 544: 504: 503: 464: 463: 456: 431: 407: 387: 351: 345: 287:self-regulatory 273: 228: 203:intellectualism 125: 109:problem solving 45: 42:Critical theory 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8506: 8504: 8496: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8440: 8439: 8433: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8425: 8416: 8409: 8400: 8393: 8386: 8378: 8376: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8368: 8361: 8352: 8345: 8338: 8329: 8320: 8311: 8304: 8296: 8294: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8286: 8279: 8272: 8259: 8252: 8245: 8238: 8231: 8224: 8217: 8210: 8203: 8196: 8187: 8180: 8173: 8166: 8159: 8152: 8145: 8138: 8131: 8123: 8121: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8106: 8099: 8090: 8081: 8074: 8067: 8058: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8040: 8033: 8024: 8017: 8010: 8000: 7998: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7859: 7858: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7594: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7527:Accountability 7523: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7429: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7389: 7384: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7356: 7349: 7341: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7318: 7308: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7271: 7266: 7260: 7258: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7182: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7170: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7137:Norfolk Island 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7097:American Samoa 7093: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7070: 7068: 7067:of New Zealand 7062: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6977: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6949:Sint Eustatius 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6894:Cayman Islands 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6865: 6863: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6725: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6714: 6712:European Union 6708: 6706: 6705:Other entities 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6662: 6660: 6659:other entities 6654: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6624: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6610:United Kingdom 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6423:Czech Republic 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6331: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6287: 6285: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6246: 6244: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5986: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5965: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5943: 5930: 5921: 5907:Canary Islands 5903: 5902: 5900: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5877: 5875: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5505: 5495: 5488: 5487: 5476: 5471: 5461: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5420: 5413: 5412: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5363: 5356: 5355: 5351:Primary school 5345: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5321: 5311: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5064:Cognitive load 5061: 5056: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 4999: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4821: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4735:Evidence-based 4732: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4683: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4669:By perspective 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4646: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4596: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4526:Constructivism 4522: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4362: 4360: 4358:informal logic 4349: 4348: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4290: 4285: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3978: 3972: 3970: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3886: 3879: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3817: 3799: 3781: 3765: 3764:External links 3762: 3761: 3760: 3747: 3734: 3721: 3703:(5): 464–479. 