Łódź Ghetto - Knowledge (XXG)

490:, Rumkowski adopted an autocratic style of leadership in order to transform the ghetto into an industrial base manufacturing war supplies. Convinced that Jewish productivity would ensure survival, he forced the population to work 12-hour days despite abysmal conditions and the lack of calories and protein; producing uniforms, garments, wood and metalwork, and electrical equipment for the German military. By 1943, some 95 percent of the adult population was employed in 117 workshops, which – Rumkowski once boasted to the mayor of Łódź – were a "gold mine." It was possibly because of this productivity that the Łódź Ghetto managed to survive long after all the other ghettos in occupied Poland were liquidated. Rumkowski systematically singled out for expulsion his political opponents, or anyone who might have had the capacity to lead a resistance to the Nazis. Conditions were harsh and the population was entirely dependent on the Germans. Typical intake, made available, averaged between 700 and 900 calories per day, about half the calories required for survival. People affiliated with Rumkowski received disproportionately larger deliveries of food, medicine, and other rationed necessities. Everywhere else starvation was rampant and diseases like 915: 444:. From October 1940, the facility was raised to the rank of an independent department of the city council – Gettoverwaltung, reporting to Mayor Werner Ventzki. Initially, the main tasks of the ghetto board were supplying, supplying medicines and settling the ghetto with the city. Soon, however, the inhabitants began to be plundered and exploited to the maximum, transforming the ghetto into a forced labor camp in hunger for food rations and extreme living conditions. From 1942, Hans Biebow and his deputies Józef Haemmerle and Wilhelm Ribbe demonstrated in the selection and displacement of ghetto inhabitants, and Biebow and his commercial capabilities were quickly appreciated by the dignitaries of the central authorities of the Warta Country. Biebow became the real ruler of the ghetto, and Gettoverwaltung officials arrived at a rapid pace – from 24 people in May 1940 to 216 in mid-1942. 46: 683: 275: 624:

though they had never deduced that the annihilation of Jews was all-encompassing, as was intended. They witnessed the German raid on a children's hospital where all patients were rounded up and put into trucks never to return (some thrown from windows). A new German order demanded that 24,000 Jews be handed over for deportation. A debate raged in the ghetto over who should be given up. Rumkowski sounded more convinced than ever that the only chance for Jewish survival lay in the ability to work productively for the Reich without interference. As Rumkowski believed productivity was necessary for survival, he thought they should give their 13,000 children and their 11,000 elderly. He addressed the parents of Łódź as follows.

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which continued to operate despite harsh conditions. Later, when the school buildings were converted to new living quarters for some 20,000 inmates brought in from outside occupied Poland, alternatives were established, particularly for younger children whose mothers were forced to work. Schools tried to provide children with adequate nourishment despite meager rations. After the schools were shut down in 1941, many of the factories continued to maintain illegal daycare centres for children whose mothers were working.

58: 745:); however, the camp was referred to as the Camp on Przemyslowa Street. The camp housed children aged 8–16 who were orphans or accused of criminal activity such as theft. More than 1,000 children lived there, separated from their parents, working eight hours a day. They were fed starvation rations and had no access to water, heating or bathrooms. They were subjected to torture and beaten by the guards. The camp operated until the Lodz ghetto was liquidated. 409:

social class and wealth of ghetto inhabitants often determined the fate of food accessibility. While the wealthy could purchase additional food, many of the lower class Jewish inhabitants relied heavily on the ration card system. Food embezzlement by police forces within the ghetto encouraged hierarchy even amongst Jewish neighbors. Food became a means of control for the German forces and by the Jewish policing administration.

628: 754: 977: 869: 350: 503: 300:(cleansed of its Jewish presence). The German occupiers pressed for the ghetto size to be shrunk beyond all sense in order to have their factories registered outside of it. Łódź was a multicultural mosaic before the war began, with about 8.8% ethnic German residents on top of Austrian, Czech, French, Russian and Swiss business families adding to its vibrant economy. 2500:"W czasach okupacji dom Leszczyńskich był baz dla ściganych, przede wszystkim dla Żydów. Tu otrzymywali żywność, ubranie, dokumenty, które potajemnie wyrabiał mąż Stanisławy" (During the occupation, the house of Leszczyńscy was a base for the fugitives, particularly Jews. There, they received food, clothes, and documents, secretly forged by Stanisława's husband. 448: 845:, or similar rebellions in other Polish cities. Rumkowski's overbearing autocracy including his periodic crackdowns, and the resulting failure of Jewish attempts to smuggle food – and consequently, arms – into the ghetto, as well as misleading confidence that productivity would ensure survival, precluded attempts at an armed revolt. 959:. She and her family provided food, clothing and fake documents to many Jewish fugitives. Eventually, however, she and her family were arrested by the Germans. She and her daughter were deported to Auschwitz. Later on she became known for her effort to save many Jewish children; her sons were sent to stone quarries of 326:

assault on 5–7 March 1940, known as "Bloody Thursday", in which 350 Jews were fatally shot in their homes, and outside. Over the next two months, wooden and wire fences were erected around the area to cut it off from the rest of the city. Jews were formally sealed within the ghetto walls on 1 May 1940.

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police were called upon to suppress it. At the same time, the rich cultural life included active theatres, concerts, and banned religious gatherings, all of which countered official attempts at dehumanization. Much information about the Jewish day-to-day life in that period can be found in the ghetto

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In September 1942, Rumkowski and the Jews of Łódź had realized the fate of the evacuees, because all baggage, clothing, and identification papers of their fellow inmates, were being returned to the ghetto for "processing". The slave workers began to strongly suspect that deportation meant death; even

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The distinct forms of defiance included instead the symbolic, polemic and defensive resistance. Throughout the early period, the symbolic resistance was evident in the rich cultural and religious life that the people maintained in the ghetto. Initially, they created 47 schools and daycare facilities

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arrived and made an assessment, which was damning. The ghetto was too large in his opinion, badly managed, not profitable, and it had the wrong products. From his perspective the presence of children was unacceptable. The relocation idea was abandoned, but the immediate consequence of his report was

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Despite their horror, parents had little choice but to turn over their children for deportation. Some families committed collective suicide to avoid the inevitable. The deportations slowed down, for a time, only after the purge of the ghetto was completed. Some 89,446 able-bodied prisoners remained.

