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doubles cortisol levels for 24 hours. Low testosterone is thought to be a physiological adaptation to the sport, as excess muscle caused may be shed through lower testosterone, yielding a more efficient runner. Veteran, lifelong endurance athletes have been found to have more heart scarring than control groups, but replication studies and larger studies should be done to firmly establish the link, which may or may not be causal. Some studies find that running more than 20 miles (32 kilometers) per week yields no lower risk for all-cause mortality than non-runners, although these studies are in conflict with large studies that show longer lifespans for any increase in exercise volume.
1073:, or mountains. In contrast to the relatively flat courses in track and road races, cross country usually incorporates obstacles such as muddy sections, logs, and mounds of earth. As a result of these factors, weather can play an integral role in racing conditions. Cross country is both an individual and team sport, as runners are judged on an individual basis and a points-scoring method is used for teams. Competitions are typically races of 4 km (2.5 mi) or more which are usually held in autumn and winter. Cross country's most successful athletes often compete in long-distance track and road events as well.
511:. In order to reduce body heat, the metabolically produced heat needs to be removed from the body via sweating, which in turn requires rehydration to compensate for. Replacement of fluid is limited but can help keep the body's internal temperatures cooler. Fluid replacement is physiologically challenging during the exercise of this intensity due to the inefficient emptying of the stomach. Partial fluid replacement can serve to avoid a marathon runner's body overheating but not enough to keep pace with the loss of fluid via sweat evaporation. Environmental factors can especially complicate heat regulation.
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470:. For most runners, the aerobic zone does not begin until around 120 heartbeats per minute. Lactate threshold training involves tempo workouts that are meant to build strength and speed, rather than improve the cardiovascular system's efficiency in absorbing and transporting oxygen. By running at your lactate threshold, your body will become more efficient at clearing lactate and reusing it to fuel your muscles. Uncertainty exists in regard to how lactate threshold affects endurance performance.
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221:. In this method, the hunter would run at a slow and steady pace for between one hour and a few days, in an area where the animal has no place to hide. The animal, running in spurts, has to stop to pant to cool itself, but as the chase goes on it would not have enough time before it has to start running again, and after a while would collapse from exhaustion and heat. The skeletal structure of a 12-year-old
1173:, snow, extremely high or low temperatures, and high altitudes. It has both competitive and non-competitive forms, the latter being for individual recreation or social experience. As a result, courses are often set in scenic locations and feature obstacles designed to give participants a sense of achievement. It bears similarities to running sections of
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The history of long-distance track running events are tied to the track and field stadia where they are held. Oval circuits allow athletes to cover long distances in a confined area. Early tracks were usually on flattened earth or were simply marked areas of grass. The style of running tracks became
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However, beyond a certain point, negative consequences might occur. Older male runners (45-55) who run more than 40 miles (64 kilometers) per week face reduced testosterone levels, although they are still in the normal range. Running a marathon lowers testosterone levels by 50% in men and more than
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is their steady state requirement for oxygen at specific speeds and helps explain differences in performance for runners with very similar aerobic capacities. This is often measured by the volume of oxygen consumed, either in liters or milliliters, per kilogram of body weight per minute (L/kg/min or
519:
Since the late 1980s, Kenyans, Moroccans, and
Ethiopians have dominated in major international long-distance competitions. The high altitude of these countries has been proven to help these runners achieve more success. High altitude, combined with endurance training, can lead to an increase in red
103:
Within endurance running comes two different types of respiration. The more prominent side that runners experience more frequently is aerobic respiration. This occurs when oxygen is present, and the body can utilize oxygen to help generate energy and muscle activity. On the other side, anaerobic
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serve as a sparing mechanism for glycogen stores. The artificial elevation of these fatty acids along with endurance training demonstrates a marathon runner's ability to sustain higher intensities for longer periods of time. The prolonged sustenance of running intensity is attributed to a high
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stores. Glycogen can be found in the skeletal muscles and liver. With low levels of glycogen stores at the onset of the marathon, premature depletion of these stores can reduce performance or even prevent the completion of the race. ATP production via aerobic pathways can further be limited by
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Wen, Chi Pang; Wai, Jackson Pui Man; Tsai, Min Kuang; Yang, Yi Chen; Cheng, Ting Yuan David; Lee, Meng-Chih; Chan, Hui Ting; Tsao, Chwen Keng; Tsai, Shan Pou (1 October 2011). "Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study".
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in 490 B.C. He collapsed and died as he delivered the message "we won". While there are debates around the accuracy of this historical legend, whether
Pheidippides ran from Marathon to Athens or between other cities, how far this was, and if he was the one to deliver the victory message, the
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is a race that involves not only running but also jumping over barriers and a water pit. While it can be considered a hurdling event, it is also widely regarded as a long-distance running event as well. The obstacles for the men are 914 millimetres (36.0 inches) high, and for the women 762
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Humans have been considered among the best distance runners among all running animals: game animals are faster over short distances, but they have less endurance than humans. Unlike other primates whose bodies are suited to walk on four legs or climb trees, the human body has evolved into
104:
respiration occurs when the body is deprived of oxygen, and this is common towards the final stretch of races when there is a drive to speed up to a greater intensity. Overall, both types of respiration are used by endurance runners quite often but are very different from each other.
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is a premier event that requires tactics and superior aerobic conditioning. Training for such an event may consist of a total of 60–200 kilometers (37–124 miles) a week, although training regimens vary greatly. The 5000 is often a popular entry-level race for beginning runners.
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is strongly correlated to their performance. The lactate threshold is the cross-over point between predominantly aerobic energy usage and anaerobic energy usage and is considered a good indicator of the body's ability to efficiently process and transfer chemical energy into
533:"… an evolutionary perspective indicates that we did not evolve to run long distances at fast speeds on a regular basis. As a result, it is unlikely there was a selection for the human body to cope with some of the extreme demands runners place on their bodies."
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miles), while road races can be significantly longer, reaching 100 km (62 mi) and beyond. In collegiate cross-country races in the United States, men race 8,000 or 10,000 meters, depending on their division, whereas women race 6,000 meters. The
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as footmen were hired specifically on their athletic ability and began to devote their lives to training for gambling events. The amateur sports movement in the late 19th century marginalised competitions based on the professional, gambling model. The
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to distribute blood. A 20-fold increase of local blood flow within the skeletal muscle is necessary for endurance athletes, like marathon runners, to meet their muscles' oxygen demands at maximal exercise that are up to 50 times greater than at rest.