3692: 3685: 3678: 3670: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3607: 3589: 3574: 3560: 3547: 3531: 3516: 3501: 3486: 3476:978-0241239995 3475: 3459: 3438: 3424: 3410: 3396: 3380: 3375:978-0495808787 3374: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3294:(2): 367–375. 3274: 3239: 3217:10.1.1.501.253 3194: 3179: 3123: 3112:(2): 187–200. 3093: 3068: 3049: 3030:(3): 577–583. 3014: 2989: 2963: 2942: 2910: 2886: 2870: 2861: 2835: 2816: 2802: 2784: 2771: 2757: 2716:(1): 141–151. 2700: 2686: 2654: 2632: 2613:(3): 269–283. 2597: 2562: 2537: 2527: 2520: 2493: 2479: 2456: 2449: 2427: 2420: 2402: 2395: 2377: 2334: 2327: 2301: 2295: 2269: 2262: 2256:. SUNY Press. 2229: 2222: 2202: 2196: 2170: 2132: 2089: 2064: 2055: 2020: 1985: 1958: 1930: 1900: 1870: 1851:(7): 724–733. 1828: 1817:. 25 June 2013 1802: 1800:(1993) p. 551. 1789: 1759: 1733: 1702: 1687: 1661: 1636: 1629: 1611: 1604: 1586: 1579: 1558: 1533: 1503: 1490: 1473: 1466: 1448: 1422: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1333: 1330:Indoctrination 1327: 1321: 1315: 1312:Disinformation 1309: 1303: 1297: 1288: 1282: 1276: 1270: 1264: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1241: 1227: 1211: 1208: 1194: 1191: 1140:misinformation 1102:well-justified 1092: 1089: 1026: 1023: 913: 910: 882: 881: 878: 871: 863: 860: 818:The habits of 815: 812: 805: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 776: 769: 766: 763: 729: 728: 721: 718: 715: 712: 700: 697: 661: 658: 657: 656: 643: 640: 639: 638: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 490: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 455: 452: 451: 450: 430: 427: 403:Main article: 386: 383: 347:Main article: 344: 341: 340: 339: 336: 332: 323: 322: 319: 315: 311: 308: 305: 297: 294: 291: 283: 280: 272: 269: 248:and implies a 227: 224: 209:is a means of 189:was coined by 124: 121: 96:self-monitored 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8505: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8423: 8422: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8399: 8398: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8373: 8367: 8366: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8353: 8351: 8350: 8346: 8344: 8343: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8310: 8309: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8280: 8278: 8277: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8264: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8253: 8251: 8250: 8246: 8244: 8243: 8239: 8237: 8236: 8232: 8230: 8229: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8211: 8209: 8208: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8186: 8185: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8167: 8165: 8164: 8160: 8158: 8157: 8153: 8151: 8150: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8139: 8137: 8136: 8132: 8130: 8129: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8059: 8057: 8056: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8023: 8022: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7948:Sportsmanship 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7913:Righteousness 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7826:Nonattachment 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7518: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7486:Seven virtues 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7433:Brahmavihārās 7430: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7409:Virtue ethics 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7375:About virtues 7373: 