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had to contend. Medical supplies were critically limited, and the ghetto was severely overcrowded. The entire population of 164,000 people was forced into an area of 4 square kilometres (1.5 square miles), of which 2.4 square kilometres (0.93 square miles) were developed and habitable. Fuel supplies

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of the local slang that emerged in their daily lives. The Jewish population maintained several illegal radios with which they kept abreast of events in the outside world. At first, the radio could only receive German broadcast, which is why it was codenamed the "Liar" in the diaries. Among the news

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A grievous blow has struck the ghetto. They are asking us to give up the best we possess – the children and the elderly. I was unworthy of having a child of my own, so I gave the best years of my life to children. I've lived and breathed with children, I never imagined I would be forced to deliver

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Food deprivation often caused strain on family relations but parents, siblings, and spouses would also hold out on their portion of food for the benefit of loved ones. People would trade furniture and clothing to receive food for their family members or themselves. Jewish women invented new ways of

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On 30 April 1940, when the gates closed on the ghetto, it housed 163,777 residents. Because of its remarkable productivity, the ghetto managed to survive until August 1944. In the first two years, it absorbed almost 20,000 Jews from liquidated ghettos in nearby Polish towns and villages, as well as

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Jews within the Łódź Ghetto had an average daily intake of 1,000 to 1,200 calories which led directly to starvation and even to death. The process of purchasing food relied heavily on the quantity and quality of the goods that the ghetto citizens brought from their houses into the ghetto. Previous

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of food and manufactured goods developed between the ghettos and the outside world. In Łódź, however, this was practically impossible due to heavy security. The Jews were entirely dependent on the German authorities for food, medicine and other vital supplies. To exacerbate the situation, the only

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in the hope of the Polish counter-attack which never came. On 8 February 1940, the Germans ordered the Jewish residence to be limited to specific streets in the Old City and the adjacent Bałuty quarter, the areas that would become the ghetto. To expedite the relocation, the Orpo Police launched an

620:. By 2 April 1942, an additional 34,000 victims were sent there from the ghetto, with 11,000 more by 15 May 1942, and over 15,000 more by mid September, for an estimated total of 55,000 people. The Germans planned that children, the elderly, and anyone deemed "not fit for work" would follow them. 369:

force was created to ensure that no prisoners tried to escape. On 10 May 1940 orders went into effect prohibiting any commercial exchange between Jews and non-Jews in Łódź. By the new German decree, those caught outside the ghetto could be shot on sight. The contact with people who lived on the

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erupted, and the fate of the remaining inhabitants of the Łódź Ghetto was sealed. During the last phase of its existence, some 25,000 inmates were murdered at Chełmno, their bodies burned immediately after death. As the front approached, German officials decided to deport the remaining Jews to

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On 17 August 1944, The Gestapo announced the exclusion of the following streets from the ghetto: Wolborska, Nad Łódką, Zgierska, Dolna, Łagiewnicka, Brzezińska, Smugowa and the Old Market Square, Kościelny Square and Bałucki Rynek. The presence of Jews in these areas was punishable by death.

582:. An Evacuation Committee was set up to help select the initial group of deportees from among those who were labelled 'criminals': people who refused to or who could not work, and people who took advantage of the refugees arriving in the ghetto in order to satisfy their own basic needs. 565:

visited the ghetto for the first time on 7 June 1941. On 29 July 1941, following an inspection, most patients of the ghetto's psychiatric hospital were taken away never to return. "They understood, for example, why they had been injected with tranquilizers in the night. Injections of

219:, where most were murdered upon arrival. It was the last ghetto in occupied Poland to be liquidated. A total of 210,000 Jews passed through it; but only 877 remained hidden when the Soviets arrived. About 10,000 Jewish residents of Łódź, who used to live there before the 665:. Meanwhile, a rare camp for the Christian children between 8 and 14 years of age was set up adjacent to the ghetto in December 1942, separated only by a high fence made of planks. Some 12,000–13,000 adolescent Poles with parents already dead went through the 498:

in the factories. In most instances, Rumkowski relied on the Jewish police to quell the discontented workers, although at least in one instance, the German Order Police was asked to intervene. Strikes usually erupted over the reduction of food rations.

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Dom przy ul. Wspólnej 3, gdzie obecnie zamieszkali Leszczyńscy, stał się miejscem skąd bez przerwy płynęła pomoc dla Żydów" (The House at Wspólna 3 street, where currently Leszczyńscy lived, became a place from which aid constantly reached out to the

706:). The ghetto was transformed into a giant labor camp where survival depended solely on the ability to work. Two small hospitals were set up in 1943, nonetheless hundreds of tormented prisoners died each month. In April 1,000 Jews were transferred to 380:), making it impossible to bring food illegally. To keep outsiders out, rumours were also spread by Hitler's propaganda saying that the Jews were the carriers of infectious diseases. For the week of 16–22 June 1941 (the week Nazi Germany launched 914: 294:, who called for the cooperation of major policing bodies in the confinement and mass transfer of the local Jews. By 1 October 1940, the relocation of the ghetto inmates was to have been completed, and the city's downtown core declared 880:, managed to bury the negatives and dig them up after liberation, at 12 Jagielonska Street. Because of this archive, the reality of the ghetto was recorded and preserved. The archivists also began creating a ghetto encyclopedia and a 2199: 578:, gassing operations began on 8 December 1941. Two weeks later, on 20 December 1941, Rumkowski was ordered by the Germans to announce that 20,000 Jews from the ghetto would be deported to undisclosed camps, based on selection by the 761:

In early 1944, the ultimate fate of the Łódź Ghetto was debated among the highest-ranking Nazis. The initial wave of deportations to Chełmno ended in the autumn of 1942; over 72,000 people defined as "dispensable" were murdered.

2391:. Plymouth: AltaMira Press, 2011. The Łódź Ghetto had "some forty-three elementary schools, two high schools, and one vocational training facility, serving some 63 percent of the ghettos school aged youngsters." 2027: 3700: 2075:"Translation of Document No-724: Prosecution Exhibit 472: Letter by Frank to SS Garrison Administration and Concentration Camp Auschwitz, 26 September 1942, Concerning Utilization of Property of Jews" 5265: 2874: 4509: 3129: 3000:

Bethke, Svenja (2020). "Attempts to Take Action In a Coerced Community? Petitions to the Jewish Council in the Lodz Ghetto during World War II". In Kaplan, Thomas Pegelow; Gruner, Wolf (eds.).

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separated from the provisioning and economy department the branch for the ghetto at Cegielniana street (today Jaracza 11), whose manager was first Johann Moldenhauer, and then a merchant from

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this sacrifice to the altar with my own hands. In my old age, I must stretch out my hands and beg: Brothers and sisters! Hand them over to me! Fathers and mothers: Give me your children!

