172:" and the "polluter pays principle." Reflecting these principles, the protocol embodies a major structural revision of the convention the so-called "reverse list" approach. Now, instead of prohibiting the dumping of certain (listed) hazardous materials, the parties are obligated to prohibit the dumping of any waste or other matter that is not listed in Annex 1 ("the reverse list") of the 1996 protocol. Dumping of wastes or other matter on this reverse list requires a permit. Parties to the protocol are further obligated to adopt measures to ensure that the issuance of permits and permit conditions for the dumping of reverse list substances comply with Annex 2 (the Waste Assessment Annex) of the protocol. The substances on the reverse list include dredged material;
229:), Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, People's Republic of China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, CĂ´te d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan (ratified but w/ exclusion), Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia (ratified as the
40:
1277:
80:(June 1972, Stockholm), the treaty was drafted at the Intergovernmental Conference on the Convention on the Dumping of Wastes at Sea (13 November 1972, London) and it was opened for signature on 29 December 1972. It entered into force on 30 August 1975 when 15 nations ratified. As of 1 October 2001, there were 78 Contracting Parties to the convention. International Administration of the Convention functions through Consultative Meetings held at
1850:
1288:
149:. A scientific group on dumping, composed of government experts from the parties to the convention a responsible to address any scientific requests from the consultative meeting, including the preparation of lists of hazardous substances, developing guide-lines on the implementation of the convention, and maintaining awareness of the impacts on the marine environments of inputs from all waste sources.
705:
200:(NOS) is to contribute to the creation of the necessary foundation for the US accession to the 1996 Protocol and, further on, to the protocol's implementation. Through its International Program Office, NOS would also contribute to the international co-operation efforts towards meeting the objectives of the 1996 Protocol.
165:
Protocol reflects the global trend towards precaution and prevention with the parties agreeing to move from controlled dispersal at sea of a variety of land-generated wastes towards integrated land-based solutions for most, and controlled sea disposal of few, remaining categories of wastes or other matter.
184:
such wastes are generated at locations with no land-disposal alternatives. In addition, the 1996 protocol prohibits altogether the practice of incineration at sea, except for emergencies, and prohibits the exports of wastes or other matter to non-Parties for the purpose of dumping or incineration at sea.
187:
The 1996 protocol has effectively moved the scope of the original London convention landwards, relating it to the policy and management issues of land as well as sea wastes disposal. Indicative for this shift are such elements as the codification of the precautionary approach and the establishment of
183:
waste; vessels and offshore platforms or other man-made structures at sea; inert, inorganic geological material; organic material of natural origin; and bulky items including iron, steel, concrete and similar materials for which the concern is physical impact, and limited to those circumstances where
95:
The main objective of the London
Convention is to prevent indiscriminate disposal at sea of wastes that could be liable for creating hazards to human health; harming living resources and marine life; damaging amenities; or interfering with other legitimate uses of the sea. The 1972 Convention extends
164:
On 17 November 1996, a special meeting of the
Contracting Parties adopted the "1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972" which is to replace the 1972 Convention, subject to ratification. In line with UNCED's Agenda 21, the 1996
67:
or other matter from vessels, aircraft, and platforms. It does not cover discharges from land-based sources such as pipes and outfalls, wastes generated incidental to normal operation of vessels, or placement of materials for purposes other than mere disposal, providing such disposal is not contrary
112:
wastes and the resolutions to end the dumping and incineration of industrial wastes. The efforts of the
Parties are supported by a permanent secretariat hosted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The consultative meeting of the contracting parties to the London convention is the
96:
its scope over "all marine waters other than the internal waters" of the States and prohibits the dumping of certain hazardous materials. It further requires a prior special permit for the dumping of a number of other identified materials and a prior general permit for other wastes or matter.