7369: 7362: 7357: 7355: 7350: 7348: 7343: 7342: 7339: 7327: 7319: 7317: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7295: 7294: 7291: 7277: 7272: 7270: 7269:French Guiana 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7253: 7248: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7168: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7132:New Caledonia 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7112:Easter Island 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7086: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6856: 6850: 6849:United States 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6723: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6671:Faroe Islands 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6643:South Ossetia 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6495:Liechtenstein 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6330: 6322: 6321: 6318: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6265:South Ossetia 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5970: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5925: 5922: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5901: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5868: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5711:Guinea-Bissau 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5563: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5514: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5501:Undergraduate 5499: 5498: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5456: 5437: 5431: 5427: 5426:Middle school 5424: 5423: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5397: 5378: 5372: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5340: 5330: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5191:Project-based 5189: 5187: 5186:Problem-based 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5146:Demonstration 5144: 5142: 5141:Contemplative 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5028:Homeschooling 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4875:Environmental 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4800:Instructional 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4703:Psychometrics 4701: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4605: 4603: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4334: 4332: 4327: 4325: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4260: 4259:Logic symbols 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4138:Logical truth 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4079:Contradiction 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4024:Argumentation 4022: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4008:Philosophical 4006: 4004: 4003:Non-classical 4001: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3887: 3885: 3880: 3878: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3619:9780939266302 3616: 3612: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3586:0-9543255-3-2 3583: 3579: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3559: 3558:0-7674-2048-9 3555: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3545:0-345-40946-9 3542: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3529: 3528:0-13-114962-8 3525: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3513:0-944583-09-1 3510: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3498:0-07-803828-6 3495: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3458: 3457:87-991013-7-8 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3423: 3422:0-9531796-0-5 3419: 3415: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3395: 3394:0-534-60516-8 3391: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3328: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3195: 3190: 3183: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3015: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2946: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2769:, 23, 91–100. 