Living wage - Knowledge (XXG)

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advantages for the majority of society. Smith argued that higher productivity and overall growth led to higher wages that in turn led to greater benefits for society. Based on his writings, one can infer that Smith would support a living wage commensurate with the overall growth of the economy. This, in turn, would lead to more happiness and joy for people, while helping to keep families and people out of poverty. Political institutions can create a system of liberty for individuals to ensure opportunity for higher wages through higher production and thus stable growth for society.

1137: 714: 384:. Broadly speaking, Stabile indicates that sustainability in the economy may require that people have the means for 'decent accommodation, transport, clothing and personal care'. He qualifies the statement as he sees individual necessities as contextual and therefore able to change over time, between cultures and under different macroeconomic circumstances. This suggests that the concept and definition of a living wage cannot be made objective over all places and in all times. Stabile's thoughts on capabilities make direct reference to 1445: 602: 1093: 1648:

labor economists by the Employment Policies Institute in 2000, only 31% viewed living wages as a very or somewhat effective anti-poverty tool, while 98% viewed policies like the US earned income tax credit and general welfare grants in a similar vein. On the other hand, according to Zagros Madjd-Sadjadi, an economist with the State of California's Division of Labor Statistics and Research, the living wage may be seen by the public as preferable to other methods because it reinforces the

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such, the obligation to fulfill the right of a living wage rests on the owners and employers of private resources. His argument goes beyond that a wage should provide mere subsistence but that it should provide humans with the capabilities to 'develop within reasonable limits all faculties, physical, intellectual, moral and spiritual.' A living wage for him is 'the amount of remuneration that is sufficient to maintain decently the laborer'

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that is one that allows them to meet their basic needs and participate in society at a minimum level. This is significantly higher than the 30% that fall below the standard in the UK as a whole. This represents 3.5 million Londoners, an increase of 400,000 since 2010/11. The research highlights the need to improve incomes through better wages, mainly, the London Living Wage, to ensure more Londoners reach a decent standard of living.

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of the population. It is estimated that workers who qualify for the living wage legislation are currently between 1-2% of the bottom quartile of wage distribution.Real life implications to living wage legislation is important to address. Raising wages can decrease job opportunities for low wage workers as it cuts costs for profit seeking organizations and companies. The pool gets smaller despite an increase in wage rates.

649: 1789: 392:. The tie-in with a living wage is the idea that income is an important, though not exclusive, means for capabilities. The enhancement of people's capabilities allows them to better function both in society and as workers. These capabilities are further passed down from parents to children. Finally, Stabile analyses the lack of a living wage as the imposition of 211:. Both argued for an income that considers needs, particularly those that ensure the communal good. Aristotle saw self-sufficiency as a requirement for happiness which he defined as, 'that which on its own makes life worthy of choice and lacking in nothing'. As he placed the responsibility in ensuring that the poor could earn a 255:

Rising real wages are secured by growth through increasing productivity against stable price levels, i.e. prices not affected by inflation. A system of liberty, secured through political institutions whereupon even the "lower ranks of people" could secure the opportunity for higher wages and an acceptable standard of living.

1431:. There are member associations in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Hong Kong S.A.R., India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Turkey as well as supporters in Europe and North America. The campaign targets multinational employers who do not pay their developing world workers a living wage. 1461:

Many city officials have opposed living wage requirements because they believe that they restrict business climate thus making cities less appealing to potential industries. Logistically cities must hire employees to administer the ordinance. Conversely advocates for the legislation have acknowledged

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Research shows that minimum wage laws and living wage legislation impact poverty differently: evidence demonstrates that living wage legislation reduces poverty. The parties impacted by minimum wage laws and living wage laws differ as living wage legislation generally applies to a more limited sector

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the control group as the subset of cities that attempted to pass a living wage law but were unsuccessful. This comparison indicates that living wages raise the average wage level in cities. However, it reduces the likelihood of employment for individuals in the bottom percentile of wage distribution.

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arising due to a lack of living wage. Muilenburg and Singh see welfare programs, such as housing and school meals, as being a subsidy for employers that allow them to pay low wages. This subsidy, taking the form of an externality, is of course paid for by society in the form of taxes. This thought is

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are poverty and inequality. A living wage is meant to address these by providing the material basis that allows individuals a degree of autonomy and prevents disproportionate income and wealth that would inevitably lead to a societal fissure between the rich and poor. A living wage further allows for

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John Ryan argues for a living wage from a rights perspective. He considers a living wage to be a right that all labourers are entitled to from the 'common bounty of nature'. He argues that private ownership of resources precludes access to them by others who would need them to maintain themselves. As

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wage, many of the beneficiaries may already be in families that make substantially more than that necessary to provide an adequate standard of living; this argument focuses on the portion benefitting who are in poverty, rather than the portion in poverty who are benefitting. According to a survey of

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in 2014 indicated that at that time the proportion of jobs outside London paying less than the living wage was 23%. The equivalent figure within London was 19%. Research by Loughborough University, commissioned by Trust for London, shows 4 in 10 Londoners cannot afford a decent standard of living -

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Although these ordinances are recent, a number of studies have attempted to measure the impact of these policies on wages and employment. Researchers have had difficulty measuring the impact of these policies because it is difficult to isolate a control group for comparison. A notable study defined

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In 2014, Wisconsin Service Employees International Union teamed up with public officials against legislation to eliminate local living wages. According to U.S. Department of Labor data, Wisconsin Jobs Now - a non-profit organization fighting inequality through higher wages - has received at least $

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Servants, labourers and workmen of different kinds, make up the far greater part of every great political society. But what improves the circumstances of the greater part can never be regarded as an inconvenience to the whole. No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater

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and Living Wage Employer mark. Since 2011, the Living Wage Foundation has accredited thousands of employers that pay its proposed living wage. The living wage in London is calculated by GLA Economics and the CRSP calculates the out-of-London Living Wage. Their recommended hourly rates for 2015 are

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Different ideas on a living wage have been advanced by modern campaigns that have pushed for localities to adopt them. Supporters of a living wage have argued that a wage is more than just compensation for labour. It is a means of securing a living and it leads to public policies that address both

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Critics have warned of not just an increase in unemployment but also price increases and a lack of entry-level jobs due to labor substitutions effects. The voluntary undertaking of a living wage is criticized as impossible due to the competitive advantage other businesses in the same market would

1155:. Further research was published in 2014 in a number of reports on the potential impact of raising the UK's statutory national minimum wage to the same level as the Living Wage Foundation's living wage recommendation. This included two reports funded by the Trust for London and carried out by the 1108:

established the Living Wage Unit to calculate the London Living Wage, although the authority had no power to enforce it. The London Living Wage was developed in 2008 when Trust for London awarded a grant of over £1 million for campaigning, research and an employer accreditation scheme. The Living

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calculated the necessary full-time hourly wage to spend 30% of income on rental of a fair-market, 2-bedroom apartment. Estimates range from a high of $ 36.82/hr in Hawaii (where minimum wage is $ 10.10/hr) to $ 14.26 in Arkansas (the lowest state, raising its minimum from $ 9.25 to $ 11/hr) and $

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by Zeng and Honig indicated that living wage workers have higher affective commitment and lower turnover intention. Workers paid a living wage were more likely to support the organization they work for in various ways including: "protecting the organizations public image, helping colleagues solve

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for workers over 25. It was phased in between 2016 and 2020 and was set at a significantly higher level than previous minimum wage rates. By 2020 it was expected to have risen to at least £9 per hour and represent a full-time annual pay equivalent to 60% of the median UK earnings. In practice the

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released a series of demands to University administrators calling for a living wage policy at the University. These demands included a requirement that the University "explicitly address" the issue by 17 February. Although University President Teresa Sullivan did respond to the demands in a mass

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The proposed law will inform tax-payers of where their investment dollars go and will hold developers to more stringent employment standards. The proposed act will require developers who receive substantial tax-payer funded subsidies to pay employees a minimum living wage. The law is designed to

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Based on these writings, Smith advocated that labor should receive an equitable share of what labor produces. For Smith, this equitable share amounted to more than subsistence. Smith equated the interests of labor and the interests of land with overarching societal interests. He reasoned that as

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recognized that rising real wages lead to the "improvement in the circumstances of the lower ranks of people" and are therefore an advantage to society. Growth and a system of liberty were the means by which the laboring poor were able to secure higher wages and an acceptable standard of living.