431:. A concomitant decrease in stroke volume occurs with the initial increase in heart rate at the onset of exercise. Despite an increase in cardiac dimensions, a marathoner's aerobic capacity is confined to this capped and ever-decreasing heart rate.
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Max is the ability to maximally take up and consume oxygen during exhaustive exercise. Long-distance runners typically perform at around 75–85% of peak aerobic capacity, while short-distance runners perform at closer to 100% of peak.
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length: when compared to extant quadrupedal relatives, humans maintain longer more spring-like tendons. This allows for more efficient locomotion over flat ground using the increased energy storing capabilities of these tendon
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in
England in 1838 was the first recorded instance of an organised cross-country competition. The sport gained popularity in British, then American schools in the 19th century and culminated in the creation of the first
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Elite long-distance runners often have larger hearts and decreased resting heart rates that enable them to achieve greater aerobic capacities. Increased dimensions of the heart enable an individual to achieve a greater
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incorporated a three or four-kilometre (1.9–2.5 mi) run, but changes to the official rules in 2008 meant the running sections are now divided into three separate legs of one kilometre each (0.6 mi).
453:
mL/kg/min). As of 2016 the physiological basis for this was uncertain, but it seemed to depend on the cumulative years of running and reaches a cap that longer individual training sessions cannot overcome.
233:
With developments in agriculture and culture, long-distance running took more and more purposes other than hunting: religious ceremonies, delivering messages for military and political purposes, and sport.
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and similar shoe inserts may be comfortable, but they can make foot muscles weaker in the long term. Running shoes with special features, or lack thereof in the case of minimalist designs, do not prevent
1128:. The sport has retained its status at the scholastic level, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. At the professional level, the foremost competitions come under the banner of the
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The impact of long-distance running on human health is generally positive. Various organs and systems in the human body are improved: bone mineral density is increased, and cholesterol is lowered.
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The term adventure running is loosely defined and can be used to describe any form of long-distance running in a natural setting, regardless of the running surface. It may include river crossing,
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Beyond these, records and stand-alone achievements, rather than regular events, exist for individuals who have achieved running goals of a unique nature, such as running across or around
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was inaugurated in 1973 and this remains the highest level of competition for the sport. A number of continental cross country competitions are held, with championships taking place in
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saw the birth of the modern marathon and the event led to the growth of road running competitions through annual public events such as the Boston
Marathon (first held in 1897) and the
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Carrier, D. R., Kapoor, A. K., Kimura, T., Nickels, M. K., Satwanti, Scott, E. C., So, J. K., & Trinkaus, E. (1984). The energetic paradox of human running and hominid evolution.
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Wilson, Mathew G.; O'Hanlon, Rory; Prasad, Sanjay; Deighan, Amanda; MacMillan, Philip; Oxborough, David; Godfrey, Richard J.; Smith, Gill; Maceira, Alicia (17 February 2011).
141:, as a means of travel, as a competitive sport, for economic reasons, or cultural reasons. Long-distance running can also be used as a means to improve cardiovascular health.
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can all be considered variations on the traditional cross country which incorporate significant uphill and/or downhill sections as an additional challenge to the course.
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contests – which originated in Japan and remain common there – are a relay race variation on the marathon, in contrast to the typically individual sport of road running.
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blood cells, allowing increased oxygen delivery via arteries. The majority of these East
African successful runners come from three mountain districts that run along the
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Cross-country running is the most naturalistic form of long-distance running in athletics as competitions take place on open-air courses over surfaces such as grass,
524:. While altitude may be a contributing factor, a culture of hard work, teamwork, as well as an advanced institutional structure also contributes to their success.
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661:, may feature running sections ranging from five kilometres (3.1 miles) to the marathon distance (42.195 kilometres, or 26 miles and 385 yards), depending on the
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Aerobic capacity depends on the transportation of large amounts of blood to and from the lungs to reach all tissues. This in turn is dependent on having a high
619:, where running competitions are held on strictly defined courses, and the fastest runner to complete the distance wins. The foremost types are long-distance
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930:– is one of the most popular aspects of athletics. Road racing events can be of virtually any distance, but the most common and well-known is the marathon,
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One distinction between upright walking and running is energy consumption during locomotion. While walking, humans use about half the energy needed to run.
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mammals including humans the center of mass lies right above the legs. This leads to different bone and muscular demands, especially in the legs and pelvis.
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A number of events, records, and achievements exist for long-distance running, outside the context of track and field sports events. These include
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has been suggested as proof that early humans from 1.5 million years ago ate more meat and fewer plants, and hunted by running down animals.
1091:, or hare and hounds, where a group of runners would cover long distances to chase a leading runner, who left a trail of paper to follow. The
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França, Sheyla Carla A.; Neto, Barros; Leite, Turíbio; Agresta, Marisa Cury; Lotufo, Renato Fraga M.; Kater, Claudio E. (December 2006).
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between aristocrats, who pitted their footman against that of another aristocrat in order to determine a winner. The sport became
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and running around 2-3 million years ago. The human body can endure long-distance running through the following attributes:
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is crucial to a marathon runner's performance and health. An inability to reduce rising core body temperature can lead to
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163:, long-distance events are defined as races covering 3 km (1.9 mi) and above. The three most common types are
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92:, is a form of continuous running over distances of at least 3 km (1.9 mi). Physiologically, it is largely
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Hagihara, Yoshinobu; Nakajima, Arata; Fukuda, Satoshi; Goto, Sumio; Iida, Haruzo; Yamazaki, Masashi (October 2009).
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Many sporting activities feature significant levels of running under prolonged periods of play, especially during
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2095:"Running exercise for short duration increases bone mineral density of loaded long bones in young growing rats"
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as military men as well as the king's officials who disseminated documents throughout the kingdom by running.
31:
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2201:"Bone mineral density and serum testosterone in chronically trained, high mileage 40–55-year-old male runners"
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refined during the 20th century: the oval running tracks were standardised to 400 metres in distance and
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Bennett, Wendell Clark, and Robert Mowry Zingg. "The
Tarahumara, an Indian tribe of northern Mexico." (1935).
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is also rarely contested, most world records in the 20,000 metres have been set while in a one-hour run race.
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Faude, Oliver; Kindermann, Wilfried; Meyer, Tim (2009). "Lactate threshold concepts: how valid are they?".
