1368:
484:"Non-phonographic" imperfections may involve noises that are generated by the performance ("coughing, sniffing, page-turning and chair sounds") or the environment ("passing vehicles, household noises, the sounds of neighbours and animals"). Harper acknowledges that the "appreciation of distortion and noise is not limited to lo-fi aesthetics, of course, and lo-fi aesthetics ... does not extend to all appreciations for distortion and noise. The difference lies in the ways in which distortion and noise are
845:
53:
555:
449:, or room acoustics). Musicologist Adam Harper identifies the difference as "phonographic" and "non-phonographic imperfections". He defines the former as "elements of a recording that are perceived (or imagined to be perceived) as detrimental to it and that originate in the specific operation of the recording medium itself. Today, they are usually the first characteristics people think about when the subject of 'lo-fi' is brought up."
421:
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924:
1151:. The most widely-read article was published by the same paper in August 1994 with the headline "Lo-Fi Rockers Opt for Raw Over Slick". In contrast to a similar story ran in the paper seven years earlier, which never deployed "lo-fi" in the context of an unprofessional recording, writer Matt Deihl conflated "lo-fi" with "DIY" and "a rough sound quality". He wrote:
303:" (DIY) qualities. Afterward, "DIY" was often used interchangeably with "lo-fi". By the end of the 1980s, qualities such as "home-recorded", "technically primitive", and "inexpensive equipment" were commonly associated with the "lo-fi" label, and throughout the 1990s, such ideas became central to how "lo-fi" was popularly understood. Consequently, in 2003, the
3810:
469:, to give a recording a feeling of "analogue warmth". Distortion that is generated as a byproduct of the recording process ("phonographic distortion") is typically avoided in professional contexts. "Tape saturation" and "saturation distortion" alternately describe the harmonic distortion that occurs when a
879:
wrote that "Moore might not have been the first rock musician to go entirely solo, recording every part from drums to guitar ... However, he was the first to explicitly aestheticize the home recording process itself ... making him the great-grandfather of lo-fi." Asked if he supported the "DIY/lo-fi
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was among the best-selling albums of 1970, but was critically panned. In 2005, after an interviewer suggested that it was possibly "one of the first big lo-fi records of its day", McCartney commented that it was "interesting" that younger fans were "looking back at something like that with some kind
1174:
denied having any association to its supposed movement. He said that although the band was being "championed as the pioneers of the lo-fi movement," he was not familiar with the term, and explained that " lot of people were picking up machines at the time ... Using a four-track became common enough
488:
to be imperfections in lo-fi." He also distinguishes between "recording imperfections" and "sonic imperfections occur as a result of imperfect sound-reproduction or - modulation equipment... Hypothetically, at least, lo-fi effects are created during recording and production itself, and perceptibly
1155:
Alternately called lo-fi, referring to the rough sound quality resulting from such an approach, or D.I.Y., an acronym for "do it yourself", this tradition is distinguished by an aversion to state-of-the-art recording techniques. ... In a world of sterile, digitally recorded Top 40, lo-fi elucidates
1382:
dissolved a theoretical technological division between professional and non-professional artists. Many of the prominent lo-fi acts of the 1990s adapted their sound to more professional standards and "bedroom" musicians began looking toward vintage equipment as a way to achieve an authentic lo-fi
907:
cited Moore as "one of the most famous" of the "few artists in cassetteland established a reputation, if even a cult one." From 1979 until the early 1980s, Moore was a staff member on WFMU, hosting a weekly "Bedroom Radio" show. Berger's "Low-Fi" program followed thereafter and effectively
980:
bands, were the most prominent exports of lo-fi music. According to AllMusic, the stylistic variety of their music often "fluctuated from simple pop and rock songs to free-form song structures to pure noise and arty experimentalism." Similar scenes also developed among DIY cassette-trading
1395:, and later recorded a cover version of one of the tracks included in a CD that came with the book ("Bright Lit Blue Skies"). At the time of his label debut, Pink was viewed as a novelty act, as there were virtually no other contemporary indie artists with a similar retro lo-fi sound.
689:, a record "which mimics aspects of Brian's compositional style in its abrupt transitions, mixture of various pop styles, and unusual production effects. But it must be remembered that the commercial failure of the Beach Boys' experiments was hardly motivation for imitation." In 2018,
1025:' mid-1980s records are credited with anticipating the lo-fi sound. AllMusic wrote that Tall Dwarfs' home-recorded releases presaged "the rise of what was ultimately dubbed 'lo-fi' as the sound began to grow in prominence and influence over the course of the decades to follow."
350:. Since then, there had been an increasing tendency to group all home-recorded music under the umbrella of "lo-fi". From these developments came "bedroom pop", a loosely-defined music genre referring to artists who record at home, rather than at traditional recording spaces.
840:
from a major label. Lo-fi musicians and fans were predominantly white, male and middle-class, and while most of the critical discourse interested in lo-fi was based in New York or London, the musicians themselves were largely from lesser metropolitan areas of the US.
310:
The identity of the party or parties who popularized the use of "lo-fi" cannot be determined definitively. It is generally suggested that the term was popularized through
William Berger's weekly half-hour radio show on the New Jersey-based independent radio station
452:
Recording imperfections may "fall loosely into two categories, distortion and noise", in Harper's view, although he acknowledges that definitions of "distortion" and "noise" vary and sometimes overlap. The most prominent form of distortion in lo-fi aesthetics is
500:(a thin, cheap sound), and might include noise such as hiss or record scratches. They could be distorted or wobbly in pitch." He offers the following methods for replicating lo-fi sounds: mixing levels so that they are unbalanced; placing obstructions between a
444:
or fluctuations in tape speed. The aesthetic may also extend to substandard or disaffected musical performances. Recordings deemed unprofessional or "amateurish" are usually with respect to performance (out-of-tune or out-of-time notes) or mixing (audible hiss,
359:
identified "bedroom pop" as "bloglike music that tries to make the world a better place through a perfect homemade song". By the 2010s, journalists would indiscriminately apply the term to any music with a "fuzzy" production quality,
671:(released in February 1972) was recorded almost entirely by Rundgren alone. The album included many of his best-known songs, as well as a spoken-word track ("Intro") in which he teaches the listener about recording flaws for an
319:, which lasted from 1986 to 1987. The program's contents consisted entirely of contributions solicited via mail and ran during a thirty-minute prime time evening slot every Friday. In the fall 1986 issue of the WFMU magazine
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During the 1990s, the media's usage of the word "indie" evolved from music "produced away from the music industry's largest record labels" to a particular style of rock or pop music viewed in the US as the "alternative to
1330:
From the late 1990s to 2000s, "lo-fi" was absorbed into regular indie discourse, where it mostly lost its connotations as an indie rock subcategory evoking "the slacker generation", "looseness", or "self-consciousness".
