27:
147:
115:
85:
100:, the fuselage stations are measured in the opposite direction than the ticks on the x-axis (and might not be aligned at all, if the wind-aligned coordinate system is used to describe the flight). Some manufacturers use the designation "body stations", with the corresponding abbreviation BS.
134:. The base line of the aircraft is designated as waterline 0 (zero). The location of this base line varies on different types of aircraft. However. the planes of all waterlines above and below the zero waterline are parallel. The waterline number (WL or W.L.) in the US is expressed in
138:, values increase upwards. Two typical alignments for the base line are the tip of the nose (negative WL are possible) or the "nominal ground plane" (measurements will be nonnegative).
348:
303:
88:
Fuselage stations on a scheme of a fuselage (atypically FS 0 is amidship, usually origin is at the nose, and FS values are nonnegative)
175:
373:
163:
72:
used to describe the aircraft flight. For the US-manufactured aircraft the ticks on the axes are labeled in
69:
211:
159:
151:
118:
Water lines on a scheme of a fuselage. Baseline is at the ground line, all WL values are nonnegative
30:
Two points on a fuselage at waterline 100/fuselage station 93 and waterline 101/fuselage station 276
204:
320:
131:
338:
344:
299:
166:) aeromechanics coordinate systems, the direction of the butt line is opposite to the y-axis.
37:
are used for aircraft body measurements. The system derives from the one that was used in the
293:
26:
192:
93:
126:
Airframe
Maintenance and Repair Manual (1960), a horizontal waterline extends from the
20:
367:
97:
123:
96:
of the plane or, sometimes, ahead of it. When compared to the coordinates used for
92:
Fuselage stations are traditionally nonnegative, thus the origin is located at the
38:
19:"Fuselage station" redirects here. For fuselage-located weapon mounting point, see
295:
Aircraft
Performance and Sizing, Volume I: Fundamentals of Aircraft Performance
109:
127:
65:
174:
146:
158:
Butt line ticks increase to the right of the pilot with the origin at the
232:
230:
228:
198:
186:
154:(BL ticks are symmetrical here, usually ticks on the left are negative)
114:
84:
41:
182:
Many other reference points are used, especially on a large aircraft:
68:" (WL). The lofting coordinate frame is similar, but not the same as
173:
145:
113:
83:
25:
135:
76:, (for example, WL 100 is 100 inches above the base waterline).
73:
44:
process, with longitudinal axis labeled as "stations" (usually
189:
station (AS), distance from the inboard edge of an aileron;
263:
247:
245:
16:
Coordinate system used for aircraft body measurements
343:. Aviation Supplies & Academics, Incorporated.
340:Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook-Airframe
195:station (KS), distance from the edge of the flap;
178:Other coordinate references on the aircraft body
8:
56:), transverse axis as "buttocks lines" (or
275:
236:
224:
7:
251:
14:
319:United States. Air Force (1960).
1:
325:. Department of the Air Force
264:United States. Air Force 1960
150:Butt lines on a scheme of a
390:
110:Waterlines § Aircraft
107:
18:
64:), and vertical axis as "
162:. When compared to the (
130:of the aircraft to the
70:aircraft principal axes
292:Takahashi, T. (2017).
179:
155:
119:
89:
31:
374:Aerospace engineering
177:
149:
117:
87:
29:
239:, Coordinate Frames.
35:Lofting coordinates
298:. Momentum Press.
180:
156:
120:
90:
32:
350:978-1-56027-950-1
305:978-1-60650-684-4
46:fuselage stations
381:
360:
358:
357:
333:
331:
330:
315:
313:
312:
279:
273:
267:
266:, p. 14-20.
261:
255:
249:
240:
234:
80:Fuselage station
389:
388:
384:
383:
382:
380:
379:
378:
364:
363:
355:
353:
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336:
328:
326:
318:
310:
308:
306:
291:
288:
283:
282:
274:
270:
262:
258:
254:, p. 1-39.
250:
243:
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226:
221:
172:
144:
112:
106:
82:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
387:
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377:
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366:
365:
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361:
349:
334:
316:
304:
287:
284:
281:
280:
276:Takahashi 2017
268:
256:
241:
237:Takahashi 2017
223:
222:
220:
217:
216:
215:
214:station (VSS).
208:
202:
196:
190:
171:
168:
143:
140:
105:
102:
81:
78:
50:frame stations
21:Weapon station
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
386:
375:
372:
371:
369:
352:
346:
342:
341:
335:
324:
323:
322:Air Force AFM
317:
307:
301:
297:
296:
290:
289:
285:
278:, p. 77.
277:
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269:
265:
260:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
229:
225:
218:
213:
209:
207:station (ES);
206:
203:
201:station (NS);
200:
197:
194:
191:
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185:
184:
183:
176:
169:
167:
165:
161:
153:
148:
141:
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137:
133:
129:
125:
116:
111:
103:
101:
99:
98:aeromechanics
95:
86:
79:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
28:
22:
354:. Retrieved
339:
337:FAA (2012).
327:. Retrieved
321:
309:. Retrieved
294:
271:
259:
181:
164:right-handed
157:
132:exhaust cone
124:US Air Force
121:
91:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
39:shipbuilding
34:
33:
356:2024-07-02
329:2024-07-02
311:2024-07-02
219:References
212:stabilizer
160:centerline
152:stabilizer
108:See also:
66:waterlines
58:butt lines
210:Vertical
142:Butt line
128:nose cone
104:Waterline
368:Category
252:FAA 2012
205:Elevator
122:Per the
286:Sources
199:Nacelle
187:Aileron
42:lofting
347:
302:
136:inches
74:inches
170:Other
345:ISBN
300:ISBN
193:Flap
94:nose
370::
244:^
227:^
62:BL
60:,
54:FS
52:,
48:,
359:.
332:.
314:.
23:.
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