87:
The London
Convention consists of 22 Articles and three Annexes. It follows a "black list/grey list" approach to regulating ocean dumping; Annex I materials (black list) generally may not be ocean dumped (though for certain Annex I materials dumping may be permissible if present only as
113:
governing and political decision-making body of the convention. It takes advice on issues needing multidisciplinary expertise from the Joint Group of
Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) which is composed of specialised experts nominated by the
387:
266:
188:
requirements such as the "waste prevention audit," the identification and control of the sources of contamination for certain materials, and the collaboration with relevant local and national agencies that are involved in point and non-point source
2410:
395:
92:" or "rapidly rendered harmless" and Annex II materials (grey list) require "special care". Annex III lays out general technical factors to be considered in establishing criteria for issuance of ocean dumping permits.
2375:
1935:
351:
2440:
2435:
2415:
2445:
2380:
1950:
109:
2355:
1980:
2245:
1880:
1191:
2225:
2420:
1127:
2405:
2390:
77:
2385:
1905:
153:
2430:
2350:
2450:
237:), Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Tonga, Tunisia, Ukraine (ratified as
2395:
2325:
2135:
1112:
108:
within which the contracting parties have achieved continuous progress in keeping the oceans clean. Among its milestones are the 1993 ban on ocean disposal of
1895:
321:
59:, is an agreement to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the convention. It covers the deliberate
2020:
1373:
250:
362:
2250:
959:
1739:
196:(ICM) comes as a natural framework for effective implementation of the objectives of the protocol. Relaying on its vast ICM technical expertise, the
2400:
2270:
1910:
2330:
1221:
2365:
2335:
2030:
472:
291:
156:(MPRSA) which directs that implementing regulations are to apply binding requirements of LC to the extent that this would not relax the MPRSA.
2370:
2235:
2210:
1448:
1122:
969:
2425:
2280:
2220:
2175:
1345:
1236:
2360:
1890:
391:
358:
325:
295:
114:
81:
1734:
1302:
1297:
207:(CCS) is uncertain. The sub-seabed wastes fall within the scope of the treaty, which can prohibit CCS projects like the injection of
2275:
2260:
2055:
2050:
1604:
557:
2295:
2240:
2180:
2130:
1995:
1900:
1216:
2255:
2160:
2140:
1990:
1970:
1925:
1694:
1664:
1634:
1433:
1019:
1009:
924:
774:
524:
2065:
1920:
1915:
1453:
1117:
994:
954:
949:
491:
225:– (87 as of 2013) Afghanistan, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Barbados, Belarus (ratified as
104:
Since its entering into force in 1975, the convention has provided a framework for international control and prevention of
2305:
2285:
2265:
2230:
2200:
2125:
2075:
1960:
1930:
1684:
1508:
1014:
974:
939:
193:
68:
to aims of the convention. It entered into force in 1975. As of
September 2016, there were 89 Parties to the convention.
2340:
2320:
2315:
2185:
2165:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2080:
2035:
2015:
2000:
1955:
1940:
1312:
1307:
1102:
1039:
1029:
1609:
2290:
2205:
2190:
2155:
2150:
2115:
2060:
2040:
2010:
1965:
1226:
1049:
944:
934:
929:
779:
597:
1196:
2310:
2300:
2170:
2145:
2120:
2110:
2100:
2070:
2045:
2025:
1985:
1975:
1945:
1749:
1516:
1080:
1054:
1044:
1034:
1004:
984:
814:
204:
2215:
2195:
2090:
2005:
1521:
1097:
1024:
989:
979:
964:
329:
1885:
1338:
261:
419:"International marine regulation of CO2 geological storage. Developments and implications of London and OSPAR"
2345:
1875:
1709:
1649:
1576:
1418:
1139:
169:
1566:
1561:
1526:
849:
197:
649:
629:
481:
234:
89:
1775:
1586:
1251:
999:
844:
749:
417:
Dixon, Tim; Greaves, Andy; Christophersen, Oyvind; Vivian, Chris; Thomson, Jolyon (1 February 2009).