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interpreted the seeming-movement as a reaction against grunge music, "and a weak one, since lo-fi is just grunge with even grungier production values." In turn, he said, lo-fi inspired its own reaction in the form of
1020:
and the lo-fi indie rock of the 1990s. ... both musicians introduced the notion that lo-fi was not just acceptable but the special context of some extraordinary and brilliant musicians." Hailing from New
Zealand, the
337:
s
Anthony Carew argued that the term "lo-fi" had been commonly misused as a synonym for "warm" or "punchy" when it should be reserved for music that "sounds like it's recorded onto a broken answering-machine".
381:
called "bedroom pop" almost synonymous with "lo-fi", having been traditionally used as "a flattering way to dress up homespun demos and slacker aesthetics" before being recontextualized in later years as
1429:. Adam Harper reflected in 2013 that there was a growing tendency among critics such as Simon Reynolds to overstate Pink's influence by failing to acknowledge predecessors such as R. Stevie Moore and
884:
reporter referenced Moore as the progenitor of "bedroom pop", Moore responded that the notion was "hilarious" in light of his "bitter struggle to make a living and get some notoriety, I scoff at it."
880:
pioneer label", Moore explained that his approach resulted from "happenstance" rather than a calculated artistic decision, although he agreed that he "should be recognized as a pioneer". When a 2006
2845:
675:-type game he calls "Sounds of the Studio". He used the money gained from the album's success to build a personal recording studio in New York, where he recorded the less successful 1973 follow-up
1448:" or "chillhop" became popular among YouTube music streamers. Several of these YouTube channels attracted millions of followers. The foundation of this style came mainly from producers such as
1001:
label. They were rarely known as a "lo-fi" group during their active years, and were only noted for their pioneering role in the movement after the term's definition evolved in the mid 1990s.
597:
was initially met with confusion and disappointment, appreciation for the album grew after other artists released albums that reflected a similarly flawed and stripped-down quality, including
1398:
Previous lo-fi artists generally rejected the influence of 1980s pop radio that informed most of Pink's sound. Afterward, a type of music dubbed "hypnagogic pop" emerged among lo-fi and post-
481:
tools). Effects include a decrease in high-frequency signals and an increase in noise. Generally, lo-fi recordings are likely to have little or no frequency information above 10 kilohertz.
91:) and music production have evolved over the decades, meaning that some older examples of lo-fi may not have been originally recognized as such. Lo-fi began to be recognized as a style of
106:
Traditionally, lo-fi has been characterized by the inclusion of elements normally viewed as undesirable in professional contexts, such as misplayed notes, environmental interference, or
1268:
and "the community of like-minded critics and fans surrounding him" were especially pivotal in establishing modern notions of the lo-fi aesthetic. According to Adam Harper: "In short,
916:, according to critic Ned Raggett, could also be regarded as a forerunner to "any number of" independent lo-fi artists, including R. Stevie Moore and the underground Texas musician
1233:
of punk". Additionally, virtually every journalist referenced an increasing media coverage of lo-fi music while failing to acknowledge themselves as contributors to the trend.
103:"). Some subsets of lo-fi music have become popular for their perceived nostalgic and/or relaxing qualities, which originate from the imperfections that define the genre.
1074:(1991), alternative rock became a cultural talking point, and subsequently, the concept of a lo-fi movement coalesced between 1992 and 1994. Centered on artists such as
83:
quality in which elements usually regarded as imperfections in the context of a recording or performance are present, sometimes as a deliberate choice. The standards of
3169:
836:
and recording studios, and many guitar bands were formed on the then-novel premise that one could record and release their own music instead of having to procure a
543:
writes that the genre's recordings were made "cheaply and quickly, often on substandard equipment. In that sense, the earliest rock & roll records, most of the
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1104:
1272:
bridges the interests of the and the
Generation and those of , providing an early sketch, a portent – a 'leftfield blueprint', perhaps – of 00s movements like
903:. This technology allowed a broad range of musicians from underground circles to build fan bases through the dissemination of their cassette tapes. Music critic
1919:
1886:
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There was virtually no appreciation for the imperfections of lo-fi music among critics until the 1980s, during which there was an emergent romanticism for
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that any of his recordings were issued on a record label. The album achieved some notoriety among New York's punk and new wave circles. Matthew Ingram of
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top 10, ultimately became the most recognizable artist associated with the "lo-fi" tag. As a response to the "lo-fi" label, Guided by Voices bandleader
644:
In the early 1970s, there were a few other major recording artists who released music recorded with portable multi-tracking equipment; examples included
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1160:
The main focus in the piece was Beck and Guided by Voices, who had recently become popular acts in the indie rock subculture. Beck, whose 1994 single "
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2305:
369:
defined the term in 2020 as a genre of home-recorded music with a "dreamy, introspective and intimate" sound, and one which spans "across indie, pop,
199:
disc jockey
William Berger is usually credited with popularizing the term in 1986. At various points since the 1980s, "lo-fi" has been connected with
1418:
as new acts that were associated with him (aesthetically, personally, geographically, or professionally) attracted notice from critics. According to
1327:
and Royal Trux have been largely omitted owing either to the comparative paucity of their reception or to its lesser relevance to lo-fi aesthetics."
3500:
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as creating "quirky, slightly lo-fi homemade production married to simple pop songs with heavy echoes of both '50s rock & roll and
British
461:
of a device. However, this effect is not usually considered to be an imperfection. The same process is used for the electric guitar sounds of
436:
Lo-fi aesthetics are idiosyncrasies associated with the recording process. More specifically, those that are generally viewed in the field of
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719:(1969) as "a progenitor of both the loner/stoner and lo-fi movements", adding that the album "would not find a real audience for decades."