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increases. Furthermore, the act will require that employees who do not receive health insurance from their employer will receive an additional $ 1.50 an hour to subsidize their healthcare expenses. Workers employed at a subsidized development will also be entitled to the living wage guarantee.

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Those in favor of living wage ordinances primarily research the negative impacts of insufficient minimum wages. In a cross-comparison between minimum wage and living wage ordinances, there are profound psychological impacts to living wage implementations. Those in favor of living wage oriented

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Like Smith, supporters of a living wage argue that the greater good for society is achieved through higher wages and a living wage. It is argued that government should in turn attempt to align the interests of those pursuing profits with the interests of the labor in order to produce societal

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Neumark and Adams, in their paper, "Do living wage ordinances reduce urban poverty?", state, "There is evidence that living wage ordinances modestly reduce the poverty rates in locations in which these ordinances are enacted. However, there is no evidence that state minimum wage laws do so."

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A contention that often impedes the progression of a living wage ordinance has to do with the scope; it is controversial whether it should apply to an individual or an entire family as wages can be nuanced when there are multiple types of households among a state. Potential solutions to the

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ruled that an employer was obliged to pay his employees a wage that guaranteed them a standard of living which was reasonable for "a human being in a civilised community" to live in "frugal comfort estimated by current... standards," regardless of the employer's capacity to pay. Justice

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complexity of a living wage ordinance include a "specific employer provision," which seeks to evaluate the pros and cons to a living wage on a company to company basis. An argument In favor of this approach asserts that it can help bolster employee morale and increase social capital.

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political participation by all classes of people which is required to prevent the political interests of the rich from undermining the needs of the poor. These arguments for a living wage, taken together, can be seen as necessary elements for 'social sustainability and cohesion'.

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part of the members are poor and miserable. It is but equity, besides, that they who feed, clothe, and lodge the whole body of the people, should have such a share of the produce of their own labour as to be themselves tolerably well fed, clothed and lodged.

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on others. These externalities take the form of depleting the stock of workers by 'exploiting and exhausting the workforce'. This leads to economic inefficiency as businesses end up overproducing their products due to not paying the full cost of labour.

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and thus effective, necessarily leads to a surplus. This means the number of employees an employer is willing to hire at a living wage is below the number they would be willing to hire at the equilibrium wage price. Many argue that, in the context of a

472:. This white paper published in 2013 by University of Manchester, appears to suggest that the competition among buying organisation has implications to low wages in countries such as Bangladesh. It has laid down a road map to achieve sustainable wages. 467:

In Bangladesh, salaries are among the lowest in the world. During 2012 wages hovered around US$ 38 per month depending on the exchange rate. Studies by Professor Doug Miller during 2010 to 2012, have highlighted the evolving global trade practices in

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by the Fiscal Policy Institute indicated that business tax subsidies have grown two and a half times faster than overall New York City tax collections and asks why these public resources are invested in poverty-level jobs. Mr. Parrott testified that

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raise quality of life and stimulate local economy. Specifically the proposed act will guarantee that workers in large developmental projects will receive a wage of at least $ 10.00 an hour. The living wage will get indexed so that it keeps up with

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policies assert that it is important to acknowledge the region-specific costs that is severely lacking in minimum wage measurements. This line of thinking argues that a living wage can both enhance engagement and performance if implemented.

1133:£9.40 for London and £8.25 for the rest of the UK. These rates are updated annually in November. In January 2016 the Living Wage Foundation set up a new Living Wage Commission to oversee the calculation of the Living Wage rates in the UK. 329: 144:

for a family of four. The income would have to allow the family to "secure food, shelter, clothing, health care, transportation and other necessities of living in modern society". The definition of a living wage used by the

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testified during a May 2011 New York City Council meeting that real wages for low-wage workers in the city have declined substantially over the last 20 years, despite dramatic increases in average education levels. A

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and Trust for London found 20% of employees in London were paid below the Living Wage Foundation's recommended living wage between 2011 and 2013. The proportion of residents paid less than this rate was highest in

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Another issue that has emerged is that living wages may be a less effective anti-poverty tool than other measures. Authors point to living wages as being only a limited way of addressing the problems of rising

62:. Due to the flexible nature of the term "needs", there is not one universally accepted measure of what a living wage is and as such it varies by location and household type. A related concept is that of a 405:

repeated by Grimshaw who argues that employers offset the social costs of maintaining their workforce through tax credits, housing, benefits and other wage subsidies. The issue was raised during the

241:, which were those that allowed everyone access to necessities. Prices and wages that prevented access to necessities were considered unjust as they would imperil the virtue of those without access. 360:', perspective. He sees the need for citizens to be connected to their community, and thus, sees individual and communal interests as inseparably bound. Two major problems that are antithetical to 4316: 589:

staff have been paid a minimum of the "living wage" recommended by the Living Wage Commission. About 2,400 employees received an initial salary increase of up to £470 above the UK-wide

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labor demands, rather than reducing aggregate demand for labor. A large amount of empirical study has focused on the employment effects of minimum wage, much of it following a study by

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problems, improving their skills and techniques, providing suggestions or advice to a management team, and caring about the organization." The authors interpret these finding through

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email sent to the University community shortly before the end of the day on 17 February, the Campaign criticized her response as "intentionally misleading" and vowed to take action.

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It is calculated on the basis of the VPSJ’s Minimum Essential Standard of Living (MESL) research, and set by the Living Wage Technical Group, benchmarked against the cost of minimum

116:, advocates define a living wage to mean that a person working 40 hours a week, with no additional income, should be able to afford the basics for a modest but decent life, such as, 5419: 3962: 1163:: "Beyond the Bottom Line" and "What Price a Living Wage?" Additionally, Landman Economics published "The Economic Impact of Extending the Living Wage to all Employees in the UK". 747: 3242: 2561: 190:"It seems to me to be equally plain that no business which depends for existence on paying less than living wages to its workers has any right to continue in this country." 3930: 3152: 46:

necessary for a worker to meet their basic needs. This is not the same as a subsistence wage, which refers to a biological minimum, or a solidarity wage, which refers to a

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in opposition from 2010 until 2015, supported a living wage and proposed tax breaks for employers who adopted it. The Labour Party has implemented a living wage in some

764:(PPP). Living wage estimates for the year 2000 range from US$ 1.7 PPP per hour, in low-income examples, to approximately US$ 11.6 PPP per hour, in high-income examples. 1174:, recommended that the UK government should pay its own workers a "living wage", but that it should be voluntary for the private sector. Data published in late 2014 by 321:

wrote, "Hence in every case a just wage is the concrete means of verifying the whole socioeconomic system and, in any case, of checking that it is functioning justly."

3289: 54:. Needs are defined to include food, housing, and other essential needs such as clothing. The goal of a living wage is to allow a worker to afford a basic but decent 1848: 1930: 1427:

Launched in 2009, Asia Floor Wage is a loose coalition of labour and other groups seeking to implement a Living Wage throughout Asia, with a particular focus on

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In 2021, the Low Pay Commission began to study the living wage, and to decide if there should be different living wages for different age categories or regions.

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The Living Wage Campaign in the United Kingdom originated in London, where it was launched in 2001 by members of the community organisation London Citizens (now

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states that "Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and for his family an existence worthy of human dignity."

