Loire - Knowledge (XXG)

3249:(Living Loire) network in 1988 to oppose this and arranged an initial meeting with the French Minister of the Environment. The French government initially rejected the conservation concerns and in 1989 gave the projects the green light. This sparked public demonstrations by the WWF and conservation groups. In 1990, Loire Vivante met with the French Prime Minister and the government, successfully, as the government demanded that the EPALA embark upon major reforms in its approach to managing the river. Due to extensive lobbying, the proposal and the other dam proposals were eventually rejected in the 1990s. The gorges zone has since been protected as a ‘Natura 2000’ site under European Union environmental legislation. 3182: 5253: 2462:

also depends strongly on the season, and the flow of only 10 m/s (350 cu ft/s) is not uncommon in August–September near Orléans. During floods, which usually occur in February and March but also in other periods, the flow sometimes exceeds 2,000 m/s (71,000 cu ft/s) for the Upper Loire and 8,000 m/s (280,000 cu ft/s) in the Lower Loire. The most serious floods occurred in 1856, 1866 and 1911. Unlike most other rivers in western Europe, there are very few dams or locks creating obstacles to its natural flow. The flow is no longer partly regulated by three dams:

3213: 4704: 3517: 4662: 3568: 1103: 5279: 5215: 4633: 4736: 3637: 5234: 2602:("the climate of the Loire Valley"). The climate is considered the most pleasant of northern France, with warmer winters and, more generally, fewer extremes in temperatures, rarely exceeding 38 °C (100 °F). It is identified as temperate maritime climate, and is characterised by the lack of dry seasons and by heavy rains and snowfall in winter, especially in the upper streams. The number of sunny hours per year varies between 1400 and 2200 and increases from northwest to southeast. 2583: 2451: 73: 5196: 2614: 4689: 3021:, is regarded as the symbolic fish of the river. Its population has decreased from about 100,000 in the 19th century to below 100 in the 1990s that resulted in the adoption of a total ban of salmon fishing in the Loire basin in 1984. A salmon restoration program was initiated in the 1980s and included such as measures as removal of two obsolete hydroelectric dams and introduction of juvenile stock. As a result, the salmon population increased to about 500 in 2005. 1056: 3416: 1392: 4648: 3030: 3253: 61: 3307: 4728: 4116: 2440: 3278:

far as 900 km (560 mi) up the river and spawn in the upper reaches of the Allier. The French government undertook this major plan, chiefly because pollution and overfishing had reduced approximately 100,000 salmon migrating annually to their spawning grounds in the headwaters of the Loire and its tributaries to just 67 salmon in 1996 on the upper Allier.

985: 2829: 4276:, the committee said that the Loire Valley is: "an exceptional cultural landscape, of great beauty, comprised of historic cities and villages, great architectural monuments – the Châteaux – and lands that have been cultivated and shaped by centuries of interaction between local populations and their physical environment, in particular the Loire itself." 2515:

was set up to promote improvements to the navigation from Nantes to Briare. The works were authorised in 1904 and carried out in two phases from Angers to the limit of tides at Oudon. These works, with groynes and submersible embankments, survive and contribute to the limited navigability under present-day conditions. A dam across the Loire at

2762:(about 15% by mass) which mostly occur in the lower reaches. Their total mass is low when the river flow exceeds 800 m/s (28,000 cu ft/s) and become significant at flows of 300 m/s (11,000 cu ft/s) or lower which occur in summer. With decreasing flow, first species which appear are single-celled diatoms such as 3285:, and local conservation bodies have also made considerable efforts to improve the conservation of the Loire estuary and its surroundings, given that they are unique habitats for migrating birds. The estuary and its shoreline are also important for fishing, shellfish farming and tourism. The major commercial port at 2800:, as well as green algae which form star-shaped or prostrate colonies. Whereas the total biomass is low in the upper reaches, the biodiversity is high, with more than 250 taxa at Orléans. At high flows and in the upper reaches the fraction of the green algae decrease and the phytoplankton is dominated by diatoms. 4928:

The Loire Valley has a high density of vine plantings with an average of 4,000–5,000 vines per hectare (1,600–2,000 per acre). Some Sancerre vineyards have as many as 10,000 plants per hectare. With more vines competing for the same limited resources in the soil, the density is designed to compensate

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and other river craft continued to transport goods into the industrial era, including coal from Saint-Étienne loaded on to barges in Orléans. However, the hazardous free-flow navigation and limited tonnages meant that railways rapidly killed off the surviving traffic from the 1850s. In 1894 a company

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in 1998. The basis of the decision was that the economic benefits of the dams did not outweigh their significant ecological impacts, so the intention was to restore the riverine ecosystems and replenish great Loire salmon stocks. The Loire is unique in this respect as the Atlantic salmon can swim as

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In the upper basin the river flows through a narrow, incised valley, marked by gorges and forests on the edges and a distinct low population. In the intermediate section, the alluvial plain broadens and the river meanders and forks into multiple channels. River flow is particularly high in the river

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Soon after the beginning of the 19th century, steam-driven passenger boats began to ply the river between Nantes and Orléans, making the upriver journey faster; by 1843, 70,000 passengers were being carried annually in the Lower Loire and 37,000 in the Upper Loire. But competition from the railway,

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For centuries local people used wooden embankments and dredging to try to maintain a navigable channel on the river, as it was critical to transportation. River traffic increased gradually, with a toll system being used in medieval times. Today some of these toll bridges still remain, dated to over

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The WWF were particularly important in changing the perception of the French authorities in support for dam building to environmental protection and sustainable management of its river basin. In 1992, they aided the ‘Loire Nature’ project, which received funds of some $ US 9 million under the EU's

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The river has a discharge rate of 863 m/s (30,500 cu ft/s), which is an average over the period 1967–2008. The discharge rate varies strongly along the river, with roughly 350 m/s (12,000 cu ft/s) at Orléans and 900 m/s (32,000 cu ft/s) at the mouth. It

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in the 10th century to the splendour of those built half a millennium later. When the French kings began constructing their huge châteaux here, the nobility, not wanting or even daring to be far from the seat of power, followed suit. Their presence in the lush, fertile valley began attracting the

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The geological formations in the Loire river basin can be grouped into two sets of formations, namely, the basement domain and the domain of sedimentary formations. The basement domain primarily consists of metamorphic and siliceous fragmented rocks with groundwater occurring in fissures. The

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of the area's wine stocks. By the 11th century the wines of Sancerre had a reputation across Europe for their high quality. Historically the wineries of the Loire Valley have been small, family owned operations that do a lot of estate bottling. The mid-1990s saw an increase in the number of

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The Loire hosts about 64% of nesting bird species of France, that is 164 species, of which 54 are water birds, 44 species are common for managed forests, 41 to natural forests, 13 to open and 12 to rocky areas. This avifauna has been rather stable, at least between the 1980s and 2000s, with

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very best landscape designers. Today, these privately owned châteaux serve as homes, a few open their doors to tourist visits, while others are operated as hotels or bed and breakfasts. Many have been taken over by a local government authority or the giant structures like those at

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man used stone tools to fashion boats out of tree trunks and navigated the river. Modern man inhabited the Loire valley around 30 ka. By around 5000 to 4000 BC, they began clearing forests along the river edges and cultivating the lands and rearing livestock. They built

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The Loire has been described as "constantly under threat of losing its status as the last wild river in France". The reason for this is its sheer length and possibility of extensive navigation, which severely limits the scope of river conservation. The Federation, a member of the

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under Mont Gerbier de Jonc gives rise to multiple sources, three of them located at the foot of Mount have been highlighted as river sources. The three streams converge to form the Loire, which descends the valley south of Mount through the village of Sainte-Eulalie itself.

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of the region, adding the necessary extra few degrees of temperature that allows grapes to grow when the areas to the north and south of the Loire Valley have shown to be unfavourable to viticulture. In addition to finding vineyards along the Loire, several of the river's

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up to the confluence with the Allier. In the middle section of the river in the Loire Valley, numerous dikes built between the 12th and 19th century exist, providing mitigation against flooding. In this section the river is relatively straight, except for the area near

4402:. Furnishings inside the châteaux also witnessed changes to suit the living styles of its occupants. Gardens, both ornamental fountains, footpaths flower beds and tended grass) and kitchen type (to grow vegetables), also accentuated the opulence of the châteaux. 695:) is the longest river in France and the 171st longest in the world. With a length of 1,006 kilometres (625 mi), it drains 117,054 km (45,195 sq mi), more than a fifth of France's land, while its average discharge is only half that of the 5412: 2628:(French: Forêt d'Orléans), covering an area of 38,234 hectares (94,480 acres), and the 5,440-hectare (13,400-acre) forested park known as the "Foret de Chambord". Other vegetation in the valley, mostly under private control, consists of tree species of 3232:

settled an agreement on flood prevention and water storage programme in the basin, involving construction of four large dams, one on the Loire itself and three on the Allier and Cher. The French government proposed a construction of a dam at

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to its new outfall into the Atlantic Ocean thereby forming today's narrow terrain of gorges, the Loire Valley with alluvium formations and the long stretch of beaches along the Atlantic Ocean. The river can be divided into three main zones:

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Nearly every freshwater fish species of France can be found in the Loire river basin, that is, about 57 species from 20 families. Many of them are migratory, with 11 species ascending the river for spawning. The most common species are the

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significant abundance variations observed only for 17 species. Of those, five species were growing in population, four declining, and other eight were fluctuating. Some of these variations had a global nature, such as the expansion of the

4312:, which has 17 gruesome towers. This was followed by aesthetically built châteaux (to also function as residential units), which substituted the quadrangular layout of the keep. However, the exterior defensive structures, in the form of 3289:

has caused severe damage to the ecosystem of the Loire estuary. In 2002, the WWF aided a second Loire Nature project and expanded its scope to the entire basin, addressing some 4,500 hectares (11,000 acres) of land under a budget of

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that leads to the mouth of the river's entrance to the Atlantic goes through the Muscadet region which is dominated by wines of the Melon de Bourgogne grape. Spread out across the Loire Valley are 87 appellation under the

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Antoine, Pierre; Lautridou, Jean Pierre; Laurent, Michel (June 2000). "Long-term fluvial archives in NW France: response of the rivers Seine and Somme to tectonic movements, climatic variations and sea-level changes".

