290:
342:
territories – relying, instead, on alliances with tribal elite and local power struggles. Against the Sumras, Khiljl advanced the cause of the Lohana tribe of Samma. The conflict guaranteed a rolling supply of princes and tribal chiefs wanting alliances with the center. The tussle for dominance between the Sumras and the Samma lasted until the reign of Firuz Shah
Tughluq (1351–1388), when the Jam emirs of Samma were finally able to end Sumra dominance, taking over lower Sindh.
351:
365:
301: : The "upper section" of educated Lohanas who served the Muslim dynasties as scribes in Sindh. In the 18th–19th century, they began working for the British. They currently are generally involved in clerical jobs in government offices, as working in posts of revenue collectors and other senior positions. They originally composed 10–15% of the Lohana community continued to draw members from those castes.
699:
Jobanputra, Kataria,Kakkad, Kanabar, Kanani, Katira, Khakkar,Khandhadiya,Khilochia, Kotak, Kotecha, Ladhak, Lodhiya,Manghirmalani Madan, Madlani, Madhvani, Majithia,Mamtora, Manek, Mapara,Kariya, Thakkar, Ganatra, Mahtani Mashru, Nathwani, Pandhi, Popat, Pujara, Raimagia, Raja, Rajvir, Rariya, Ruparel, Raychura, Sachdev, Shakrani, Sejpal,Sunchak, Tanna, Pabari, Thakaral, Unadkat, Vasani, Vasant, Vithlani.
1773:
1807:
307: : The less educated of "lower section", mainly involved in trade and commerce and so mostly merchants. Most were shopkeepers and money-lenders. The community was involved in international and trade in interior of Sindh even before the arrival of the British. They also played an important part in the development of the city of
1311:: "Lachaier claims that in the nineteenth century, the Lohanas were the most important trading community in the areas of Sindh, Kutch, and Saurashtra. One reason for this was the established rule of the Kalhoras in Sindh in the eighteenth century, which brought new business opportunities for merchant professions."
966:
With the exception of
Bhatias and Brahmins, the various Hindu Sindhi jatis are all grouped under the Lohana caste which subsumes a vast conglomerate of Vaishya jatis. Lohanas are usually distinguished as being either Sindhi or Kutchi. These two share a common kinship metaphor and myth of (Kshatriya)
698:
Akhani Adwani Aahiya, Adhia, Ajwani, Ambiya, Amlani,Motwani,Mirchandani, Adatia, Anadkat, Barai, Bhatadi, Bhayani, Bhimani, Bhimjiyani, Bhojani,Chugani, Chadupotra, Chandan, Chandarana, Chug, Dattani, Davda, Devani, Dhanak, Dhakar, Gadhiya, Gajan, Gajjar, Gakhar, Gandhi, Gatha,Gokani, Hindocha,
341:
Ala al-Din Khilji (1296–1316) mounted a number of campaigns in the region battling the Sumra princes whose cycle of capitulation/rebellion could be charted exactly to the perceived military stress on the metropole. Yet, the Delhi
Sultans and their governor rarely resorted to invading Sumra held
267:
district of Punjab (now in
Pakistan). Before their traditional occupation of traders, both the Lohanas and Bhatias were involved in the profession of agriculture. Goswami states that their ritual position was "ambiguous", and, "they were considered neither a high nor a low caste".
285:
are
Lohanas. Sindhi Lohanas have since been divided into several groups, among which are a traditionally more educated "upper section" called "Amils", who served as scribes to the Muslim rulers and a less educated "lower section" called "Bhaibands", who were traders:
1105:
Mathew Cook, for example, argues that many
Punjabis migrated to Sindh during the eighteenth century and were eventually absorbed into the Lohana community, an all-encompassing community that includes the vast majority of the Hindus of
1062:
The majority of Hindus in Sind were not
Rajputs. They were Lohanos who had emigrated from the Punjab in the distant past. They may have been descended from the people also known as Lohanos who fled from Sind after the Arab conquest of
146:
The
Lohanas are divided into many separate cultural groups as a result of centuries apart in different regions. Thus there are significant differences between the culture, language, professions and societies of
997:
Lohana— The Lohana are an Indian caste, traditionally merchants. Although considered to be
Vaishya in the Hindu ritual ranking system known as varna, they favour a mythical origin as members of the Kshatriya
1574:
Probably the success of the most prominent Lohana families in Uganda, Nanji
Kalidas Mehta and Sons, M. P. Madhvani and D. K. Hindocha had much influence on Lohana migration from Porbandar and Jamnagar
248:
and Lohanas even intermarried. Schaflechner cites the historian Rowe who states that "low ranking" Saraswat Brahmins originating in Balochistan formed a symbiotic relationship with castes such as
256:, etc. who were trying to raise their varna status – which in turn would benefit the Saraswat Brahmins as well. For this purpose, certain religious texts were written during the British Raj era.