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mentioned that "struggling working families should not have to subsidise the wealthiest family in the country", and therefore, implied that the large retailer

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wages and rents rise, as a result of higher productivity, societal growth will occur thus increasing the quality of life for the greater part of its members.

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set minimum wage standards in many sectors of the economy. Wages Councils were abolished in 1993 and subsequently replaced with a single statutory national

292:, which is considered the Catholic Church's first expression of a view supportive of a living wage. The church recognized that wages should be sufficient to 3040:

Anker, R. (2006). Living wages around the world: A new methodology and internationally comparable estimates. International Labour Review, 145(4), 308-338.

5257: 5235: 738:, which points out the mutual obligation employers and employees feel towards each other when employees perceive they are provided favorable treatment. 3632: 6161: 4397: 4354: 1974: 1467: 1639:

and legal protection for workers. Since living wage ordinances attempt to address the issue of a living wage, defined by some of its proponents as a

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to calculate a UK-wide Minimum Income Standard (MIS) figure, an average across the whole of the UK independent of the higher living costs in London.

220:"Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and for his family an existence worthy of human dignity." 6005: 5567: 4682: 3758: 97:. The living wage is one possible guideline for determining a target price floor, while a minimum wage is a policy to enforce a chosen price floor. 3521: 1655:

The concept of a living wage based on its definition as a family wage has been criticized by some for emphasizing the role of men as breadwinners.

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in South Africa are an example of a voluntary code of conduct that state that firms should compensate workers to at least cover their basic needs.

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and ensures that there is something of value produced, unlike welfare, that is often believed to be a pure cash "gift" from the public coffers."

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Below is a table of the hourly minimum wage (for adults), and the living wage recommended by the living wage campaign, for each year since 2014.

296:. This position has been widely supported by the church since that time, and has been reaffirmed by the papacy on multiple occasions, such as by 3972: 585:. Some organisations voluntarily pay a living wage to their staff, at a level somewhat higher than the statutory level. From September 2014 all 6057: 5503: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4796: 1555: 1203: 2687: 2262: 1069: 657: 225: 6062: 4950: 4432: 3907: 3003:

Zeng, Zhaocheng; Honig, Benson (1 March 2017). "A study of living wage effects on employees' performance-related attitudes and behaviour".

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Werner, A. and Lim, M., 2016. The ethics of the living wage: A review and research agenda. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(3), pp.433-447.

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also supports the introduction of a living wage, believing that the national minimum wage should be 60% of net national average earnings.

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The concept of a living wage, though it was not defined as such, can be traced back to the works of ancient Greek philosophers such as

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Sklar, Holly; Mykyta, Laryssa; Wefald, Susan, "Raise The Floor: Wages and Policies That Work For All Of Us", 2002, South End Press.

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and its contractors to pay all employees a living wage pegged to inflation: $ 12.63/hr with benefits, or $ 15 without (as of 2018).

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Living wage estimates vary considerably by area, and may be calculated in different ways. In a 2019 report, the U.S. advocacy group

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In the table below, cross national comparable living wages were estimated for twelve countries and reported in local currencies and

4211: 3253: 3706: 149:(GLA) is the threshold wage, calculated as an income of 60% of the median, and an additional 15% to allow for unforeseen events. 6284: 3163: 1547:

On 18 February, the campaign announced that 12 students would begin a hunger strike to publicize the plight of low-paid workers.

1215: 77:, which leaves the worker to rely on government programs for additional income. Living wages have typically only been adopted in 6294: 5374: 3217: 1252:

since 2014. It is supported by The Vincentian Partnership for Social Justice (VPSJ), Nevin Economic Research Institute (NERI),

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Scott Adams and David Neumark, " The Effects of Living Wage Laws: Evidence from Failed and Derailed Living Wage Campaigns, "

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In 2011 the CRSP used the MIS as the basis for developing a standard model for setting the UK Living Wage outside of London.

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As of 2003, there are 122 living wage ordinances in American cities and an additional 75 under discussion. Article 23 of the

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for labor across all employers, and so presume setting the minimum wage at a living wage would possibly raise unemployment.

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in New York City exceeds that of other large cities, with the highest-earning 1 percent receiving 44 percent of all income.

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Division of Labor Statistics and Research, California Department of Industrial Relations, San Francisco, California, p. 10

3651: 1855: 1265: 456: 4090: 3596: 3188: 417:, who is owned by the wealthiest family in the country, was not paying fair wages and was being subsidised by taxpayers. 6236: 5409: 4460: 3384: 3340: 2786: 645:. Living wage laws typically cover only businesses that receive state assistance or have contracts with the government. 6340: 6221: 5434: 1136: 713: 4652: 3995: 338:

the level of the wage and its decency. Contemporary research by Andrea Werner and Ming Lim has analyzed the works of

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The living wage per hour for an individual is calculated for a family unit with two working adults and two children.

1623:(all other things being equal), a company that paid its workers more than required by the market would be unable to 1483: 6150: 6032: 5508: 4960: 4560: 2579: 1947: 1524: 1390: 1110: 2811: 6314: 6309: 6130: 5804: 5715: 5594: 2334: 1690: 1148: 626: 6319: 6289: 5980: 5782: 5541: 5464: 4965: 4955: 4637: 4425: 3871:

Nissen, Bruce (Fall 2000). "Living Wage Campaigns from a 'Social Movement' Perspective: The Miami Experience".

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Clary, Betsy Jane (1 November 2009). "Smith and Living Wages: Arguments in Support of a Mandated Living Wage".

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Division of Labor Statistics and Research, California Department of Industrial Relations, San Francisco, 2001

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Neumark D, Adams S (2003a) Do living wage ordinances reduce urban poverty? J Hum Resour 38:490–521 (Summer)

6100: 6052: 6022: 5859: 5827: 5817: 5634: 5619: 5599: 5481: 5252: 5247: 4522: 4381: 1765: 1540: 1386: 1129: 1087: 735: 582: 6042: 6037: 5975: 5920: 5869: 5491: 5022: 4995: 4667: 4595: 2963: 1771: 1756: 1750: 1624: 1444: 1428: 1160: 554: 1092: 2841: 6110: 5886: 5839: 5659: 5654: 5429: 5424: 5399: 5339: 5183: 5163: 5115: 4985: 4900: 4738: 4173: 4091:"Evaluating Living Wage Laws in the United States: Good Intentions and Economic Reality in Conflict?" 2329: 1872: 1576: 1175: 614: 574: 1611:

finding no difference in unemployment rates in two states following a minimum wage increase in one.

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Criticisms against the implementation of living wage laws have taken similar forms to those against

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support a living wage, with different regional rates, and have also recommended a "living pension."

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The National Living Wage is nevertheless lower than the value of the Living Wage calculated by the

447: 434: 389: 342:, Jerold Waltman and Donald Stabile for their philosophical and ethical insights on a living wage. 173: 30: 3732: 2229: 6115: 6079: 5943: 5832: 5812: 5685: 5649: 5536: 5518: 5449: 5085: 4945: 4925: 4880: 4781: 4766: 4402: 4113: 3935: 3888: 2945: 2525: 2418: 1924: 1738: 1732: 1592: 1378: 1171: 1109:

Wage campaign subsequently grew into a national movement with local campaigns across the UK. The

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In addition to legislative acts, many corporations have adopted voluntary codes of conduct. The

3614: 3539: 1128:, a nationwide community organising institution developed out of London Citizens, launched the 545:

Municipal regulation of wage levels began in some towns in the British Isles in 1524. National

6226: 6206: 5938: 5903: 5735: 5629: 5609: 5528: 5381: 5316: 4990: 4940: 4915: 4875: 4870: 4801: 4647: 4387: 4244: 4214: 4187: 4071: 3845:"A New York City 'Living Wage'? A New York City 'Living Wage'? A New York City 'Living Wage'?" 3020: 2537: 2533: 2410: 2364: 2301:

Clary, B. J. (2009). "Smith and Living Wages:Arguments in Support of a Mandated Living Wage".