480:. Known mockingly as "King Chaim", Rumkowski was granted unprecedented powers by the Nazi officials, which authorized him to take all necessary measures to maintain order in the ghetto. 4901: 4856: 805:. When the Soviet army entered Łódź on 19 January 1945, only 877 Jews were still alive, 12 of whom were children. Of the 223,000 Jews in Łódź before the invasion, only 10,000 survived 4896: 4891: 4876: 4881: 2951: 2823: 4886: 4861: 4619: 3693: 5119: 4830: 707: 268: 1122:

in 2016–2017 and among the ten oldest verified men ever. Was deported from the Lodz Ghetto to Auschwitz in August 1944 but barely managed to survive—with him being severely

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The securing of the ghetto system was preceded by a series of anti-Jewish measures as well as anti-Polish measures meant to inflict terror. The Jews were forced to wear the

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As nearly 25 percent of the Jews had fled the city by the time the ghetto was set up, its prisoner population as of 1 May 1940 was 164,000. Over the coming year, Jews from

417:. The physical attributes of malnutrition in the Łódź Ghetto led to sunken eyes, swollen abdomens and aged appearances while also stunting the growth of ghetto children. 3170: 3122: 1253: 1365: 892:

Since production was essential to the German war effort, the slowing down of work was also a form of resistance. In the later years, leftist workers adopted the slogan

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to Chełmno. Although the killing centre was partly razed in April 1943, it had resumed gassing operations specifically for this purpose. Meanwhile, Armaments Minister

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The photographers of the statistical department of the Judenrat, besides their official work, illegally took photos of everyday scenes and atrocities. One of them,

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beginning in early 1942, and in spite of a stark reversal of fortune, the Germans persisted in eradicating the ghetto: they transported the remaining population to

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an order to reduce the size of the ghetto. By January 1944, there were around 80,000 Jewish workers still subsisting in Łódź. In February, Himmler brought back

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On 28 November 1942, a camp for Polish children was opened. The official name of the camp was "Security Police Litzmannstadt Isolation Camp for Polish Youth" (

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Swiss sociologist, Werner Rings, identifies four distinct forms of ghetto resistance: symbolic, polemic, and defensive; with offensive resistance (including

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Political organizations also continued to exist, and engaged in strikes when rations were cut. In one such instance, a strike got so violent that the German

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were severely short, and people burned whatever they could to survive the Polish winter. Some 18,000 people in the ghetto are believed to have died during a

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troops in January 1945. He subsequently recovered and died over 70 years later in August 2017, just a month before what would have been his 114th birthday.

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The peculiar situation of the Łódź Ghetto prevented armed resistance, which occurred within other ghettos in Nazi-occupied Poland, such as the

4970: 679:, the 1,600 children performed work closely connected with the industrial output of the ghetto, with help and advice from Jewish instructors. 5365: 4464: 3053: 3027: 3009: 2806: 2771: 2738: 2577: 1944: 1790: 1339: 3020:

Die "Gettoverwaltung Litzmannstadt", 1940–1944. Eine Dienststelle im Spannungsfeld von Kommunalbürokratie und staatlicher Verfolgungspolitik

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adorned with monuments was built in Łódź, measuring 3,660 square metres (39,400 sq ft). It was inaugurated in August 2009 by the

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called for the final liquidation of the ghetto. Between 23 June and 14 July 1944, the first 10 transports of about 7,000 Jews were sent by

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on 8 September 1939, the city had a population of 672,000 people. Over 230,000 of them were Jewish, or 31.1% according to statistics.

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The first known record of an order for the establishment of the ghetto, dated 10 December 1939, came from the new Nazi governor

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To organize the local population and maintain order, the German authorities established a Jewish Council commonly called the

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For orientation, note the Jewish Cemetery bottom right on second photo, which formed the easternmost portion of the ghetto.

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Map of the Łódź Ghetto within the city. The walled-off area is shown in blue in the inset. The Jewish cemetery is at 16;

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Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (1990), Baranowski, Dobroszycki, Wiesenthal, Yad Vashem Timeline of the Holocaust, others.

834: 650: 362: 3389: 2433: 1009: 956: 199:. The number of people incarcerated in it was increased further by the Jews deported from Nazi-controlled territories. 5280: 4546: 3424: 3379: 3369: 3359: 3302: 4291: 3793: 3409: 2844: 1451: 570:

were used, at the request of the Nazi authorities." Situated 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Łódź in the town of

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Overcrowding in the ghetto was exacerbated by the influx of some 40,000 Polish Jews forced out from the surrounding

5192: 5134: 5075: 5016: 4706: 4670: 4574: 4514: 4097: 3660: 3374: 3319: 3200: 1621: 1097: 662: 575: 987: 374:" side was also impaired by the fact that Łódż had a 70,000-strong ethnic German minority loyal to the Nazis (the 5177: 4965: 4550: 4241: 4186: 3655: 3384: 3364: 3314: 3220: 3175: 2853: 1170: 948:

in the presence of prominent dignitaries. A year later, the Park was awarded a medal for top urban design by the

476:(age 62 in 1939). Even today, he is still considered one of the most controversial figures in the history of the 1918: 253:, who had led German forces in the area in 1914. The Nazi German authorities intended to "purify" the city. All 5292: 4996: 4558: 3439: 3336: 3275: 3225: 3210: 3190: 3180: 3165: 3160: 2798: 2763: 1331: 413:

cooking in order to make food and supplies last longer. Tuberculosis and other diseases were widespread due to

5006: 4388: 3619: 3414: 1751: 1104: 2081:, vol. V, pp. 965–967, archived from the original on 22 November 2004 – via The Mazal Library 4935: 4660: 4494: 3215: 3205: 3195: 3185: 3138: 2955: 1217: 922: 757:

The Gypsy quarter in the ghetto after its inhabitants had been transported to the Chełmno extermination camp

691: 667: 527: 358: 315:, many Jews, particularly the intellectual and political elite, had fled the advancing German army into the 1973: 4716: 4266: 4181: 2416: 1185: 830: 771: 702:

Since late 1942 the production of war supplies was coordinated by the autonomous German Management Board (

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in 1942, and all together, about 43,800 people died in the ghetto from starvation and infectious disease.

330: 204: 174: 63: 2530: 794:, including Rumkowski. On 28 August 1944, Rumkowski's family were gassed along with thousands of others. 5255: 4675: 2904: 2893: 2730: 1034: 567: 3529: 2237: 1862: 4732: 4570: 4443: 4408: 4328: 3964: 3889: 3833: 3429: 1499: 1369: 886: 571: 393: 381: 366: 188: 3098: 5270: 5142: 4792: 4782: 4742: 4191: 4014: 3584: 3553: 3519: 3454: 2360: 1746: 1301: 942: 627: 291: 3524: 2148: 2045: 1147: 433: 4980: 4767: 4519: 4067: 4004: 3934: 3924: 3843: 3308: 3284: 2716: 2548: 1818: 1505: 1325: 1180: 1109: 1074: 858: 801:

A handful of people were left alive in the ghetto to clean it up. Others remained in hiding with

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widespread, fueling dissatisfaction with Rumkowski's administration, which led to a series of

400:, thereby abetting the process by which they were dispossessed of their remaining belongings. 341:

population was also resettled there. By 1 May 1941, the population of the ghetto was 148,547.

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of foreign Jews resettled to Łódź from Vienna, Berlin, Cologne, Hamburg and other cities in

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To ensure no contact between the Jewish and non-Jewish populations of the city, two German

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left the ghetto to conduct anti-Jewish operations in Polish towns with direct lines to

605: 3107: 1478: 396:. Faced with starvation, Jews traded their remaining possessions and savings for this 5354: 5157: 4975: 4747: 4488: 4423: 4418: 4403: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4338: 4276: 4231: 4145: 4130: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4082: 4072: 4052: 4024: 3914: 3884: 3803: 3788: 3743: 3634: 3604: 3579: 3569: 3539: 3534: 3470: 3152: 1193: 1133: 1119: 1091: 806: 726: 687: 676: 649:

In October, the number of German troops was reduced, as no longer needed. The German

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Biuletyn Informacyjny Obchodów 60. Rocznicy Likwidacji Litzmannstadt Getto. Nr 1-2.