2768: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2642: 2636: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2566: 2563: 2551: 2550:Metacognition 2547: 2541: 2538: 2531: 2528: 2523: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2482: 2476: 2469: 2468: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2428: 2423: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2403: 2398: 2392: 2388: 2381: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2328:9781315001722 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2296:9781137378057 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2273: 2270: 2265: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2197:9780511804632 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2090: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1986: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1959: 1947:(Online). n.d 1946: 1945: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1747: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1703: 1698: 1691: 1688: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1662: 1650: 1646: 1640: 1637: 1632: 1626: 1622: 1615: 1612: 1607: 1601: 1597: 1590: 1587: 1582: 1576: 1572: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1547: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1522:on 9 May 2019 1521: 1517: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1469: 1463: 1459: 1452: 1449: 1437: 1433: 1426: 1423: 1410: 1403: 1400: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1247: 1242: 1239: 1228: 1225: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1121: 1120:cold readings 1117: 1113: 1108: 1107:psychological 1103: 1099: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1025:Effectiveness 1024: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 982: 978: 973: 971: 967: 962: 960: 955: 951: 948: 944: 940: 935: 931: 927: 925: 920: 918: 911: 909: 907: 901: 897: 895: 891: 886: 879: 877:and reasoning 876: 872: 869: 868: 867: 861: 859: 856: 851: 848: 844: 840: 836: 835:metacognition 831: 829: 825: 821: 813: 811: 808: 802: 799: 796: 793: 790: 787: 785: 781: 777: 774: 770: 767: 764: 761: 760: 759: 756: 754: 750: 747:, precision, 746: 742: 738: 734: 726: 725:understanding 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 709: 708: 706: 705:metacognition 698: 696: 692: 690: 687: 682: 678: 675:acts such as 674: 670: 666: 659: 653: 649: 646: 645: 641: 624: 621: 618: 612: 609: 606: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 562: 559: 556: 553: 550: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 484: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 461: 458: 457: 453: 448: 444: 440: 436: 433: 432: 428: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 406: 399: 395: 391: 384: 382: 378: 376: 371: 368: 364: 359: 357: 350: 342: 337: 333: 329: 328: 327: 320: 316: 312: 309: 306: 303: 298: 295: 292: 288: 285:"Purposeful, 284: 281: 278: 277: 276: 270: 268: 266: 261: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 238: 233: 225: 223: 220: 217:to develop a 216: 213:that applies 212: 208: 204: 201:As a type of 200: 199:How We Think. 196: 192: 188: 183: 180: 176: 175:argumentation 171: 169: 165: 164: 158: 153: 150: 146: 142: 138: 129: 122: 120: 118: 117:sociocentrism 114: 110: 106: 101: 97: 93: 89: 88:self-directed 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 43: 36: 34: 19: 8411: 8395: 8388: 8381: 8363: 8347: 8340: 8306: 8299: 8281: 8274: 8267: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8198: 8182: 8175: 8170:Brahmacharya 8168: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8140: 8133: 8126: 8108: 8101: 8076: 8069: 8053: 8035: 8019: 8012: 7968:Tranquillity 7918:Self-control 7888:Renunciation 7846:Philanthropy 7841:Perspicacity 7801:Magnificence 7754:Intelligence 7734:Impartiality 7654:Faithfulness 7542:Authenticity 7468: 7454:Five virtues 7431: 7424: 7404:Trait theory 7391: 7296: 7252:Dependencies 