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economics, which focuses on stimulating demand in order to improve the state of the economy.

6196: 5985: 5953: 5913: 5908: 5705: 5695: 5513: 5344: 5301: 5274: 5269: 5123: 5090: 5080: 4930: 4858: 4662: 4600: 4580: 4565: 4236: 4105: 4061: 4051: 3880: 3446: 3012: 2937: 2517: 2402: 2310: 2225: 2134: 2124: 2056: 1794: 1588: 1581: 1223: 642: 630: 546: 169: 90: 2735:"George Osborne's 'living wage' is not actually a living wage, says Living Wage Foundation" 2512:

Miller, Doug (5 February 2013). "Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail".

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In 2012, research into the costs and benefits of a living wage in London was funded by the

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living wage ordinance in 1999, the first of its kind in the South. The ordinance requires

1261: 1199: 459:) per day or 42/- per week as a 'fair and reasonable' minimum wage for unskilled workers. 307: 94: 74: 140:. Living wage advocates have further defined a living wage as the wage equivalent to the 4321: 3633:"Social Democrats support Living Wage increase - but stress need to reduce living costs" 2393:

Muilenburg, Kamal; Singh, Gangaram (1 January 2007). "The Modern Living Wage Movement".

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of the United States by living wage for a single, childless individual according to the

6241: 5990: 5891: 5844: 5546: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5205: 5133: 4890: 4848: 4532: 4500: 4262: 3849: 2168: 2022: 1979: 1666: 1454: 1256:, Social Justice Ireland, UCD School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice, 410: 234: 161: 109: 3908:"Miami-Dade Commission Approves Extension Of Living Wage Ordinance To Airport Workers" 6334: 6216: 6135: 6120: 6105: 5876: 5854: 5760: 5644: 5577: 5551: 5486: 5329: 5286: 5281: 5128: 5012: 4910: 4632: 4485: 4470: 4306: 4266: 3892: 2949: 2529: 2422: 2314: 2060: 1600: 1585: 1233: 452: 377: 288: 283: 165: 4117: 3759:"Living wage: Ireland wants to be world's leader – but could crush small businesses" 648: 215:

in the state, his ideas are seen as an early example of support for a living wage.

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Average number of full-time worker equivalents in country (four person household)

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argues for a living wage not based on individual rights but from a communal, or '

5864: 5787: 5755: 5158: 4776: 4733: 4708: 4672: 4627: 4552: 4542: 4527: 4480: 4231:

Miller, Doug (2013). "Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail".

2892:"Union group coordinated with elected officials to defeat anti-living wage bill" 1684: 1672: 1636: 1572: 1568: 1512: 1462:

that when wages aren't sufficient, low-wage workers are often forced to rely on

1413: 1195: 1125: 1101: 401: 393: 385: 381: 333:

Suffrage campaign seeking the right of women to vote and a living wage (c. 1903)

293: 237:

who argued for a 'just wage'. The concept of a just wage was related to that of

157: 153: 133: 113: 86: 63: 3884: 3464: 3358: 2928:

Clain, S. H. (2007). "How Living Wage Legislation Affects U.S. Poverty Rates".

1619:

have over the one adopting a living wage. The economic argument would be that,

233:

The evolution of the concept can be seen later on in medieval scholars such as

6074: 5881: 5794: 5772: 5740: 5639: 5624: 5604: 5369: 5334: 5296: 5210: 5173: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5060: 5017: 5002: 4980: 4905: 4743: 4723: 4642: 4510: 4505: 4475: 4441: 4056: 4039: 3503: 2941: 2129: 2112: 1784: 1604: 1207: 622: 251: 238: 137: 4248: 4109: 4075: 3797:"Government asks Low Pay Commission to design 'living wage' in Irish context" 3482: 3279:"The Economic Impact of Extending the Living Wage to all Employees in the UK" 3024: 2414: 2406: 2272: 2148: 2068: 1916: 1741: – A crisis which occurs when access to basic necessities are challenged 1595:

instead proposed a higher minimum wage would induce productivity growth from

1143:(SNP) and other Scottish campaigners, supporting an £8.75 living wage in 2017 569:, which is still in force. The rates are reviewed each year by the country's 6261: 6181: 5995: 5680: 5034: 4935: 4895: 4865: 4786: 4622: 4585: 3131:"New Living Wage Commission launched to oversee the Living Wage calculation" 1714: – Lowest remuneration which can be paid legally in a state for working 717:

Government direction can help employers move towards offering a living wage.

586: 443: 208: 129: 125: 82: 3108: 2660: 2633: 2606: 1675: – Employment that respects the fundamental rights of the human person 1599:, reorganizing workers into different jobs across employers with different 1408:

and the Irish Small Firms Association (ISFA), while the supermarket chains

66:– one sufficient to not only support oneself, but also to raise a family. 1788: 6095: 5153: 5143: 5075: 5070: 5039: 4885: 4840: 4718: 4713: 4617: 4495: 4240: 4191: 4131: 3597:"Low Pay Commission to examine increasing minimum wage by €2.10 per hour" 2521: 1499:

The Community Coalition for a Living Wage (CCLW) was launched in 1997 in

1471: 1398: 653: 3816:

The Asia Floor Wage campaign – Decent income for garment workers in Asia

3577: 2964:"Policy & Tools: Living Wage | The Partnership For Working Families" 2688:"Budget 2015 live: George Osborne announces 'living wage' of £9 an hour" 2562:"Report of an investigation into defining a living wage for New Zealand" 2288:( 1976). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 2191:"Franklin Roosevelt's Statement on the National Industrial Recovery Act" 5725: 5675: 5414: 5364: 5148: 4853: 4537: 4348: 4227:, Research in Social Movements, Conflicts, and Change 28: 137–67 (2008) 3086: 2812:"Mayor vetoes Chicago's 'living wage' ordinance aimed at big retailers" 2761:"Lowest-paid NHS staff in Wales to receive living wage increase in pay" 1759: – economic endowment for all citizens upon reaching a certain age 1504: 1211: 414: 121: 59: 4284: 4066: 3016: 2139: 5849: 5197: 4836: 4398:

Living Wages, Rarity for U.S. Fast-Food Workers, Served Up in Denmark

4365: 4331: 4325: 1096:

Workers protesting for a living wage in London, United Kingdom (2017)

43: 4377: 3669: 3406: 2195:

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum Our Documents

1104:). It engaged in a series of Living Wage campaigns and in 2005 the 5710: 1554: 1523:. The CCLW organized the successful campaign for the passage of a 1500: 1443: 1257: 1135: 1091: 712: 647: 600: 573:. From 1 April 2016 the minimum wage has been paid as a mandatory 433: 367: 204: 3778:"Living Wage to be paid to Aldi staff in Ireland from February 1" 3687: 73:

in that the latter can fail to meet the requirements for a basic

5750: 5193: 4359: 3050: 1780: – Working people whose incomes fall below the poverty line 1409: 1405: 117: 4414: 3963:"12 U.Va. students go on hunger strike to protest employee pay" 1166:

A 2014 report by the Living Wage Commission, chaired by Doctor

782:

Average number of full-time worker equivalents in each country

4728: 4298: 2866: 2661:"Living Wage Calculation for San Francisco County, California" 1975:"Fast Food in Denmark Serves Something Atypical: Living Wages" 1873:"LIVING WAGE | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary" 1416:

committed to pay all their employees the living wage in 2020.