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Administratively, the Łódź ghetto was subject to the City Council. Initially, mayor

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Aerial photos of the ghetto from May 1942 (rotated so that north is to the right):

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Photographs such as this served to record the horrors of ghetto life for posterity.

838: 775: 720: 695: 609: 546: 491: 424:, which had no value outside the ghetto. The use of other currency was prohibited. 414: 304: 240: 192: 3919: 1596: 1210:, 1882–1941), medical doctor and chess master, died in the ghetto 18 November 1941 3080:. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008. Terrace Books. 2792: 2757: 2567: 2493: 1561:

The Documents of the Łódź Ghetto: An Inventory of the Nachman Zonabend Collection

384:), the Jews reported 206 deaths and two shootings of women near the barbed wire. 5060: 4797: 4333: 4323: 4256: 4236: 4166: 4125: 4062: 4047: 3969: 3929: 3818: 3808: 2455:

Pomnik Polaków odznaczonych Medalem Sprawiedliwych Wśród Narodów Świata w Łodzi.

1164: 976: 877: 613: 487: 441: 254: 162: 158: 2977:Łódź Ghetto : A Community History Told in Diaries, Journals, and Documents 585:

By the end of January 1942 some 10,000 Jews were deported to Chełmno (known as

4383: 4348: 3904: 3753: 3063: 2933: 1615: 1546:. 20th Century History, About.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2006 1086: 934: 868: 617: 550: 349: 334: 5336: 5323: 3035:

Juden im Getto Litzmannstadt: Lebensbedingungen, Selbstwahrnehmung, Verhalten

2989: 2940:, Yad Vashem website. Overview. Selected photographs. Retrieved 28 July 2015. 2079:

United States of America v. Oswald Pohl, et al. (Case No. 4, the "Pohl Trial)

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were deported to the ghetto on their way to the extermination camps. A small

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proposed the ghetto be continued as a source of cheap labour for the front.

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In other ghettos throughout Poland, thriving underground economies based on

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Terra Incognita: the Struggling Art of Arie Ben Menachem and Mendel Grosman

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Archiwum Państwowe w Łodzi (Polish State Archive in Lodz) Ghetto collection

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The Holocaust: a history of the Jews of Europe during the Second World War

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On 15 July 1944 the transports paused for two weeks. On 1 August 1944 the

608:". In Chełmno, the inmates were murdered with the exhaust fumes of moving 5080: 2512: 1275: 1127: 686:

Jews clean and repair coats salvaged at Chełmno for redistribution among

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region and renamed the city Litzmannstadt in honour of a German general,

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The Łódź Ghetto Photographs of Henryk Ross at the Art Gallery of Ontario

2919:"I Completely Forgot that I Was Hungry," Youth Groups in the Łódź Ghetto 2872:

American university students discuss the implications of the Holocaust.

1249:, German concentration camp for Polish children inside the Łódź Ghetto. 1001: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 881: 308: 3040:

Xenia Modrzejewska-Mrozowska, Andrzej Różycki, Marek Szukalak (eds.),

2965:. LodzGhetto.ago.net collection of Holocaust photographs, interactive. 447: 5152: 2046:"The camp for Polish children at Przemystowa Street (Gewerbestrasse)" 1229:(1861–1941), painter, died of hunger in the ghetto on 29 January 1941 921:

plant Trees of Memory during the ceremony at the Park of the Rescued

516: 437: 3002:

Resisting Persecution: Jews and Their Petitions during the Holocaust

2656:(1st American ed.). Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 1986. p. 955:

One of the Poles who helped the Jews in Łódź was a Catholic midwife

2944: 361:

were assigned to patrol the perimeter of the ghetto, including the

27:

Second-largest ghetto in German-occupied Europe during World War II

2867:

with index and commentary by David Graham. Retrieved 28 July 2015.

2599:"How an NYU Scholar Became the Keeper of Poland's Jewish Heritage" 1773:

Sinnreich, Helene J. (27 November 2017), "Hunger in the ghettos",

913: 867: 816: 752: 681: 626: 526: 501: 446: 397: 371: 348: 273: 2948:, a memoir of Holocaust survivor Simon Lewenberg 2012, homepage. 1177:("Elder of the Jews"), head of the Judenrat, killed at Auschwitz 900:, or "work slowly") to hinder their own output on behalf of the 862: 743:

Polen-Jugendverwahrlager der Sicherheitspolizei in Litzmannstadt

5101: 4601: 3682: 3242: 3111: 1842: 1840: 1167:(1910–1991), photographer who documented conditions in the camp 2990:

Bostock, William, "Language policy and use in the Łódź ghetto"

2691:(English ed.). Yale University Press. 1984. p. 176. 970: 2625:"Heda Kovaly, Czech Who Wrote of Totalitarianism, Dies at 91" 2371: 2369: 1136:(1929–1945?), diarist, deported to Auschwitz in 1944 then to 3709:

Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators

2961: 353:

German and Jewish police guard at the entrance to the ghetto

2952:

Colour slides from the German ghetto administration in Łódź

2472:"Midwife at Auschwitz: The Story of Stanislawa Leszczynska" 2270:. In Vitelli, Karen D.; Colwell-Chanthaphonh, Chip (eds.). 1559:

by Adelson, Alan and Robert Lapides (ed.), New York, 1989;

1161:(1884–1944), writer, ghetto chronicler, killed at Auschwitz 510:

Disease was a major feature of ghetto life with which the

2200:"Raport 2017: Children // THE CAMP AT PRZEMYSŁOWA STREET" 714:

to get ready for a mass relocation of labour to the Nazi

5266:

International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz

2531:"Did You Know: The Polish Catholic midwife of Auschwitz" 2049:(Traces of the Litzmannstadt Getto. A Guide to the Past) 1977:(Traces of the Litzmannstadt Getto. A Guide to the Past) 1083:(1913–1945), photographer, died during the Death Marches 937:

in Jerusalem. On their and their families initiative, a

2865:

Full text of Rumkowski's "Give Me Your Children" speech

2303:"1944: W Warszawie powstanie, w Łodzi likwidacja getta" 1992:"Hamburg Police Battalions during the Second World War" 1812: 1810: 1624:

of the establishment of Łódź Ghetto by Nazi occupants.

885:

that quickly spread around the ghetto was the Allied

392:

legal currency in the ghetto was a specially created

2881:

From Diary of Łódź Ghetto inmate Dawid Sierakowiak.