7088:Dependencies 7074:Cook Islands 6954:Sint Maarten 6934:Saint Martin 6648:Transnistria 6280:Dependencies 6210:Turkmenistan 6175:Saudi Arabia 5946:Saint Helena 5917: 5821:South Africa 5811:Sierra Leone 5616:Burkina Faso 5508:Postgraduate 5324:Kindergarten 5176:Personalized 5156:Experiential 5116:Teacher look 5073: 4825:Agricultural 4681:Anthropology 4551:Intuitionism 4536:Fictionalism 4352: 4178:Substitution 3998:Mathematical 3985: 3923:Major fields 3850: 3810: 3792: 3774: 3754: 3741: 3729: 3725: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3681: 3673: 3668:ResearchGate 3650: 3644: 3610: 3592: 3577: 3563: 3534: 3519: 3504: 3489: 3482: 3466: 3447:, New York: 3444: 3427: 3413: 3399: 3383: 3365: 3339: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3188: 3182: 3139: 3135: 3109: 3105: 3084:. Retrieved 3080: 3071: 3052: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3005:. Retrieved 3001: 2992: 2980:. Retrieved 2976: 2966: 2951: 2945: 2937:the original 2932: 2926: 2913: 2904: 2898: 2889: 2881: 2864: 2852:. Retrieved 2848:the original 2838: 2819: 2805: 2787: 2780:How we think 2779: 2774: 2766: 2760: 2746:cite journal 2713: 2709: 2703: 2694: 2689: 2674: 2662: 2657: 2645:. Retrieved 2635: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2553:. Retrieved 2549: 2540: 2530: 2507: 2484:. Retrieved 2466: 2459: 2440: 2430: 2411: 2405: 2386: 2380: 2350:(1): 46–53. 2347: 2343: 2337: 2310: 2304: 2278: 2272: 2252: 2212: 2205: 2179: 2173: 2148: 2144: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2080:. Retrieved 2076: 2067: 2058: 2033: 2029: 2023: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1976:. Retrieved 1972:the original 1961: 1949:. Retrieved 1942: 1933: 1921:. Retrieved 1916: 1891:. Retrieved 1887:the original 1882: 1873: 1848: 1844: 1819:. Retrieved 1814: 1805: 1797: 1792: 1780:. Retrieved 1776:the original 1771: 1762: 1750:. Retrieved 1746:the original 1736: 1724:. Retrieved 1720:the original 1715: 1705: 1696: 1690: 1678:. Retrieved 1673: 1664: 1652:. Retrieved 1648: 1639: 1620: 1614: 1595: 1589: 1570: 1549:. Retrieved 1545: 1536: 1524:. Retrieved 1520:the original 1515: 1506: 1493: 1485: 1476: 1457: 1451: 1440:, retrieved 1435: 1425: 1413:. Retrieved 1402: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1185:and ethical 1182: 1164: 1156: 1124: 1094: 1083: 1059: 1028: 1004: 974: 963: 945:. Under the 938: 936: 932: 928: 921: 915: 902: 898: 887: 883: 865: 852: 847:intelligence 832: 817: 809: 806: 757: 737:intellectual 730: 702: 693: 663: 441:, by use of 417:, which are 408: 379: 375:quantitative 374: 366: 360: 356:epistemology 352: 335:differently. 324: 274: 264: 262: 245: 241: 235: 231: 230:In the term 229: 210: 206: 198: 197:in his book 193:philosopher 186: 184: 172: 167: 161: 154: 134: 105:intellectual 83: 79: 60:observations 47: 46: 32: 7988:Workmanship 7878:Punctuality 7796:Magnanimity 7719:Hospitality 7669:Forgiveness 7614:Discernment 7572:Cleanliness 7326:WikiProject 7021:New Zealand 6924:Puerto Rico 6834:Saint Lucia 6784:El Salvador 6686:Isle of Man 6621:recognition 6595:Switzerland 6530:Netherlands 6339:Asia portal 6240:States with 6160:Philippines 6100:South Korea 6095:North Korea 5990:Afghanistan 5873:recognition 5826:South Sudan 5716:Ivory Coast 5432:High school 5229:Definitions 5106:Lesson plan 4995:Alternative 4900:Mathematics 4870:Engineering 4531:Dialetheism 4421:Explanation 4391:Credibility 4293:WikiProject 4163:Proposition 4158:Probability 4111:Description 4052:Foundations 3157:10818/15120 3086:24 February 2578:(1): 1–25. 