209:. According to David Cheesman, the Lohana who immigrated from Punjab to Sindh in the distant past, may have been descended from the people also known as Lohana who fled from
441:
of Lohanas, who were in favour in court of that Samma king. He was persuaded by ruler and the Qadri to convert to Islam. However, not all Lohanas were ready to convert from
198:
to protect them. Lohanas claim that the fort "disappeared" after 21 days and the Rathores were then called "Lohana", a word the community interprets as "those of iron".
382:
The community's oral history says that the decline of their kingdom began after the death of Veer Dada Jashraj. It also says that their name derives from the city of
1034:
The Lohana, Lakha, Samma, Sahtah, Chand (Channa)....which appear, at least in the Muslim sources, to be subdivisions of the Jats or to be put on a par with the Jats.
1777:
1841:
1795:
1720:
1693:
1651:
1505:
1274:
1215:
1021:
990:
959:
932:
905:
437:; he was converted to Islam by Sayad Eusuf-ud-Din and he adopted a new name Makrab Khan. At that time a person named Mankeji was head of 84
1524:
A case study of urban ethnicity: Harrow Gujaratis (Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom)
1449:
1624:
1242:
426:), a title given by Sadardin, that would predominantly merge into what is now understood as the Nizari Ismaili branch of Shia Islam.
1597:
1552:
1392:
1188:
1161:
1055:
1831:
572:
289:
1013:
Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam 7th-11th centuries. Vol. 1
205:, at least in the Muslim sources, Lohanas appear to be subdivisions of the Jats or to be put on a par with the Jats of
1423:
Contested terrains: negotiating ethnic boundaries in the city of Leicester since 1950 (Doctoral dissertation, History)
414:, the emergence of a devotional Ismaili oral tradition that incorporated indigenous conceptions of religion, known as
1710:
1421:
1322:
548:
The Lohana migrants to East Africa, of which there were 40,000 in 1970, came mainly from the Saurashtran cities of
1151:
814:, Dolani, Dudeja, Ganda ,Gajwani, Gangwani, Ganglani, Gyanani, Gulrajani, Hotwani, Harwani, Jamtani, Jobanputra,
1205:
541:
and Gujarati Lohana communities. At that time, however, there was already a bustling merchant class diaspora of
179:
origin based on their belief that they are from the lineage of Ram. They claim that they are the descendants of
1836:
206:
20:
1570:
Persistence Amid Adversity:The Growth and Spatial Distribution of the Asian Population of Kenya, 1902–1963
567:
In the later part of 20th century, following the independence of British colonies, and particularly after
534:
1641:
671:. The Sun is also worshipped by the community. Some Lohana branches worship Hinglaj as a clan goddess.
556:. Many Lohanas set up businesses in those countries, two of the most successful being those set up by
317:: placed somewhere between Amils and Bhaibands, they could be either in government service or traders.
587:. In the UK, the highest concentration of Lohanas and other Gujarati Hindu communities is around the
557:
522:
418:, played a role in the forming of a new ethnic caste-like grouping. This group came to be known as
322:
1207:
Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: Contested Practices and Identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and Beyond
1811:
1363:
561:
466:
237:
187:
as per Schaflechner. A "mytho-historic" legend prevalent in the community is that the Hindu God
1464:
1791:
1716:
1689:
1683:
1647:
1620:
1593:
1548:
1501:
1388:
1355:
1270:
1238:
1211:
1184:
1157:
1096:
1051:
1017:
986:
980:
955:
928:
901:
895:
233:
53:
1587:
1542:
1264:
1232:
1178:
982:
Popular Hinduism, Stories and Mobile Performances: The Voice of Morari Bapu in Multiple Media
949:
922:
390:, from which they migrated in the 13th century after the establishment of Muslim rule there.