1597:

Struktura narodowościowa i wyznaniowa ludności Łodzi

1412: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1376:, and Mel Hecker, Volume II, part A, pp. 75–82. 1334:; Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. 27, 54–55, 62. 5279: 5236: 5206: 5185: 5176: 5133: 5048: 5028: 4989: 4923: 4914: 4849: 4818: 4811: 4725: 4684: 4633: 4533: 4477: 4452: 4316: 4309: 4210: 4154: 4096: 4038: 3867: 3721: 3714: 3643: 3505: 3463: 3402: 3335: 3283: 3274: 1752:

Polish-Jewish Relations During the Second World War

929:A number of Poles from Łódź were awarded titles of 468:("Council of Elders") in Łódź. The chairman of the 132: 118: 97: 89: 75: 34: 3060:The Last Ghetto: Life in the Łódź Ghetto 1940–1944 2825:Give Me Your Children: Voices from the Łódź Ghetto 2649: 420:Since 1940, the ghetto used its own currency, the 2244:. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2110:"Working against time," book review. Haaretz.com. 1825:. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team 1254:The Story of Chaim Rumkowski and the Jews of Lodz 4628:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical 1994:. Archived from the original on 22 February 2008 1742: 1740: 1126:and near-death at the time of his liberation by 3078:Ghettostadt: Łódź and the Making of a Nazi City 2759:Ghettostadt: Łódź and the making of a Nazi city 2430:"Uroczystości w Łodzi, 28 sierpnia 2009. Polin" 1974:"Litzmannstadt Ghetto – The Calendar 1942–1945" 1967: 1965: 1963: 1504:The Chronicle of the Łódź Ghetto, 1941–1944 by 1449:The statistical data, compiled on the basis of 1327:Ghettostadt: Łódź and the making of a Nazi city 1196:(1872–1942), medicinal chemist, co-inventor of 638: 263:eventually, while the non-Jewish population of 2104: 2102: 1804:Ilustrowana Encyklopedia Historii Łódźi, p. 18 1699:. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012 1394:, Torah Code website. Retrieved 21 March 2015. 600:, served as a pilot project for the secretive 267:reduced significantly, and transformed into a 5113: 4613: 3694: 3254: 3123: 2274:(2nd ed.). AltaMira Press. p. 189. 1755:, Northwestern University Press, 1992, p.86. 1360: 1358: 1140:in 1945, presumed to have died September 1945 173:. It was the second-largest ghetto in all of 8: 5299:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust 2412: 2375: 2356: 2322: 2320: 1914: 1874: 1858: 1846: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1366:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 1364:The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 919:The Polish rescuers and the Jewish survivors 307:. Their businesses were expropriated by the 50:Jewish children inside the Łódź Ghetto, 1940 3269:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks 2994:Web Journal of Modern Language Linguistics, 2722:The Chronicle of the Łódź Ghetto, 1941–1944 2689:The chronicle of the Łódź ghetto, 1941-1944 2572:. Diecezjalne Wydawn. Łodzkie. p. 30. 2400: 2174:"The establishment of Litzmannstadt Ghetto" 2135: 2123: 1928: 1926: 1902: 1890: 1731: 1678: 1557:Lodz Ghetto: Inside a Community Under Siege 1392:"The establishment of Litzmannstadt Ghetto" 286:in the far background (no longer existing). 5182: 5120: 5106: 5098: 4920: 4815: 4620: 4606: 4598: 4313: 3718: 3701: 3687: 3679: 3280: 3261: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3130: 3116: 3108: 2337:POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews 1452:"Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland" 616:had yet to be built at Operation Reinhard 454:delivering a speech in the ghetto, 1941–42 161:established by the German authorities for 2838:, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2261: 2259: 2119: 2117: 1933:Simone Schweber; Debbie Findling (2007). 1642:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 1591: 1589: 1565:The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry 1533: 1531: 1529: 1500:"The Agony of the Łódź Ghetto, 1941–1944" 1419:"Lodz Ghetto Deportations and Statistics" 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1061:Learn how and when to remove this message 472:appointed by the Nazi administration was 2498:. Wydawn. Interpress. 1984. p. 60. 1467:Museum of the History of the Polish Jews 1240:Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland 1107:(1919–2010), author of an autobiography 278:Resettlement of Jews to the ghetto area 5224:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission 2830:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 1939:. Torah Aura Productions. p. 107. 1697:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 1634:Holocaust Encyclopedia (20 June 2014). 1510:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 1291: 1267: 675:. Subjected to a selection process for 631:Children rounded up for deportation to 506:Young girl working in the paper factory 5207:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials 4567:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions 2084: 2028:Erecting the Łódź Ghetto February 1940 2005: 1710: 1571: 1493: 1491: 1257:, a 1982 documentary; runtime: 55 min. 1089:(1879–1941), actor from films such as 93:Imprisonment, forced labor, starvation 31: 1563:by Web, Marek (ed.), New York, 1988; 7: 3022:, Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2009, 1077:(1919–1995), scientist and historian 999:adding citations to reliable sources 925:inaugurated in Łódź in August 2009. 729:to reinstate operations at Chełmno. 710:. In September 1943 Himmler ordered 643:— Chaim Rumkowski, September 4, 1942 207:. After the wave of deportations to 5128:Aftermath, trials and commemoration 3139:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland 2729:; Joachim Neugroschel; et al. 2623:Grimes, William (9 December 2010). 2470:Matthew M. Anger (4 January 2005). 555:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 531:Identity card Lodz Ghetto 19-4-1942 365:from Hamburg. Within the ghetto, a 5289:Polish Righteous Among the Nations 2854:"Haunting Voices From Łódź Ghetto" 2818:– via Google Books, preview. 2783:– via Google Books, preview. 2597:Hoffman, Allison (10 April 2013). 690:in accordance with the top secret 25: 4971:Special Prosecution Book – Poland 2975:Alan Adelson and Robert Lapides, 2836:Library Bibliography: Łódź Ghetto 2791:; Shapiro, Robert Moses (2008) . 2569:Stanisława Leszczyńska: 1896–1974 559:Theresienstadt concentration camp 483:Directly responsible to the Nazi 404:Food consumption and malnutrition 243:annexed Łódź directly to the new 5148:Population transfers (1944–1946) 4197:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg 2930:online exhibition by Yad Vashem. 975: 821:Jewish prisoners of the Gestapo 153:(after the Nazi German name for 56: 44: 5251:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum 5163:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946 2733:. Abridged edition, Hardcover. 2030:International Tracing Service. 1777:, Routledge, pp. 110–126, 1691:Holocaust Encyclopedia (2014). 1567:by Yahil, Leni, New York, 1991. 1479:"Ghetto List" by Michael Peters 986:needs additional citations for 950:Towarzystwo Urbanistów Polskich 4579:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118 4555:36th Estonian Police Battalion 2863:David Graham (17 March 2002), 2149:"The camp for Polish children" 1417:Shirley Rotbein Flaum (2007). 1278:) constituting its final form. 604:, the deadliest phase of the " 317:Soviet-occupied eastern Poland 269:slave labour force for Germany 1: 5246:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes 5076:Human medical experimentation 3048:: Oficyna Bibliofilow, 2009. 2389:Children During the Holocaust 1514:. The Simon Wiesenthal Center 1200:(Eukodal), died on 5 May 1942 673:International Tracing Service 279: 203:20,000 more from the rest of 70:for Polish children is at 15. 