2486:24 February 2082:30 November 1752:11 December 1374:Sapere aude 1324:Freethought 1177:adopted by 1128:egocentrism 1067:educational 1039:politicians 1019:STEM fields 975:From 2008, 784:discernment 741:credibility 677:imagination 302:rationality 271:Definitions 234:, the word 215:rationality 113:egocentrism 98:, and self- 8493:John Dewey 8468:Skepticism 8463:Evaluation 8442:Categories 8301:Auctoritas 8149:Aparigraha 8128:Adhiṭṭhāna 8110:Sophrosyne 8078:Eutrapelia 7963:Temperance 7943:Solidarity 7933:Simplicity 7893:Resilience 7868:Politeness 7836:Patriotism 7816:Moderation 7689:Good faith 7679:Generosity 7639:Equanimity 7619:Discipline 7577:Compassion 6919:Montserrat 6914:Martinique 6909:Guadeloupe 6764:Costa Rica 6565:San Marino 6525:Montenegro 6505:Luxembourg 6485:Kazakhstan 6388:Azerbaijan 6220:Uzbekistan 6195:Tajikistan 6110:Kyrgyzstan 6090:Kazakhstan 6010:Bangladesh 6000:Azerbaijan 5928:(Portugal) 5886:Somaliland 5806:Seychelles 5771:Mozambique 5756:Mauritania 5741:Madagascar 5696:The Gambia 5631:Cape Verde 5484:Continuing 5474:Vocational 5079:Curriculum 5013:Democratic 4985:Vocational 4975:Technology 4935:Philosophy 4817:By subject 4795:Technology 4775:Psychology 4760:Philosophy 4750:Leadership 4691:Evaluation 4686:Assessment 4576:Pragmatism 4566:Nominalism 4473:Propaganda 4448:Hypothesis 4401:Antithesis 4223:Set theory 4121:Linguistic 4116:Entailment 4106:Definition 4074:Consequent 4069:Antecedent 3824:PhilPapers 3469:. Viking. 3007:1 February 2982:1 February 2151:(2): 1–4. 2001:(5): 471. 1951:21 January 1923:21 January 1879:"Socrates" 1394:References 1171:toleration 1116:Paranormal 1071:humanities 1063:researcher 984:exam board 950:exam board 917:John Dewey 775:and values 771:Recognize 735:but broad 195:John Dewey 191:Pragmatist 100:corrective 8453:Reasoning 8349:Humanitas 8095:Phronesis 8086:Philotimo 7938:Sincerity 7903:Reverence 7771:Judgement 7759:Emotional 7749:Integrity 7739:Innocence 7694:Gratitude 7674:Frugality 7664:Foresight 7644:Etiquette 7634:Endurance 7609:Diligence 7532:Alertness 7481:Scout Law 7382:Endowment 7241:Venezuela 7186:Argentina 6991:Australia 6904:Greenland 6819:Nicaragua 6794:Guatemala 6676:Gibraltar 6500:Lithuania 6306:Hong Kong 6260:Palestine 6185:Sri Lanka 6180:Singapore 6060:Indonesia 5761:Mauritius 5317:Preschool 5217:Wikimedia 4955:Religious 4880:Euthenics 4865:Economics 4845:Chemistry 4835:Bilingual 4790:Sociology 4745:Inclusion 4725:Economics 4623:Education 4546:Formalism 4508:Vagueness 4488:Relevance 4483:Reasoning 4396:Dialectic 4371:Ambiguity 4254:Fallacies 4249:Paradoxes 4239:Logicians 4173:Statement 4168:Reference 4133:Induction 4096:Deduction 4059:Abduction 4029:Metalogic 3976:Classical 3940:Inference 3853:magazine. 3732:(2): 2–7. 3717:145168346 3653:: 38–46. 3580:, Corvo. 3443:. (2005) 3212:CiteSeerX 2627:0022-0272 2584:0021-3667 2372:145335117 2364:0013-189X 2165:1041-6099 2127:220913799 2119:0270-4676 2050:1093-1082 2015:145168346 1883:Biography 1865:0013-1857 1680:18 August 1442:18 August 1306:Dialectic 1187:reasoning 1148:educators 1132:prejudice 1051:cognition 1035:education 1031:education 1011:Al-Bairaq 912:Education 906:Sophistry 843:knowledge 839:reasoning 828:reasoning 751:, depth, 749:relevance 699:Functions 681:intuition 673:cognitive 652:heuristic 648:Abduction 642:Abduction 485:∈ 460:Induction 454:Induction 435:Deduction 429:Deduction 423:abduction 419:induction 415:deduction 258:knowledge 157:Authority 72:skeptical 64:arguments 8458:Analysis 8342:Gravitas 8325:Dignitas 8071:Ataraxia 7953:Sympathy 7883:Religion 7873:Prudence 7831:Patience 7806:Meekness 7781:Kindness 7729:Humility 7724:Humanity 7659:Fidelity 7604:Courtesy 7567:Chivalry 7562:Chastity 7552:Charisma 7547:Calmness 7537:Altruism 7316:Category 7231:Suriname 7221:Paraguay 7206:Colombia 7006:Kiribati 6869:Anguilla 6804:Honduras 6774:Dominica 6749:Barbados 6696:Svalbard 6681:Guernsey 6628:Abkhazia 6580:Slovenia 6575:Slovakia 6550:Portugal 6408:Bulgaria 6329:Category 6250:Abkhazia 6200:Thailand 6155:Pakistan 6135:Mongolia 6130:Maldives 6125:Malaysia 6025:Cambodia 5952: / 5948: / 5941:(France) 5935: / 5913: / 5909: / 5861:Zimbabwe 5836:Tanzania 5686:Ethiopia 5681:Eswatini 5661:Djibouti 5626:Cameroon 5611:Botswana 5201:Socratic 5161:Feedback 5047:Concepts 4940:Physical 4910:Military 4890:Language 4840:Business 4780:Research 4770:Politics 4755:Pedagogy 4650:Glossary 4635:Overview 4561:Logicism 4541:Finitism 4493:Rhetoric 4478:Prudence 4416:Evidence 4376:Argument 4366:Analysis 4288:Category 4188:Validity 4089:Antinomy 4017:Theories 3981:Informal 3756:Teaching 3633:Articles 3627:38755142 3481:(a.k.a. 3465:(2017). 