1614:
1347:
1088:
791:
542:
518:
110:
1497:
1324:
The many histories of Muhammad b. Qasim: Narrating the Muslim conquest of Sindh – page – 99
350:
1826:
783:
514:
446:
192:
180:
148:
90:
61:
57:
1669:
Devotion, Religious Authority, and Social Structures in Sindh: Khojas, Vanyos, and Faqirs
1758:
These Saraswat Brahmins from Balochistan were considered low caste and called 'Sindhur'.
1338:
Asani, Ali S. (2001-07-01). "The Khojahs of South Asia: Defining a Space of their Own".
831:
652:
596:
576:
106:
1737:
364:
321:
For hundreds of years, the Sindhi Lohanas absorbed other communities from the western
213:
after the Arab conquest of 711. Matthew A. Cook argues that many Punjabis migrated to
1820:
1384:
The Muslim communities of Gujarat: an exploratory study of Bohras, Khojas, and Memons
1367:
819:
807:
620:
604:
580:
434:
282:
202:
160:
152:
94:
1490:
660:
648:
450:
393:
241:
114:
102:
1092:
1785:
1382:
1011:
1787:
Hinglaj Devi: Identity, Change, and Solidification at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan
1076:
763:
759:
588:
486:
1351:
1772:
1522:
1492:
The rise and fall of philanthropy in East Africa : the Asian contribution
874:
656:
636:
229:
1359:
1100:
217:
during the eighteenth century and got assimilated into the Lohana community.
1589:
Hinduism in Great Britain: the perpetuation of religion in an alien cultural
843:
735:
727:
668:
600:
478:
176:
1806:
1544:
The Rise and Fall of Philanthropy in East Africa: The Asian's Contribution
1427:
924:
Living Islamic History: Studies in Honour of Professor Carole Hillenbrand
839:
823:
787:
771:
568:
549:
482:
442:
304:
74:
859:
835:
811:
799:
767:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
723:
715:
644:
624:
608:
592:
538:
470:
438:
423:
400:
330:
314:
308:
253:
249:
195:
156:
139:
894:
Tapan Raychaudhuri; Dharma Kumar; Irfan Habib; Meghnad Desai (1983).
855:
851:
847:
815:
803:
795:
731:
719:
707:
664:
640:
628:
584:
553:
526:
502:
494:
490:
445:. But 700 Lohana families comprising some 6,178 persons converted in
415:
411:
403:
387:
383:
264:
260:
259:
However, as per Pierre Lachaier, their name derives from the city of
245:
225:
188:
469:
in 1947, Lohanas from Kutch and Sindh migrated in large numbers to
1180:
Globalization before Its Time: The Gujarati Merchants from Kachchh
1153:
Firmes et entreprises en Inde: la firme lignagère dans ses réseaux
827:
711:
530:
474:
454:
430:
419:
407:
326:
298:
221:
214:
210:
184:
167:, Pakistan (the latter having largely migrated to India as well).
164:
98:
78:
897:
The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 2, C.1757-c.1970
632:
498:
397:
1116:
1114:
846:, Ratlani, Rajpal, Rustamani, Ruprela, Sambhavani, Santdasani,
818:, Jumani, Kateja, Kodwani, Khabrani, Khairajani, Khanchandani,
714:, Ajwani, barai,Bathija, Bhavnani, Bijlani, Chhablani, Chugan,
1682:
Hanks, Patrick; Coates, Richard; McClure, Peter (2016-11-17).
183:
of the Ramayana. This claim was more common in the Lohanas of
1288:
1286:
1685:
The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland
766:, Shahani, Sipahimalani, Sippy, Sitlani, Takthani, Thadani,
738:, Kandharani, Karnani, Kewalramani, Khubchandani, Kriplani,
1619:. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters. pp. 10–11.
782:
Aishani, Agahni, Anandani, Aneja, Ambwani, Asija, Bablani,
220:
U.T Thakur writes that there are many similarities between
329:
became an important trading community in Sindh during the
1643:
Dying, death and bereavement in a British Hindu community
1496:. New Brunswick, U.S.A.: Transaction Publishers. p.