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combine the challenge of distance with a significant incline or change of elevation as part of the course.
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Lovett, C. (1997). Olympic
Marathon: A Centennial History of the Games' Most Storied Race. Retrieved from
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roads, although major events often finish on the track of a main stadium. In addition to being a common
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communities have provided accounts for long-distance running as a historic method for hunting among the
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turnover rate of fatty acids that allows the runner to preserve glycogen stores later into the race.
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Elite-level long-distance running is associated with a three to seven times higher risk of the knee
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In modern human society, long-distance running has multiple purposes: people may engage in it for
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1856:"Red blood cells in sports: effects of exercise and training on oxygen supply by red blood cells"
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2442:"Is Participation in Certain Sports Associated With Knee Osteoarthritis? A Systematic Review"
2258:"Divergent responses of serum testosterone and cortisol in athlete men after a marathon race"
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marathons. The Tokyo
Marathon was most recently added to the World Marathon Majors in 2012.
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1386:. Hopi Cultural Preservation Office/Northern Arizona University. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
1906:"Lactate Threshold: What It Is And How Do You Leverage It In Training? | Competitor.com"
1807:"Control of muscle blood flow during exercise: local factors and integrative mechanisms"
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series includes the six most prestigious marathon competitions at the elite level – the
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held every two years. The marathon is also the only road running event featured at the
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Margaria, R.; Cerretelli, P.; Aghemo, P.; Sassi, G. (1963). "Energy cost of running".
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is the longest standard track event. Most of those running such races also compete in
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In order to sustain high-intensity running, a marathon runner must obtain sufficient
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around the 18th century, and who also ran errands over distances for their masters.
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in Paris; at the time, he won
Olympic gold in the 5,000-meter long-distance running.
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Other physiological factors affecting a marathon runner's aerobic capacity include
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111:, humans are well adapted for running significant distances, particularly so among
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is an endurance race that is rarely contested, except in pursuit of world records.
60:"1896: Three athletes in training for the marathon at the Olympic Games in Athens"
2307:"Diverse patterns of myocardial fibrosis in lifelong, veteran endurance athletes"
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The" Hemerodromoi": Ultra Long-Distance
Running in Antiquity. The Classical World
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mammals, which have their center of mass in front of the hind legs or limbs, in
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2144:"The effects of exercise training on the traditional lipid profile and beyond"
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may contain periods of endurance running within the competition. Variants of
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148:. Long-distance running as a form of tradition or ceremony is known among the
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30:"Long-distance track event" redirects here. For the speed skating events, see
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2522:"Expensive running shoes don't prevent injuries, but comfortable ones might"
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While cross country competitions are no longer held at the Olympics, having
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438:, which increases during a race, and the amount of hemoglobin in the blood.
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Long-distance road running competitions are mainly conducted on courses of
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may also combine navigational skills and endurance running in this manner.
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The Assyrian Dictionary L (Chicago: The Oriental Institute), 104–108. 1973
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The world record for women is 14:00.21 (an average of 21.43 km/h) by
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2049:"Why Ethiopia's running success is about more than poverty and altitude"
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Marathon Running: Physiology, Psychology, Nutrition and Training Aspects
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The world record for men is 12:35.36 (an average of 23.83 km/h) by
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from 1912 to 1924, it has been present as one of the events within the
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of asphalt and rubber from the mid-1960s onwards. It was not until the
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The most prominent long-distance running sports are grouped within the
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298:(6.2 miles), cross country races usually cover 5 to 12 km (3 to 7
253:, meaning "day runners". One of the most famous running messengers is
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Driban JB, Hootman JM, Sitler MR, Harris KP, Cattano NM (June 2017).
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Hammond, N. G. L. (1968). "The Campaign and the Battle of Marathon".
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Walker, A., and Leakey, R. (1993). Nariokotome Homo Erectus Skeleton.
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and a limited number of terrestrial carnivores, such as bears, dogs,
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The Long Distance Runner's Guide to Injury Prevention and Treatment
2078:. In Waite, Brandee L.; Krabak, Brian J.; Lipman, Grant S. (eds.).
1570:
1314:"50 stunning Olympic moments No31: Paavo Nurmi wins 5,000m in 1924"
564:. Rather, comfortable shoes and standard running styles are safer.
357:
Dissipation of metabolic heat: humans' ability to cool the body by
1601:
http://www.marathonguide.com/history/olympicmarathons/prologue.cfm
1075:
885:
715:
571:
238:
127:
65:
50:
38:
2142:
Gordon, Benjamin; Chen, Stephen; Durstine, J. Larry (July 2014).
720:
Runners turning the bend in the men's 10,000 metres final at the
2827:
2776:
1070:
596:. However, continuous endurance running is exclusively found in
4356:
4039:
3221:
2913:
1625:"Should you think about running in college? – Running Writings"
1339:
The First Humans - Origin and Early Evolution of the Genus Homo
941:
The sport of road running finds its roots in the activities of
2550:"RCT of traditional running shoes vs minimalist running shoes"
2024:"Why Are Kenya And Ethiopia So Good at Long-Distance Running?"
1932:"Benefits of Lactate Threshold Training for Distance Runners"
365:
through the mouth or nose. These include a larger surface of
985:
The marathon is the only road running event featured at the
4035:
2199:
MacKelvie, K; Taunton, J; McKay, H; Khan, K (August 2000).
1506:
Deane Anderson Lamont, Running Phenomena in Ancient Sumer"
834:
The world record for men is 26:11.00 (22.915 km/h) by
317:(which also involves jumping over barriers and water), the
2909:
1658:
Bramble, Dennis M.; Lieberman, Daniel E. (November 2004).
4352:
1360:"What Are the Health Benefits of Running Half Marathons?"
2603:"The evidence-based solution for choosing running shoes"
2262:
Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia
1397:
The ecology of servitude in Tarahumara ritual tesgüinada
282:
of 26.2 miles / 42.195 km is based on this legend.
445:, mitochondria enzyme activity, and capillary density.
361:
through the body surface provides many advantages over
1488:, Vol. 25, No. 4 (August - October 1984), pp. 483-495.
982:
and also increased its popularity at the elite level.
767:
of Qatar in Brussels, Belgium set on 3 September 2004.