256:
469:
299:
1689:
1674:
1629:
1428:
1331:
1211:
799:
719:
664:
562:
549:
517:
1815:
1780:
1724:
1644:
1619:
1388:
1368:
1281:
1256:
1201:
1107:
896:
866:
582:
496:
208:
39:
1854:
1639:
1536:
1383:
1160:
1090:
1085:
1070:
861:
829:
824:
804:
744:
669:
448:
440:
189:
168:
Among the most important innovations brought by the 1996 protocol is the codification of the "
1770:
1729:
1714:
1614:
1594:
1276:
1144:
1075:
916:
886:
876:
834:
809:
789:
784:
624:
592:
587:
567:
541:
430:
226:
105:
1805:
1679:
1468:
1393:
1246:
1170:
906:
901:
871:
769:
754:
659:
654:
614:
476:
271:
180:
502:
241:), United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, and Vanuatu. (Insert Reference).
17:
1830:
1810:
1800:
1795:
1785:
1765:
1704:
1599:
1531:
1473:
1458:
1403:
1292:
1165:
839:
819:
729:
689:
577:
510:
60:
49:
Convention on the
Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
1869:
1488:
1413:
1408:
1231:
891:
639:
238:
31:
267:
Convention for the
Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft
1835:
1719:
1669:
1541:
1498:
1438:
1175:
881:
759:
739:
684:
230:
435:
418:
1825:
1820:
1744:
1699:
1659:
1556:
1463:
1206:
856:
694:
609:
572:
1790:
1654:
1354:
1261:
619:
604:
452:
486:
444:
1624:
1571:
1423:
1241:
794:
533:
704:
152:
The convention is implemented in the United States through Title I of the
1551:
1443:
1378:
764:
724:
644:
1478:
734:
233:), Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Serbia (ratified as
1493:
1483:
679:
634:
214:
into offshore platforms built into sub-seabed geological formations.
176:
173:
122:
1398:
674:
537:
64:
2411:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and
Tristan da Cunha
146:
138:
1327:
506:
134:
130:
126:
118:
1323:
1546:
142:
2376:
Treaties extended to the
British Indian Ocean Territory
1936:
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
30:"Marine dumping" redirects here. For other uses, see
2441:
Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Seychelles
2436:
Treaties extended to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands
1758:
1585:
1507:
1361:
1184:
1153:
1063:
915:
712:
548:
1192:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
78:United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
2416:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
2446:Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands
154:Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
2381:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
1951:Treaties of the military dictatorship in Brazil
470:IMO summary of London Convention and amendments
2356:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
1339:
518:
8:
2246:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1881:International Maritime Organization treaties
251:Oslo Convention for the North-East Atlantic
2421:Treaties extended to Akrotiri and Dhekelia
1981:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
1346:
1332:
1324:
525:
511:
503:
2406:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
2391:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
434:
27:1972 multilateral environmental agreement
2226:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
38:
2386:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands
1906:Treaties of the Republic of Afghanistan
1222:High-level radioactive waste management
283:
2431:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
2351:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
55:" or "LC '72" and also abbreviated as
2451:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau
76:The convention was called for by the
7:
2396:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
2326:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
2136:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Republic
1237:Sewage regulation and administration
352:"London Protocol; why is it needed?"
1896:Treaties entered into force in 1975
392:International Maritime Organization
359:International Maritime Organization
326:International Maritime Organization
296:International Maritime Organization
82:International Maritime Organization
2021:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
1735:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
25:
2251:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
1605:Agricultural wastewater treatment
1849:
1848:
1287:
1286:
1275:
1217:Extended producer responsibility
703:
2401:Treaties extended to Montserrat
2271:Treaties of the Solomon Islands
1911:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
1665:Industrial wastewater treatment
1635:Decentralized wastewater system
775:Mechanical biological treatment
203:The legal interpretation about
2331:Treaties of the United Kingdom
482:Information on treaties.un.org
84:(IMO) headquarters in London.