5366:Reserve Police Battalion 101 3037:, Wallstein: Göttingen, 2006 2762:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1775:The Ghetto in Global History 651:Reserve Police Battalion 101 363:Reserve Police Battalion 101 235:When German forces occupied 5281:Righteous Among the Nations 5168:Ministry of Public Security 4547:Belarusian Auxiliary Police 3157:Related articles by country 2756:Horwitz, Gordon J. (2009). 1819:"Chaim Mordechai Rumkowski" 1538:Jennifer Rosenberg (2006). 1471:"Getta Żydowskie" by Gedeon 1324:Horwitz, Gordon J. (2009). 1189:, set partly in the ghetto) 1146:(1913–1952), victim of the 931:Righteous among the Nations 843:Częstochowa Ghetto Uprising 257:were to be expelled to the 5382: 5193:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials 4575:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 2860:online Holocaust memorial. 2766:. pp. 27, 54–55, 62. 2566:Kazimierz Gabryel (1989). 2553:www3.archidiecezja.lodz.pl 1817:Carmelo Lisciotto (2007). 1606:PDF file, direct download. 319:and to the area of future 209:Chełmno extermination camp 123:Chełmno extermination camp 5097: 4966:Sobibor perpetrator album 4597: 4551:Estonian Auxiliary Police 3678: 3661:Human medical experiments 3238: 3234: 3145: 2910:20 September 2011 at the 2877:30 September 2011 at the 2743:– via Google Books. 2305:. Wyborcza. 1 August 2014 2091:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2012:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1717:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1640:German Invasion of Poland 1578:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1485:. Accessed 25 March 2015. 1171:Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski 1120:world's oldest living man 910:Escape and rescue efforts 835:Białystok Ghetto Uprising 541:areas, as well as by the 55: 43: 5214:Auschwitz trial (Poland) 4559:Latvian Auxiliary Police 4292:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth 3794:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger 2899:5 September 2011 at the 2799:Indiana University Press 2764:Harvard University Press 2549:"Stanisława Leszczyńska" 2513:"Stanisława Leszczyńska" 2413:Trunk & Shapiro 2008 2376:Trunk & Shapiro 2008 2357:Trunk & Shapiro 2008 2238:"Chronicle: 1940 – 1944" 2034:Retrieved 29 March 2015. 1915:Trunk & Shapiro 2008 1875:Trunk & Shapiro 2008 1859:Trunk & Shapiro 2008 1847:Trunk & Shapiro 2008 1498:Abraham J. Peck (1997). 1332:Harvard University Press 1216:(1928–2012), founder of 889:on the day it occurred. 733:Camp for Polish children 66:at the top right at 17; 5304:Garden of the Righteous 5056:Identification in camps 5049:Technical and logistics 4495:Order Police battalions 2956:Jewish Museum Frankfurt 2266:Golden, Juliet (2006). 1783:10.4324/9781315099774-9 1636:"Jewish Refugees, 1939" 1218:Commodore International 708:labour camps in Germany 692:August Frank memorandum 668:Kinder-KZ Litzmannstadt 557:including the citywide 359:Order Police battalions 195:and especially for the 4717:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 4182:Heinrich Klaustermeyer 2926:1 October 2012 at the 2794:Łódź Ghetto: A History 2108:Yechiam Weitz (2006), 1979:. LodzGhetto.com home. 1936:Teaching the Holocaust 1919:Łódź Ghetto: A History 1669:Horwitz 2009, page 62. 957:Stanisława Leszczyńska 926: 923:Park Ocalałych w Łodzi 873: 831:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 826: 772:Radegast train station 758: 742: 699: 646: 636: 532: 507: 455: 354: 331:German-occupied Europe 287: 205:German-occupied Europe 175:German-occupied Europe 84:German-occupied Poland 64:Radegast train station 5337:51.79306°N 19.46389°E 5256:Majdanek State Museum 4389:Karl-Friedrich Höcker 3293:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 2797:. Bloomington, Ind.: 2731:Yale University Press 2268:"Remembering Chelmno" 2051:. LodzGhetto.com home 1660:Horwitz 2009, page 49 1425:. JewishGen Home Page 1300:Plan hammered out by 1298:Horwitz 2009, p. 27. 1183:(born 1926), author ( 1105:Heda Margolius Kovály 917: 871: 820: 756: 685: 630: 530: 505: 450: 352: 277: 4733:Mordechai Anielewicz 4444:Elisabeth Volkenrath 4329:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann 3965:Arthur Liebehenschel 3890:Hermine Braunsteiner 3834:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 3076:Horwitz, Gordon J., 3058:Michal Unger (ed.), 2847:25 June 2014 at the 2828:(Internet Archive), 2535:Sydney Jewish Museum 2272:Archeological Ethics 2153:Litzmannstadt Ghetto 1617:Journals and footage 1602:8 April 2020 at the 1370:Geoffrey P. Megargee 1101:, died November 1941 995:improve this article 887:invasion of Normandy 837:, the revolt at the 718:. Max Horn from the 543:Holocaust transports 382:Operation Barbarossa 151:Litzmannstadt Ghetto 38:Ghetto Litzmannstadt 5333: / 5271:March of the Living 5143:Holocaust survivors 5007:Vrba–Wetzler report 4783:Alexander Pechersky 4743:Mordechai Tenenbaum 4192:Alexander Palfinger 4015:Johann Schwarzhuber 3575:Międzyrzec Podlaski 3554:Lviv pogroms (1941) 3455:Sonderaktion Krakau 2717:Dobroszycki, Lucjan 2387:Heberer, Patricia. 2178:Litzmannstadt-Getto 2044:Michal Latosinski. 1972:Michal Latosinski. 1747:Emmanuel Ringelblum 1458:on 8 February 2016. 1302:Friedrich Uebelhoer 1155:(1923–2011), writer 943:President of Poland 813:Forms of resistance 803:the Polish rescuers 260:Generalgouvernement 217:extermination camps 5342:51.79306; 19.46389 5186:West German trials 4981:Wannsee Conference 4768:Itzhak Katzenelson 4520:General Government 4005:Franz Reichleitner 3935:Fritz Hartjenstein 3925:Maximilian Grabner 3844:Bruno Streckenbach 3656:Grossaktion Warsaw 3309:Operation Reinhard 3004:. Berghahn Books. 2945:Simon Says Project 2870:Dr. B. Lee Hobbs, 2752:; Paperback, 1987. 2629:The New York Times 2474:. Seattle Catholic 2415:, pp. 53–56, 2329:"Polish Righteous" 1990:Struan Robertson. 1905:, 1984; pp. 68–69. 1506:Lucjan Dobroszycki 1181:Ruth Minsky Sender 1110:Under a Cruel Star 1075:Lucjan Dobroszycki 927: 874: 859:Lucjan Dobroszycki 827: 788:Auschwitz-Birkenau 759: 716:District of Lublin 700: 637: 602:Operation Reinhard 595:SS-Sturmbannführer 549:, as well as from 533: 508: 456: 355: 322:General Government 313:invasion of Poland 288: 282: March 1940. 221:invasion of Poland 171:Invasion of Poland 127:Auschwitz-Birkenau 5316: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5232: 5231: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5044: 5043: 5036:Sonderaktion 1005 4910: 4909: 4593: 4592: 4571:Ypatingasis būrys 4473: 4472: 4414:Johanna Langefeld 4409:Hildegard Lächert 4305: 4304: 4141:Alfred Trzebinski 4106:Franz von Bodmann 4058:Lorenz Hackenholt 3900:Theodor van Eupen 3839:Jakob Sporrenberg 3674: 3673: 3398: 3397: 3054:978-83-61743-16-3 3028:978-3-86854-203-5 3011:978-1-78920-720-0 2996:3/98, (June 1998) 2808:978-0-253-34755-8 2773:978-0-674-03879-0 2740:978-0-300-03924-5 2579:978-83-85022-04-6 2327:Archives (2015). 2210:on 2 October 2020 2198:Bałulis, Sabina. 2032:Internet Archive. 1946:978-1-891662-91-1 1792:978-1-315-09977-4 1595:Mariusz Kulesza, 1540:"The Łódź Ghetto" 1341:978-0-674-03879-0 1118:(1903–2017), the 1071: 1070: 1063: 1045: 809:in other places. 644: 612:. The stationary 292:Friedrich Übelhör 143: 142: 16:(Redirected from 5373: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5198:Treblinka trials 5183: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5099: 4997:Graebe affidavit 4990:Witness accounts 4936:Frank memorandum 4921: 4816: 4803:Szmul Zygielbojm 4793:Frumka Płotnicka 4753:Leon Feldhendler 4738:Icchak Cukierman 4692:Ghetto uprisings 4622: 4615: 4608: 4599: 4543:Schutzmannschaft 4364:Feodor Fedorenko 4314: 4222:Wolfgang Birkner 4010:Heinrich Schwarz 4000:Josef Oberhauser 3975:Heinrich Matthes 3859:Dieter Wisliceny 3849:Richard Thomalla 3824:Heinz Reinefarth 3774:Heinrich Himmler 3719: 3703: 3696: 3689: 3680: 3644:Other atrocities 3281: 3263: 3256: 3249: 3240: 3236: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3109: 3015: 2979:, Viking, 1989. 