3402:, 1989, 3318:17381778 3269:12146734 3234:16274439 3174:14308899 3166:18352969 3061:Archived 3044:28796334 2921:(2017). 2907:(4): 11. 2828:Archived 2795:Archived 2738:44863676 2730:17450973 2592:27797240 1978:4 August 1726:23 March 1654:14 March 1415:22 March 1267:Argument 1210:See also 1047:thinking 1043:business 998:and the 959:theology 807:In sum: 780:language 745:accuracy 686:rational 439:premises 394:Argument 254:Socrates 250:critique 242:kritikos 237:critical 219:critique 145:Socrates 76:unbiased 68:rational 56:evidence 8478:Thought 8397:Sadaqah 8383:Ganbaru 8316:Decorum 8308:Caritas 8263:Śraddhā 8249:Shaucha 8214:Kshanti 8142:Akrodha 7997:Chinese 7898:Respect 7821:Modesty 7791:Loyalty 7776:Justice 7744:Insight 7704:Honesty 7699:Heroism 7629:Empathy 7587:Courage 7557:Charity 7470:Pāramīs 7368:Virtues 7236:Uruguay 7211:Ecuador 7191:Bolivia 7152:Tokelau 7056:Vanuatu 6899:Curaçao 6884:Bonaire 6879:Bermuda 6809:Jamaica 6789:Grenada 6744:Bahamas 6605:Ukraine 6555:Romania 6515:Moldova 6473:Ireland 6468:Iceland 6463:Hungary 6453:Germany 6448:Georgia 6438:Finland 6433:Estonia 6428:Denmark 6413:Croatia 6398:Belgium 6393:Belarus 6383:Austria 6378:Armenia 6373:Andorra 6368:Albania 6225:Vietnam 6140:Myanmar 6120:Lebanon 6050:Georgia 6005:Bahrain 5995:Armenia 5937:Réunion 5933:Mayotte 5924:Madeira 5919:(Spain) 5915:Melilla 5846:Tunisia 5816:Somalia 5801:Senegal 5786:Nigeria 5776:Namibia 5766:Morocco 5731:Liberia 5726:Lesotho 5676:Eritrea 5646:Comoros 5621:Burundi 5596:Algeria 5504:→ 5479:Further 5434:→ 5429:→ 5411:→ 5375:→ 5370:→ 5354:→ 5327:→ 5320:→ 5166:Passive 5089:Studies 4970:Teacher 4960:Science 4950:Reading 4945:Physics 4920:Nursing 4905:Medical 4740:History 4660:Outline 4642:General 4581:Realism 4468:Premise 4458:Opinion 4453:Inquiry 4436:Fallacy 4303:changes 4295: ( 4153:Premise 4084:Paradox 3914:History 3909:Outline 3831:at the 3805:(ed.). 3787:(ed.). 3309:2570105 2698:, p. 46 2647:5 March 2555:3 April 1893:3 April 1821:3 April 1782:8 March 1551:3 April 1526:3 April 1146:, some 943:A-Level 875:inquiry 753:breadth 575:, then 363:thinker 314:mature. 163:thought 149:ethical 135:In the 123:History 8483:Virtue 8365:Virtus 8357:Pietas 8276:Upekṣā 8269:Saddhā 8235:Prajñā 8228:Muditā 8207:Kshama 8200:Karuṇā 8163:Asteya 8156:Ārjava 8135:Ahimsa 8120:Indian 8103:Sophia 7978:Wisdom 7856:Filial 7764:Social 7709:Honour 7216:Guyana 7196:Brazil 7127:Hawaii 7051:Tuvalu 6824:Panama 6814:Mexico 6759:Canada 6754:Belize 6691:Jersey 6633:Kosovo 6600:Turkey 6590:Sweden 6570:Serbia 6560:Russia 6545:Poland 6540:Norway 6520:Monaco 6490:Latvia 6458:Greece 6443:France 6418:Cyprus 6270:Taiwan 6205:Turkey 6170:Russia 6105:Kuwait 6085:Jordan 6075:Israel 6035:Cyprus 6020:Brunei 6015:Bhutan 5956: 5939: 5926: 5856:Zambia 5851:Uganda 5791:Rwanda 5746:Malawi 5706:Guinea 5601:Angola 5551:Portal 5511: 5470: 5373:Junior 5368:Infant 5273:Stages 5249:Quotes 5234:Images 5094:Theory 5084:Hidden 4980:Values 4885:Health 4860:Design 4785:Rights 4765:Policy 4503:Theory 4381:Belief 4205:topics 3991:Reason 3969:Logics 3960:Syntax 3842:Curlie 3715: 3665:See at 3625: 3617: 3599: 3584: 3570: 3556: 3543: 3526: 3511: 3496: 3473: 3455: 3434: 3420: 3406: 3392: 3372: 3337:about 3316: 3306: 3267: 3232: 3214: 3172: 3164: 3081:UNESCO 3042: 2884:, 1–40 2854:5 July 2736: 2728: 2681: 2669: 2625: 2590: 2582: 2518: 2477: 2447: 2418: 2393: 2370: 2362: 2325: 2293: 2260: 2220: 2194: 2163: 2125: 2117: 2048: 2013: 1863: 1627: 1602: 1577: 1464: 1285:Critic 1179:UNESCO 1173:. The 1152:skills 1055:values 1041:, and 994:, the 990:, the 890:London 290:based" 246:critic 168:action 74:, and 62:, and 35:(film) 8421:Virtù 8375:Other 8334:Fides 8293:Latin 8283:Vīrya 8242:Satya 8221:Mettā 8184:Dhṛti 8063:Arete 8055:Agape 8047:Greek 7973:Trust 7958:Taste 7851:Piety 7811:Mercy 