249:
was famous for its running messengers, who were named
115:. The capacity for endurance running is also found in
43:
A group of amateur runners in a long-distance race in
1181:
Ultra-long distance: extended events and achievements
434:
The amount of oxygen that blood can carry depends on
1087:
The history of the sport is linked with the game of
5009:
4973:
4942:
4907:
4869:
4831:
4764:
4755:
4737:
4709:
4671:
4618:
4560:
4520:
4484:
4451:
4399:
4390:
4258:
4188:
4133:
4080:
4073:
3976:
3922:
3859:
3852:
3788:
3724:
3675:
3668:
3628:
3561:
3524:
3440:
3369:
3293:
3286:
3130:
3071:
2947:
2756:. Adventure Sports Online. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
1644:Lovejoy, C. O. (1988). Evolution of human walking.
945:: male servants who ran alongside the carriages of
1777:Zinner, Christoph; Sperlich, Billy, eds. (2016).
1348:. Stonybrook University. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
1443:Ancient hunters and their modern representatives
978:in the United States made road running a common
741:that the standard long-distance track events of
329:(42.195 kilometres, or 26 miles and 385 yards).
313:features four long-distance running events: the
1800:
1798:
890:Women runners on a closed-off-road at the 2009
673:and distance running. Previous versions of the
1772:
1613:, Vol. 68, No. 3 (November 1974), pp. 161-169.
1524:. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010
926:, the elite level of the sport – particularly
576:Men in the 10 km run section of the 2011
175:, all of which are defined by their terrain –
4368:
4051:
3233:
2925:
2791:"Tokyo Will Be Added as Sixth Major Marathon"
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1660:"Endurance running and the evolution of Homo"
290:Typical long-distance track races range from
8:
2715:"Modern Pentathlon Gets a Little Less Penta"
2684:(28 December 2012). Retrieved on 2013-04-13.
1269:Neurobiological effects of physical exercise
910:List of World Athletics Label marathon races
179:, roads, and natural terrain, respectively.
3147:World Athletics Cross Country Championships
2099:The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine
1337:Grine, Frederick E. et al (October 2006).
1102:World Athletics Cross Country Championships
995:World Athletics Half Marathon Championships
974:, which were established in the 1940s. The
237:Running messengers are reported from early
4761:
4396:
4375:
4361:
4353:
4077:
4058:
4044:
4036:
3856:
3672:
3290:
3240:
3226:
3218:
2932:
2918:
2910:
849:The world record for women is 29:01.03 by
144:Endurance running is often a component of
2703:. USA Triathlon. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
2642:(25 March 2008). Retrieved 13 April 2013.
2465:
2338:
2273:
2232:
2159:
2110:
1881:
1871:
1830:
1408:International Society for Gesture Studies
1098:International Cross Country Championships
770:The world record for women is 8:44.32 by
491:Long-distance runners generally practice
461:A long-distance runner's velocity at the
2866:"Answering The Call To Adventure Racing"
812:, United States set on 17 September 2023
774:of Kenya in Monaco, set on 20 July 2018.
495:in their training and race preparation.
2554:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
1304:
763:The world record for men is 7:53.63 by
548:later in life compared to non-runners.
257:, who according to the legend ran from
1535:
653:frequently include endurance running.
631:. Other less popular variants such as
2607:evidencebasedliving.human.cornell.edu
2082:. Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 2–17.
1854:Mairbäurl, Heimo (12 November 2013).
1640:
1638:
1480:
1478:
1476:
7:
3171:World Mountain Running Championships
1805:Sarelius, I; Pohl, U (August 2010).
1453:
1451:
1358:Herreman, Kari (12 September 2013).
1082:European Cross Country Championships
681:Depending on the rules and terrain,
505:maintenance of core body temperature
499:Thermoregulation and body fluid loss
1384:Running in Hopi History and Culture
1137:featured in the athletics programme
2205:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1130:World Athletics Cross Country Tour
999:World Para Athletics Championships
346:Bone and muscle structure: unlike
25:
2713:Branch, John (27 November 2008).
2494:"A Guide to Running Shoe Inserts"
1080:Women racing on snow in the 2012
4822:
4442:
4339:
4338:
4143:High-intensity interval training
4011:
3201:
2891:"Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Training"
1971:10.2165/00007256-200939060-00003
1959:Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
1823:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02129.x
1243:
2789:Belson, Ken (2 November 2012).
2652:Benjie Goodhart (2 June 2008).
2548:Craig Payne (28 January 2017).
2323:10.1152/japplphysiol.01280.2010
2275:10.1590/S0004-27302006000600015
2148:Current Sports Medicine Reports
1559:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
797:in Monaco set on 14 August 2020
265:to announce the victory of the
3179:Skyrunning World Championships
3155:IAU 100 km World Championships
1209:hundreds or thousands of miles
1:
4018:Sport of athletics portal
3208:Sport of athletics portal
3163:IAU Trail World Championships
3139:World Athletics Championships
2682:International Triathlon Union
2627:60-Second Guide: Fell Running
2403:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60749-6
2311:Journal of Applied Physiology
2076:"History of Distance Running"
2074:Lieberman, Daniel E. (2017).
1723:Journal of Applied Physiology
1312:Simon Burnton (18 May 2012).
993:, although there is also the
987:World Athletics Championships
846:, Spain set on 7 October 2020
659:International Triathlon Union
3187:World Snowshoe Championships
2976:(over 3000 m up to marathon)
2817:Cross country – Introduction
2678:Getting Started in Triathlon
2446:Journal of Athletic Training
2161:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000073
1648:(0036-8733), 259 (5), p. 82.
1510:, Vol.22, No. 3 (Fall 1995).
100:as well as mental strength.
4920:Radio-controlled car racing
4021: • Current
2766:Road running – Introduction
1735:10.1152/jappl.1963.18.2.367
760:millimetres (30.0 inches).
733:were replaced by synthetic
5094:
4575:Mountain bike orienteering
1522:"History of the 24hr race"
1410:. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
1203:, and long-distance races
1184:
1046:
953:competitions evolved from
907:
897:
709:
191:
146:physical military training
29:
5042:
4899:Offshore powerboat racing
4851:Motorcycle chariot racing
4820:
4440:
4336:
4007:
3258:
3197:
2458:10.4085/1062-6050-50.2.08
1542:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1251:Sport of athletics portal
735:all-weather running track
448:A long-distance runner's
4894:Inshore powerboat racing
2830:. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
2822:27 February 2011 at the
2779:. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
2752:3 September 2012 at the
2699:13 February 2013 at the
2566:10.1177/0363546516682497
1873:10.3389/fphys.2013.00332
1508:Journal of Sport History
1459:Running through the Ages
1231:running around the world
756:3000 metres steeplechase
418:in blood and an optimal
369:and independence of the
315:3000 metres steeplechase
32:long track speed skating
5047:List of forms of racing
4414:Middle-distance running
4291:Neurobiological effects
2966:Middle-distance running
2771:23 October 2012 at the
2747:Adventure Racing Basics
1860:Frontiers in Physiology
1344:1 November 2013 at the
1264:Middle-distance running
1219:(see lists of runners:
739:1912 Stockholm Olympics
665:. The related sport of
578:Grand Prix de Triathlon
414:, sufficient levels of
201:observations of modern
96:in nature and requires
4889:Jet sprint boat racing
2008:Roth, Stephen (2011).