2822:Online Exhibit: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2744: 2725:. Translated by 2703: 2702: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2655: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2495:Almanach Polonii 2490: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2436:on 21 April 2016 2432:. Archived from 2426: 2420: 2410: 2404: 2401:Dobroszycki 1987 2398: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2364: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2324: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2263: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2233: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2206:. Archived from 2195: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2145: 2139: 2138:, 1984; p. lxii. 2136:Dobroszycki 1987 2133: 2127: 2124:Dobroszycki 1987 2121: 2112: 2106: 2097: 2096: 2090: 2082: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2050: 2041: 2035: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2011: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1969: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1930: 1921: 1912: 1906: 1903:Dobroszycki 1987 1900: 1894: 1891:Dobroszycki 1987 1888: 1882: 1872: 1866: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1814: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1770: 1764: 1744: 1735: 1732:Dobroszycki 1987 1729: 1723: 1722: 1716: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1688: 1682: 1679:Dobroszycki 1987 1676: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1631: 1625: 1618: 1613: 1607: 1593: 1584: 1583: 1577: 1569: 1553: 1551: 1535: 1524: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1512:, Washington D.C 1495: 1486: 1484: 1476: 1459: 1454:. Archived from 1447: 1441: 1440: 1432: 1430: 1414: 1395: 1388: 1377: 1362: 1353: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1321: 1306: 1296: 1279: 1272: 1144:Rudolf Margolius 1066: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1044: 1003: 979: 971: 792:Holocaust trains 764:Heinrich Himmler 642: 635:, September 1942 589:in German). The 563:Heinrich Himmler 422:Lodz Ghetto mark 281: 60: 48: 32: 21: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5351: 5350: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5308: 5275: 5228: 5219:Stutthof trials 5202: 5172: 5129: 5126: 5085: 5071:Holocaust train 5040: 5024: 5012:Witold's Report 5002:Gerstein Report 4985: 4951:Katzmann Report 4931:Auschwitz Album 4906: 4845: 4807: 4773:Michał Klepfisz 4721: 4680: 4629: 4626: 4589: 4529: 4499:Ordnungspolizei 4469: 4448: 4429:Erich Muhsfeldt 4359:Margot Dreschel 4344:Alexander Bülow 4301: 4297:Udo von Woyrsch 4287:Hermann Schaper 4282:Emanuel Schäfer 4267:Josef Meisinger 4227:Helmut Bischoff 4206: 4162:Heinz Auerswald 4150: 4092: 4040: 4034: 4030:Christian Wirth 3940:Gottlieb Hering 3863: 3829:Julian Scherner 3814:Georg Michalsen 3799:Franz Kutschera 3759:Odilo Globocnik 3710: 3707: 3670: 3639: 3501: 3459: 3440:Kielce cemetery 3394: 3331: 3270: 3267: 3230: 3141: 3136: 3095: 3012: 2999: 2972: 2970:Further reading 2928:Wayback Machine 2912:Wayback Machine 2901:Wayback Machine 2879:Wayback Machine 2849:Wayback Machine 2813: 2811: 2809: 2787: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2755: 2741: 2719:, ed. (1987) . 2715: 2712: 2707: 2706: 2699: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2603:Tablet Magazine 2596: 2595: 2591: 2580: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2439: 2437: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2417:"Pracuj powoli" 2411: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2367: 2355: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2326: 2325: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2265: 2264: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2242:The Łódź Ghetto 2235: 2234: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2204:Centrum Dialogu 2197: 2196: 2192: 2182: 2180: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2126:, 1984; p. lxi. 2122: 2115: 2107: 2100: 2083: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2025: 2021: 2004: 1997: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1976: 1971: 1970: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1932: 1931: 1924: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1885: 1879:"Natural" death 1877:, p. 223, 1873: 1869: 1861:, p. 117, 1857: 1853: 1849:, p. xlii. 1845: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1823:The Łódź Ghetto 1816: 1815: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1745: 1738: 1730: 1726: 1709: 1702: 1700: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1645: 1643: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1604:Wayback Machine 1594: 1587: 1570: 1549: 1547: 1537: 1536: 1527: 1517: 1515: 1497: 1496: 1489: 1482: 1474: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1428: 1426: 1416: 1415: 1398: 1389: 1380: 1363: 1356: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1323: 1322: 1309: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1236: 1227:Maurycy Trębacz 1204:Salomon Szapiro 1159:Oskar Rosenfeld 1153:Chava Rosenfarb 1116:Yisrael Kristal 1081:Mendel Grossman 1067: 1056: 1050: 1047: 1004: 1002: 992: 980: 969: 967:Notable inmates 939:Survivors' Park 912: 815: 783:Warsaw Uprising 751: 735: 704:Gettoverwaltung 525: 474:Chaim Rumkowski 452:Chaim Rumkowski 430: 406: 394:ghetto currency 347: 345:Ghetto policing 333:as far away as 233: 125: 113:Ordnungspolizei 111: 71: 51: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5379: 5377: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5353: 5352: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5285: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5261:Sobibór Museum 5258: 5253: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5189: 5187: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5139: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5102: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5018:Sonderkommando 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4961:Posen speeches 4958: 4956:Korherr Report 4953: 4948: 4946:Höfle telegram 4943: 4938: 4933: 4927: 4925: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4788:Witold Pilecki 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4763:Henryk Iwański 4760: 4758:Paweł Frenkiel 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4602: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4563:Arajs Kommando 4539: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4492: 4485:Einsatzgruppen 4481: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4439:Alice Orlowski 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4354:John Demjanjuk 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4320: 4318: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4252:Gerhard Flesch 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4218: 4216: 4213:Einsatzgruppen 4208: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4158: 4156: 4155:Ghetto command 4152: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4136:Horst Schumann 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4102: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3995:Johann Niemann 3992: 3987: 3982: 3980:Hermann Michel 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3955:Karl-Otto Koch 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3895:Irmfried Eberl 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3784:Fritz Katzmann 3781: 3776: 3771: 3769:Arthur Greiser 3766: 3764:Richard Glücks 3761: 3756: 3751: 3749:Ludwig Fischer 3746: 3741: 3739:Adolf Eichmann 3736: 3731: 3725: 3723: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3698: 3691: 3683: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3403:Mass shootings 3400: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3390:Danzig-Matzkau 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3355:Kraków-Płaszów 3352: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3289: 3287: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3265: 3258: 3251: 3243: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3094: 3093:External links 3091: 3090: 3089: 3074: 3056: 3038: 3031: 3016: 3010: 2997: 2987: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2966: 2958: 2949: 2941: 2931: 2915: 2890: 2868: 2861: 2851: 2839: 2833: 2820: 2807: 2785: 2772: 2753: 2739: 2727:Richard Lourie 2711: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2697: 2680: 2666: 2641: 2615: 2589: 2578: 2558: 2540: 2522: 2504: 2485: 2462: 2457:Dom i Miasto. 