1:
2366:Treaties extended to Guernsey
2336:Treaties of the United States
2031:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
1685:Rotating biological contactor
194:integrated coastal management
43:London Convention signatories
2371:Treaties extended to Bermuda
2236:Treaties of the Soviet Union
2211:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
436:10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.268
2426:Treaties extended to Jersey
2281:Treaties of Francoist Spain
2221:Treaties of the Philippines
2176:Treaties of the Netherlands
1227:History of waste management
51:1972, commonly called the "
2467:
2361:Treaties extended to Aruba
1891:Treaties concluded in 1972
1750:Wastewater treatment plant
1517:Adsorbable organic halides
815:fluorescent lamp recycling
492:NOAA summary of convention
205:carbon capture and storage
29:
1844:
1522:Biochemical oxygen demand
1270:
701:
487:EPA summary of convention
2276:Treaties of South Africa
2261:Treaties of Sierra Leone
2056:Treaties of West Germany
2051:Treaties of East Germany
1197:China's waste import ban
262:Environmental agreements
18:London Convention (1972)
2296:Treaties of Switzerland
2241:Treaties of Saint Lucia
2181:Treaties of New Zealand
2131:Treaties of South Korea
1996:Treaties of Ivory Coast
1901:1975 in the environment
1710:Sewage sludge treatment
1650:Fecal sludge management
1610:API oil–water separator
1577:Wastewater surveillance
558:Agricultural wastewater
322:"Status of Conventions"
2256:Treaties of Seychelles
2161:Treaties of Montenegro
2141:Treaties of Luxembourg
1991:Treaties of Costa Rica
1971:Treaties of Cape Verde
1926:Treaties of Azerbaijan
1567:Total suspended solids
1562:Total dissolved solids
1527:Chemical oxygen demand
1282:Environment portal
960:Bosnia and Herzegovina
850:water recycling shower
198:National Ocean Service
170:precautionary approach
44:
2066:Treaties of Guatemala
1921:Treaties of Australia
1916:Treaties of Argentina
1434:Industrial wastewater
650:Municipal solid waste
630:Industrial wastewater
235:Serbia and Montenegro
110:low-level radioactive
42:
2306:Treaties of Tanzania
2286:Treaties of Suriname
2266:Treaties of Slovenia
2231:Treaties of Portugal
2201:Treaties of Pakistan
2126:Treaties of Kiribati
2076:Treaties of Honduras
1961:Treaties of Bulgaria
1931:Treaties of Barbados
1776:Groundwater recharge
845:water heat recycling
750:Garden waste dumping
499:, as of 2003 edition
475:3 March 2019 at the
332:on 14 September 2019
257:Barcelona Convention
2341:Treaties of Vanuatu
2321:Treaties of Ukraine
2316:Treaties of Tunisia
2186:Treaties of Nigeria
2166:Treaties of Morocco
2106:Treaties of Jamaica
2096:Treaties of Ireland
2086:Treaties of Iceland
2081:Treaties of Hungary
2036:Treaties of Finland
2016:Treaties of Denmark
2001:Treaties of Croatia
1956:Treaties of Bolivia
1941:Treaties of Belgium
1690:Secondary treatment
1675:Membrane bioreactor
1630:Constructed wetland
1429:Infiltration/Inflow
1212:Eco-industrial park
800:appliance recycling
720:Anaerobic digestion
665:Post-consumer waste
563:Biodegradable waste
292:"London Convention"
192:. In this context,
2291:Treaties of Sweden
2206:Treaties of Panama
2191:Treaties of Norway
2156:Treaties of Monaco
2151:Treaties of Mexico
2116:Treaties of Jordan
2061:Treaties of Greece
2041:Treaties of France
2011:Treaties of Cyprus
1966:Treaties of Canada
1855:Category: Sewerage
1816:Septic drain field
1781:Infiltration basin
1725:Stabilization pond
1645:Facultative lagoon
1509:Quality indicators
1389:Blackwater (waste)
1369:Acid mine drainage
1257:Waste minimisation
1202:Cleaner production
867:Reusable packaging
780:Mechanical sorting
583:Construction waste
497:CIA World Factbook
90:trace contaminants
45:
2311:Treaties of Tonga
2301:Treaties of Syria
2171:Treaties of Nauru
2146:Treaties of Malta
2121:Treaties of Kenya
2111:Treaties of Japan
2101:Treaties of Italy
2071:Treaties of Haiti
2046:Treaties of Gabon
2026:Treaties of Egypt
1986:Treaties of Zaire
1976:Treaties of Chile
1946:Treaties of Benin
1863:
1862:
1640:Extended aeration
1587:Treatment options
1537:Oxygen saturation
1384:Blackwater (coal)
1362:Sources and types
1321:
1320:
1252:Waste legislation
1161:Sanitation worker
1135:London Convention
1071:Bamako Convention
862:Resource recovery
830:textile recycling
825:plastic recycling
805:battery recycling
745:Ecological design
670:Radioactive waste
398:on 1 October 2016
190:pollution control
53:London Convention
16:(Redirected from
2458:
2216:Treaties of Peru
2196:Treaties of Oman
2091:Treaties of Iran
2006:Treaties of Cuba
1852:
1851:
1771:Evaporation pond
1759:Disposal options
1730:Trickling filter
1715:Sewage treatment
1615:Carbon filtering
1595:Activated sludge
1348:
1341:
1334:
1325:
1290:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1145:OSPAR Convention
1076:Basel Convention
887:Waste collection
877:Sewage treatment
835:timber recycling
810:bottle recycling
790:Reclaimed lumber
785:Photodegradation
707:
625:Industrial waste
593:Electronic waste
588:Demolition waste
568:Biomedical waste
542:waste management
527:
520:
513:
504:
457:
456:
438:
429:(1): 4503–4510.