307:
added a second definition for the term—"a genre of rock music characterized by minimal production, giving a raw and unsophisticated sound".
729:
139:
2228:
1387:
and analog synthesizers. R. Stevie Moore was increasingly cited by emerging lo-fi acts as a primary influence. His most vocal advocate,
1236:
Several books were published that helped to "canonize" lo-fi acts, usually by comparing them favorably to older musicians. For example,
346:
The notion of "bedroom musicians" first emerged in the 21st century following the rise of laptop computers in many forms of popular or
2641:
1367:
3904:
3631:
2018:
406:
262:
At its most crudely sketched, lo-fi was primitivist and realist in the 1980s, postmodern in the 1990s, and archaicist in the 2000s.
323:, the program was described as "home recordings produced on inexpensive equipment. Technical primitivism coupled with brilliance."
2334:
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of respect", before adding that the album's "sort of ... hippie simplicity ... kind of resonates at this point in time, somehow."
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3889:
3884:
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s Jamie Atkins wrote in 2018 that many lo-fi acts would be indebted to the reverb-saturated sound of the Beach Boys' 1970 song "
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became the leading publications on music, while blogs and smaller websites took on the role previously occupied by fanzines.
682:
508:
in an unusual spot, such as in a wastebasket; recording with older, lower-quality instruments or equipment; and highlighting
3765:
3418:
2349:"Beatles Timeline: The Fab Four's 50 Most Memorable Moments" > "038. April, 1970: McCartney releases self-titled debut"
1296:
958:, featuring stark instrumentation, including a primitive drum machine, and a decidedly "bedroom" aura. Davyd Smith of the
586:
3190:
2531:
1414:, which included Pink among his examples. Pink was frequently referred to as the "godfather" of hypnagogic, chillwave or
2482:
330:
in 2008: "unpolished, amateurish, or technologically unsophisticated, esp. as a deliberate aesthetic choice." In 2017,
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232:
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magazine "managed to label every other band it featured in the first half as somehow lo-fi." One journalist in
740:, a 1970s Los Angeles musician, as "the weirdo king of bedroom pop, decades before the genre existed." In 2016,
3814:
3344:
Unknown
Legends of Rock 'n' Roll: Psychedelic Unknowns, Mad Geniuses, Punk Pioneers, Lo-Fi Mavericks & More
1434:
1266:
Unknown
Legends of Rock 'n' Roll: Psychedelic Unknowns, Mad Geniuses, Punk Pioneers, Lo-Fi Mavericks & More
1956:
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later wrote, "It's hard to imagine a more lo-fi, unambitious sound." Throughout the following decade, the
31:
2504:
3450:
2731:
2590:
677:
530:
353:"Bedroom pop" has also been invoked to describe a distinct aesthetic. Writing in 2006, Tammy LaGorce of
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2188:
1846:
1828:"Bedroom Pop is Dead: Listen to Mini Dresses' new 'Sad Eyes' EP, recorded by the duo in their kitchen"
828:
in the late 1970s, some sectors of popular music began to espouse a DIY ethos that heralded a wave of
667:
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756:(1971) as "pretty much the blueprint for every lo-fi indie pop album of the last 25 years", citing
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617:
612:
603:
454:
370:
216:
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1145:
In April 1993, the term "lo-fi" gained mainstream currency after it was featured as a headline in
52:
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3338:
2774:
2618:
1870:
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1147:
904:
895:, the first portable multi-track recorder of its kind to incorporate an "all-in-one" approach to
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581:
497:
446:
355:
130:
2820:
844:
3423:
3413:
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3324:
3300:
3195:
3170:"Bedroom Cassette Masters Want That Lo-Fi Electronica Your Uncle Graham Recorded Back in 1984"
3148:
3049:
3043:
2799:
2683:
2443:
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2255:
2167:
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2014:
2008:
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1406:, childhood memory, and outdated recording technology. The label was invented by journalist
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809:
782:
721:
513:
200:
169:
80:
2163:
Practical
Recording Techniques: The Step- By- Step Approach to Professional Audio Recording
1142:
genre, believing that the imperfections of lo-fi was what gave the music its authenticity.
1012:" category — much of it overlapping with lo-fi. Adam Harper credits the outsider musicians
554:
3717:
3580:
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3535:
3475:
3392:
3174:
1496:
1358:
1308:
1219:
1087:
1013:
860:
848:
837:
536:
181:
165:
135:
38:
3069:
539:, but "lo-fi" as it was understood after the 1990s can be traced to 1950s rock and roll.
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1938:
1579:
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3722:
3682:
3400:
2233:
1539:
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1179:
1171:
1114:
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had been recording full-length albums on reel-to-reel tape in his parents' basement in
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645:
570:
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402:
387:
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300:
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244:
212:
143:
119:
100:
1303:. "Other significant artists often aligned with 1990s lo-fi", Harper wrote, "such as
1044:
3828:
3732:
3646:
3585:
3565:
3510:
3443:
2310:
1920:"'My studio is an extra limb right now': bedroom pop, the perfect genre for lockdown"
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1249:
1213:
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986:
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969:
777:
649:
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509:
474:
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192:
153:
92:
84:
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224:
124:
111:
46:
42:
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1865:
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aesthetic, mirroring a similar trend in the 1990s concerning the revival of 1960s
208:
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3318:
3294:
3142:
2622:
2259:
1767:
3760:
3744:
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1316:
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1131:
1022:
909:
892:
747:
737:
715:
710:
608:
544:
204:
191:
Although "lo-fi" has been in the cultural lexicon for approximately as long as "
157:
118:, and so on). Pioneering, influential, or otherwise significant artists include
57:
2707:
923:
3692:
3651:
3570:
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1388:
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1135:
965:
757:
752:
505:
501:
478:
424:
185:
107:
1264:, Guided By Voices, Daniel Johnston, Beck and Pavement. Richie Unterberger's
1207:"Lo-fi" was applied inconsistently throughout the 1990s. Writing in the book
908:
established lo-fi as a distinct movement associated with the spirit of punk.