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This style was replaced by the religious architectural style in the 12th to 14th centuries when the impregnable château fortresses were built on top of rocky hills; one of the impressive fortresses of this type is the

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sedimentary domain consists of limestone and carbonaceous rocks, that, where saturated, form productive aquifers. Rock outcrops of granite or basalt also are exposed in the river bed in several stretches.

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of Loire valley destroyed and many converted into prisons and schools. Reign of terror between 1793 and 1794 saw killing of counter revolutionaries by sinking ships carrying them forcibly in the Loire.

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The middle stretches of the river have many limestone caves which were inhabited by humans in the prehistoric era; the caves are several types of limestone formations, namely tuffeau (a porous type of

4661: 3001:) in the 1940s, the fish population is declining, mostly due to the decrease in the spawning areas. The latter are mostly affected by the industrial pollution, construction of dams and drainage of 6574: 5278: 2482:, has played a key-role in preventing recent flooding. As a result, the Loire is a very popular river for boating excursions, flowing through a pastoral countryside, past limestone cliffs and 6072: 3657:. Typically passenger travel downriver from Orléans to Nantes took eight days, with the upstream journey against the flow taking fourteen. It was also a dumping ground for prisoners in the 2605:

The Loire Valley, in particular, enjoys a pleasant temperate climate. The region experiences a rainfall of 690 mm (27.2 in) along the coast and 648 mm (25.5 in) inland.

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In 1700 the port of Nantes numbered more inland waterway craft than any other port in France, testifying to the historic importance of navigation on France's longest river. Shallow-draught

4359:(at the extreme western end of the valley). In the 17th century, there was feverish pace in the design of châteaux for introducing exotic styles; a notable structure of this period is the 3746:

The monarchy of France ruled in the Loire Valley for several centuries, giving it the name of "The Valley of Kings". These rulers started with the Gauls, followed by the Romans, and the

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fields which line the banks of the river – and also as the "cradle of the French language". It is also noteworthy for its architectural heritage: in part for its historic towns such as

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and 40,000 hectares (99,000 acres) of wetland whose formation is dated to 7500 BC (caused by inundation by sea waters on the northern bank of the estuary), and the beaches of

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and the Atlantic Ocean. The tidal stretch of the river extends to a length of 60 km (37 mi) and a width of 3 km (1.9 mi), which has oil refineries, the port of

4143:) lies in the middle stretch of the river, extends for about 280 km (170 mi) and comprises an area of roughly 800 km (310 sq mi). It is also known as the 4443:

are owned and operated by the national government and are major tourist sites, attracting hundreds of thousands of visitors each year. Some notable Châteaux on the Loire include

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ideas reached the Loire valley, with some people becoming Protestant. Religious wars followed and in 1560 Catholics drowned several hundred Protestants in the river. During the

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from 1337 to 1453, the Loire marked the border between the French and the English, who occupied territory to the north. One-third of the inhabitants died in the epidemic of the

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had a profound influence upon the region, as people adopted its elements in the architecture and culture, particularly among the elite who expressed its principles in their

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Tourenq, J.; Pomerol, C. (1995). "Mise en évidence, par la présence d'augite du Massif Central, de l'existence d'une pré-Loire-pré-Seine coulant vers la Manche".

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was also established through a partnership between SOS Loire Vivante and a farmers’ union to promote sustainable rural tourism. The French government adopted the

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The Loire Valley in the Loire river basin, is a 300 km (190 mi) stretch in the western reach of the river starting with Orléans and terminating at

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surrounding the thick walls of the châteaux' forts were retained. There was further refinement in the design of the châteaux in the 15th century before the

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in 1838 enabled navigation between Digoin and Briare to continue, but the river level crossing at Briare remained a problem until the construction of the

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Most amphibians of the Loire are found in the slow flow areas near the delta, especially in the floodplain, marshes and oxbows. They are dominated by the

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period of 1500 to 500 BC. They used the Loire as a key trading route by 600 BC, using pack horses to link its trade, such as the metals of the

6958: 3886:. Was known as the mad king or ‘le fou’. Married his daughter to Henry V, the King of England, and who was also declared heir to the throne of France. 6566: 5214: 5022: 4978: 3451:. From the 3rd century, Christianity spread through the river basin, and many religious figures began cultivating vineyards along the river banks. 3684:

was also opened in 1838. It was nearly closed in 1971 but, in the early 21st century, it still provides navigation further up the Loire valley to

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came into prominence with decorative and elegantly designed interiors and which became fashionable from the 16th to the end of the 18th century.

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to navigate the Loire. In 853 they attacked and destroyed Tours and its famous abbey, later destroying Angers in raids of 854 and 872. In 877

6908: 6798: 6542: 6477: 6438: 6404: 6367: 6331: 6297: 6263: 6229: 6195: 6161: 6113: 5967: 5852: 5765: 5686: 5636: 5602: 5505: 5386: 3269:(Plan Loire Grandeur Nature) in January 1994, initiating the decommissioning of three dams on the river. The final dam was decommissioned by 4632: 3692:, a narrow canal with locks only 2.7 m (8.9 ft) wide, which was opened in the 1820s and connected the Canal latéral à la Loire at 6888: 5195: 3443:, around 150 km (93 mi) downriver from the source. After AD 16, the Loire river valley became part of the Roman province of 3237:

on the upper Loire which would have been an environmental catastrophe, as it would have inundated some 20 km (12 mi) of pristine

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Architectural edifices were created in Loire valley from the 10th century onwards with the defensive fortress like structures called the "

6953: 6913: 4476: 3754:; together these rulers contributed to the development of the valley. The chronology of the rulers is presented; in the table below. 6923: 6898: 6768: 6743: 6718: 6688: 6659: 2499: 633: 597: 3625: 4624: 4508: 3963: 2735: 2262: 5959:

Vision for water and nature: a world strategy for conservation and sustainable management of water resources in the 21st century

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providing the needed natural fertilizing effect. The Atlantic coast is home to several aquatic herbs, the important species is

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strongholds, over centuries past, in the strategic divide between southern and northern France; now many are privately owned.

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and built a bridge over the river. By 600 BC the Loire had already become a very important trading route between the

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guide, places, ports and moorings on the river in the navigable length from the Maine to Saint-Nazaire, by the author of

5564: 6928: 5441: 4688: 4480: 2276: 2224: 965: 830: 309: 6938: 4600: 5093: 4825:, the wines of the Loire Valley were the most esteemed wines in England and France, even more prized than those from 3681: 3270: 2562: 2431:(formed 12 million years ago). The coastal zone shows hard dark stones, granite, schist and thick soil mantle. 4616: 4576: 4399: 3677:

in 1896. At 662.69 metres (2,174.2 ft), this was the longest such structure in the world for quite some time.

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beginning in the 1840s, caused a decline in trade on the river. Proposals to develop a fully navigable river up to

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the middle Loire Valley, the area from the Allier to the confluence with the Maine, about 280 km (170 mi)

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rendered parts of the Loire unnavigable for fish and water vessels as they were partially or completely dried up.

3567: 3516: 3295: 884:. Christianity was introduced into this valley from the 3rd century AD, as missionaries (many later recognized as 6918: 6878: 6868: 5717: 4524: 4452: 4448: 4371: 3693: 3225: 2516: 1942: 4694: 2764: 2382: 3988: 3261:‘LIFE’ programme until 1999, embarking upon restoration to the river's ecosystems and wildlife. That year, the 2778: 1400: 533: 4709: 4592: 4552: 4492: 4220: 4208: 3586: 3266: 1850: 1174: 1534: 1137: 1003: 230: 5077: 4588: 4572: 4504: 4500: 4216: 4196: 3323:

Studies of the palaeo-geography of the region suggest that the palaeo-Loire flowed northward and joined the

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crossed the Loire and large hordes of them settled along the middle course of the Loire in Gaul under King

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production throughout the Loire valley, it is the second largest sparkling wine producer in France after

4915:. The climate can be very cool with spring time frost being a potential hazard for the vines. During the 4484: 4472: 4456: 4309: 4200: 3335:, flowing westward along the present course. At a certain point during the long history of uplift in the 3085: 2796: 2790: 1043:

of southeastern France. It is originally a mere trickle of water located at 1,408 m (4,619 ft)

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systems. There are two generic designation that can be used across the whole of the Loire Valley. The

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came to the area from the east. Following this there was ongoing conflict between the Franks and the

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since 1970, has been very important in the campaign to save the Loire river system from development.