1263:
Cátia Antunes; Karwan Fatah-Black, eds. (14 April 2016).
1258:
1256:
1254:
1234:
Cosmopolitan connections: the Sindhi diaspora, 1860–2000
951:
Cosmopolitan Connections: The Sindhi Diaspora, 1860–2000
1450:"The Changing Culture of Hindu Lohanas in East Africa"
1048:
Landlord Power and Rural Indebtedness in Colonial Sind
1075:
Kothari, Rita; Thadhani, Jasbirkaur (October 2016).
754:, Manghirmalani. Manshani, Mansukhani, Mirchandani,
410:
in the 15th century. As Lohanas were worshippers of
356:
Lohana women in western India (c. 1855–1862).
84:
67:
46:
36:
1712:Socio-Cultural Life of Merchants in Mughal Gujarat
1489:
619:Lohanas largely follow Hindu rituals and worship
370:Lohana men in western India (c. 1855–1862).
655:, also attract many Lohana devotees. Their main
378:Formation of Khoja and Memon Islamic communities
1016:. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 158–159.
854:, Sewani, Tewani, Tejwani, Tilokani, Tirthani,
537:. A significant number of these came from the
517:left India between 1880–1920 and migrated to
8:
1304:
1292:
1132:
1120:
927:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 58–.
31:
1616:Young bilingual children in nursery schools
1077:"Sindhi Sikhs in India: The Missing People"
674:Sindhi Lohanas eat meat and drink alcohol.
1778:Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Lohana
1081:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies
429:In 1422, Jam Rai Dan was tribal leader in
30:
1266:Explorations in History and Globalization
862:, Vishnani, Visrani, Virwani and Valbani
1407:
948:Mark Anthony Falzon (1 September 2004).
681:
573:expulsion order for South Asians in 1972
288:
1751:
1387:. Ajanta Publications. pp. 42–44.
886:
643:in the form of Ravirandal Mataji, and
143:mostly in India and also in Pakistan.
42:India, Pakistan, South Africa, Europe
7:
1572:. Syracuse University. p. 182.
1145:
1143:
1141:
1087:(4). Taylor & Francis: 873–890.
842:, Nankani, Nathani, Parwani, Phull,
37:Regions with significant populations
1177:Chhaya Goswami (18 February 2016).
232:and Lohanas, all of whom recruited
14:
667:, Sindhvi Shree Sikotar Mata and
449:, Sindh. These are now known as
1805:
1771:
1568:Bennett, Charles Joseph (1976).
921:Yasir Suleiman (21 April 2010).
363:
349:
1646:. Leuven: Peeters. p. 21.
1150:Lachaier, Pierre (1999-01-01).
826:, Longan, Lachhwani, Ludhwani,
900:. CUP Archive. pp. 340–.
631:such as Rama with his consort
396:converted some Lohanas to the
137:) are a trading or mercantile
1:
1842:Hindu communities of Pakistan
1784:Schaflechner, Jürgen (2018).
1709:Sharma, Monika (2014-12-03).
1231:Falzon, Mark-Anthony (2004).
1156:(in French). pp. 70–73.
1093:10.1080/00856401.2016.1233716
1050:. Routledge. pp. 45–46.
979:Mrinal Pande (24 June 2022).
1426:. p. 25. Archived from
1381:Engineer, Asgharali (1989).
1327:. The University of Chicago.
579:, and to a lesser extent to
575:, most Lohanas moved to the
191:built an iron fort for some
1790:. Oxford University Press.
1688:. Oxford University Press.
1488:Gregory, Robert G. (1992).
1457:Contemporary Asians Studies
1269:. Routledge. pp. 70–.
695:Gujarati and Kutchi Lohana
635:and Krishna in the form of
1858:
1586:Burghart, Richard (1987).
1352:10.1177/092137400101300202
647:. The 19th century saints
627:. They worship avatars of
18:
838:, Mohinani, Mulchandani,
89:
72:
51:
41:
1715:. Partridge Publishing.
1613:Thompson, Linda (2000).
1541:Gregory, Robert (1992).
1204:Ramey, S. (2008-10-27).
1046:Cheesman, David (2013).
19:Not to be confused with
1667:Boivin, Michel (2024).
1640:Firth, Shirley (1997).