4410: 4040:"The Ethics of the Living Wage: A Review and Research Agenda" 2113:"The Ethics of the Living Wage: A Review and Research Agenda" 2003:"Calculating a Living Wage for London and the rest of the UK" 3073:

Loughborough University:Centre for Research in Social Policy

2607:"Living Wage Calculation for Los Angeles County, California" 1635:, the increase of long-term low-wage jobs, and a decline of 152:

Living wage campaigns came about partially as a response to

3652:"Smith: Solidarity-PBP want living wage of at least €15.00" 2257:. Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Pub. 1899:

Living wages around the world : manual for measurement

3576:

Ireland, Minimum Essentials Budget for (October 4, 2016).

3447:"Birmingham City Council plans to introduce 'living wage'" 1073:

9.59/hr in Puerto Rico (where minimum wage is $ 7.25/hr).

4388:

Measuring the Full Impact of Minimum and Living Wage Laws

4225:"The Living Wage Movement and the Economics of Morality," 3996:"Living Wage likely to destroy jobs and increase poverty" 3733:"Living Wage group recommends 60c rise to €12.90 an hour" 1747: – Economic model of price determination in a market 1519:, Legal Services of Greater Miami, and the South Florida 380:

and its related themes of sustainability, capability and

3465:"Cardiff council low paid get £1,500 'living wage' rise" 3429:"Ed Miliband: Only Labour can secure 'recovery for all'" 3133:(Press release). Living Wage Foundation. 12 January 2016 1849:"Living Wage Calculator, User's Guide / Technical Notes" 1559:

March for a living wage in Seattle, United States (2014)

1240:, the Scottish Low Pay Unit, and Bloomsbury Fightback!. 3315:"Working poverty is 'national scandal' says Archbishop" 2634:"Living Wage Calculation for New York County, New York" 1722:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1701:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

779:

One full-time worker (household size varies by country)

701:

2.5 million from SEIU organizations from 2011 to 2013.

470:

Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail

400:

Other contemporary accounts have taken up the theme of

5420:

List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents

3522:"Support the Senate House London Living Wage Campaign" 2709:"National Minimum Wage and National Living Wage rates" 613:

As of 2006, U.S. cities with living wage laws include

89:

for labor created by a legal threshold, rather than a

1973:

Alderman, Liz; Greenhouse, Steven (27 October 2014).

1820:

Living Wages Around the World: Manual for Measurement

1448:

Living wage protest and march in New York City (2015)

1248:

There has been an active living wage campaign in the

4349:

Economic Policy Institute – Family Budget Calculator

1761:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1729: – Type of non-standard or temporary employment 1720: – Rights that oblige either inaction or action 1222:

also supports the introduction of a living wage for

748:

United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights

6169: 6088: 5929: 5803: 5668: 5560: 5527: 5390: 5315: 5192: 5114: 5048: 4835: 4757: 4701: 4551: 4448: 4372:Living Wage Campaign at The University of Virginia 409:in the United States, when presidential candidate 3036: 3034: 2296: 2294: 1817:Anker, Richard; Anker, Martha (27 January 2017). 376:Donald Stabile argues for a living wage based on 2686:Andrew Sparrow and Nick Fletcher (8 July 2015). 1539:In February 2012, a Living Wage Campaign at the 2478:TIP: The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist 2452:"Sanders: Wal-Mart Wages 'Nowhere Near Enough'" 2361:A living wage: Its ethical and economic aspects 1735: – Measure of income, comfort and services 1681: – Economic theory promoting local control 1627:with those that pay according to market rates. 438:Living wage inquiry in Sydney, Australia (1935) 257: 218: 188: 4038:Werner, Andrea; Lim, Ming (1 September 2016). 3385:"A Minimum Income Standard for London 2016/17" 2330:"The Living Wage and Catholic Social Teaching" 2111:Werner, Andrea; Lim, Ming (1 September 2016). 1774: – US campaign for a flexible living wage 1768: – Welfare system of unconditional income 160:in the US and UK, respectively, which shifted 4426: 4132:"The Living Wage: Survey of Labor Economists" 3931:"UVa Living Wage Campaign threatens 'action'" 2667:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 2640:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 2613:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 2586:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 2284: 2282: 1669: – Cost to maintain a standard of living 578:level remained below £9 per hour until 2022. 27:Minimum income to meet a worker's basic needs 8: 3540:"The history of the minimum wage in Ireland" 2567:. Family Centre Social Policy Research Unit. 2476:"Why Is Living Wage Not the Minimum Wage?". 2164:"F.D.R. Makes the Case for the Minimum Wage" 1699: – Study of the markets for wage labour 773:One full-time worker (four person household) 34:Cost of a basic but decent life for a family 3508:Church-poverty.org.uk\accessdate=2015-05-19 3005:Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences 2303:American Journal of Economics and Sociology 2049:American Journal of Economics and Sociology 2001:Conor D’Arcy, David Finch (November 2017). 1404:It has been opposed by employers including 1381:. It is supported by the political parties 4433: 4419: 4411: 4378:Use IE techniques to determine Living Wage 2787:"Chicago Council Passes 'Living Wage' Act" 2438:Living wage movements: Global perspectives 2363:. London: MacMillan. pp. 27, 43, 46. 1929:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1687: – Sufficient pay to support a family 1567:. Economically, both can be analyzed as a 6162:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act 4065: 4055: 3838: 3836: 2838:"Living Wage: Frequently Asked Questions" 2230:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198240174.003.0003 2138: 2128: 407:Democratic party primary election of 2016 6006:Job losses caused by the Great Recession 4683:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates 4315:) is being considered for deletion. See 3557:Ireland, Living Wage (August 25, 2016). 1273: 766: 479: 328: 99: 29: 6187:Credentialism and educational inflation 4344:Economic Policy Institute – Living Wage 4205:Living Wages: The Issues and the Impact 4157:Living Wages: The Issues and the Impact 4033: 4031: 3707:"Aontú outlines its childcare policies" 3578:"Living Wage 2021/22 - €12.90 per hour" 2923: 2921: 1823:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 19. 1806: 372:Waiting for a living wage poster (1913) 172:of low income workers, is supported by 6058:List of countries by unemployment rate 3483:"Green Party - Jobs and a Living Wage" 2440:. London: Routledge. pp. 101–121. 2328:William P., Quigley (28 August 2006). 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 1922: 58:through employment without government 4200:, The New York Times, 15 January 2006 3582:Minimum Essentials Budget for Ireland 3153:"Costs and Benefits of a Living Wage" 3055:National Low Income Housing Coalition 2998: 2996: 2994: 2354: 2352: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 1070:National Low Income Housing Coalition 226:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 7: 4951:Practice-based professional learning 3994:Len Shackleton (11 September 2012). 3731:Goodbody, Will (29 September 2021). 3595:McDermott, Stephen (15 April 2021). 3359:"More jobs paying below living wage" 2017: 2015: 1942: 1940: 1842: 1840: 1812: 1810: 1157:Institute for Public Policy Research 1115:Centre for Research in Social Policy 641:in 2006, but it was vetoed by Mayor 5504:Workers' right to access the toilet 2580:"Results from the 2017 Data Update" 1435:United States living wage campaigns 168:. A living wage, by increasing the 3971:. 20 February 2012. Archived from 2395:Compensation & Benefits Review 1897:Richard, Anker (27 January 2017). 1753: – United Kingdom legislation 25: 4319:to help reach a consensus. › 4212:South End Press | Raise the Floor 3814:Bettina Musiolek (October 2011). 3757:O'Sullivan, Maeve (2 June 2021). 2785:Bellandi, Deanna (27 July 2006). 1948:"How a living wage is calculated" 1507:, as a partnership between local 660:living wage calculator as of 2023 69:The living wage differs from the 6275: 6274: 5568:Corporate collapses and scandals 3929:Davis, Megan (8 February 2012). 3776:Mangan, Ian (January 23, 2020). 2560:Peter King, Charles Waldegrave. 2484:: 50–57. 2018 – via EBSCO. 2315:10.1111/j.1536-7150.2009.00653.x 2218:"Happiness and Self-Sufficiency" 2162:Tritch, Teresa (March 7, 2014). 2061:10.1111/j.1536-7150.2009.00653.x 2027:Living Wage Movement Aotearoa NZ 1787: 1397:recommend a living wage of €15. 4089:Pollin, Robert (25 July 2016). 3998:. Institute of Economic Affairs 3705:Hunt, Conor (5 February 2020). 3615:"Decent Work And A Living Wage" 3341:"Low-paid residents by borough" 3160:Queen Mary University of London 1395:Solidarity–People Before Profit 1153:Queen Mary University of London 196:President Franklin D. Roosevelt 6068:Employment-to-population ratio 5440:Occupational health psychology 4332:Universal Living Wage Campaign 4155:Madjd-Sadjadi, Zagros (2001), 4098:Economic Development Quarterly 3559:"Who Supports the Living Wage" 1206:which it controls, such as in 1189:Office for National Statistics 567:National Minimum Wage Act 1998 1: 6156:Works Progress Administration 6048:Unemployment Convention, 1919 5460:Personal protective equipment 5008:Occupational Outlook Handbook 4360:New York Living Wage Campaign 4136:Employment Policies Institute 3843:Folbre, Nancy (23 May 2011). 2915:58 (September 2005): 177-202. 2222:Aristotle on the Perfect Life 1693: – Social-welfare system 1266:Society of St Vincent de Paul 286:issued a papal bull entitled 6237:Psychopathy in the workplace 5410:Human factors and ergonomics 4392:Dollars & Sense Magazine 4355:London Living Wage Unit page 3906:Turken, Sam (10 July 2018). 538: 535: 530: 527: 522: 519: 514: 511: 498: 495: 6222:Narcissism in the workplace 5435:Occupational exposure limit 3243:"What price a living wage?" 1226:. Other supporters include 996:Upper middle income average 943:Lower middle income average 455:established a wage of 7/- ( 354:A Case for the Living Wage, 85:terms, a minimum wage is a 6362: 6151:Civil Works Administration 6033:Technological unemployment 5509:Workplace health promotion 4961:Professional certification 4658:Personality–job fit theory 4338:ACORN Living Wage campaign 4044:Journal of Business Ethics 3885:10.1177/0160449X0002500302 3821:(Report). Ostwind Institut 3403:"The Living Wage Campaign" 2968:www.forworkingfamilies.org 2913:Journal of Urban Economics 2759:Mark Smith (9 July 2014). 2117:Journal of Business Ethics 2023:"What is the Living Wage?" 1111:Joseph Rowntree Foundation 1085: 310:writing in the encyclical 42:is defined as the minimum 6270: 6131:Guaranteed minimum income 5716:Organizational commitment 4186:Macmillan, New York 1906 4057:10.1007/s10551-015-2562-z 2942:10.1007/s12122-007-9028-8 2930:Journal of Labor Research 2733:Jon Stone (8 July 2015). 2130:10.1007/s10551-015-2562-z 2008:. Living Wage Foundation. 1901:. Cheltenham. p. 8. 1691:Guaranteed minimum income 627:San Francisco, California 104:Calculating a living wage 6346:Catholic social teaching 6300:Aspects of organizations 5981:Involuntary unemployment 5542:Equal pay for equal work 5465:Repetitive strain injury 4966:Professional development 4956:Professional association 4638:Letter of recommendation 4317:templates for discussion 4198:"What is a Living Wage?" 4110:10.1177/0891242404268641 3345:London's poverty profile 3207:"Beyond the Bottom Line" 3111:. Living Wage Foundation 3089:. Living Wage Foundation 2867:"Living Wage Calculator" 2407:10.1177/0886368706297430 2253:Stabile, Donald (2008). 1877:dictionary.cambridge.org 1708: – Wage control law 1643:wage, rather than as an 1584:, this would reduce the 1238:Church Action on Poverty 1106:Greater London Authority 607:Living City, Living Wage 147:Greater London Authority 6285:Aspects of corporations 6247:Slow movement (culture) 6126:Employer of last resort 6028:Structural unemployment 5966:Frictional unemployment 5405:Epilepsy and employment 5292:Performance-related pay 5226:National average salary 5139:996 working hour system 4368:– Fair Labor Practices. 4233:SSRN Electronic Journal 4203:Madjd-Sadjadi, Zagros, 3968:Richmond Times-Dispatch 3670:"Towards a Living Wage" 2659:Glasmeier, Amy (2017). 2632:Glasmeier, Amy (2017). 2605:Glasmeier, Amy (2017). 2578:Glasmeier, Amy (2017). 2514:SSRN Electronic Journal 2216:Kenny, Anthony (1992). 1847:Glasmeier, Amy (2016). 1479:Fiscal Policy Institute 1187:(32%). Research by the 1119:Loughborough University 762:purchasing power parity 729:A study carried out in 559:Wages Councils Act 1945 6295:Aspects of occupations 6101:Unemployment insurance 6053:Unemployment extension 6023:Reserve army of labour 5828:Constructive dismissal 5635:Sleeping while on duty 5600:Exploitation of labour 5482:Sick building syndrome 4653:Person–environment fit 4523:Independent contractor 4382:Northumbria University 4295:Living Wage Calculator 4285:Living Wage Calculator 4263:Living Wage Calculator 2499:6 October 2009 at the 1766:Universal basic income 1560: 1541:University of Virginia 1535:University of Virginia 1449: 1144: 1130:Living Wage Foundation 1097: 1088:Living Wage Foundation 1082:Living Wage Foundation 736:social exchange theory 718: 697: 610: 583:Living Wage Foundation 483:Select regions (2017) 439: 394:negative externalities 378:moral economic thought 373: 334: 306:and again in 1961, by 272: 222: 192: 105: 35: 6305:Aspects of workplaces 6043:Unemployment benefits 6038:Types of unemployment 5976:Graduate unemployment 5870:Letter of resignation 5499:Workers' compensation 5492:Occupational fatality 4996:Vocational university 4596:Employment counsellor 3873:Labor Studies Journal 3526:Bloomsbury Fightback! 