414:
408:
407:
405:
403:
394:. Archived from
384:
378:
377:
375:
373:
367:
361:. Archived from
356:
348:
342:
341:
339:
337:
328:. Archived from
318:
312:
311:
309:
307:
298:. Archived from
288:
227:Byelorussian SSR
106:marine pollution
21:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2455:
1886:Ocean pollution
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1840:
1806:Reclaimed water
1754:
1680:Reverse osmosis
1581:
1503:
1469:Reverse osmosis
1394:Boiler blowdown
1357:
1352:
1322:
1317:
1293:Category: Waste
1274:
1266:
1247:Waste hierarchy
1180:
1171:Waste collector
1149:
1140:Oslo Convention
1059:
911:
907:Waste-to-energy
902:Waste treatment
872:Right to repair
770:Landfill mining
755:Illegal dumping
708:
699:
660:Packaging waste
655:Open defecation
615:Hazardous waste
544:
531:
477:Wayback Machine
466:
461:
460:
423:Energy Procedia
416:
415:
411:
401:
399:
388:"1996 Protocol"
386:
385:
381:
371:
369:
365:
354:
350:
349:
345:
335:
333:
320:
319:
315:
305:
303:
302:on 3 March 2019
290:
289:
285:
280:
272:Operation CHASE
247:
220:
212:
181:fish processing
162:
102:
74:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2464:
2462:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2346:1972 in London
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1876:Waste treaties
1868:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1831:Surface runoff
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1811:Sanitary sewer
1808:
1803:
1801:Marine outfall
1798:
1796:Marine dumping
1793:
1788:
1786:Injection well
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1766:Combined sewer
1762:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1705:Settling basin
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1600:Aerated lagoon
1597:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1532:Coliform index
1529:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1474:Sanitary sewer
1471:
1466:
1461:
1459:Produced water
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1404:Combined sewer
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1284:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1166:Street sweeper
1163:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1050:United Kingdom
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
921:
919:
913:
912:
910:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
853:
852:
847:
842:
840:tire recycling
837:
832:
827:
822:
820:land recycling
817:
812:
807:
802:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
730:Biodegradation
727:
722:
716:
714:
710:
709:
702:
700:
698:
697:
692:
690:Surface runoff
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
601:
600:
590:
585:
580:
578:Chemical waste
575:
570:
565:
560:
554:
552:
546:
545:
532:
530:
529:
522:
515:
507:
501:
500:
494:
489:
484:
479:
465:
464:External links
462:
459:
458:
409:
379:
343:
313:
282:
281:
279:
276:
275:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
246:
243:
219:
216:
210:
161:
158:
101:
100:Implementation
98:
73:
70:
57:Marine Dumping
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2463:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:Sedimentation
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Sewage sludge
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:Cooling water
1412:
1410:
1409:Cooling tower
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1374:Ballast water
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1314:
1313:Organizations
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:Landfill fire
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:EU directives
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1055:United States