1457:Sears, Edward Seldon.
1423:. Hill and Wang, 1960.
1143:competition since the
1084:
895:
725:
581:
535:
280:marathon running event
219:Aboriginal Australians
82:
63:
58:' photograph entitled
48:
5068:Long-distance running
4492:Cross country running
4419:Long-distance running
3610:Distance medley relay
3268:Cross country running
2990:Cross country running
2974:Long-distance running
2632:8 August 2014 at the
2217:10.1136/bjsm.34.4.273
1445:. New York: Macmillan
1402:1 August 2013 at the
1205:in extreme conditions
1079:
1049:Cross country running
1043:Cross country running
1007:World Marathon Majors
889:
829:cross country running
719:
629:cross-country running
575:
551:The effectiveness of
531:
483:glycogen depletion.
173:cross country running
86:Long-distance running
73:, also known as the "
69:
54:
42:
18:Long-distance runners
4986:Cross-country skiing
4960:Slalom skateboarding
4643:Mountain bike racing
3963:Marathon mixed relay
3798:Athletics pentathlon
3620:Shuttle hurdle relay
2845:DGL AdventureRunning
2654:"The only way is up"
2112:10.1620/tjem.219.139
1486:Current Anthropology
1441:Sollas, W. J. 1924.
1299:Notes and references
1145:1912 Summer Olympics
1100:in 1903. The annual
964:1896 Summer Olympics
722:2012 Summer Olympics
701:Running competitions
669:is a combination of
657:, as defined by the
600:. Most of these are
590:association football
555:has been contested.
493:carbohydrate loading
79:1924 Summer Olympics
4794:Pickup truck racing
4729:Paralympic swimming
4719:Open water swimming
4628:Road bicycle racing
4318:Outline of exercise
4286:Exercise physiology
4173:Suspension training
4163:Bodyweight exercise
3605:Sprint medley relay
3505:3000 m steeplechase
3494:2000 m steeplechase
3131:World championships
2397:(9798): 1244–1253.
2368:abstractsonline.com
1936:Minneapolis Running
1684:10.1038/nature03052
1676:2004Natur.432..345B
1646:Scientific American
1629:runningwritings.com
857:set on 8 June 2021.
765:Saif Saaeed Shaheen
443:pulmonary diffusion
194:Persistence hunting
5010:Multi-sport racing
4809:Touring car racing
4595:Canoe orienteering
4590:Radio orienteering
4585:Trail orienteering
4281:Exercise equipment
4276:Exercise and music
4226:Muscle hypertrophy
4135:Anaerobic exercise
4105:Endurance training
3189:(snowshoe running)
3173:(mountain running)
3122:(snowshoe running)
3106:(mountain running)
2796:The New York Times
2719:The New York Times
1461:. McFarland, 2001.
1085:
1003:Summer Paralympics
976:1970s running boom
968:Lake Biwa Marathon
924:recreational sport
896:
772:Beatrice Chepkoech
726:
617:sport of athletics
612:forms also exist.
582:
275:Battle of Marathon
177:all-weather tracks
161:sport of athletics
83:
64:
49:
5078:Athletics by type
5055:
5054:
4938:
4937:
4884:Hydroplane racing
4833:Motorcycle racing
4799:Sports car racing
4724:Marathon swimming
4605:Mountain marathon
4570:Foot orienteering
4556:
4555:
4350:
4349:
4254:
4253:
4221:Interval training
4196:Athletic training
4168:Flywheel training
4153:Strength training
4033:
4032:
3994:Wheelchair racing
3972:
3971:
3784:
3783:
3664:
3663:
3215:
3214:
2897:. 28 January 2010
2490:Richard A. Lovett
2010:Exercise Genomics
1811:Acta Physiologica
1670:(7015): 345–352.
1165:Adventure running
1141:modern pentathlon
972:Fukuoka Marathons
892:Yokohama Marathon
749:were introduced.
687:foot orienteering
683:navigation sports
675:modern pentathlon
602:individual sports
522:Great Rift Valley
468:mechanical energy
463:lactate threshold
457:Lactate threshold
371:respiratory cycle
154:Tarahumara people
135:physical exercise
90:endurance running
16:(Redirected from
5085:
5017:Adventure racing
4879:Drag boat racing
4871:Motorboat racing
4826:
4804:Stock car racing
4762:
4686:Greyhound racing
4610:Car orienteering
4580:Ski orienteering
4543:Snowshoe running
4538:Backward running
4497:Mountain running
4485:Off-road running
4446:
4397:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4354:
4342:
4341:
4328:Physical fitness
4323:Physical culture
4298:Exercise mimetic
4236:Physical therapy
4206:Circuit training
4100:Distance running
4082:Aerobic exercise
4078:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4037:
4016:
4015:
4014:
3999:Backward running
3857:
3777:
3763:
3742:
3673:
3421:
3345:
3291:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3219:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3032:Snowshoe running
3027:
3020:
3013:
3011:Mountain running
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2911:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2837:
2831:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2786:
2780:
2763:
2757:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2710:
2704:
2691:
2685:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2560:(5): 1162–1170.
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2527:The Conversation
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2277:
2268:(6): 1082–1087.
2253:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2163:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2114:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2055:. 15 August 2018
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1774:
1747:
1746:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1633:
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1621:
1615:
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1603:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1482:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1417:
1411:
1395:Lonergan, J. E.
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1355:
1349:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1309:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1175:adventure racing
1159:mountain running
1061:Mountain running
959:professionalised
851:Letesenbet Gidey
836:Joshua Cheptegei
791:Joshua Cheptegei
695:adventure racing
651:Multisport races
641:mountain running
528:Impact on health
485:Free Fatty Acids
400:aerobic capacity
394:Aerobic capacity
307:
306:
302:
294:(1.87 miles) to
215:American Indians
156:, among others.
21:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5073:Running by type
5058:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5038:
5005:
4991:Snowboard cross
4969:
4934:
4925:Slot car racing
4903:
4865:
4827:
4818:
4789:Off-road racing
4751:
4733:
4705:
4701:Sled dog racing
4667:
4614:
4552:
4516:
4480:
4447:
4438:
4386:
4381:
4351:
4346:
4332:
4313:Fitness culture
4303:Exercise trends
4250:
4231:Outdoor fitness
4184:
4178:Weight training
4129:
4069:
4064:
4034:
4029:
4012:
4010:
4003:
3968:
3918:
3848:
3780:
3771:
3757:
3736:
3720:
3660:
3624:
3557:
3520:
3442:Middle-distance
3436:
3415:
3365:
3339:
3282:
3263:Track and field
3254:
3246:
3216:
3211:
3202:
3200:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3165:(trail running)
3161:
3157:(ultra running)
3153:
3149:(cross country)
3145:
3137:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3098:(trail running)
3094:
3090:(ultra running)
3086:
3080:World Athletics
3078:
3067:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2984:(over marathon)
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2943:
2938:
2900:
2898:
2895:Runners Connect
2889:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2872:. 28 March 2018
2870:Women's Running
2864:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2824:Wayback Machine
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2773:Wayback Machine
2764:
2760:
2754:Wayback Machine
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2701:Wayback Machine
2692:
2688:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2634:Wayback Machine
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2492:(9 June 2014).
2488:
2487:
2483:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2362:Design, ISITE.
2361:
2360:
2356:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1938:. 23 March 2015
1930:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1912:. 17 March 2014
1904:
1903:
1899:
1853:
1852:
1848:
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1803:
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1789:
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1775:
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1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
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1555:
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1519:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1404:Wayback Machine
1394:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1364:runnersgoal.com
1357:
1356:
1352:
1346:Wayback Machine
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1292:
1284:Running economy
1279:Rarámuri people
1249:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1193:
1185:Main articles:
1183:
1167:
1063:
1047:Main articles:
1045:
991:Summer Olympics
912:
906:
898:Main articles:
884:
714:
712:Track and field
708:
703:
570:
530:
517:
501:
476:
459:
450:running economy
420:vascular system
405:
396:
391:
340:upright walking
335:
311:Summer Olympics
304:
300:
299:
288:
231:
223:Nariokatome boy
203:hunter-gatherer
199:Anthropological
196:
190:
185:
35:
28:
27:Athletics event
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5091:
5089:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5060:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4779:Formula racing
4776:
4770:
4768:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4747:Speed climbing
4743:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4663:Cycle speedway
4660:
4655:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4620:Bicycle racing
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4357:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4216:Cross-training
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4040:
4031:
4030:
4023:Olympic events
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3839:Tetradecathlon
3836:
3829:
3824:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3764:
3750:
3743:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3716:Softball throw
3713:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3679:
3677:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3580:
3575:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3538:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3469:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2968:(up to 3000 m)
2962:
2953:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2884:
2883:
2857:
2832:
2809:
2781:
2758:
2739:
2705:
2694:About Duathlon
2686:
2670:
2644:
2639:Runner's World
2619:
2594:
2540:
2520:Arnold, John.
2512:
2499:Runner's World
2481:
2452:(6): 497–506.
2432:
2380:
2354:
2297:
2248:
2211:(4): 273–278.
2191:
2154:(4): 253–259.
2134:
2105:(2): 139–143.
2085:
2066:
2040:
2015:
2012:. p. 186.
2000:
1965:(6): 469–490.
1949:
1923:
1910:Competitor.com
1897:
1846:
1794:
1787:
1748:
1729:(2): 367–370.
1713:
1650:
1634:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1571:10.2307/628670
1549:
1520:Milroy, Andy.
1512:
1499:
1490:
1472:
1463:
1447:
1434:
1425:
1419:Bjerre, Jens.
1412:
1388:
1376:
1350:
1330:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1238:
1235:
1201:ultramarathons
1197:multiday races
1191:Multiday races
1182:
1179:
1166:
1163:
1044:
1041:
928:marathon races
883:
880:
879:
878:
869:
860:
859:
858:
847:
815:
814:
813:
798:
777:
776:
775:
768:
710:Main article:
707:
704:
702:
699:
569:
566:
546:osteoarthritis
529:
526:
516:
513:
500:
497:
475:
472:
458:
455:
412:cardiac output
403:
395:
392:
390:
387:
383:
382:
374:
355:
334:
331:
287:
284:
247:Ancient Greece
230:
227:
192:Main article:
189:
186:
184:
181:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5090:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4996:Speed skating
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4981:Alpine skiing
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:Winter racing
4972:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4931:
4930:Street racing
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4696:Pigeon racing
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4673:Animal racing
4670:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4648:Track cycling
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4638:Gravel racing
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:Tower running
4526:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:Trail running
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:Ultramarathon
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4461:Half marathon
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4401:Track running
4398:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4373:
4371:
4366:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4345:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3989:Multiday race
3987:
3985:
3984:Frame running
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3914:Ultramarathon
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3897:Half marathon
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:Swedish relay
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3526:Long-distance
3523:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3210:
3209:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:Tower running
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3004:Trail running
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2982:Ultra running
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2960:(up to 400 m)
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2810:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2671:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2381:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2317:(6): 1622–6.
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1817:(4): 349–65.