2447: 2421: 2405: 2393: 2380: 2365: 2359:, p. 53, 2349: 2316: 2294: 2280: 2255: 2221: 2190: 2165: 2140: 2128: 2113: 2098: 2062: 2036: 2019: 1982: 1959: 1945: 1922: 1917:, p. 52: 1907: 1895: 1893:, 1984; p. 59. 1883: 1867: 1851: 1836: 1806: 1797: 1791: 1765: 1736: 1734:, 1984; p. 61. 1724: 1683: 1681:, 1984; p. 52. 1671: 1662: 1653: 1626: 1608: 1585: 1525: 1487: 1463:Virtual Shtetl 1442: 1396: 1378: 1374:Martin C. Dean 1354: 1340: 1307: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1266: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1250: 1242: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1224: 1211: 1201: 1190: 1178: 1168: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1141: 1131: 1113: 1102: 1098:The Last Laugh 1084: 1078: 1069: 1068: 983: 981: 974: 968: 965: 946:Lech Kaczyński 911: 908: 814: 811: 768:Arthur Greiser 750: 747: 734: 731: 606:Final Solution 524: 521: 429: 426: 405: 402: 346: 343: 232: 229: 169:following the 141: 140: 134: 130: 129: 120: 116: 115: 99: 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 77: 73: 72: 61: 53: 52: 49: 41: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5378: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5349: 5346: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5158:Kielce pogrom 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5123: 5118: 5116: 5111: 5109: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4976:Stroop Report 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4916:Documentation 4913: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4748:Marek Edelman 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4634:Organizations 4632: 4623: 4618: 4616: 4611: 4609: 4604: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4535:Collaboration 4532: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4478:Organizations 4476: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4424:Eduard Lorenz 4422: 4420: 4419:Anton Lechner 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4404:Josef Kollmer 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4374:Kurt Gerstein 4372: 4370: 4369:Hans Hoffmann 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4339:Juana Bormann 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4277:Erich Naumann 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4232:Lothar Beutel 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4203: 4202:Jürgen Stroop 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4172:Josef Blösche 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4146:Eduard Wirths 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4131:Josef Mengele 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4121:Horst Fischer 4119: 4117: 4116:Karl Gebhardt 4114: 4112: 4111:Carl Clauberg 4109: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4083:Ludwig Plagge 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4073:Herbert Lange 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4053:Kurt Bolender 4051: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4025:Gustav Wagner 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3950:Franz Hössler 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3915:Karl Fritzsch 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3885:Wilhelm Boger 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3804:Erwin Lambert 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3789:Wilhelm Koppe 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3779:Hermann Höfle 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3744:Theodor Eicke 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3445:Aktion Krakau 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3415:Bloody Sunday 3413: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3337:Concentration 3334: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3285:Extermination 3282: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3264: 3259: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3153:The Holocaust 3151: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3121: 3119: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3086:0-299-22124-5 3083: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3072:965-308-045-8 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3018:Peter Klein, 3017: 3013: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2985:0-670-82983-8 2982: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2888: 2887:0-19-512285-2 2884: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2810: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2789:Trunk, Isaiah 2786: 2775: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2750:0-300-03208-0 2747: 2742: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2700: 2698:0-300-03924-7 2694: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2669: 2667:0-03-062416-9 2663: 2659: 2654: 2653: 2645: 2642: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2616: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2562: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2537:. 7 May 2018. 2536: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2489: 2486: 2473: 2466: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2378:, p. 53. 2377: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2283: 2281:0-7591-0963-X 2277: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2243: 2239: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2191: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2071:Frank, August 2066: 2063: 2047: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2009: 1993: 1986: 1983: 1975: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1948: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1824: 1820: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1761:0-8101-0963-8 1758: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1725: 1720: 1714: 1698: 1694: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1545: 1541: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1501: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1480: 1472: 1469:, as well as 1468: 1465: 1464: 1457: 1453: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1424: 1420: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1343: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1295: 1292: 1285: 1277: 1271: 1268: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1194:Edmund Speyer 1191: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173:(1877–1944), 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1148:Slánský trial 1145: 1142: 1139: 1138:Bergen-Belsen 1135: 1134:Rywka Lipszyc 1132: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1065: 1062: 1054: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1012: – 1011: 1010:"Łódź Ghetto" 1007: 1006:Find sources: 1000: 996: 990: 989: 984:This section 982: 978: 973: 972: 966: 964: 962: 958: 953: 951: 947: 944: 940: 936: 932: 924: 920: 916: 909: 907: 905: 904: 899: 898:pracuj powoli 895: 890: 888: 883: 879: 870: 866: 864: 860: 855: 850: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 825:in Łódź, 1940 824: 823:KZ Radogoszcz 819: 812: 810: 808: 807:the Holocaust 804: 799: 795: 793: 789: 784: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 755: 748: 746: 744: 740: 732: 730: 728: 723: 722: 717: 713: 709: 705: 697: 693: 689: 688:Volksdeutsche 684: 680: 678: 677:Germanisation 674: 671:according to 670: 669: 664: 660: 656: 652: 645: 634: 629: 625: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 598:Herbert Lange 596: 592: 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