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
920:
918:
914:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
892:Waste sorting
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
715:
711:
706:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
640:Marine debris
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
599:
596:
595:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
528:
523:
521:
516:
514:
509:
508:
505:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
474:
471:
468:
467:
463:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
432:
428:
424:
420:
413:
410:
397:
393:
389:
383:
380:
368:on 8 May 2018
364:
360:
353:
347:
344:
331:
327:
323:
317:
314:
301:
297:
293:
287:
284:
277:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
252:
249:
248:
244:
242:
240:
239:Ukrainian SSR
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:State parties
217:
215:
213:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
185:
182:
179:; industrial
178:
175:
171:
166:
160:1996 Protocol
159:
157:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
107:
99:
97:
93:
91:
85:
83:
79:
71:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
41:
37:
33:
32:Ocean dumping
19:
1836:Vacuum sewer
1720:Sewer mining
1670:Ion exchange
1620:Chlorination
1542:Heavy metals
1499:Urban runoff
1439:Ion exchange
1419:Fecal sludge
1185:Other topics
1176:Waste picker
1134:
1103:incineration
882:Urban mining
760:Incineration
740:Durable good
685:Sharps waste
645:Mining waste
426:
422:
412:
402:30 September
400:. Retrieved
396:the original
382:
372:30 September
370:. Retrieved
363:the original
346:
336:30 September
334:. Retrieved
330:the original
316:
306:30 September
304:. Retrieved
300:the original
286:
231:Soviet Union
222:
221:
202:
186:
167:
163:
151:
103:
94:
86:
75:
56:
52:
48:
46:
36:
1826:Storm drain
1821:Sewage farm
1745:Vermifilter
1700:Septic tank
1660:Imhoff tank
1557:Temperature
1464:Return flow
1454:Papermaking
1207:Downcycling
1154:Occupations
1123:waste water
1020:Switzerland
1010:South Korea
1000:New Zealand
925:Afghanistan
897:Waste trade
857:Repurposing
695:Toxic waste
675:Scrap metal
610:Green waste
573:Brown waste
550:Major types
1870:Categories
1791:Irrigation
1655:Filtration
1355:Wastewater
1262:Zero waste
1064:Agreements
995:Kazakhstan
950:Bangladesh
735:Composting
620:Heat waste
605:Food waste
598:by country
453:4934390933
278:References
72:Background
63:at sea of
1625:Clarifier
1572:Turbidity
1424:Greywater
1242:Upcycling
1108:landfills
1098:framework
1091:Recycling
1086:batteries
1015:Sri Lanka
975:Hong Kong
940:Australia
917:Countries
795:Recycling
713:Processes
534:Biosolids
445:1876-6102
1552:Salinity
1444:Leachate
1379:Bathroom
1303:Journals
1118:vehicles
1040:Thailand
1030:Tanzania
765:Landfill
725:Balefill
473:Archived
245:See also
61:disposal
1479:Septage
970:Georgia
945:Belgium
935:Armenia
930:Albania
253:(OSPAR)
218:Parties
1853:
1494:Toilet
1484:Sewage
1449:Manure
1291:
1045:Turkey
1035:Taiwan
1005:Russia
985:Israel
955:Brazil
680:Sewage
635:Litter
540:, and
451:
443:
177:sludge
174:sewage
145:, and
123:UNESCO
65:wastes
1399:Brine
1308:Lists
1298:Index
1025:Syria
990:Japan
980:India
965:Egypt
538:waste
366:(PDF)
355:(PDF)
1740:UASB
1128:WEEE
1113:RoHS
449:OCLC
441:ISSN
404:2016
374:2016
338:2016
308:2016
147:UNEP
139:IAEA
47:The
431:doi
135:WHO
131:WMO
127:IOC
119:FAO
115:IMO
1872::
1547:pH
536:,
447:.
439:.
425:.
421:.
390:.
357:.
324:.
294:.
209:CO
143:UN
141:,
137:,
133:,
129:,
125:,
121:,
117:,
1347:e
1340:t
1333:v
526:e
519:t
512:v
455:.
433::
427:1
406:.
376:.
340:.
310:.
211:2
88:"
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