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to where now about half of Sancerre and almost 80% of Muscadet is bottled by a négociant or co-op.

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due to its fine assortment of castles. The second-longest tributary, the 372 km (231 mi)

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are found along the banks of the river throughout this section and are a major tourist attraction.

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months rain can cause the grapes to be harvested underripe but can also aid in the development of

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The Loire changed its course, due to tectonic deformations, from the original outfall into the

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A History of France: From the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Second Empire in 1852

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successfully subdued the Gauls in 52 BC and began developing Cenabum, which they named

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The Loire Valley has been called the "Garden of France" and is studded with over a thousand

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The Centre region of the Loire river valley accounts for the largest forest in France, the

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were named after the Loire. The Loire flows through the following départements and towns:

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that some of the grape varieties, like Chenin blanc, are prone to have. In recent times,

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The Loire Valley has been inhabited since the Middle Palaeolithic period from 40–90

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He had strange marriages, including Anne, a four-year-old bride who married the heir of

6680: 5880:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1989. p. 9 5180: 5156: 5063: 5055: 4956:

is dominated by more Chenin blanc and Cabernet franc wines found in the regions around

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was patronized who settled in Amboise in 1516. Captured in the war in 1525 with the

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itself follows the river through the Loire province to the river's origins in the

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Although only one native fish species has become extinct in the Loire, namely the

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artists who created some of the exquisite château structures were: the Parisian,

844:(thousand years ago), followed by modern humans (about 30 kya), succeeded by the 836:

The human history of the Loire river valley is thought by some to begin with the

5186: 5080:. Among these different wine styles, Loire wines tend to exhibit characteristic 5034: 5017: 4986: 4883: 4845: 4814:

but the majority of the wine production takes place in the regions noted above.

4811: 4799: 4791: 4759: 4756: 4675: 4409:(1789) brought a radical change for the worse in the scenarios for chateaus, as 4239: 4224: 4021: 3900: 3708: 3605: 3549: 3541: 3396: 3363: 3336: 3306: 3158: 3150: 3114: 3098: 3049: 2907: 2828: 2801: 2759: 2731: 2542: 2272: 2194: 1986: 1610: 1186: 1032: 904: 786: 707: 276: 4223:, and also for its many cultural monuments, which illustrate the ideals of the 6673: 5286: 5136: 5072: 5010: 4930: 4863: 4838: 4818: 4783: 4428: 4313: 4184: 4097: 3850: 3654: 3571: 3561: 3483: 3428: 3384: 3328: 3106: 2701: 2657: 2653: 2483: 2184: 2000: 1888: 1441:, 410 km (250 mi) in length, which joins the Loire near the town of 1376: 1328: 1286: 1181: 1119: 1096: 1036: 896: 743: 727: 715: 216: 158: 1588: 1575: 1549: 1536: 1510: 1497: 1463: 1450: 1152: 1139: 1018: 1005: 324: 311: 245: 232: 5712: 5500:. Lonely Planet. pp. 9–12, 14, 16–17, 19, 21–22, 24, 26, 27–36, 40–54. 4888: 4795: 4727: 4394:(1774–92) but with more refinements; one such refined château seen close to 4156: 4152: 4115: 4017: 3621: 3613: 3545: 3467: 3444: 3359: 3294:

18 million, mainly funded by government and public bodies, such as the

3216:

Loire Vivante WWF protests in 1989 against the proposed Serre de la Fare dam

3134: 2983: 2855: 2715: 2705: 2617: 2439: 2346: 2056: 1870: 892:. In this period, settlers established vineyards and began producing wines. 865: 849: 841: 4837:

planted the first vineyards in the Loire Valley during their settlement of

4378:, which emerged in the mid 18th century; one such notable structure is the 2478:. The Villerest dam, built in 1985 a few kilometres (a few miles) south of 2094: 1678: 1232: 1075:

the Upper Loire, the area from the source to the confluence with the Allier

940:, which means "silt, sediment, deposit, alluvium", a word that gave French 17: 4300:(the Falcon). However, one of the oldest such structures in France is the 984: 5006: 4957: 4949: 4826: 4763: 4410: 4148: 3996: 3834: 3779: 3494: 3479: 3463: 3448: 3376: 3368: 2661: 2641: 2314: 2252: 2098: 1928: 1908: 1846: 1772: 1682: 1606: 1380: 1264: 942: 900: 889: 857: 696: 6567:"France's river Loire sets new lows as drought dries up its tributaries" 5844:

Global perspectives on river conservation: science, policy, and practice

3407:

to the Loire to get from the Mediterranean basin to the Atlantic coast.

522: 6570: 5059: 4969: 4934: 4638: 4364: 4164: 3984: 3925: 3783: 3598: 3490: 3380: 2975: 2812:(35%), colonies (12%) and filaments (4%) with a total density of up to 2693: 2649: 2388: 2358: 2256: 2246: 2242: 2190: 2144: 2116: 2088: 2072: 2062: 2040: 2022: 2012: 1952: 1938: 1796: 1786: 1632: 1345: 1310: 1131: 1048: 948: 927: 6845: 5051: 4965: 4961: 4767: 4432: 4395: 4251: 4235: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4160: 4067: 4038: 3904: 3842: 3838: 3720: 3716: 3685: 3666: 3650: 3649:

instituted the use of stone retaining walls and quays from Roanne to

3459: 3440: 3392: 3286: 2967: 2931: 2805: 2755: 2697: 2685: 2681: 2665: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2552: 2479: 2455: 2444: 2392: 2350: 2340: 2336: 2326: 2308: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2220: 2210: 2204: 2168: 2122: 1964: 1948: 1918: 1876: 1810: 1806: 1782: 1776: 1750: 1656: 1620: 1442: 1364: 1350: 1333: 1276: 1271: 1242: 1237: 1227: 1220: 1208: 1127: 1115: 1111: 1087: 1060: 908: 885: 822: 735: 723: 173: 168: 3991:

and scientific ideas. Secular ideas prevailed over religious ethos.

3612:

from 1562 to 1598, Orléans served as a prominent stronghold for the

936: 5673:

Tockner, Klement; Uehlinger, Urs; Robinson, Christopher T. (2009).

5375:

Tockner, Klement; Uehlinger, Urs; Robinson, Christopher T. (2009).

4734: 4726: 4344: 4317: 4285: 4192: 4172: 4114: 4042: 3967: 3830: 3771: 3635: 3566: 3515: 3475: 3436: 3414: 3388: 3372: 3352: 3344: 3324: 3311: 3305: 3251: 3238: 3211: 3180: 3028: 3006: 3002: 2827: 2677: 2673: 2645: 2633: 2612: 2581: 2449: 2438: 2420: 2372: 1994: 1974: 1970: 1960: 1762: 1724: 1642: 1626: 1414: 1390: 1315: 1298: 1203: 1123: 1101: 1091: 1054: 983: 934:) name of the river. The Gaulish name comes from the Gaulish word 920: 853: 755: 731: 479: 163: 5038:

systems. While the majority of production is white wine from the

876:

on the Rhône. Gallic rule ended in the valley in 56 BC when

6184:

Moffett, Marian; Fazio, Michael W.; Wodehouse, Lawrence (2003).

5013:, that is produced in the region outside of an AOC designation. 4982: 4904: 3846: 3404: 3332: 3206: 3010: 2863: 2747: 2734:

south and in its Lower course partly through South Atlantic and

2689: 2669: 2637: 2424: 1708: 1281: 873: 42: 6289:

Seeing beyond the Word: Visual Arts and the Calvinist Tradition

3291: 1173:, connected by a bridge over the river near its mouth. Several 619: 5841:

Boon, P. J.; Davies, Bryan Robert; Petts, Geoffrey E. (2000).

4335:(1598–1662) whose classical symmetrical design is seen in the 3581:

in France was established in Angers, and around this time the

3371:

to worship the dead, especially from around 3500 BC. The

2906:

spp.) tend to stay near the river mouth. The tributaries host

2629: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6057: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 3486:

have names bearing witness to the Alan presence – Allaines.

3375:

arrived in the valley between 1500 and 500 BC, and the

3347:

Loire"), producing the present river. The former bed of the

1437:

on the left bank. The largest tributary of the river is the

625: 589: 4944:

The Loire Valley is often divided into three sections. The

3661:

since they thought it was a more effective way of killing.

3339:, the lower, Atlantic Loire captured the "palaeo-Loire" or 2660:, which is used as a culinary ingredient on account of its 5092:

The Loire has inspired many poets and writers, including:

4390:(1715–74). This style was perpetuated during the reign of 3556:

to drive out the English from the country. Her successful

2714:) tree species was planted in the gardens of the Château. 6654:

Third Edition, pp. 408–410, Oxford University Press 2006

4993:

which refers to any sparkling wine made according to the

3807:

among communities living along the Loire river banks and

3723:

is also navigable, where a river level crossing from the

89: 6854:

Waterways In Western Loire – Free Online Travel Brochure

5050:

grapes, there are red wines made (especially around the

4386:(1698–1782) who was the royal architect in the court of 3704:

and back into the Loire near Tours, was closed in 1955.

