254:
33:
376:. This nematode causes galls on the grass flower spikes and it is in these that the bacteria multiply. Infected galls are present in the winter, but become more toxic as the inflorescence dies in spring. The disease occurs when the pasture is grazed at this toxic stage. Topping the pasture before grazing may prevent the condition, but the seed heads are still toxic when preserved as hay. The symptoms of poisoning are neurological, often causing a mortality rate of forty to fifty percent in infected animals.
46:
814:
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has been grown as a forage crop in southern
Australia since the nineteenth century and seeds readily, it grows ubiquitously in the region with large, genetically diverse populations. Now that arable crops are increasingly been grown, it has become an important weed of these crops. The main reason for
300:
is a native of the
Mediterranean area. Its natural range includes Western, Southern and Central Europe, northern Africa, the Near East, western Asia and the Indian sub-continent. It has spread to many other parts of the world and is considered invasive in some regions. It is planted in Australia as a
249:
is an annual grass that grows in open tussocks. It has fibrous roots and can grow up to a metre tall. The plant form is usually erect but may be prostrate. The stems are often geniculate (with a knee-like bend) and are purplish at the base. The leaves are 5 to 25 cm (2 to 10 in) long, and 3
409:
is grown as a forage crop in suitable areas. About 80% of the seed germinates in the autumn, soon after the first significant rains, and about 5% may remain dormant for twelve months. The plant has vigorous growth, and flowering is initiated when the day length is at least eight hours. This means
423:
its success in competing with crops is its ability to produce prolific numbers of seeds per plant – up to 45,000 seeds per 1 m (11 sq ft) – and also its ability to compete with crops at a very early stage of their life cycle.
238:. It is a native of southern Europe, northern Africa, the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent and is grown as a forage crop, particularly in Australia, where it is also a serious and economically damaging crop weed.
301:
forage crop but not usually in Europe. It was introduced as a forage crop in
Australia around 1880, but has since proven to be an economically damaging weed that infests other more important crops, such as
261:
The young leaves are rolled when in bud, the auricles are small and the ligule is white and translucent, wider than it is long. The unbranched flower spike is up to 30 cm (12 in) long, with the
736:
320:
is a diploid grass with a chromosome number of n=7 (2n=14). It exhibits much genetic variability and grows readily in a variety of situations and habitats. It can hybridise with both
277:, with only the terminal floret having two. The glumes are up to three-quarters the length of the spikelet; their outer surface is finely ribbed with longitudinal veins. There is no
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to 5 mm (0.12 to 0.20 in) wide; the upper surface is glossy dark green, flat and hairless with longitudinal veins, and the underside is shiny and smooth.
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has become one of the most serious and economically damaging weeds in southern
Australia. A 2021 study listed annual ryegrass as fourth on the list of
361:
or annual ryegrass staggers, which is known to occur in the west and south of
Australia and in South Africa. The infection is caused by the bacterium
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453:. Over 90% of plants in some populations are tolerant to some of the widely used herbicides. Instead of wiping out the
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which cost
Australian farmers the most over a 60-year period, at over a billion Australian dollars.
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760:"Ergot of Small Grain Cereals and Grasses and Its Health Effects on Humans and Livestock"
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may become infected by a certain species of bacteria, which results in the production of
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which are toxic to livestock; ingestion of infected material causes a disease, known as
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782:"Invasive species have cost Australia $ 390 billion in the past 60 years, study shows"
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is a similar shape with two nerve and a few fine hairs. The three anthers are yellow.
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that the crop has a relatively uniform flowering period in late winter/early spring.
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595:(Report). Best Management Practices for Dryland Cropping Systems
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The spikelets bear up to twelve florets, mostly with a single
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In addition, it serves as a host for species of the bacteria
564:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 213–216.
342:. It propagates solely by seed; freshly shed seed displays
558:
Boller, Beat; Posselt, Ulrich K.; Veronesi, Fabio (2010).
737:
Department of
Primary Industries and Regional Development
588:
Murrumbidgee
Catchment Management Authority (2008).
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398:) which can cause serious losses in cereal crops.
758:Wegulo, Stephen N; Carlson, Michael P. (2011).
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434:(ARGT), and can be infected by the poisonous
8:
699:in Australia: a very resistance prone weed!"
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449:have met with an unexpectedly high level of
367:, which is introduced into the grass by the
266:on alternating sides and edgeways-on to the
210:. Common names by which it is known include
270:(stem), pressed into recesses in the stem.