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1788:9783319297286
1784:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
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1728:
1724:
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1714:
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1701:
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1677:
1673:
1669:
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1661:
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1641:
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1626:
1620:
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1614:
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1605:
1602:
1596:
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1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1207:or measuring
1206:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1187:Ultramarathon
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1155:trail running
1152:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1126:South America
1123:
1122:North America
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:Trail running
1050:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1031:New York City
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
932:half marathon
929:
925:
921:
917:
911:
905:
901:
893:
888:
881:
876:
875:
874:20,000 metres
870:
867:
866:
861:
856:
852:
848:
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:
830:
826:
822:
821:
820:10,000 metres
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
796:
792:
788:
787:
784:
783:
778:
773:
769:
766:
762:
761:
758:
757:
752:
751:
750:
748:
747:10,000 metres
744:
740:
736:
732:
731:cinder tracks
723:
718:
713:
706:Track running
705:
700:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
646:
645:tower running
642:
638:
637:trail running
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:track running
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:racing sports
595:
591:
587:
579:
574:
567:
565:
563:
558:
554:
549:
547:
542:
538:
534:
527:
525:
523:
514:
512:
510:
506:
498:
496:
494:
489:
486:
481:
473:
471:
469:
464:
456:
454:
451:
446:
444:
439:
437:
432:
430:
429:stroke volume
424:
421:
417:
413:
408:
401:
393:
388:
386:
379:
375:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:
349:
345:
344:
343:
341:
332:
330:
328:
324:
323:10,000 metres
320:
316:
312:
297:
296:10,000 metres
293:
285:
283:
281:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:, were named
240:
235:
228:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
187:
182:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:track running
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
105:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
80:
76:
72:
68:
61:
57:
56:Burton Holmes
53:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4955:Sandboarding
4950:Longboarding
4943:Board racing
4861:Track racing
4841:Beach racing
4814:Truck racing
4757:Motor racing
4691:Horse racing
4681:Camel racing
4562:Orienteering
4502:Fell running
4453:Road running
4434:Steeplechase
4418:
4201:Calisthenics
4158:Bodybuilding
4099:
4026:
4009:
3961:
3934:
3901:
3831:
3819:
3766:
3752:
3745:
3731:
3711:Weight throw
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3582:
3570:
3553:One hour run
3540:
3533:
3525:
3503:
3471:
3459:
3429:
3405:
3398:
3353:
3334:
3322:
3273:Road running
3199:
3181:(skyrunning)
3114:(skyrunning)
3046:Steeplechase
2997:Fell running
2973:
2899:. Retrieved
2894:
2874:. Retrieved
2869:
2860:
2848:. Retrieved
2844:
2835:
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2794:
2784:
2761:
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2718:
2708:
2689:
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2658:The Guardian
2657:
2647:
2637:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:
2597:
2585:. Retrieved
2557:
2553:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2525:
2515:
2503:. Retrieved
2497:
2484:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2371:. Retrieved
2367:
2357:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2079:
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2053:The Guardian
2052:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2027:
2018:
2009:
2003:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1935:
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1909:
1900:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1814:
1810:
1781:. Springer.
1778:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1645:
1628:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1595:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1526:. Retrieved
1515:
1507:
1502:
1493:
1485:
1466:
1458:
1442:
1437:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1391:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1363:
1353:
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1318:The Guardian
1317:
1307:
1218:
1213:
1194:
1168:
1151:Fell running
1149:
1134:
1086:
1064:
1057:Fell running
1035:
984:
940:
913:
900:Road running
882:Road running
872:
865:One hour run
863:
818:
802:Gudaf Tsegay
780:
754:
727:
680:
649:
633:fell running
625:road running
614:
594:rugby league
583:
553:shoe inserts
550:
543:
539:
536:
532:
518:
509:hyperthermia
502:
490:
477:
460:
447:
440:
436:blood volume
433:
425:
409:
397:
384:
336:
289:
255:Pheidippides
251:hemerodromoi
250:
242:
236:
232:
197:
169:road running
158:
143:
132:
106:
102:
89:
85:
84:
59:
36:
4965:Street luge
4784:Kart racing
4774:Drag racing
4766:Auto racing
4633:Cyclo-cross
4533:Racewalking
4308:Fitness app
4271:Epigenetics
3768:Triple jump
3278:Racewalking
3141:(athletics)
3082:(athletics)
3072:Federations
2949:Disciplines
2059:23 December
1259:Fastpacking
1089:paper chase
951:Foot racing
947:aristocrats
782:5000 metres
743:5000 metres
604:, although
586:ball sports
557:Memory foam
367:evaporation
319:5000 metres
292:3000 metres
286:Competition
75:Flying Finn
71:Paavo Nurmi
45:Switzerland
5062:Categories
4915:Air racing
4856:Rally raid
4658:BMX racing
4512:Skyrunning
4424:Relay race
4241:Stretching
3844:Icosathlon
3821:Heptathlon
3747:Pole vault
3595:4 × 1500 m
3053:Relay race
3018:Skyrunning
1216:continents
1171:scrambling
908:See also:
825:road races
416:hemoglobin
376:Increased
333:Physiology
229:Messengers
139:recreation
77:", at the
5032:Aquathlon
5022:Triathlon
4846:Motocross
4600:Rogaining
4409:Sprinting
4148:Sprinting
4025:shown in
3833:Decathlon
3827:Octathlon
3815:Hexathlon
3754:Long jump
3733:High jump
3590:4 × 800 m
3584:4 × 400 m
3578:4 × 200 m
3572:4 × 100 m
3516:Two miles
3249:Athletics
2901:3 October
2876:4 January
2850:4 January
2841:"Results"
2732:4 January
2727:0362-4331
2663:4 January
2411:1474-547X
2331:8750-7587
2284:0004-2730
2225:0306-3674
2170:1537-8918
2121:1349-3329
1979:0112-1642
1692:1476-4687
1587:163130634
1565:: 13–57.
1528:13 August
1323:4 January
1225:Australia
1093:Crick Run
936:10 km run
691:rogaining
663:race type
655:Triathlon
580:in Paris.
348:quadruped
269:over the
120:ungulates
117:migratory
5027:Duathlon
5001:Sledding
4739:Climbing
4711:Swimming
4466:Marathon
4429:Hurdling
4344:Category
4211:Climbing
4120:Swimming
4090:Aerobics
4067:Exercise
3903:Marathon
3790:Combined
3774:standing
3760:standing
3739:standing
3684:Shot put
3656:20,000 m
3651:10,000 m
3600:4 × mile
3548:20,000 m
3542:10,000 m
3484:One mile
3342:straight
3039:Hurdling
2820:Archived
2769:Archived
2750:Archived
2697:Archived
2630:Archived
2612:14 April
2587:14 April
2582:25996480
2574:28129518
2533:14 April
2505:14 April
2476:25574790
2419:21846575
2349:21330616
2292:17221115
2243:10953900
2186:10408945
2178:25014391
2129:19776531
1995:31839157
1987:19453206
1892:24273518
1841:20353492
1743:13932993
1700:15549097
1538:cite web
1421:Kalahari
1400:Archived
1342:Archived
1274:Paceband
1237:See also
1069:trails,
1067:woodland
1001:and the
989:and the
904:Marathon
855:Ethiopia
844:Valencia
831:events.