3628:. Hundreds more were drowned in the Loire by Catholics. 2894:) is common in the upper streams, whereas the flounder ( 2782:. They are then joined by multicellular forms including 5428: 5426: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 4786:

in north central France. In between are the regions of

3987:. Literary and architectural attainments. Influence of 3544:

of 1348–9. The English defeated the French in 1356 and

5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5084:

with fresh, crisp flavours-especially in their youth.

3907:. He also had an officially recognized mistress named 3439:, from AD 1. The Romans used the Loire as far as 2726:

The river flows through the continental ecoregions of

2534:

Loire maritime: 53 km from the Atlantic Ocean at

2486:. Four nuclear power plants are located on the river: 1031:. This lies in the north-eastern part of the southern 503:

The Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes

3327:, while the lower Loire found its source upstream of 2754:

diversity among French rivers. The most abundant are

634: 598: 586: 27:

This article is about the river. For other uses, see

6704: 6702: 6700: 6646: 6644: 6642: 4238:

added the central part of the Loire valley, between

3505:. After considerable conflict in the region, in 898 2982:) and the non-native species are represented by the 1395:

Map of the Loire basin showing the major tributaries

616: 583: 6738:(3rd ed.). Abbeville Press. pp. 180–184. 5489: 5487: 5485: 4848:of the area was noted in a publication by the poet 1081:

the Lower Loire, the area from Maine to the estuary

702:It rises in the southeastern quarter of the French 622: 556: 548: 540: 528: 518: 508: 498: 489: 465: 437: 429: 424: 410: 400: 390: 378: 370: 358: 350: 340: 301: 285: 275: 261: 222: 206: 196: 187: 151: 143: 138: 82: 53: 6837:Navigation details for 80 French rivers and canals 6672: 6526: 6355: 6252:Mellersh, H. E. L.; Williams, Neville (May 1999). 5590: 3640:An 1840 poster advertising excursions on the river 3564:, on the Loire, was the turning point of the war. 3009:. The loss of spawning grounds mostly affects the 2530:As of 2017, the following sections are navigable: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5836: 5834: 4258:. In choosing this area that includes the French 4195:, but in particular for its castles, such as the 3719:. Another short stretch much further upstream at 3083:. The frogs are represented by the Parsley frog ( 6787:Williams, Nicola; Boone, Virginie (1 May 2002), 5760:. St Ives, Cambs., UK: Imray. pp. 109–111. 5296:Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art 4948:includes the Sauvignon blanc dominated areas of 4882:The Loire river has a significant effect on the 4070:was established as a prominent academic centre. 3983:Second cousin of Louis XII. Activity centred at 3866:Was defeated by England. Ceded territory to the 2519:provides navigable conditions to cross from the 1523:, followed by the 367.5 km (228.4 mi) 926:, which is itself a transcription of the native 6461: 6459: 6457: 6427:Braudel, Fernand; Reynolds, Sian (April 1992). 4941:have started to limit yields more effectively. 3493:began invading the west coast of France, using 5494:Nicola Williams; Virginie Boone (1 May 2002). 3903:to ascend the throne of France and ruled from 3482:. Many inhabitants around the present city of 2692:during the Middle Ages, apart from extracting 3548:came under English control in 1360. In 1429, 3403:had used pack horses to transport goods from 2598:is derived from the name of the Loire, as in 972:, meaning "to lie, lay" as in the Welsh word 781:The Loire gives its name to six departments: 104: 8: 6713:. Global Book Publishing. pp. 168–176. 3707:The river is officially navigable as far as 992:The source of the river lies in the eastern 848:(6,000 to 4,500 BC), all of the recent 119: 34:"Loira" redirects here. For other uses, see 6292:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 181. 6218:Jervis, William Henley (23 February 2010). 5246:, 1988. Musée de la Loire, Cosne-sur-Loire. 4891:are also well planted—including the rivers 4096:Decline of monarchy or rule of Kings. Many 3970:till her death in 1514. Louis died in 1515 3527:to be built directly in the Loire riverbed. 2718:was also brought from northwestern France. 4739:Sauvignon blanc is the principal grape of 4062:, Adopted the Catholic faith, Decreed the 4016:Internecine fights and killings among the 1110:The Loire flows roughly northward through 746:. Its main tributaries include the rivers 416:4,150 m/s (147,000 cu ft/s) 71: 6500:Institut des études rhodaniennes (1971). 6472:. Sheridan House, Inc. pp. 178–179. 6430:Identity of France: People and Production 6190:. Laurence King Publishing. p. 330. 5992:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 5417:"Fiche cours d'eau - la Loire (----0000)" 4477:Château féodal de Saint-Maurice-sur-Loire 4367:, which was built between 1773 and 1778. 907:periods. They were originally created as 396:835.3 m/s (29,500 cu ft/s) 6814:Pays de la Loire, waterways guide No. 10 6763:. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 196–198. 5589:Montclos, Jean-Marie Pérouse de (1997). 5548: 5546: 5407: 5405: 4231:on western European thought and design. 3756: 1405:Its main tributaries include the rivers 362:117,000 km (45,000 sq mi) 77:Map of France with the Loire highlighted 6605: 6603: 6601: 6105:Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare 6088: 6086: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5631:. New Holland Publishers. p. 127. 5326: 5191: 4821:dating back to the 1st century. In the 4817:The Loire Valley has a long history of 4628: 3431:. They also began building the city of 1367:, 56 km (35 mi) short of the 718:) at 1,350 m (4,430 ft) near 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5707: 5705: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5458: 4292:" built between 987 and 1040 by Anjou 3263:Upper Loire Valley Farmers Association 3047:), frogs and toads. The toads include 1134:. It flows into the Atlantic Ocean at 1106:Confluence of the Allier and the Loire 50: 6393:; Embleton-Hamann, Christine (1997). 6156:. Casa Editrice Bonechi. p. 17. 3924:An authoritarian ruler, reigned from 3825:Power struggles among feudal states. 880:conquered the adjacent provinces for 666: 645: 555: 547: 539: 527: 517: 507: 497: 488: 406:60 m/s (2,100 cu ft/s) 7: 5962:. IUCN. 1 January 2000. p. 22. 4844:By the 5th century, the flourishing 4083:Importance of Loire valley declined 3669:came to nothing. The opening of the 3645:800 years. During the 17th century, 6577:from the original on 18 August 2022 6108:. Taylor and Francis. p. 213. 3411:Ancient Rome, Alans and the Vikings 2750:species, the Loire has the highest 6839:(French waterways website section) 6396:Geomorphological hazards of Europe 6079:. Vol. I/8. pp. 801–803. 5029:Vin Délimité de Qualité Superieure 5003:Vin de Pays du Jardin de la France 4762:situated along the Loire from the 3141:). Newts of the Loire include the 2958:). The endangered species include 1562:and the 287 km (178 mi) 1417:on its right bank, and the rivers 996:, in springs to the south side of 758:on its right bank, and the rivers 25: 6944:Rivers of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 6846:Tourist Office Board Loire Valley 6565:Mahe, Stephane (17 August 2022). 6466:McKnight, Hugh (September 2005). 6323:Holiday walks in the Loire Valley 6102:Bradbury, Jim (1 February 2004). 5737:. IPC Magazines. 1991. p. 46 5625:Barbour, Philippe (1 July 2007). 3624:were slaughtered in Paris in the 3616:but in 1568, Protestants blew up 2573:, parallel to the river, 10 locks 2559:, parallel to the river, 36 locks 2541:Loire: 84 km from Nantes to 6433:. HarperPerennial. p. 476. 5277: 5251: 5232: 5213: 5194: 4925:for the region's dessert wines. 4702: 4687: 4660: 4646: 4631: 4469:Château féodal des Cornes d'Urfé 4372:Neoclassical architectural style 4045:and eventually killed by a monk 3688:. The 261 km (162 mi) 3589:were built. During the reign of 1476:. Downstream of Nevers lies the 1122:and thereafter westward through 612: 579: 59: 6761:The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia 6679:. Workman Publishing. pp. 6627:Williams & Boone, pp. 22–26 6187:A world history of architecture 5381:. Academic Press. p. 183. 5023:Appellation d'origine contrôlée 4376:Classical style of architecture 3245:and other NGOs established the 560:213,481 ha (527,520 acres) 6959:Rivers of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 6711:The Encyclopedic Atlas of Wine 6326:. Sigma Leisure. p. 167. 5828:Williams & Boone, p. 35-36 5531:. Western France Tourist Board 5476:Encyclopædia Britannica online 5058:. In addition to still wines, 4782:just southeast of the city of 4347:whose classical design is the 3849:was stopped from entering the 3626:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 3310:The Loire as it flows through 2594:The French language adjective 2435:Discharge and flood regulation 2037:(east of Candes-Saint-Martin) 856:, the local tribes during the 805:. The lower-central swathe of 552:86,021 ha (212,560 acres) 303: • coordinates 224: • coordinates 1: 6949:Rivers of Centre-Val de Loire 6808:The Loire: a Cultural History 6736:Jancis Robinson's Wine Course 6533:. Stanford Maritime. p. 6320:Smith, Judy (November 2002). 6024:10.1016/s0169-555x(99)00122-1 5529:"Welcome to the Loire Valley" 4770:on the Atlantic coast to the 3256:A pristine gorge of the Loire 1566:, which joins the Loire near 1527:, which joins the Loire near 952:, which in turn gave English 188:Physical characteristics 6909:Rivers of Loire (department) 6652:The Oxford Companion to Wine 6525:Liley, John (6 March 1975). 6071:Abaev, V. I.; Bailey, H. W. 5593:Châteaux of the Loire Valley 4747:, found in the Loire Valley. 4731:Vineyard in the Loire Valley 4423:Châteaux of the Loire Valley 3899:He was helped by the famous 3501:died, marking an end to the 3296:Établissement Publique Loire 3273:at a cost of 7 million 2804:bacteria are represented by 919:The name "Loire" comes from 342: • elevation 267:1,408 m (4,619 ft) 263: • elevation 45:, a tributary of the Sarthe. 41:Not to be confused with the 6889:Rivers of Cher (department) 6636:Williams & Boone, p. 28 6618:Williams & Boone, p. 17 6609:Williams & Boone, p. 19 6503:Revue de géographie de Lyon 6286:Finney, Paul Corby (1999). 6255:Chronology of world history 6224:. BiblioLife. p. 331. 6092:Williams & Boone, p. 14 5756:Edwards-May, David (2010). 5663:Williams & Boone, p. 33 3525:Château of the Loire Valley 3419:The Vikings invading in 879 3226:Loire-Brittany Water Agency 380: • location 354:1,006 km (625 mi) 287: • location 208: • location 65:The Loire in Maine-et-Loire 6975: 6954:Rivers of Pays de la Loire 6914:Rivers of Loire-Atlantique 6831:Inland Waterways of France 6595:Williams & Boone, p.10 6140:Williams & Boone, p.16 6061:Williams & Boone, p.12 6049:Williams & Boone, p.11 5819:, Canal de Roanne à Digoin 5807:, Canal latéral à la Loire 5758:Inland Waterways of France 4833:evidence suggest that the 4720: 4420: 4147:– due to the abundance of 4124: 3790:. Trading along the Loire 2878:) European river lamprey ( 2765:Cyclostephanos invisitatus 2423:, not to be confused with 1482:UNESCO World Heritage Site 1398: 514:Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv) 492:UNESCO World Heritage Site 412: • maximum 402: • minimum 392: • average 40: 33: 26: 6469:Cruising French Waterways 6399:. Elsevier. p. 126. 6354:Trout, Andrew P. (1978). 6258:. ABC-CLIO. p. 188. 5718:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 5713:"Луара (река во Франции)" 4641:on the banks of the Loire 3882:Ruled during the peak of 2277:Saint-Christophe-d'Allier 2225:Saint-Pourçain-sur-Sioule 1943:Saint-Hilaire-sur-Benaize 1737:(near Cloyes-sur-le-Loir) 817:regions was added to the 722:; it flows north through 564: 485: 420: 366: 271: 192: 70: 58: 6934:Rivers of Saône-et-Loire 6924:Rivers of Maine-et-Loire 6899:Rivers of Indre-et-Loire 6709:Fallis, C., ed. (2006). 6150:Aa. Vv. (20 June 2007). 