3214:Resolution Foundation 2436:Grimshaw, D. (2004). 1772:Universal Living Wage 1757:Universal inheritance 1751:Trade Boards Act 1909 1558: 1477:James Parrott of the 1447: 1429:textile manufacturing 1161:Resolution Foundation 1139: 1095: 1077:Living wage movements 742:Living wage estimates 716: 651: 639:living wage ordinance 604: 555:Trade Boards Act 1909 437: 371: 332: 103: 33: 6111:Job creation program 5887:Mandatory retirement 5840:Employee offboarding 5660:Workplace incivility 5655:Workplace harassment 5430:Occupational disease 5425:Occupational burnout 5340:Disability insurance 5184:Workweek and weekend 5164:Retroactive overtime 4986:Vocational education 4901:Continuing education 4739:Permanent employment 4241:10.2139/ssrn.2212100 4174:Industrial Democracy 3676:. November 25, 2015. 3189:"London Living Wage" 2522:10.2139/ssrn.2212100 1861:on 18 February 2018. 1232:newspaper columnist 1198:, the leader of the 1176:New Policy Institute 575:National Living Wage 325:Contemporary thought 6016:Recession-proof job 6011:Lists of recessions 5949:Economic depression 5897:Retirement planning 5778:Work–life interface 5615:Employee monitoring 5583:Corporate behaviour 5573:Accounting scandals 5455:Occupational stress 5445:Occupational injury 4976:Reflective practice 4971:Professional school 4693:Work-at-home scheme 4613:Induction programme 4591:Employment contract 4571:Business networking 4366:LaborFair Resources 4171:S Webb and B Webb, 4024:. 10 November 2012. 3563:Living Wage Ireland 3223:on 15 February 2013 2818:. 11 September 2006 2791:The Washington Post 2456:Sen. Bernie Sanders 2359:Ryan, John (1912). 1633:economic inequality 1250:Republic of Ireland 1244:Republic of Ireland 1151:and carried out by 1049:High income average 755:Sullivan Principles 689: $ 19.00-19.99 683: $ 18.00-18.99 677: $ 17.00-17.99 671: $ 16.00-16.99 484: 448:Harvester Judgement 390:capability approach 362:civic republicanism 358:civic republicanism 352:Jerold Waltman, in 6341:Wages and salaries 6279:See also templates 6116:Job creation index 6080:Youth unemployment 5944:Discouraged worker 5833:Wrongful dismissal 5813:At-will employment 5686:Civil conscription 5650:Workplace bullying 5537:Affirmative action 5519:Workplace wellness 5450:Occupational noise 5086:Long service leave 4946:Overspecialization 4926:Induction training 4881:Career development 4403:The New York Times 3975:on 5 February 2013 3943:on 20 January 2013 3936:The Daily Progress 3435:. 5 November 2013. 3295:on 23 October 2014 2871:livingwage.mit.edu 2665:livingwage.mit.edu 2638:livingwage.mit.edu 2611:livingwage.mit.edu 2584:livingwage.mit.edu 2224:. pp. 23–42. 1739:Subsistence crisis 1733:Standard of living 1561: 1450: 1379:standard of living 1172:Archbishop of York 1145: 1098: 839:Low income average 719: 698: 611: 571:Low Pay Commission 480: 440: 374: 335: 213:sustainable living 106: 56:standard of living 52:labor productivity 36: 18:London living wage 6328: 6327: 6227:Post-work society 6207:Kiss up kick down 5939:Barriers to entry 5904:Severance package 5736:Human trafficking 5630:Sexual harassment 5610:Employee handbook 5529:Equal opportunity 5392:Safety and health 5382:Take-home vehicle 4991:Vocational school 4941:Lifelong learning 4916:Further education 4876:Career counseling 4871:Career assessment 4648:Overqualification 4223:Nadeem, Shehzad, 3546:. 9 January 2020. 3365:. 12 October 2015 3286:Landman Economics 3109:"The Calculation" 3069:"The Living Wage" 3017:10.1002/cjas.1375 2970:. 17 October 2012 2264:978-1-84844-197-2 1745:Supply and demand 1597:structural change 1577:equilibrium price 1529:Miami-Dade County 1525:Miami-Dade County 1495:Miami-Dade County 1489:income inequality 1464:public assistance 1375: 1374: 1066: 1065: 635:Chicago, Illinois 591:Agenda for Change 551:Winston Churchill 543: 542: 319:Pope John Paul II 313:Mater et magistra 303:Quadragesimo anno 267:Wealth of Nations 247:Wealth of Nations 16:(Redirected from 6353: 6315:Critique of work 6310:Corporate titles 6278: 6277: 6197:Evil corporation 6063:Employment rates 5986:Jobless recovery 5954:Great Depression 5914:Golden parachute 5909:Golden handshake 5706:Job satisfaction 5696:Critique of work 5514:Workplace phobia 5345:Health insurance 5302:Wage compression 5270:Progressive wage 5124:35-hour workweek 5091:No call, no show 5081:Leave of absence 4931:Knowledge worker 4859:Master craftsman 4663:Personality hire 4601:Executive search 4581:Curriculum vitae 4566:Background check 4435: 4428: 4421: 4412: 4252: 4160: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4095: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4069: 4059: 4035: 4026: 4025: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3939:. Archived from 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3840: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3820: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3763:The Conversation 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3688:"Workers Rights" 3684: 3678: 3677: 3674:The Labour Party 3666: 3660: 3659: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3637:Social Democrats 3629: 3623: 3622: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3528:. 3 August 2011. 3518: 3512: 3511: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3405:. Archived from 3399: 3393: 3392: 3389:Trust for London 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3294: 3288:. Archived from 3283: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3258: 3252:. Archived from 3250:Trust for London 3247: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3222: 3216:. Archived from 3211: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3193:Trust for London 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3168: 3162:. Archived from 3157: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3029: 3028: 3000: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2925: 2916: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2846: 2840:. Archived from 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2509: 2503: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2356: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2309:(5): 1063–1084. 2298: 2289: 2286: 2277: 2276: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2142: 2132: 2108: 2073: 2072: 2055:(5): 1063–1084. 2044: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2019: 2010: 2009: 2007: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1944: 1935: 1934: 1928: 1920: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1854:. Archived from 1853: 1844: 1835: 1834: 1814: 1797: 1795:Economics portal 1792: 1791: 1762: 1723: 1702: 1593:Rehn and Meidner 1589:aggregate demand 1391:Social Democrats 1274: 1224:Northern Ireland 1149:Trust for London 767: 731:Hamilton, Canada 694: 688: 682: 676: 670: 665: $ 15-15.99 664: 643:Richard M. Daley 637:, also passed a 631:Washington, D.C. 547:minimum wage law 503: 485: 294:support a family 270: 229: 228:, Art. 23 Sec. 3 199: 170:purchasing power 91:reservation wage 21: 6361: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6320:Organized labor 6290:Aspects of jobs 6266: 6257:Toxic workplace 6192:Emotional labor 6165: 6089:Public programs 6084: 6001:Great Recession 5971:Full employment 5959:Long Depression 5925: 5823:Banishment room 5799: 5721:Refusal of work 5664: 5588:Corporate crime 5556: 5523: 5386: 5311: 5188: 5110: 5044: 4921:Graduate school 4831: 4753: 4697: 4688:Underemployment 4547: 4491:Self-employment 4466:Contingent work 4456:Academic tenure 4449:Classifications 4444: 4439: 4407:(October 2014). 4320: 4259: 4230: 4177:(Longmans 1902) 4168: 4163: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4093: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4037: 4036: 4029: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3976: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3842: 3841: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3801:The Irish Times 3794: 3793: 3789: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3639:. July 5, 2017. 3631: 3630: 3626: 3619:www.sinnfein.ie 3613: 3612: 3608: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3453:. 11 June 2012. 3445: 3444: 3440: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3409:on 22 July 2011 3401: 3400: 3396: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3260: 3259:on 3 March 2016 3256: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3169:on 4 March 2016 3166: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3134: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3002: 3001: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2927: 2926: 2919: 2910: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2875: 2873: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2847:on 20 July 2008 2844: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2795: 2793: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2739:The Independent 2732: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2501:Wayback Machine 2493: 2489: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2358: 2357: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2300: 2299: 2292: 2287: 2280: 2265: 2255:The Living Wage 2252: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2110: 2109: 2076: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2021: 2020: 2013: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1946: 1945: 1938: 1921: 1909: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1881: 1879: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1858: 1851: 1846: 1845: 1838: 1831: 1816: 1815: 1808: 1804: 1793: 1786: 1783: 1760: 1727:Precarious work 1721: 1718:Positive rights 1700: 1662: 1656: 1621:ceteris paribus 1575:, if above the 1553: 1537: 1497: 1466:in the form of 1442: 1437: 1425: 1423:Asia Floor Wage 1262:Unite the Union 1246: 1090: 1084: 1079: 744: 711: 696: 692: 690: 686: 684: 680: 678: 674: 672: 668: 666: 662: 599: 501: 482: 478: 465: 432: 427: 425:Implementations 327: 317:More recently, 308:Pope John XXIII 271: 264: 231: 224: 201: 194: 186: 164:policy towards 95:price discovery 75:quality of life 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6359: 6357: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6333: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6242:Sunday scaries 