1463:: 83–97. Archived from
954:. BRILL. pp. 32–.
779:Sindhi Bhaiband Lohana
485:. Many also settled in
21:Lohani (disambiguation)
1832:Sindhi tribes in India
1309:Hinglaj in Perspective
786:, Bhagwani, Bhaglani,
386:(/Lohanpur/Lohkot) in
294:
1814:at Wikimedia Commons
1671:. Brill. p. 138.
1321:Ahmed, Manan (2008).
806:, Chothani, Dalwani,
758:, Panjwani, Punwani,
734:, Issrani, Jagtiani,
293:Sindhi Lohana Amil's.
292:
125:(also referred to as
85:Related ethnic groups
1420:Herbert, J. (2004).
830:, Lokwani, Mamtani,
545:in these countries.
1736:U.T Thakur (1959).
1237:. pp. 34, 35.
704:Sindhi Amil Lohana
683:
615:Society and culture
558:Nanji Kalidas Mehta
523:African Great Lakes
513:Thousands of Hindu
323:Indian subcontinent
33:
1521:Kalka, I. (1986).
1448:Oonk, G.. (2004).
774:and Uttamsinghani
682:
599:, and the city of
562:Muljibhai Madhvani
467:partition of India
295:
1810:Media related to
1797:978-0-19-085052-4
1776:Works related to
1722:978-1-4828-4036-0
1695:978-0-19-252747-9
1653:978-90-6831-976-7
1507:978-1-56000-007-5
1340:Cultural Dynamics
1305:Schaflechner 2018
1293:Schaflechner 2018
1276:978-1-317-24384-7
1217:978-0-230-61622-6
1135:, pp. 59–60.
1133:Schaflechner 2018
1123:, pp. 71–75.
1121:Schaflechner 2018
1023:978-0-391-04125-7
1010:Wink, A. (2002).
992:978-1-00-060464-1
961:978-90-474-0603-7
934:978-0-7486-4219-9
907:978-0-521-22802-2
866:
865:
661:Veer Dada Jashraj
509:Overseas diaspora
325:. The Lohanas of
281:Vast majority of
234:Saraswat Brahmins
120:
119:
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945:
939:
938:
918:
912:
911:
891:
762:, Rijhsanghani,
684:
543:Gujarati Muslims
519:British colonies
367:
353:
111:Sulaymani Bohras
34:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1837:Gujarati people
1817:
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978:
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946:
942:
935:
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919:
915:
908:
893:
892:
888:
883:
871:
680:
639:. They worship
617:
511:
463:
380:
375:
374:
373:
372:
371:
368:
359:
358:
357:
354:
339:
279:
274:
173:
91:Gujarati people
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1819:
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1802:
1796:
1781:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1739:Sindhi Culture
1728:
1721:
1701:
1694:
1674:
1659:
1652:
1632:
1626:978-1853594540
1625:
1605:
1598:
1578:
1560:
1553:
1547:. p. 53.
1533:
1513:
1506:
1480:
1440:
1412:
1400:
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1428:the original
1422:
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1376:
1343:
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1210:. Springer.
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1027:. Retrieved
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464:
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394:Pir Sadardin
392:
381:
340:
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236:as priests.
219:
200:
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151:Lohanas and
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126:
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115:Alavi Bohras
28:Ethnic group
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16:Indian caste
798:, Bodhani,
764:Sadarangani
760:Ramchandani
718:, Daryani,
591:suburbs of
589:West London
487:Maharashtra
433:during the
230:Bhanushalis
175:They claim
1821:Categories
1474:2011-10-02
1434:2017-04-15
1029:2022-08-02
881:References
875:Bhanushali
687:Sub-Caste
637:Shrinathji
607:region of
535:Tanganyika
525:region of
465:After the
203:André Wink
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623:such as
569:Idi Amin
550:Jamnagar
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443:Hinduism
406:sect of
149:Gujarati
127:Loharana
75:Hinduism
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337:History
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254:Lohanas
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246:Khatris
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226:Khatris
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388:Lahore
333:rule.
265:Lahore
222:Aroras
189:Varuna
171:Origin
161:Sindhi
153:Kutchi
133:, and
123:Lohana
62:Sindhi
58:Kutchi
32:Lohana
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