3505:
3480:
2261:
Catch a Wave: The Rise, Fall, and
Redemption of the Beach Boys' Brian Wilson
1491:
1466:
1441:
1403:
1352:
1261:
1230:
1184:
1070:
1017:
998:
994:
977:
938:
864:
819:
598:
548:
470:
240:
228:
115:
1807:"Meet Rubber Tracks Boston: The Studio That Lets Musicians Record For Free"
489:
remain in master recordings that are then identically copied for release."
231:. The notion of "bedroom" musicians expanded following the rise of modern
17:
3560:
3438:
3073:
2824:
2735:
2626:
2213:
1471:
1139:
769:
672:
540:
88:
3265:"How 'Lofi Hip Hop Radio to Relax/Study to' Became a YouTube Phenomenon"
2335:"Tips from the Top: The Making of Todd Rundgren's 'Something/Anything?'"
1187:". A reaction against both grunge and lo-fi, according to AllMusic, was
3545:
2463:"100 Records That Set the World on Fire (While No One Was Listening)".
1506:
1453:
1449:
1095:
1079:
896:
833:
787:
626:
220:
173:
1240:(1995) contained a chapter titled "The Lo-Fi Top 10", which mentioned
625:
with inventing "the kind of lo-fi bedroom pop that would later propel
2532:"David Bowie Influenced More Musical Genres Than Any Other Rock Star"
1811:
1563:"Beats to Relax/Study To: Contradiction and Paradox in Lo-Fi Hip Hop"
1415:
973:
917:
888:
161:
2229:"Busy Doin' Somethin': Uncovering Brian Wilson's Lost Bedroom Tapes"
3361:
1191:, which drew heavily from the rich orchestrations of Brian Wilson,
851:(pictured in 2011) is frequently referred to as the "godfather" of
3795:
1366:
1090:, most of the writing about alternative and lo-fi aligned it with
1043:
922:
843:
589:; the albums were later referred to as part of Wilson's so-called
553:
51:
2007:
Jenkins III, Henry; Shattuc, Jane; McPherson, Tara, eds. (2003).
477:(a common aspect of tape recorder maintenance that is fixed with
239:. In the late 2000s, lo-fi aesthetics served as the basis of the
1425:
s Marc Hogan, each of those tags described what was essentially
1304:
1229:(1991) with "inventing" lo-fi, characterizing the genre as "the
1175:
that they had to find a category for it: DIY, lo-fi, whatever."
1083:
312:
196:
177:
3365:
2378:"Paul McCartney Walks the Fine Line Between Chaos and Creation"
1742:"Shit From an Old Cardboard Box, incl. Uncle Wiggly Tour Diary"
457:, which can occur when an audio signal is amplified beyond the
374:
3025:
3023:
2097:
Audio Engineering 101: A Beginner's Guide to Music Production
1939:"What even is Bedroom Pop, and why is now the time to care?"
1138:, there was a faction of indie rock that viewed grunge as a
3697:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1134:
was well known for being fond of Johnston, K Records, and
1118:(both released 1991) which led to the genre being called "
2010:
Hop on Pop: The Politics and Pleasures of Popular Culture
235:, leading to the invention of the nearly synonymous term
3124:
3122:
3109:
3107:
804:
1970s–1980s: Indie, cassette culture, and outsider music
393:
Many of the associated artists have rejected the label.
95:
in the 1990s, when it became alternately referred to as
2998:
2996:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1008:
was responsible for inventing and popularizing the "
3753:
3660:
3599:
3489:
3399:
2433:"After Sundown: The Beach Boys' Experimental Music"
968:spheres of the American underground (bands such as
413:
2787:
2785:
2481:
1561:Winston, Emma; Saywood, Lawrence (December 2019).
3144:Dawn of the DAW: The Studio As Musical Instrument
2792:Mantie, Roger; Smith, Gareth Dylan, eds. (2017).
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1029:1990s: Changed definitions of "lo-fi" and "indie"
700:remain "evident on bedroom auteurs to this day".
2846:"Meltdown Festival, Young Marble Giants, review"
2189:"DIY Music: How Musicians Did It For Themselves"
1957:"Don't Call it Bedroom Pop: The New Wave of DIY"
496:, states that "lo-fi sounds might have a narrow
2795:The Oxford Handbook of Music Making and Leisure
2155:
2153:
1153:
260:
2860:"R.E.M.'s Radio Free Europe | Studio 360"
2440:Understanding Rock: Essays in Musical Analysis
2204:
2202:
1283:The "lo-fi" tag also extended to acts such as
696:s Sam Sodsky noted that the "fingerprints" of
685:compared the Beach Boys' late-1960s albums to
3377:
2701:
2699:
2697:
1016:and Jandek with "form a bridge between 1980s
989:acts. One of the most recognizable bands was
8:
2438:. In Covach, John; Boone, Graeme M. (eds.).
1164:" was recorded in a kitchen and reached the
1126:and lo-fi came with respect to the music's "
551:of the late '70s could be tagged as Lo-Fi."
425:Todd Rundgren's "Sounds of the Studio" from
30:"Lo-fi" redirects here. For other uses, see
2725:
2723:
2469:. No. 175. September 1998. p. 38.
2013:. Duke University Press. pp. 357–367.
1772:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 106.
1535:Lo-Fi Aesthetics in Popular Music Discourse
440:as undesirable effects, such as a degraded
269:Lo-Fi Aesthetics in Popular Music Discourse
3384:
3370:
3362:
2166:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 229–233.
525:1950s–1970s: Origins and influential works
3791:Music technology (electronic and digital)
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2483:"Wake The World: The Beach Boys 1967-'73"
2402:
2400:
1578:
1343:2000s–2010s: Hypnagogic pop and chillwave
703:Among other notable examples, writers of
2770:"In Their Rooms, Shrinking Violets Sing"
2613:
2611:
1866:"In Their Rooms, Shrinking Violets Sing"
1211:(2003), Tony Grajeda said that by 1995,
641:with originating "the idea of DIY pop".
3147:. Oxford University Press. p. 29.
2798:. Oxford University Press. p. 93.
2565:"AllMusic Review by Richie Unterberger"
2442:. Oxford University Press. p. 53.
1847:"Call & Response: Foxes In Fiction"
1826:Morotta, Michael (September 12, 2016).