5438:River Discharge Database 5135:; and painters such as: 5070:are also produced. With 4841:in the 1st century AD. 4766:region near the city of 4753:Loire Valley wine region 4302:Donjon de Foulques Nerra 4229:Age of the Enlightenment 4120:Château d'Azay-le-Rideau 3989:Renaissance architecture 3725:Canal latéral à la Loire 3682:Canal de Roanne à Digoin 3671:Canal latéral à la Loire 3489:In the 9th century, the 3454:In the 5th century, the 3267:Natural Loire River Plan 2779:Thalassiosira pseudonana 2711:Prunus domestica italica 2563:Canal de Roanne à Digoin 2549:Canal latéral à la Loire 2525:Canal latéral à la Loire 1401:Tributaries of the Loire 467: • right 5434:"The Loire at Montjean" 5153:Félix Edouard Vallotton 5009:labelled wine, such as 4481:Saint-Pierre-la-Noaille 4400:Château de Montgeoffroy 3800:52 BC-5th century 3593:from 1515 to 1547, the 2640:. In the marshy lands, 1801:Sainte-Gemmes-sur-Loire 676: 439: • left 105: 48:Longest river in France 6904:Rivers of Loir-et-Cher 6810:. 2010, Signal Books. 6759:Stevenson, T. (2005). 4952:and Pouilly-Fumé. The 4862:wrote of the frequent 4748: 4732: 4489:Palais ducal de Nevers 4140: 4122: 4024:and Catholic Monarchy 3694:Marseilles-lès-Aubigny 3641: 3574: 3528: 3447:, with its capital at 3420: 3315: 3283:BirdLife International 3257: 3217: 3188: 3036: 2924:European brook lamprey 2842: 2785:Fragilaria crotonensis 2621: 2591: 2517:Saint-Léger-des-Vignes 2458: 2447: 1841:Saint-Martin-de-Sanzay 1695:Saint-Jean-sur-Mayenne 1396: 1175:départements of France 1107: 1063: 989: 692: 684: 663: 120: 90: 36:Loira (disambiguation) 29:Loire (disambiguation) 6894:Rivers of Haute-Loire 6734:Robinson, J. (2003). 6529:France, the quiet way 6362:. Twayne Publishers. 6358:Jean-Baptiste Colbert 6153:Châteaux of the Loire 5259:Les Rosiers-sur-Loire 5240:Portrait of the Loire 5221:La source de la Loire 5016:The area includes 87 4855:History of the Franks 4738: 4730: 4710:Château de Montsoreau 4682:(from right to left). 4601:Saint-Loup-sur-Thouet 4521:Châteauneuf-sur-Loire 4234:On December 2, 2000, 4209:Château de Montsoreau 4118: 3928:, and had two queens 3647:Jean-Baptiste Colbert 3639: 3587:Chateau de Montsoreau 3570: 3521:Château de Montsoreau 3519: 3418: 3309: 3271:Électricité de France 3255: 3215: 3184: 3045:Salamandra salamandra 3032: 2995:European sea sturgeon 2988:Ambloplites rupestris 2831: 2616: 2585: 2545:near Angers, no locks 2454:The Loire spanned at 2453: 2442: 2363:Varenne-Saint-Germain 1861:Saint-Loup-sur-Thouet 1488:, joins the Loire at 1394: 1383:along the coastline. 1253:Cosne-Cours-sur-Loire 1171:Saint-Brevin-les-Pins 1105: 1058: 1047:. The presence of an 987: 825:on December 2, 2000. 738:until it reaches the 6671:MacNeil, K. (2001). 6506:. Université de Lyon 6077:Encyclopædia Iranica 5930:. Assets.panda.org, 5263:Jean-Jacques Delusse 4850:Sidonius Apollinaris 4670:interior façades in 4384:Jacques Ange Gabriel 4361:Pagode de Chanteloup 4294:Count Foulques Nerra 4256:World Heritage Sites 4217:Château de Villandry 3620:. In 1572 some 3000 2880:Lampetra fluviatilis 2672:. Romans introduced 2331:Dompierre-sur-Besbre 2027:Saint-Priest-Taurion 1589:47.23389°N 0.18333°E 1550:47.34250°N 0.48028°E 1511:47.21250°N 0.07528°E 1464:46.95944°N 3.07889°E 1248:La Charité-sur-Loire 1153:47.27889°N 2.17194°W 1130:, where it forms an 1019:44.84389°N 4.22000°E 998:Mont Gerbier de Jonc 819:World Heritage Sites 742:(Atlantic Ocean) at 730:, then west through 720:Mont Gerbier de Jonc 346:0 m (0 ft) 325:47.26917°N 2.18583°W 246:44.83000°N 4.22222°E 5932:World Wildlife Fund 5125:Jean de La Fontaine 4723:Loire Valley (wine) 4695:Château de Valençay 4654:Chateau de Langeais 4569:Château de Chaumont 4541:Château de la Ferté 4374:, was a revival of 4349:Château de Cheverny 4205:Château de Chambord 3822:5th–10th centuries 3595:Italian Renaissance 3583:Chateau de Langeais 3577:In 1477, the first 3558:relief of the siege 3523:(1453) is the only 3503:Carolingian dynasty 3351:is occupied by the 3241:. As a result, the 3147:Triturus marmoratus 3086:Pelodites punctatus 3080:Pelobates cultripes 3056:Alytes obstetricans 3034:Yellow-bellied toad 2964:Thymallus thymallus 2797:Skeletonema potamos 2791:Nitzschia fruticosa 2746:With more than 100 2551:: 196 km from 2538:to Nantes, no locks 2403:Monistrol-sur-Loire 2383:Andrézieux-Bouthéon 2149:Chambon-sur-Voueize 2127:Savigny-en-Septaine 1997:(in Châtellerault) 1923:Angles-sur-l'Anglin 1893:Candes-Saint-Martin 1821:Saint-Just-sur-Dive 1647:Chalonnes-sur-Loire 1585: / 1546: / 1507: / 1490:Candes-Saint-Martin 1460: / 1149: / 1015: / 966:Proto-Indo-European 850:Stone Age in Europe 838:Middle Palaeolithic 815:Centre-Val de Loire 425:Basin features 321: / 242: / 6939:Rivers of Brittany 6650:J. Robinson (ed.) 6391:Embleton, Clifford 5783:, Loire (maritime) 5681:. Academic Press. 5570:on 15 October 2012 5554:"The Loire Valley" 5202:Scène of the Loire 5048:Melon de Bourgogne 4995:traditional method 4929:for the excessive 4749: 4733: 4357:Château de Serrant 4151:, fruit orchards, 4141:Vallée de la Loire 4123: 3966:. Anne ruled from 3884:Hundred Years' War 3729:Canal du Nivernais 3642: 3604:In the 1530s, the 3575: 3538:Hundred Years' War 3529: 3421: 3319:Prehistoric period 3316: 3258: 3218: 3194:Mediterranean gull 3189: 3186:Mediterranean gull 3091:European tree frog 3037: 2944:Chondrostoma nasus 2876:Petromyzon marinus 2843: 2622: 2600:le climat ligérien 2592: 2565:: 56 km from 2521:Canal du Nivernais 2459: 2448: 2267:Monistrol-d'Allier 2215:La Ferté-Hauterive 2163:Chaumont-sur-Loire 1729:Cloyes-sur-le-Loir 1711:(north of Angers) 1397: 1158:47.27889; -2.17194 1108: 1064: 1059:The river port of 1035:highlands, in the 990: 778:on the left bank. 499:Official name 385:Montjean-sur-Loire 330:47.26917; -2.18583 6884:Rivers of Ardèche 6806:Garrett, Martin, 6800:978-1-86450-358-6 6793:, Lonely Planet, 6544:978-0-540-07140-1 6479:978-1-57409-210-3 6440:978-0-06-092142-2 6406:978-0-444-88824-2 6369:978-0-8057-7715-4 6333:978-1-85058-772-9 6299:978-0-8028-3860-5 6265:978-1-57607-155-7 6231:978-1-145-42193-6 6197:978-1-85669-371-4 6163:978-88-476-1840-4 6115:978-0-203-64466-9 5969:978-2-8317-0575-0 5854:978-0-471-96062-1 5767:978-1-846230-14-1 5688:978-0-12-369449-2 5638:978-1-86011-357-4 5604:978-3-89508-598-7 5507:978-1-86450-358-6 5388:978-0-12-369449-2 5121:Joachim du Bellay 5117:Pierre de Ronsard 5098:François Rabelais 5094:Charles d'Orléans 4939:canopy management 4625:Château des Réaux 4413:ended in France. 4407:French Revolution 4380:Château de Menars 4254:, to its list of 4197:Château d'Amboise 4105: 4104: 4089:French Revolution 4041:. Took refuge in 3993:Leonardo da Vinci 3945:after his death. 3819:and feudal lords 3809:Benedictine Order 3776:1500–500 BC 3752:French Revolution 3659:War in the Vendée 3618:Orléans Cathedral 3458:declined and the 3331:in the region of 3222:French government 3062:Bombina variegata 2936:Sander lucioperca 2916:European bullhead 2896:Platichtys flesus 2892:Anguilla anguilla 2884:Osmerus eperlanus 2838:Anguilla anguilla 2820:cells per litre. 2626:forest of Orléans 2470:on the Loire and 2173:Candé-sur-Beuvron 2017:Condat-sur-Vienne 1594:47.23389; 0.18333 1555:47.34250; 0.48028 1529:Cinq-Mars-la-Pile 1516:47.21250; 0.07528 1469:46.95944; 3.07889 1024:44.84389; 4.22000 888:), converted the 571: 570: 251:44.83000; 4.22222 16:(Redirected from 6966: 6929:Rivers of Nièvre 6919:Rivers of Loiret 6879:Rivers of Allier 6869:Rivers of France 6852: 6844: 6803: 6775: 6774: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6706: 6695: 6694: 6678: 6668: 6662: 6648: 6637: 6634: 6628: 6625: 6619: 6616: 6610: 6607: 6596: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6569:. Loireauxence: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6532: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6463: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6361: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6147: 6141: 6138: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6081: 6080: 6068: 6062: 6059: 6050: 6047: 6028: 6027: 6018:(3–4): 183–207. 6006: 6000: 5999: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5954: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5929: 5921: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5838: 5829: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5709: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5679:Rivers of Europe 5670: 5664: 5661: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5628:Rhone Alpes, 2nd 5622: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5596: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5569: 5563:. Archived from 5558: 5550: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5491: 5480: 5479: 5468: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5430: 5421: 5420: 5409: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5378:Rivers of Europe 5372: 5315:Pays de la Loire 5310:Rivers of France 5281: 5271: 5255: 5236: 5217: 5198: 5184: 5173: 5110: 4991:Crémant de Loire 4922:Botrytis cinerea 4860:Gregory of Tours 4823:High Middle Ages 4706: 4691: 4668:Château de Blois 4664: 4650: 4635: 4597:Montreuil-Bellay 4513:Aubigny-sur-Nère 4453:Lavoûte-Polignac 4449:Mareuil sur Cher 4353:Guillaume Bautru 4337:Château de Blois 4333:François Mansart 4310:Château d'Angers 4201:Château d'Angers 4145:Garden of France 4009:Wars of Religion 3964:Jeanne de Valois 3962:after divorcing 3960:Anne de Bretagne 3817:Frankish Dynasty 3763:Period of reign 3757: 3748:Frankish dynasty 3727:connects to the 3610:Wars of Religion 3507:Foulques le Roux 3499:Charles the Bald 3349:Loire séquanaise 3341:Loire séquanaise 3235:Serre de la Fare 3074:Pelobates fuscus 2999:Acipenser sturio 2980:Rhodeus sericeus 2928:Lampetra planeri 2874:), sea lamprey ( 2819: 2817: 2590:, Indre-et-Loire 2484:historic castles 1879:(near Parthenay) 1831:Montreuil-Bellay 1767:Sablé-sur-Sarthe 1673:Le Lion-d'Angers 1600: 1599: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1475: 1474: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1341:Loire-Atlantique 1164: 1163: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1008: 862:Armorican Massif 852:. Then came the 846:Neolithic period 840:period of 90–40 811:Pays de la Loire 791:Loire-Atlantique 670: 668:[ˈledʒe] 657: 656: 655: 649: 644: 638: 632: 631: 628: 627: 624: 621: 618: 611: 601: 596: 595: 592: 591: 588: 585: 557:Buffer zone 468: 440: 413: 403: 393: 381: 336: 335: 333: 332: 331: 326: 322: 319: 318: 317: 314: 296:Loire-Atlantique 264: 257: 256: 254: 253: 252: 247: 243: 240: 239: 238: 235: 225: 209: 131: 123: 116: 108: 101: 93: 75: 63: 51: 21: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6859: 6858: 6850: 6842: 6823: 6801: 6786: 6783: 6778: 6771: 6758: 6757: 6753: 6746: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6721: 6708: 6707: 6698: 6691: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6649: 6640: 6635: 6631: 6626: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6608: 6599: 6594: 6590: 6580: 6578: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6509: 6507: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6465: 6464: 6455: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6251: 6250: 6246: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6183: 6182: 6178: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6139: 6130: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6091: 