7684:Glory 7649:Faith 7597:Moral 7592:Civil 7511:Yamas 7201:Chile 7046:Tonga 7036:Samoa 7026:Palau 7016:Nauru 6874:Aruba 6799:Haiti 6666:Åland 6585:Spain 6510:Malta 6480:Italy 6311:Macau 6230:Yemen 6190:Syria 6165:Qatar 6145:Nepal 6080:Japan 6055:India 6045:Egypt 6030:China 5911:Ceuta 5831:Sudan 5781:Niger 5736:Libya 5721:Kenya 5701:Ghana 5691:Gabon 5666:Egypt 5606:Benin 5254:Texts 5224:Books 4925:Peace 4915:Music 4895:Legal 4855:Death 4655:Index 4498:Rigor 4232:other 4197:Lists 4183:Truth 3950:Proof 3898:Logic 3713:S2CID 3358:Books 3170:S2CID 2734:S2CID 2588:JSTOR 2471:(PDF) 2368:S2CID 2123:S2CID 2011:S2CID 1341:Logic 1007:Qatar 992:UKCAT 733:logic 655:side. 502:then 398:logic 141:Plato 52:facts 8413:Sisu 8405:Seny 8390:Giri 8256:Sevā 8177:Dāna 8014:Jing 7863:Pity 7786:Love 7714:Hope 7624:Duty 7226:Peru 7122:Guam 7079:Niue 7001:Fiji 6944:Saba 6769:Cuba 6150:Oman 6115:Laos 6070:Iraq 6065:Iran 5841:Togo 5751:Mali 5641:Chad 5244:News 4431:Fact 4386:Bias 4297:talk 4143:Name 4128:Form 3623:OCLC 3615:ISBN 3597:ISBN 3582:ISBN 3568:ISBN 3554:ISBN 3541:ISBN 3524:ISBN 3509:ISBN 3494:ISBN 3471:ISBN 3453:ISBN 3432:ISBN 3418:ISBN 3404:ISBN 3390:ISBN 3370:ISBN 3314:PMID 3265:PMID 3230:PMID 3162:PMID 3088:2016 3040:PMID 3009:2016 2984:2016 2856:2014 2752:link 2726:PMID 2679:ISBN 2667:ISBN 2649:2017 2623:ISSN 2580:ISSN 2557:2018 2516:ISBN 2488:2016 2475:ISBN 2445:ISBN 2416:ISBN 2391:ISBN 2360:ISSN 2323:ISBN 2291:ISBN 2258:ISBN 2218:ISBN 2192:ISBN 2161:ISSN 2115:ISSN 2084:2016 2046:ISSN 1980:2012 1953:2022 1925:2022 1895:2018 1861:ISSN 1823:2018 1784:2014 1754:2003 1728:2014 1682:2024 1656:2018 1625:ISBN 1600:ISBN 1575:ISBN 1553:2018 1528:2018 1462:ISBN 1444:2024 1417:2017 1169:for 1136:bias 988:LNAT 820:mind 689:mind 421:and 166:and 115:and 8192:Hrī 8029:Ren 7983:Wit 7254:and 6282:and 4965:Sex 4830:Art 4355:and 4039:Set 3840:at 3822:at 3705:doi 3655:doi 3304:PMC 3296:doi 3257:doi 3222:doi 3152:hdl 3144:doi 3114:doi 3032:doi 2718:doi 2714:104 2615:doi 2352:doi 2315:doi 2283:doi 2184:doi 2153:doi 2107:doi 2038:doi 2003:doi 1853:doi 1189:". 1005:In 981:OCR 954:GCE 947:OCR 8444:: 8037:Yi 8021:Li 8006:De 4407:, 4403:, 3809:. 3791:. 3773:. 3753:. 3740:. 3728:. 3711:. 3701:44 3699:. 3663:- 3651:25 3649:. 3643:. 3621:. 3451:. 3312:. 3302:. 3292:78 3290:. 3286:. 3263:. 3253:73 3251:. 3228:. 3220:. 3208:76 3206:. 3168:. 3160:. 3150:. 3138:. 3126:^ 3110:18 3108:. 3096:^ 3079:. 3038:. 3028:29 3026:. 3000:. 2975:. 2933:41 2931:. 2925:. 2905:41 2903:. 2873:^ 2748:}} 2744:{{ 2732:. 2724:. 2712:. 2673:; 2621:. 2611:31 2609:. 2586:. 2576:44 2574:. 2548:. 2514:. 2496:^ 2439:. 2366:. 2358:. 2348:44 2346:. 2321:. 2313:. 2289:, 2232:^ 2190:, 2159:. 2147:. 2135:^ 2121:. 2113:. 2101:. 2075:. 2044:. 2034:25 2032:. 2009:. 1999:44 1997:. 1941:. 1915:. 1903:^ 1881:. 1859:. 1849:56 1847:. 1843:. 1831:^ 1813:. 1770:. 1714:. 1672:. 1647:. 1561:^ 1544:. 1514:. 1484:, 1434:, 1134:, 1057:. 1037:, 1002:. 845:, 841:, 830:. 743:, 691:. 425:. 260:. 177:, 170:. 119:. 94:, 90:, 70:, 58:, 54:, 8266:/ 7360:e 7353:t 7346:v 5486:) 5482:( 4615:e 4608:t 4601:v 4337:e 4330:t 4323:v 4299:) 3890:e 3883:t 3876:v 3815:. 3797:. 3779:. 3730:4 3719:. 3707:: 3661:. 3657:: 3588:. 3530:. 3515:. 3500:. 3485:) 3479:. 3378:. 3320:. 3298:: 3271:. 3259:: 3236:. 3224:: 3176:. 3154:: 3146:: 3140:3 3120:. 3116:: 3090:. 3046:. 3034:: 3011:. 2986:. 2858:. 2813:. 2754:) 2740:. 2720:: 2651:. 2629:. 2617:: 2594:. 2559:. 2524:. 2490:. 2453:. 2424:. 2399:. 2374:. 2354:: 2331:. 2317:: 2285:: 2266:. 2226:. 2186:: 2167:. 2155:: 2149:5 2129:. 2109:: 2103:8 2086:. 2052:. 2040:: 2017:. 2005:: 1982:. 1955:. 1927:. 1897:. 1867:. 1855:: 1825:. 1786:. 1756:. 1730:. 1684:. 1658:. 1633:. 1608:. 1583:. 1555:. 1530:. 1470:. 1419:. 625:z 622:2 619:= 616:) 613:y 610:+ 607:x 604:( 601:2 598:= 595:y 592:2 589:+ 586:x 583:2 563:z 560:= 557:y 554:+ 551:x 531:z 528:2 525:, 522:y 519:2 516:, 513:x 510:2 489:Z 482:z 479:, 476:y 473:, 470:x 44:. 37:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.