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5993: 5991:Phillips curve 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5892:Retirement age 5889: 5879: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5845:Exit interview 5842: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5815: 5809: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5775: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5595:Discrimination 5592: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5547:Gender pay gap 5544: 5539: 5533: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5367: 5362: 5360:Parental leave 5357: 5355:Marriage leave 5352: 5350:Life insurance 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5206:Income bracket 5202: 5200: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5134:Eight-hour day 5131: 5126: 5120: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4893: 4891:Creative class 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4851: 4849:Apprenticeship 4845: 4843: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4817:Scarlet-collar 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4763: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4557: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4533:Temporary work 4530: 4525: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4501:Skilled worker 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4395: 4385: 4380:(Doug Miller, 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4304: 4302: 4292: 4282: 4258: 4257:External links 4255: 4254: 4253: 4228: 4221: 4208: 4201: 4196:Gertner, Jon, 4194: 4178: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4148: 4123: 4081: 4050:(3): 433–447. 4027: 4009: 3986: 3954: 3921: 3898: 3863: 3850:New York Times 3832: 3806: 3795:Wall, Martin. 3787: 3768: 3749: 3723: 3697: 3679: 3661: 3642: 3624: 3606: 3587: 3568: 3549: 3531: 3513: 3495: 3474: 3471:. 3 July 2012. 3456: 3438: 3420: 3394: 3376: 3350: 3332: 3321:. 24 June 2014 3306: 3270: 3234: 3198: 3180: 3144: 3122: 3100: 3078: 3060: 3051:"Out Of Reach" 3042: 3030: 2990: 2981: 2955: 2936:(3): 205–218. 2917: 2904: 2890:Tobias, Adam. 2882: 2858: 2829: 2803: 2777: 2751: 2725: 2700: 2678: 2651: 2624: 2597: 2570: 2552: 2543: 2504: 2487: 2468: 2443: 2428: 2385: 2376: 2370:978-1532703553 2369: 2348: 2320: 2290: 2278: 2263: 2245: 2238: 2208: 2197:. 16 June 1933 2182: 2169:New York Times 2154: 2123:(3): 433–447. 2074: 2039: 2011: 1993: 1980:New York Times 1965: 1936: 1907: 1889: 1864: 1836: 1829: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1782: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1667:Cost of living 1663: 1661: 1658: 1552: 1549: 1536: 1533: 1517:Catalyst Miami 1515:organizations 1496: 1493: 1455:cost of living 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1424: 1421: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1245: 1242: 1214:councils. The 1204:local councils 1086:Main article: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 992: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 975: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 958: 957: 954: 951: 948: 945: 939: 938: 935: 932: 929: 926: 922: 921: 918: 915: 912: 909: 905: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 888: 887: 884: 881: 878: 875: 871: 870: 867: 864: 861: 858: 854: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 835: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 818: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 801: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 784: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 743: 740: 710: 707: 691: 685: 679: 673: 667: 661: 605:New York City 598: 595: 541: 540: 537: 536:San Francisco 533: 532: 529: 528:New York City 525: 524: 521: 517: 516: 513: 512:United States 509: 508: 497: 493: 492: 489: 477: 476:United Kingdom 474: 464: 461: 431: 428: 426: 423: 411:Bernie Sanders 326: 323: 262: 235:Thomas Aquinas 217: 187: 185: 182: 178:post-Keynesian 110:United Kingdom 79:municipalities 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6358: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6217:Make-work job 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6136:Right to work 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6121:Job guarantee 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6106:Make-work job 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5877:Restructuring 5875: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5855:Notice period 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5761:Unfree labour 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5731:Bonded labour 5729: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5645:Whistleblower 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5578:Control fraud 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5552:Glass ceiling 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5487:Work accident 5485: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5475:United States 5473: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5375:United States 5373: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5330:Casual Friday 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5287:Paid time off 5285: 5283: 5282:Overtime rate 5280: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5263:United States 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5129:Four-day week 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5013:Practice firm 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4911:Employability 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4812:Orange-collar 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4759:Working class 4756: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4633:Job interview 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4486:Part-time job 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4471:Full-time job 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4431: 4429: 4424: 4422: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4406: 4404: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4273:/living wage/ 4272: 4268: 4267:New York City 4264: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4220: 4219:0-89608-683-6 4216: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4181:Ryan, John A. 4179: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4022:The Economist 4019: 4013: 4010: 3997: 3990: 3987: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3925: 3922: 3909: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3864: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3817: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3772: 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A 1570: 1566: 1557: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1459: 1456: 1446: 1440:New York City 1439: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1283:Minimum wage 1282: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1234:Polly Toynbee 1231: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1094: 1089: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1014:United States 1013: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 993: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 976: 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 959: 955: 952: 949: 946: 944: 941: 940: 936: 933: 930: 927: 924: 923: 919: 916: 913: 910: 907: 906: 902: 899: 896: 893: 890: 889: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 872: 868: 865: 862: 859: 856: 855: 851: 848: 845: 842: 840: 837: 836: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 819: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 802: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 785: 781: 778: 775: 772: 769: 768: 765: 763: 758: 756: 751: 749: 741: 739: 737: 732: 727: 723: 715: 708: 706: 702: 659: 655: 650: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 609:event in 2015 608: 603: 597:United States 596: 594: 592: 588: 584: 579: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 534: 526: 520:Los Angleles 518: 510: 507: 504: 494: 491:Hourly (USD) 490: 487: 486: 475: 473: 471: 462: 460: 458: 454: 453:H. 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Higgins 449: 445: 436: 429: 424: 422: 418: 416: 412: 408: 403: 402:externalities 398: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 370: 366: 363: 359: 355: 350: 349: 343: 341: 331: 324: 322: 320: 316: 314: 309: 305: 304: 299: 295: 291: 290: 289:Rerum novarum 285: 284:Pope Leo XIII 280: 276: 268: 261: 256: 253: 249: 248: 242: 240: 236: 230: 227: 221: 216: 214: 210: 206: 200: 197: 191: 183: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 166:neoliberalism 163: 162:macroeconomic 159: 155: 150: 148: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 102: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 67: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 32: 19: 6252:Toxic leader 6232:Presenteeism 6212:Labor rights 6202:Going postal 6177:Bullshit job 6160: 6145: 6140: 5931:Unemployment 5783:Downshifting 5766:Wage slavery 5746:Penal labour 5701:Dead-end job 5691:Conscription 5470:Right to sit 5325:Annual leave 5307:Working poor 5243:Minimum wage 5221:Maximum wage 5215: 5179:Working time 5169:Six-hour day 5066:Career break 5028:Professional 4822:Black-collar 4792:White-collar 4772:Green-collar 4749:Volunteering 4586:Drug testing 4576:Cover letter 4516:Tradesperson 4401: 4310: 4275:poverty wage 4271:minimum wage 4232: 4204: 4183: 4172: 4156: 4151: 4139:. Retrieved 4135: 4126: 4101: 4097: 4084: 4047: 4043: 4021: 4018:"Wage flaws" 4012: 4000:. Retrieved 3989: 3977:. Retrieved 3973:the original 3966: 3957: 3945:. Retrieved 3941:the original 3934: 3924: 3912:. Retrieved 3901: 3879:(3): 29–50. 3876: 3872: 3866: 3854:. Retrieved 3848: 3823:. Retrieved 3809: 3800: 3790: 3782:Irish Mirror 3781: 3771: 3762: 3752: 3740:. Retrieved 3736: 3726: 3714:. Retrieved 3710: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3664: 3655: 3645: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3590: 3581: 3571: 3562: 3552: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3498: 3486:. Retrieved 3477: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3411:. Retrieved 3407:the original 3397: 3388: 3379: 3367:. Retrieved 3362: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3323:. Retrieved 3318: 3309: 3297:. Retrieved 3290:the original 3285: 3273: 3261:. Retrieved 3254:the original 3249: 3237: 3225:. Retrieved 3218:the original 3213: 3201: 3192: 3183: 3171:. Retrieved 3164:the original 3159: 3147: 3135:. Retrieved 3125: 3113:. Retrieved 3103: 3091:. 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