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1524:
3244:"Why Glo-Fi's Future Is Not Ephemeral"
3229:
3128:
3113:
3098:
3086:
3029:
3014:
3002:
2987:
2975:
2963:
2900:
2888:
2876:
2662:
2642:"Twee as Fuck: The Story of Indie Pop"
2589:Heatley, Michael (February 25, 2015).
2409:"Todd Rundgren: A Wizard, a True Star"
2144:
2132:
2120:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
1981:
1792:
1727:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1623:
1602:
1402:who engaged with elements of cultural
1156:the raw seams of the artistic process.
652:. Produced shortly after the Beatles'
561:(pictured in 1967) recorded albums at
410:
2749:Stevens, Andrew (December 13, 2006).
2306:"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time"
585:were lo-fi albums recorded mostly in
7:
2503:Bloom, Madison (November 15, 2019).
824:With the emergence of punk rock and
760:as a descendant. Active since 1969,
633:, and other characters." Editors at
587:Brian Wilson's makeshift home studio
326:A third definition was added to the
288:, defined the term as "unfavourable
284:, in the glossary for his 1977 book
2544:from the original on August 9, 2016
2505:"Peter Ivers: Becoming Peter Ivers"
2333:Simons, Dace (September 15, 2006).
1937:Williams, Jenessa (June 12, 2020).
1122:". Some of the delineation between
1098:" stereotypes that originated from
504:and the sound sources; placing the
3213:(August 2009). "Childhood's End".
2913:Abebe, Nitsuh (January 18, 2006).
2640:Abebe, Nitsuh (October 24, 2005),
2407:Sodomsky, Sam (January 20, 2018).
2286:"The 200 Best Albums of the 1960s"
2227:Chidester, Brian (March 7, 2014).
2187:Chilton, Martin (August 1, 2018).
1845:Taroy, Aldrin (February 5, 2011).
492:Bruce Bartlett, in his 2013 guide
25:
3632:Recording studio as an instrument
2821:"JW Farquhar – The Formal Female"
1805:Diplano, Michael (July 1, 2015).
1700:. About.com Guide. Archived from
656:, the home-recorded solo release
473:approaches its limit of residual
407:Recording studio as an instrument
60:set-up with 1980s–1990s equipment
3808:
3189:Reynolds, Simon (June 6, 2010).
3168:Noisey Staff (August 18, 2016).
2591:"Original Album Series Roy Wood"
1885:Adams, Sean (January 22, 2015).
1696:Carew, Anthony (March 8, 2017).
1130:". Even though Nirvana frontman
621:writer Mark Richardson credited
419:
3320:The A to X of Alternative Music
2768:LaGorce, Tammy (May 21, 2006).
2682:Harper, Adam (April 23, 2014).
2530:Lynch, Joe (January 14, 2016).
2376:Day, Brent (October 26, 2005).
1864:LaGorce, Tammy (May 21, 2006).
1580:10.5429/2079-3871(2019)v9i2.4en
1238:Rolling Stone's Alt-Rock-a-Rama
1034:Relation to "alternative" music
140:the godfather of home recording
3296:DIY: The Rise of Lo-fi Culture
3263:Winkie, Luke (July 15, 2022).
3242:Pounds, Ross (June 30, 2010).
3048:. A&C Black. p. 122.
3045:Guided By Voices' Bee Thousand
867:, but it was not until 1976's
494:Practical Recording Techniques
1:
2706:Ingram, Matthew (June 2012).
2684:"Essay: Shades of Ariel Pink"
1918:Wray, Daniel (May 12, 2020).
1440:In the late 2010s, a form of
1064:'". Following the success of
931:
736:writer Madison Bloom crowned
547:of the '60s, and much of the
3855:Cassette culture 1970s–1990s
3815:Record production portal
1410:in an August 2009 piece for
912:'s home-recorded 1973 album
3786:Music technology (electric)
3347:. Hal Leonard Corporation.
3141:Bell, Adam Patrick (2018).
2751:"extreme stylistic variety"
2480:Atkins, Jamie (July 2018).
976:), along with some British
952:released their only album,
746:writer Joe Lynch described
3921:
2100:. CRC Press. p. 241.
1380:digital audio workstations
1356:
1346:
1178:At the time, music critic
1037:
817:
807:
764:, and their spinoff group
563:Brian Wilson's home studio
528:
465:, and since the advent of
400:
390:without the braggadocio."
276:Lo-fi is the opposite of
233:digital audio workstations
227:stereotypes, and cultural
36:
29:
3804:
1984:, pp. 15–16, 21, 29.
1746:WFMU's Beware of the Blog
832:, distribution networks,
418:
251:Definitions and etymology
3905:American styles of music
3042:Woodworth, Marc (2006).
2978:, pp. 273–274, 294.
2160:Bartlett, Bruce (2013).
948:In 1980, the Welsh trio
796:(1973) as "lo-fi, retro
110:imperfections (degraded
37:Not to be confused with
3895:2020s in American music
3890:2010s in American music
3885:2000s in American music
3880:1990s in American music
3875:1980s in American music
3870:1970s in American music
3865:1960s in American music
3860:1950s in American music
2730:Mason, Stewart (n.d.).
2264:. Rodale. p. 126.
1887:"The DiS Class of 2015"
1769:An Alternative Internet
1698:"Genre Profile – Lo-Fi"
1477:List of lo-fi musicians
1431:the Cleaners from Venus
386:without the thrashing;
377:". Jenessa Williams of
286:The Tuning of the World
2915:"Tall Dwarfs Weeville"
2708:"Here Comes the Flood"
1375:
1246:the Velvet Underground
1158:
1056:
945:
856:
780:." Michael Heatley of
566:
264:
61:
32:Lo-fi (disambiguation)
3703:Ghostwriters in music
3293:Spencer, Amy (2005).
2563:Unterberger, Richie.
2094:Dittmar, Tim (2013).
1766:Atton, Chris (2004).
1532:Harper, Adam (2014).
1370:
1203:Genre crystallization
1047:
926:
847:
678:A Wizard, a True Star
557:
531:Rock and roll revival
290:signal-to-noise ratio
55:
3232:, pp. 334, 338.
3032:, pp. 276, 283.