6084: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6031: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5956: 5955: 5946: 5936: 5934: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5893: 5883: 5881: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5840: 5839: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5791: 5787: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5740: 5738: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5711: 5710: 5703: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5653: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5493: 5492: 5483: 5470: 5469: 5456: 5447: 5445: 5432: 5431: 5424: 5411: 5410: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5374: 5373: 5328: 5324: 5306: 5299: 5292:J. M. W. Turner 5282: 5273: 5265: 5256: 5247: 5244:Jean-Max Albert 5237: 5228: 5225:Gustave Courbet 5218: 5209: 5206:J. M. W. Turner 5199: 5178: 5176:Edmond Bertreux 5167: 5161:Jean-Max Albert 5145:Gustave Courbet 5141:J. M. W. Turner 5104: 5090: 5044:Sauvignon blanc 4725: 4719: 4712: 4707: 4698: 4692: 4683: 4665: 4656: 4651: 4642: 4636: 4529:Meung-sur-Loire 4517:Sully-sur-Loire 4425: 4419: 4355:remodelled the 4341:Jacques Bougier 4282: 4248:Sully-sur-Loire 4129: 4113: 4107: 4064:Edict of Nantes 4060:Bourbon dynasty 3744: 3675:Briare aqueduct 3634: 3534: 3532:Medieval period 3413: 3383:in what is now 3321: 3304: 3202: 3179: 3129:), marsh frog ( 3103:Rana temporaria 3041:fire salamander 3027: 3019:Atlantic salmon 2900:flathead mullet 2848:Atlantic salmon 2826: 2815: 2813: 2770:C. meneghiniana 2744: 2724: 2700:species in the 2652:are grown with 2611: 2580: 2508: 2437: 2413: 2408: 2399:Lignon du Velay 2369:Lignon du Forez 2139:Évaux-les-Bains 2067:Selles-sur-Cher 2005:Château-Larcher 1593: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1571: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1532: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1493: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1403: 1389: 1192:Le Puy-en-Velay 1157: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1135: 1068:English Channel 1045:above sea-level 1023: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1002: 1001: 982: 964:comes from the 917: 809:straddling the 652: 651: 650: 642: 636: 615: 606: 605: 599: 582: 578: 566: 494: 466: 438: 411: 401: 391: 379: 343: 329: 327: 323: 320: 315: 312: 310: 308: 307: 304: 288: 262: 250: 248: 244: 241: 236: 233: 231: 229: 228: 223: 207: 183: 134: 125: 110: 95: 78: 66: 49: 46: 39: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6972: 6970: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6861: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6848: 6840: 6834: 6822: 6821:External links 6819: 6818: 6817: 6811: 6804: 6799: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6769: 6751: 6744: 6726: 6719: 6696: 6689: 6675:The Wine Bible 6663: 6638: 6629: 6620: 6611: 6597: 6588: 6557: 6543: 6517: 6492: 6478: 6453: 6439: 6419: 6405: 6382: 6368: 6346: 6332: 6312: 6298: 6278: 6264: 6244: 6230: 6210: 6196: 6176: 6162: 6142: 6128: 6114: 6094: 6082: 6063: 6051: 6029: 6001: 5982: 5968: 5944: 5891: 5867: 5853: 5847:. John Wiley. 5830: 5821: 5809: 5797: 5785: 5773: 5766: 5748: 5724: 5701: 5687: 5665: 5651: 5637: 5617: 5603: 5581: 5542: 5520: 5506: 5481: 5454: 5422: 5401: 5387: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5312: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5283: 5276: 5274: 5257: 5250: 5248: 5238: 5231: 5229: 5219: 5212: 5210: 5200: 5193: 5157:Jacques Villon 5102:René Guy Cadou 5089: 5086: 5056:Cabernet franc 5005:refers to any 4909:Sèvre Nantaise 4852:. In his work 4831:Archaeological 4721:Main article: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4701: 4699: 4693: 4686: 4684: 4680:Classic styles 4666: 4659: 4657: 4652: 4645: 4643: 4637: 4630: 4621:Plessis-Bourré 4436:fortifications 4421:Main article: 4418: 4415: 4304:built in 944. 4281: 4278: 4274:Maine-et-Loire 4270:Indre-et-Loire 4213:Château d'Ussé 4125:Main article: 4112: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4094: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4058:First King of 4056: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4035: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4014: 4011: 4001: 4000: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3958:Married widow 3956: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3939: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3922: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3897: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3880: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3827:Charles Martel 3823: 3820: 3813: 3812: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3786:(Orléans) and 3777: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3743: 3740: 3715:joins it near 3690:Canal de Berry 3633: 3630: 3579:printing press 3533: 3530: 3513:gained power. 3470:. In 408, the 3412: 3409: 3320: 3317: 3303: 3300: 3201: 3198: 3178: 3175: 3026: 3023: 2956:Siluris glanis 2825: 2822: 2743: 2740: 2728:Massif central 2723: 2720: 2610: 2607: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2560: 2546: 2539: 2507: 2504: 2436: 2433: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2396: 2386: 2376: 2366: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2334: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2302: 2292: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2270: 2260: 2250: 2240: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2198: 2188: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2120: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2045:Azay-sur-Indre 2032: 2031: 2030: 2020: 2010: 2009: 2008: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1968: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1946: 1936: 1913:La Roche-Posay 1882: 1881: 1880: 1874: 1864: 1854: 1844: 1834: 1824: 1804: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1780: 1770: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1748: 1738: 1732: 1722: 1705:(near Angers) 1700: 1699: 1698: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1665:(near Angers) 1650: 1640: 1630: 1624: 1617:Sèvre Nantaise 1614: 1603: 1435:Sèvre Nantaise 1399:Main article: 1388: 1385: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1323:Maine-et-Loire 1320: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1306:Indre-et-Loire 1303: 1302: 1301: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1216:Saône-et-Loire 1213: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1184: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1041:Sainte-Eulalie 994:Massif Central 981: 978: 916: 913: 870:Ancient Greece 803:Saône-et-Loire 799:Maine-et-Loire 795:Indre-et-Loire 776:Sèvre Nantaise 710:range (in the 704:Massif Central 647:[lwaʁ] 569: 568: 562: 561: 558: 554: 553: 550: 546: 545: 542: 538: 537: 530: 526: 525: 520: 516: 515: 512: 506: 505: 500: 496: 495: 490: 487: 486: 483: 482: 469: 463: 462: 460:Sèvre Nantaise 441: 435: 434: 431: 427: 426: 422: 421: 418: 417: 414: 408: 407: 404: 398: 397: 394: 388: 387: 382: 376: 375: 372: 368: 367: 364: 363: 360: 356: 355: 352: 348: 347: 344: 341: 338: 337: 305: 302: 299: 298: 289: 286: 283: 282: 281:Atlantic Ocean 279: 273: 272: 269: 268: 265: 259: 258: 226: 220: 219: 213:Sainte-Eulalie 210: 204: 203: 201:Massif Central 198: 194: 193: 190: 189: 185: 184: 182: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 155: 153: 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 136: 135: 133: 132: 117: 102: 86: 84: 80: 79: 76: 68: 67: 64: 56: 55: 47: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6971: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6855: 6849: 6847: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6772: 6770:0-7566-1324-8 6766: 6762: 6755: 6752: 6747: 6745:0-7892-0883-0 6741: 6737: 6730: 6727: 6722: 6720:1-74048-050-3 6716: 6712: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6692: 6690:1-56305-434-5 6686: 6682: 6677: 6676: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6660:0-19-860990-6 6657: 6653: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6633: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6615: 6612: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6592: 6589: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6558: 6546: 6540: 6536: 6531: 6530: 6521: 6518: 6505: 6504: 6496: 6493: 6481: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6454: 6442: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6423: 6420: 6408: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6371: 6365: 6360: 6359: 6350: 6347: 6335: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6316: 6313: 6301: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6282: 6279: 6267: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6248: 6245: 6233: 6227: 6223: 6222: 6214: 6211: 6199: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6180: 6177: 6165: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6146: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6098: 6095: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6064: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6012:Geomorphology 6005: 6002: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5983: 5971: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5933: 5926: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5879: 5878: 5877:IUCN bulletin 5871: 5868: 5856: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5774: 5769: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5749: 5736: 5735: 5734:New scientist 5728: 5725: 5721:(in Russian). 