806:Ethiopia
685:such as
667:duathlon
568:In sport
515:Altitude
480:glycogen
381:tissues.
359:sweating
327:marathon
271:Persians
259:Marathon
211:Kalahari
113:primates
4548:Parkour
4392:Running
4266:History
4259:Related
4125:Walking
4115:Jogging
4095:Cycling
4027:italics
3923:Walking
3860:Running
3803:women's
3705:Javelin
3629:Walking
3371:Hurdles
3295:Sprints
2941:Running
2802:1 March
2467:5488840
2427:9538733
2373:14 June
2364:"OASIS"
2340:3119133
2234:1724199
1883:3824146
1866:: 332.
1832:3157959
1708:2470602
1672:Bibcode
1369:1 March
1221:America
1118:Oceania
1019:Chicago
980:pastime
943:footmen
671:cycling
389:Factors
363:panting
303:⁄
273:in the
209:of the
188:Hunting
183:History
159:In the
109:mammals
98:stamina
94:aerobic
4652:Keirin
4476:Ekiden
4384:Racing
4110:Hiking
3957:100 km
3909:Ekiden
3808:throws
3698:Hammer
3691:Discus
3676:Throws
3646:5000 m
3641:3000 m
3563:Relays
3535:5000 m
3511:3200 m
3499:3000 m
3489:2000 m
3479:1600 m
3473:1500 m
3467:1000 m
3252:events
3060:Ekiden
2958:Sprint
2725:
2580:
2572:
2474:
2464:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2391:Lancet
2347:
2337:
2329:
2290:
2282:
2241:
2231:
2223:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2127:
2119:
2033:22 May
1993:
1985:
1977:
1942:22 May
1916:22 May
1890:
1880:
1839:
1829:
1785:
1741:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1664:Nature
1585:
1579:628670
1577:
1157:, and
1114:Europe
1106:Africa
1059:, and
1037:Ekiden
1029:, and
1023:London
1015:Boston
1011:Berlin
1005:. The
955:wagers
934:, and
920:tarmac
840:Uganda
810:Oregon
795:Uganda
643:, and
562:injury
398:One's
378:tendon
263:Athens
243:lasimu
217:, and
171:, and
137:, for
128:hyenas
126:, and
124:wolves
107:Among
4908:Other
4521:Other
4189:Other
4074:Types
3977:Other
3952:50 mi
3947:50 km
3942:35 km
3936:20 km
3930:10 km
3892:25 km
3887:20 km
3882:10 mi
3877:15 km
3872:10 km
3725:Jumps
3669:Field
3461:800 m
3455:600 m
3450:500 m
3431:400 m
3425:300 m
3413:200 m
3407:110 m
3400:100 m
3361:440 y
3355:400 m
3349:300 m
3336:200 m
3330:150 m
3324:100 m
3318:100 y
3287:Track
2578:S2CID
2423:S2CID
2182:S2CID
2028:Mpora
1991:S2CID
1704:S2CID
1583:S2CID
1575:JSTOR
1071:earth
1027:Tokyo
916:paved
610:relay
588:like
402:or VO
352:biped
267:Greek
239:Sumer
88:, or
4246:Yoga
3867:5 km
3853:Road
3636:Mile
3394:80 m
3389:60 m
3384:55 m
3379:50 m
3313:60 m
3308:55 m
3303:50 m
3120:WSSF
3104:WMRA
3096:ITRA
2903:2022
2878:2023
2852:2023
2828:IAAF
2804:2017
2777:IAAF
2734:2023
2723:ISSN
2665:2023
2614:2018
2589:2018
2570:PMID
2535:2018
2507:2018
2472:PMID
2415:PMID
2407:ISSN
2375:2017
2345:PMID
2327:ISSN
2288:PMID
2280:ISSN
2239:PMID
2221:ISSN
2174:PMID
2166:ISSN
2125:PMID
2117:ISSN
2061:2022
2035:2018
1983:PMID
1975:ISSN
1944:2018
1918:2018
1888:PMID
1837:PMID
1783:ISBN
1739:PMID
1696:PMID
1688:ISSN
1544:link
1530:2013
1371:2017
1325:2023
1189:and
1124:and
1110:Asia
970:and
902:and
871:The
862:The
827:and
817:The
779:The
753:The
745:and
689:and
627:and
608:and
606:team
592:and
503:The
474:Fuel
325:and
152:and
150:Hopi
3418:low
3112:ISF
3088:IAU
2562:doi
2462:PMC
2454:doi
2399:doi
2395:378
2335:PMC
2319:doi
2315:110
2270:doi
2229:PMC
2213:doi
2156:doi
2107:doi
2103:219
1967:doi
1878:PMC
1868:doi
1827:PMC
1819:doi
1815:199
1731:doi
1680:doi
1668:432
1567:doi
1293:max
1229:or
918:or
853:of
842:in
838:of
808:in
804:of
793:of
261:to
207:San
5064::
2893:.
2868:.
2843:.
2826:.
2793:.
2775:.
2721:.
2717:.
2680:.
2656:.
2636:.
2605:.
2576:.
2568:.
2558:45
2556:.
2552:.
2524:.
2496:.
2470:.
2460:.
2450:52
2448:.
2444:.
2421:.
2413:.
2405:.
2393:.
2366:.
2343:.
2333:.
2325:.
2313:.
2309:.
2286:.
2278:.
2266:50
2264:.
2260:.
2237:.
2227:.
2219:.
2209:34
2207:.
2203:.
2180:.
2172:.
2164:.
2152:13
2150:.
2146:.
2123:.
2115:.
2101:.
2097:.
2051:.
2026:.
1989:.
1981:.
1973:.
1963:39
1961:.
1934:.
1908:.
1886:.
1876:.
1862:.
1858:.
1835:.
1825:.
1813:.
1809:.
1797:^
1751:^
1737:.
1727:18
1725:.
1702:.
1694:.
1686:.
1678:.
1666:.
1662:.
1637:^
1627:.
1581:.
1573:.
1563:88
1561:.
1540:}}
1536:{{
1475:^
1450:^
1406:.
1362:.
1316:.
1289:VO
1233:.
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1211:.
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1177:.
1153:,
1147:.
1132:.
1120:,
1116:,
1112:,
1108:,
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1051:,
1025:,
1021:,
1017:,
1013:,
938:.
639:,
635:,
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321:,
213:,
167:,
130:.
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