2652:on February 24, 2011
2314:. September 22, 2020
1289:Nothing Painted Blue
768:, were described by
256:Evolution of "lo-fi"
3339:Unterberger, Richie
2619:Unterberger, Richie
1626:, pp. 44, 117.
1605:, pp. 3–4, 10.
1378:The rise of modern
1223:credited Sebadoh's
1004:Elsewhere, WFMU DJ
950:Young Marble Giants
668:Something/Anything?
604:John Wesley Harding
535:DIY music predates
455:harmonic distortion
427:Something/Anything?
3617:Hip hop production
2848:. August 28, 2015.
2775:The New York Times
2623:"Cassette Culture"
2357:. February 7, 2014
2294:. August 22, 2017.
2256:Carlin, Peter Ames
2084:, pp. 20, 25.
1871:The New York Times
1542:. pp. 2–3, 44
1376:
1374:performing in 2010
1297:Alastair Galbraith
1285:the Mountain Goats
1256:, Beat Happening,
1148:The New York Times
1057:
1055:(pictured in 2006)
946:
941:and co-founder of
905:Richie Unterberger
857:
830:independent labels
774:Richie Unterberger
569:Released in 1967,
567:
565:from 1967 to 1972.
498:frequency response
356:The New York Times
62:
3822:
3821:
3424:Critical distance
3354:978-1-61774-469-3
3330:978-0-8264-8217-4
3323:. A&C Black.
3306:978-0-7145-3105-2
3299:. Marion Boyars.
3196:Los Angeles Times
3154:978-0-19-029660-5
3055:978-0-8264-1748-0
2966:, pp. 36–39.
2805:978-0-19-024470-5
2732:"R. Stevie Moore"
2665:, pp. 33–34.
2449:978-0-19-988012-6
2271:978-1-59486-320-2
2173:978-1-136-12534-8
2123:, pp. 26–27.
2107:978-1-136-11174-7
2060:, pp. 18–19.
1779:978-0-7486-1769-2
1740:Berger, William.
1444:music tagged as "
1427:psychedelic music
1110:Richard Linklater
997:, an influential
993:(1984–1992) from
914:The Formal Female
766:Lieutenant Pigeon
762:Stavely Makepeace
631:Animal Collective
514:sound reflections
467:digital recording
438:audio engineering
434:
433:
348:avant-garde music
328:Oxford Dictionary
305:Oxford Dictionary
282:R. Murray Schafer
280:. Music educator
67:(also typeset as
16:(Redirected from
3912:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3728:Session musician
3393:Music production
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2595:Record Collector
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2489:Record Collector
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2429:Harrison, Daniel
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1963:. April 17, 2018
1953:
1947:
1946:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1899:on April 1, 2018
1895:. Archived from
1892:Drowned in Sound
1882:
1876:
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1709:
1704:on April 4, 2015
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1600:
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1100:Douglas Coupland
1076:Guided by Voices
1053:Guided by Voices
961:Evening Standard
936:
933:
810:Cassette culture
783:Record Collector
727:
722:Record Collector
695:
423:
422:
411:
336:
272:
201:cassette culture
170:Guided by Voices
79:) is a music or
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3749:
3718:Record producer
3671:
3667:
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3610:
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3595:
3536:Double tracking
3492:
3485:
3476:Sound recording
3414:Audio mastering
3395:
3390:
3355:
3337:
3331:
3313:
3307:
3292:
3289:
3287:Further reading
3284:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3219:. No. 306.
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2716:. No. 340.
2705:
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2646:Pitchfork Media
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2193:UDiscover Music
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1497:Noise reduction
1462:
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1400:noise musicians
1393:Unknown Legends
1365:
1359:Chill-out music
1355:
1347:Main articles:
1345:
1270:Unknown Legends
1205:
1042:
1036:
1031:
1014:Daniel Johnston
934:
891:introduced the
861:R. Stevie Moore
849:R. Stevie Moore
838:record contract
822:
816:
808:Main articles:
806:
790:'s debut album
725:
693:
683:Daniel Harrison
681:. Musicologist
537:written history
533:
527:
522:
430:, YouTube video
420:
414:External videos
409:
399:
397:Characteristics
363:Daniel Wray of
344:
334:
274:
266:
258:
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166:Daniel Johnston
138:(often called "
136:R. Stevie Moore
50:
39:Chill-out music
35:
28:
27:Music aesthetic
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3918:
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3723:Rhythm section
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3683:Audio engineer
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3629:
3627:Overproduction
3624:
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3597:
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3556:Exciter effect
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2980:
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2893:
2881:
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2869:
2851:
2837:
2819:Raggett, Ned.
2811:
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1974:
1948:
1943:The Forty-Five
1929:
1910:
1877:
1856:
1837:
1818:
1797:
1785:
1778:
1758:
1732:
1715:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1628:
1607:
1586:
1553:
1540:Wadham College
1523:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1512:SoundCloud rap
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1349:Hypnagogic pop
1344:
1341:
1278:hypnagogic pop
1254:Billy Childish
1204:
1201:
1193:Burt Bacharach
1180:Simon Reynolds
1172:Robert Pollard
1049:Robert Pollard
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1010:outsider music
991:Beat Happening
955:Colossal Youth
943:Beat Happening
937:), founder of
928:Calvin Johnson
899:, mixing, and
882:New York Times
853:home recording
814:Outsider music
805:
802:
730:All I Wanna Do
646:Paul McCartney
571:the Beach Boys
559:The Beach Boys
526:
523:
521:
518:
432:
431:
416:
415:
403:Noise in music
398:
395:
388:Soundcloud rap
384:midwestern emo
379:The Forty-Five
343:
340:
301:do-it-yourself
297:home-recording
267:—Adam Harper,
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:music genres.
245:hypnagogic pop
213:outsider music
144:Paul McCartney
120:the Beach Boys
101:do it yourself
58:bedroom studio
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3917:
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3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3766:Interpolation
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3733:Backup singer
3731:
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3726:
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3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:Wall of Sound
3645:
3643:
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3592:
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3582:
3579:
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3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:Octave effect
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:Chorus effect
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3444:Wah-wah pedal
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
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3404:
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3356:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3315:Taylor, Steve
3312:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3274:September 13,
3270:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3198:
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3145:
3137:
3134:
3130:
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3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3101:, p. 46.