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767:University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension
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1260:e893ec60-02c5-44a9-936f-bf23b711a365
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790:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
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1348:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:407503-1
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642:Simpson, Wayne (1 August 2013).
590:Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)
561:Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses
44:
382:is susceptible to infection by
461:are being explored, including
336:), as well as some species of
1:
442:in humans and other mammals.
445:Attempts to control it with
537:Invasive Species Compendium
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670:"Annual ryegrass toxicity"
644:"Annual ryegrass staggers"
780:Khan, Jo (31 July 2021).
178:
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41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
504:. Biosecurity Queensland
432:annual ryegrass toxicity
359:annual ryegrass toxicity
293:Distribution and habitat
646:. Merck. Archived from
464:Pyrenophora seminiperda
396:Gaeumannomyces graminis
214:, a name also given to
258:
735:. Western Australia.
364:Rathayibacter toxicus
256:
823:at Wikimedia Commons
733:Agriculture and Food
451:herbicide resistance
349:The flower spike of
650:on 11 December 2015
502:Weeds of Australia
494:"Annual ryegrass:
388:Claviceps purpurea
259:
257:Annotated spikelet
220:Lolium multiflorum
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1294:Open Tree of Life
833:Taxon identifiers
817:Media related to
739:. 7 December 2020
729:"Annual ryegrass"
618:"Annual ryegrass"
571:978-1-4419-0760-8
533:(rigid ryegrass)"
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414:Damaging effects
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216:Italian ryegrass
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672:. SheepConnect
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318:Lolium rigidum
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648:the original
622:. Retrieved
620:. HerbiGuide
597:. Retrieved
560:
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541:. Retrieved
536:
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501:
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462:
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1193:NatureServe
1128:iNaturalist
865:Wikispecies
676:11 December
428:Clavibacter
242:Description
206:of annual
136:Subfamily:
110:Commelinids
84:Angiosperms
1437:Categories
1322:kew-422874
1317:Plant List
938:Calflora:
708:8 December
654:9 December
624:6 December
543:6 December
508:6 December
481:References
471:L. rigidum
455:L. rigidum
420:L. rigidum
380:L. rigidum
351:L. rigidum
326:L. perenne
1102:GrassBase
1071:242416784
1045:242416784
1027:FloraBase
447:herbicide
322:perennial
264:spikelets
158:Species:
54:Kingdom:
1443:Pooideae
1392:VicFlora
1381:VASCAN:
1374:25511246
1369:Tropicos
1232:NSWFlora
1198:2.133208
1159:10203772
1146:407503-1
1107:imp06040
975:eFloraSA
915:BioLib:
856:Q3156354
850:Wikidata
786:ABC News
440:ergotism
418:Because
394:fungus (
392:take-all
369:nematode
344:dormancy
140:Pooideae
126:Family:
97:Monocots
1245:NTFlora
1094:2706218
993:1114468
962:Ecocrop
795:30 July
743:31 July
599:31 July
339:Festuca
313:Ecology
204:species
146:Genus:
130:Poaceae
116:Order:
58:Plantae
1361:1272-5
1330:PLANTS
1299:459976
1286:141435
1257:NZOR:
1133:164711
1081:LOLRIG
1078:FoIO:
1019:192473
931:434563
903:ARKive
895:111218
879:APDB:
568:
539:. CABI
328:) and
303:canola
281:, the
268:rachis
151:Lolium
120:Poales
1404:WoI:
1356:SANBI
1306:PFI:
1268:NZPCN
1224:89674
1185:40897
1172:31167
1154:IRMNG
1120:22498
1053:FoAO2
1014:EUNIS
1006:LOLRI
954:3VVXT
918:42404
882:52120
763:(PDF)
593:(PDF)
384:ergot
307:wheat
287:palea
283:lemma
275:glume
208:grass
202:is a
189:Gaud.
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
1407:1244
1384:7760
1343:POWO
1335:LORI
1309:7385
1273:3442
1250:4615
1219:NCBI
1180:ITIS
1141:IPNI
1115:GRIN
1089:GBIF
1001:EPPO
967:1363
941:4947
926:BOLD
890:APNI
797:2021
745:2021
710:2015
678:2015
656:2015
626:2015
601:2021
566:ISBN
545:2015
510:2015
402:Uses
305:and
234:and
1415:WFO
1206:NBN
1167:ISC
1066:FoC
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