5720: 5719: 5714: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5690: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5666: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5640: 5634: 5630: 5629: 5621: 5618: 5606: 5600: 5595: 5594: 5585: 5582: 5566: 5562: 5561:Lonely Planet 5555: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5530: 5524: 5521: 5509: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5444:on 2011-09-28 5443: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5390: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5285:The Loire at 5280: 5275: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5182: 5177: 5171: 5166: 5165:Charles Leduc 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5149:Auguste Rodin 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5129:Charles Péguy 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5113:Clément Marot 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5068:dessert wines 5065: 5061: 5057: 5054:region) from 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4755:includes the 4754: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4729: 4724: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4658: 4655: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4493:Saint-Brisson 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4465:Bastie d'Urfé 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4329:Baroque style 4325: 4323: 4322:Baroque style 4319: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4108: 4099: 4095: 4093:1789 onwards 4092: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4005:Reformist era 4003: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3868:English Crown 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3782:. Settled in 3781: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3696:to the river 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3417: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3254: 3250: 3248: 3247:Loire Vivante 3244: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3220:In 1986, the 3214: 3210: 3208: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3171:T. helveticus 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3069: 3068:Bufo calamita 3064: 3063: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2882:) and smelt ( 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2821: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802:Heterotrophic 2799: 2798: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2774:S. Hantzschii 2771: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2752:phytoplankton 2749: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2698:purple crocus 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2584: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2536:Saint-Nazaire 2533: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2500:Saint-Laurent 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468:Villerest Dam 2465: 2457: 2452: 2446: 2443:The Loire at 2441: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2410: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2319:Cercy-la-Tour 2316: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2237:Puy-Guillaume 2234: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2109:(in Vierzon) 2108: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2077:Villeherviers 2074: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1983:Petite Creuse 1981: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1903:Châtellerault 1900: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1719:Pont-de-Braye 1716: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1569: 1565: 1559: 1530: 1526: 1520: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1473: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1393: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373:Saint-Nazaire 1370: 1369:Loire estuary 1366: 1357: 1356:Saint-Nazaire 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1167:Saint-Nazaire 1162: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1028: 999: 995: 986: 979: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 957: 956: 951: 950: 945: 944: 939: 938: 933: 929: 925: 922: 914: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 878:Julius Caesar 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 744:Saint-Nazaire 741: 740:Bay of Biscay 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 669: 665: 661: 654: 648: 640: 639: 630: 609: 603: 602: 594: 576: 567: 563: 559: 551: 543: 535: 531: 524: 521: 513: 511: 504: 501: 493: 484: 481: 477: 473: 470: 464: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 442: 436: 432: 428: 423: 419: 415: 409: 405: 399: 395: 389: 386: 383: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 339: 334: 306: 300: 297: 293: 292:Saint-Nazaire 290: 284: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 260: 255: 227: 221: 218: 214: 211: 205: 202: 199: 195: 191: 186: 180: 179:Saint-Nazaire 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 137: 129: 122: 118: 114: 107: 103: 99: 92: 88: 87: 85: 81: 74: 69: 62: 57: 52: 44: 37: 30: 19: 6851:(in English) 6843:(in English) 6830: 6813: 6807: 6789: 6781:Bibliography 6760: 6754: 6735: 6729: 6710: 6674: 6666: 6651: 6632: 6623: 6614: 6591: 6579:. Retrieved 6560: 6548:. Retrieved 6528: 6520: 6508:. Retrieved 6502: 6495: 6483:. Retrieved 6468: 6444:. Retrieved 6429: 6422: 6410:. Retrieved 6395: 6385: 6373:. Retrieved 6357: 6349: 6337:. Retrieved 6322: 6315: 6303:. Retrieved 6288: 6281: 6269:. Retrieved 6254: 6247: 6235:. Retrieved 6220: 6213: 6201:. Retrieved 6186: 6179: 6167:. Retrieved 6152: 6145: 6119:. Retrieved 6104: 6097: 6076: 6066: 6015: 6011: 6004: 5998:: 1163–1169. 5995: 5991: 5985: 5973:. Retrieved 5958: 5935:. Retrieved 5882:. Retrieved 5876: 5870: 5858:. Retrieved 5843: 5824: 5812: 5800: 5788: 5776: 5757: 5751: 5739:. Retrieved 5733: 5727: 5716: 5692:. Retrieved 5678: 5668: 5642:. Retrieved 5627: 5620: 5608:. Retrieved 5597:. Könemann. 5592: 5584: 5572:. Retrieved 5565:the original 5533:. Retrieved 5523: 5511:. Retrieved 5496: 5475: 5446:. Retrieved 5442:the original 5437: 5392:. Retrieved 5377: 5284: 5258: 5239: 5220: 5201: 5133:Gaston Couté 5091: 5071: 5040:Chenin blanc 5033: 5027: 5021: 5018:appellations 5015: 5002: 4990: 4973: 4954:Middle Loire 4953: 4945: 4943: 4927: 4920: 4881: 4877:co-operative 4853: 4843: 4816: 4808:Loire Valley 4780:Pouilly-Fumé 4752: 4750: 4745:Pouilly-Fumé 4617:Montgeoffroy 4426: 4404: 4369: 4326: 4306: 4283: 4280:Architecture 4266:Loir-et-Cher 4261:départements 4259: 4233: 4144: 4133:Loire Valley 4130: 4127:Loire Valley 4111:Loire Valley 4106: 3943:Charles VIII 3934:Charles VIII 3845:, leader of 3841:incursions. 3805:Christianity 3745: 3733: 3711:, where the 3706: 3679: 3663: 3643: 3632:1600–present 3603: 3576: 3535: 3488: 3456:Roman Empire 3453: 3433:Caesarodunum 3422: 3357: 3348: 3340: 3322: 3280: 3259: 3219: 3203: 3200:Conservation 3190: 3170: 3167:Palmate Newt 3163:T. alpestris 3162: 3154: 3146: 3143:Marbled Newt 3138: 3131:R. ridubunda 3130: 3126: 3123:Perez's Frog 3119:R. esculenta 3118: 3111:R. dalmatina 3110: 3102: 3095:Hyla arborea 3094: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3014: 2998: 2992: 2987: 2979: 2971: 2963: 2955: 2952:wels catfish 2948:C. toxostoma 2947: 2943: 2935: 2927: 2920:Cottus gobio 2919: 2912:Salmo trutta 2911: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2888:European eel 2883: 2879: 2875: 2872:Alosa fallax 2871: 2867: 2860:Salmo trutta 2859: 2851: 2844: 2836: 2833:European eel 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2745: 2725: 2709: 2706:Reine claude 2623: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2593: 2529: 2511: 2509: 2464:Grangent Dam 2460: 2418: 2414: 1637:Le Marillais 1478:Loire Valley 1404: 1362: 1294:Loir-et-Cher 1109: 1084: 1065: 991: 973: 969: 961: 960: 953: 947: 941: 935: 923: 918: 903:to the late 894: 835: 780: 701: 574: 572: 565: 6874:Loire basin 6827:River Loire 5817:Fluviacarte 5805:Fluviacarte 5793:Fluviacarte 5781:Fluviacarte 5472:"The Loire" 5266: [ 5187:Jean Chabot 5179: [ 5168: [ 5105: [ 5035:Vin de pays 5032:(VDQS) and 4987:Vin de Pays 4974:Lower Loire 4946:Upper Loire 4889:tributaries 4884:mesoclimate 4846:viticulture 4757:French wine 4717:Wine making 4676:Renaissance 4525:Boisgibault 4509:La Verrerie 4505:Pontchevron 4501:La Bussière 4264:of Loiret, 4240:Bouchemaine 4225:Renaissance 4022:Protestants 3909:Agnès Sorel 3901:Joan of Arc 3892:Charles VII 3837:preventing 3811:prospered. 3734:In 2022, a 3709:Bouchemaine 3606:Reformation 3554:Charles VII 3550:Joan of Arc 3542:Black Death 3536:During the 3397:Phoenicians 3379:settled in 3364:Neanderthal 3337:Paris Basin 3196:in Europe. 3159:Alpine Newt 3155:T. vulgaris 3151:Smooth Newt 3139:R. lessonae 3115:Edible Frog 3099:Common Frog 3015:Esox lucius 2908:brown trout 2868:Alosa alosa 2852:Salmo salar 2760:green algae 2732:Paris Basin 2668:introduced 2543:Bouchemaine 2472:Naussac Dam 2273:Chapeauroux 2195:Saint-Satur 1987:Fresselines 1629:(in Nantes) 1611:Le Pellerin 1592: / 1553: / 1514: / 1467: / 1387:Tributaries 1187:Haute-Loire 1156: / 1039:commune of 1022: / 905:Renaissance 787:Haute-Loire 532:2000 (24th 529:Inscription 430:Tributaries 328: / 249: / 83:Native name 18:Loire River 6863:Categories 5448:2011-06-30 5322:References 5287:Montsoreau 5137:Raoul Dufy 5082:fruitiness 5020:under the 5011:Chardonnay 5007:varietally 4864:plundering 4819:winemaking 4593:Montsoreau 4561:Beauregard 4553:Villesavin 4343:(1635) of 4314:portcullis 4221:Chenonceau 4076:Louis XIII 4055:1553–1610 4037:Fled from 4034:1574–1589 4013:1530–1572 3980:1515–1547 3976:François I 3955:1498–1515 3938:1483–1498 3921:1461–1483 3896:1422–1461 3879:1380–1422 3875:Charles VI 3863:1350–1364 3803:Spread of 3591:François I 3552:persuaded 3429:Aurelianis 3107:Agile Frog 3025:Amphibians 2976:bitterling 2658:Salicornia 2506:Navigation 2488:Belleville 1901:(north of 1889:Montsoreau 1745:Châteaudun 1538:47°20′33″N 1499:47°12′45″N 1452:46°57′34″N 1433:, and the 1377:Le Croisic 1329:Montsoreau 1141:47°16′44″N 1086:area near 1007:44°50′38″N 807:its valley 774:, and the 712:department 541:Extensions 359:Basin size 313:47°16′09″N 234:44°49′48″N 6790:The Loire 6581:20 August 5497:The Loire 5078:Champagne 5064:sparkling 4999:Champagne 4873:négociant 4858:, Bishop 4796:Bourgueil 4589:Les Réaux 4577:Clos-Lucé 4392:Louis XVI 4382:built by 4157:asparagus 4153:artichoke 4149:vineyards 4030:Henri III 4018:Catholics 3951:Louis XII 3829:defeated 3622:Huguenots 3614:Huguenots 3546:Aquitaine 3495:longships 3474:tribe of 3468:Visigoths 3445:Aquitania 3369:megaliths 3281:The WWF, 3135:Pool Frog 3127:R. perezi 3050:Bufo bufo 2984:rock bass 2972:Lota lota 2856:sea trout 2716:Asparagus 2618:Greengage 2588:Bréhémont 2586:Loire at 2496:Dampierre 2347:Bourbince 2057:Villandry 1933:Ingrandes 1871:Parthenay 1577:47°14′2″N 1541:0°28′49″E 1144:2°10′19″W 1010:4°13′12″E 980:Geography 915:Etymology 866:Phoenicia 827:Vineyards 519:Reference 371:Discharge 316:2°11′09″W 237:4°13′20″E 6833:, Imray. 6575:Archived 6550:11 April 6510:11 April 6485:11 April 6446:11 April 6412:11 April 6375:11 April 6339:11 April 6305:11 April 6271:11 April 6237:11 April 6203:11 April 6169:11 April 6121:11 April 5975:24 April 5937:24 April 5884:24 April 5860:24 April 5741:11 April 5694:11 April 5644:11 April 5610:11 April 5574:11 March 5535:13 April 5513:13 April 5394:11 April 5304:See also 5294:, 1832, 4958:Touraine 4950:Sancerre 4827:Bordeaux 4812:Cévennes 4776:Sancerre 4764:Muscadet 4741:Sancerre 4581:Langeais 4565:Troussay 4557:Cheverny 4545:Chambord 4485:Chevenon 4473:La Roche 4461:Montrond 4457:Bouthéon 4445:Beaufort 4441:Chambord 4429:châteaux 4417:Châteaux 4411:monarchy 4388:Louis XV 4227:and the 4098:châteaux 4051:Henri IV 3997:Italians 3917:Louis XI 3835:Poitiers 3780:Iron Age 3766:Remarks 3742:Timeline 3599:chateaus 3480:Sangiban 3464:Alemanni 3462:and the 3449:Avaricum 3391:and the 3377:Carnutes 3228:and the 3177:Avifauna 2960:grayling 2742:Plankton 2736:Brittany 2722:Wildlife 2682:cherries 2662:diuretic 2654:duckweed 2596:ligérien 2253:Senouire 2243:Allagnon 2099:Bommiers 1929:Salleron 1909:Gartempe 1847:Thouaret 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