3100:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3070:"Chamber pop"
3065:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3008:
3005:, p. 44.
3004:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2945:
2941:
2940:"Tall Dwarfs"
2935:
2932:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2894:
2891:, p. 48.
2890:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2755:3:AM Magazine
2752:
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2715:
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2702:
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2628:
2624:
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2608:
2596:
2592:
2585:
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2570:
2566:
2559:
2556:
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2538:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2510:
2506:
2499:
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2456:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2389:September 13,
2385:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2356:
2355:
2354:billboard.com
2350:
2344:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2318:September 22,
2313:
2312:
2311:Rolling Stone
2307:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2147:, p. 16.
2146:
2141:
2138:
2135:, p. 29.
2134:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2072:, p. 20.
2071:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2048:, p. 18.
2047:
2042:
2039:
2036:, p. 12.
2035:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2020:0-8223-8350-0
2016:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1867:
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1848:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1795:, p. 47.
1794:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1759:
1751:September 19,
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1730:, p. 10.
1729:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1651:, p. 11.
1650:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:IASPM Journal
1564:
1557:
1554:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
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1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:lo-fi hip hop
1443:
1438:
1436:
1435:Martin Newell
1432:
1428:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:space age pop
1381:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:, Liz Phair,
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:Half Japanese
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1214:Rolling Stone
1210:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1197:Lee Hazlewood
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:hardcore punk
984:
979:
975:
971:
970:college radio
967:
963:
962:
957:
956:
951:
944:
940:
929:
925:
921:
919:
915:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
878:
877:
872:
871:
866:
862:
854:
850:
846:
842:
839:
835:
831:
827:
821:
815:
811:
803:
801:
799:
795:
794:
789:
785:
784:
779:
778:novelty music
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:
749:
745:
744:
739:
735:
731:
724:
723:
718:
717:
712:
708:
707:
701:
699:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:
674:
670:
669:
664:
661:
660:
655:
651:
650:Todd Rundgren
647:
642:
640:
636:
635:Rolling Stone
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:
614:
610:
606:
605:
600:
596:
592:
591:Bedroom Tapes
588:
584:
583:
578:
577:
572:
564:
560:
556:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
532:
524:
519:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
487:
482:
480:
476:
475:magnetization
472:
468:
464:
463:rock and roll
460:
459:dynamic range
456:
450:
448:
443:
439:
429:
428:
417:
412:
408:
404:
396:
394:
391:
389:
385:
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368:
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333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
308:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:High fidelity
273:
270:
263:
255:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:high fidelity
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:Todd Rundgren
151:
150:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:
127:
126:
121:
117:
113:
112:audio signals
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
93:popular music
90:
86:
85:sound quality
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
54:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3806:
3771:Loudness war
3738:Ghost singer
3713:Orchestrator
3708:Horn section
3621:
3591:Reverse echo
3551:Equalization
3521:Delay effect
3471:Punch in/out
3466:Ping-ponging
3434:Effects unit
3429:Effects loop
3419:Audio mixing
3409:Audio filter
3343:
3319:
3295:
3272:. Retrieved
3268:
3258:
3247:
3237:
3225:
3214:
3211:Keenan, Dave
3205:
3194:
3191:"Ariel Pink"
3184:
3173:
3163:
3143:
3136:
3094:
3082:
3064:
3044:
3037:
3010:
2983:
2971:
2959:
2947:. Retrieved
2943:
2934:
2922:. Retrieved
2918:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2840:
2830:February 22,
2828:. Retrieved
2814:
2794:
2773:
2763:
2754:
2744:
2711:
2687:
2658:
2650:the original
2645:
2635:
2598:. Retrieved
2594:
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2568:
2558:
2546:. Retrieved
2535:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2511:. Condé Nast
2508:
2498:
2487:
2475:
2464:
2458:
2439:
2423:
2412:
2387:. Retrieved
2381:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2352:
2343:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2309:
2300:
2289:
2280:
2260:
2250:
2240:December 11,
2238:. Retrieved
2232:
2222:
2192:
2182:
2162:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2096:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2009:
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1960:
1951:
1942:
1932:
1924:The Guardian
1923:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1897:the original
1890:
1880:
1869:
1859:
1850:
1840:
1831:
1821:
1810:
1800:
1788:
1768:
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:
1735:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:the original
1675:, p. 9.
1668:
1663:, p. 5.
1656:
1573:(2): 40–54.
1570:
1566:
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1534:
1527:
1487:Minimal wave
1439:
1419:
1411:
1408:David Keenan
1397:
1392:
1377:
1363:Lofi hip hop
1336:
1332:
1329:
1309:the Grifters
1282:
1269:
1265:
1242:Hasil Adkins
1237:
1235:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1177:
1165:
1159:
1154:
1146:
1144:
1128:authenticity
1120:slacker rock
1113:
1105:Generation X
1103:
1092:Generation X
1069:
1058:
1040:Slacker rock
1006:Irwin Chusid
1003:
959:
953:
947:
935: 2000s
913:
886:
881:
874:
868:
859:Since 1968,
858:
823:
793:Wizzard Brew
791:
781:
751:
741:
733:
720:
714:
704:
702:
697:
690:
686:
676:
666:
665:
657:
643:
638:
634:
623:Smiley Smile
622:
616:
602:
595:Smiley Smile
594:
580:
576:Smiley Smile
574:
568:
534:
493:
491:
485:
483:
451:
442:audio signal
435:
426:
392:
378:
366:The Guardian
364:
362:
354:
352:
345:
331:
327:
325:
320:
316:
309:
304:
294:
285:
275:
268:
265:
261:
236:
225:Generation X
217:authenticity
190:
147:
129:
125:Smiley Smile
123:
108:phonographic
105:
96:
77:low fidelity
76:
75:; short for
72:
68:
64:
63:
47:Slacker rock
43:Lofi hip hop
3850:Noise music
3845:DIY culture
3840:Indie music
3835:Lo-fi music
3761:Click track
3745:Vocal coach
3688:Backup band
3668:professions
3642:Turntablism
3516:Compression
3501:Pitch shift
3461:Overdubbing
3401:Engineering
3249:The Quietus
3230:Harper 2014
3129:Harper 2014
3114:Harper 2014
3099:Harper 2014
3087:Harper 2014
3030:Harper 2014
3015:Harper 2014
3003:Harper 2014
2988:Harper 2014
2976:Harper 2014
2964:Harper 2014
2901:Harper 2014
2889:Harper 2014
2877:Harper 2014
2663:Harper 2014
2600:January 25,
2361:November 1,
2145:Harper 2014
2133:Harper 2014
2121:Harper 2014
2082:Harper 2014
2070:Harper 2014
2058:Harper 2014
2046:Harper 2014
2034:Harper 2014
1982:Harper 2014
1793:Harper 2014
1728:Harper 2014
1673:Harper 2014
1661:Harper 2014
1649:Harper 2014
1624:Harper 2014
1603:Harper 2014
1482:Microgenres
1391:, had read
1325:Portastatic
1313:Silver Jews
1260:, Sebadoh,
1226:Sebadoh III
1189:chamber pop
1132:Kurt Cobain
1062:alternative
1023:Tall Dwarfs
1018:primitivism
910:JW Farquhar
897:overdubbing
893:Portastudio
870:Phonography
798:rock'n'roll
748:David Bowie
738:Peter Ivers
711:Skip Spence
613:White Album
609:the Beatles
607:(1967) and
593:. Although
545:garage rock
342:Bedroom pop
237:bedroom pop
209:primitivism
158:Peter Ivers
3829:Categories
3693:Bandleader
3652:Xenochrony
3607:aesthetics
3571:Noise gate
3531:Distortion
3493:processing
3456:Microphone
1519:References
1502:Noise rock
1389:Ariel Pink
1372:Ariel Pink
1357:See also:
1321:Superchunk
1301:Lou Barlow
1293:Chris Knox
1274:hauntology
1258:Royal Trux
1209:Hop on Pop
1136:the Shaggs
1038:See also:
966:indie rock
930:(pictured
818:See also:
786:describes
758:Ariel Pink
753:Hunky Dory
639:Wild Honey
582:Wild Honey
529:See also:
506:microphone
502:microphone
486:understood
479:degaussing
447:distortion
401:See also:
186:Ariel Pink
131:Wild Honey
81:production
56:A minimal
18:Lofi music
3603:Practices
3506:Auto-Tune
3481:Tape loop
3451:Diffusion
2944:All Music
2919:Pitchfork
2688:Dummy Mag
2537:Billboard
2515:April 21,
2509:Pitchfork
2414:Pitchfork
2291:Pitchfork
1832:Vanyaland
1546:March 10,
1492:Noise pop
1467:Cloud rap
1442:downtempo
1420:Pitchfork
1404:nostalgia
1353:Chillwave
1333:Pitchfork
1262:Liz Phair
1231:soft rock
1185:post-rock
1167:Billboard
1102:'s novel
1071:Nevermind
999:indie pop
995:K Records
978:post-punk
972:favorite
939:K Records
887:In 1979,
865:Tennessee
820:Indie pop
743:Billboard
734:Pitchfork
691:Pitchfork
659:McCartney
637:credited
618:Pitchfork
599:Bob Dylan
573:' albums
549:punk rock
471:tape head
332:About.com
315:, titled
241:chillwave
229:nostalgia
207:of punk,
205:DIY ethos
149:McCartney
116:tape hiss
97:DIY music
3678:Arranger
3637:Sampling
3561:Flanging
3439:Talk box
3341:(1998).
3317:(2006).
3216:The Wire
3074:AllMusic
2949:March 2,
2924:March 2,
2825:AllMusic
2736:AllMusic
2713:The Wire
2627:AllMusic
2621:(1999).
2574:March 9,
2569:AllMusic
2548:July 25,
2542:Archived
2466:The Wire
2431:(1997).
2258:(2006).
2214:AllMusic
1903:March 9,
1708:March 9,
1472:Dolewave
1460:See also
1412:The Wire
1337:The Wire
1140:sell-out
1112:'s film
1088:Pavement
901:bouncing
876:The Wire
834:fanzines
826:new wave
770:AllMusic
706:The Wire
673:egg hunt
654:break-up
615:(1968).
541:AllMusic
182:Pavement
89:fidelity
3581:Pumping
3546:Ducking
3491:Signal
2210:"Lo-Fi"
1967:June 4,
1961:Complex
1538:(PDF).
1507:Skiffle
1454:J Dilla
1450:Nujabes
1115:Slacker
1096:slacker
1080:Sebadoh
1066:Nirvana
983:hip-hop
788:Wizzard
709:credit
627:Sebadoh
520:History
371:R&B
221:slacker
174:Sebadoh
99:(from "
3781:Medley
3776:Mashup
3586:Reverb
3576:Phaser
3351:
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3269:Jambox
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1851:BlogTo
1812:Uproxx
1776:
1416:glo-fi
1299:, and
1195:, and
1124:grunge
1086:, and
974:R.E.M.
918:Jandek
889:Tascam
698:Wizard
687:Wizard
317:Low-Fi
271:(2014)
203:, the
184:, and
162:Jandek
73:low-fi
3796:Remix
3754:Other
3664:Roles
3622:Lo-fi
3525:STEED
2436:(PDF)
2383:Paste
2234:Paste
1423:'
1162:Loser
1094:and "
726:'
694:'
510:spill
335:'
299:and "
65:Lo-fi
45:, or
3349:ISBN
3325:ISBN
3301:ISBN
3276:2022
3175:Vice
3149:ISBN
3050:ISBN
2951:2021
2926:2021
2864:WNYC
2832:2015
2800:ISBN
2602:2024
2576:2018
2550:2016
2517:2023
2444:ISBN
2391:2018
2363:2017
2320:2020
2266:ISBN
2242:2014
2168:ISBN
2102:ISBN
2015:ISBN
1969:2023
1905:2018
1774:ISBN
1753:2014
1710:2018
1548:2018
1452:and
1361:and
1351:and
1335:and
1317:Smog
1305:Ween
1276:and
1220:Spin
1108:and
1084:Beck
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648:and
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512:and
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313:WFMU
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197:WFMU
178:Beck
142:"),
128:and
69:lofi
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1280:".
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