757:
693:
672:
the territories of thirty-six males were mapped and the numbers of nests were counted. The experimenters used each male as his own control by subtracting the number of nests in each male's territory before treatment from the total of nests after treatment. This reduced the influence of initial variation among male territories on the outcome of the experiment. In a randomized block experiment, the color-ringed males were partitioned among nine groups of four males each. These groups were similar in territory quality and tail length. The tail of one randomly selected male within each group was cut to about 14 centimeters (5 inches) in length. Each removed feather was then glued to the corresponding feather of another male, elongating his tail by 20 to 30 centimeters (8 to 12 inches). The two other males in the group served as controls. One had his tail cut and repaired using glue, while the other's tail was left unchanged.
721:
fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation. The population is stable according to the population trend criterion, which requires a greater than 30% decline over ten years or three generations, and would not be considered vulnerable for this reason. While the total population size has not yet been quantified, it is not believed that the long-tailed widowbird is approaching the threshold for being considered vulnerable under the population size criterion (less than 10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be greater than 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as least concern.
31:
472:. Males and females exhibit differences in behavior and morphological traits. Adult males are entirely black, including under their wing-coverts. Males' wing shoulders are orange red and their wing-coverts white. Their bills are bluish white. Males are known for their distinctly long tails, which contain twelve tail feathers. Of these twelve tail feathers, between six and eight are approximately half a metre (approximately 20 inches) long. Males have wingspans of approximately 127 to 147 mm (approximately 5 to 5.8 inches).
769:
228:
84:
684:
shown to be the result of female choice rather than differences in male behavior resulting from shortened tails: males with shortened tails neither became less active in courtship display, nor did they give up their breeding territories. Thus, the tail is used to attract females rather than in direct contests among males, which is further supported by the fact that males do not expand their tails during flight displays during territorial contests.
745:
733:
315:. The long-tailed widowbird is a medium-sized bird and one of the most common in the territories it inhabits. Adult breeding males are almost entirely black with orange and white shoulders (epaulets), long, wide tails, and a bluish white bill. Females are rather inconspicuous, their feathers streaked tawny and black with pale patches on the chest, breast and back, narrow tail feathers, and horn-colored bills.
59:
534:
206:
712:, being displayed during courtship and threat displays. Thus, the two most conspicuous ornaments of the male birds in the two species may be favored by different forms of sexual selection: the tail of the long-tailed widowbird by female choice and the brightly colored epaulets of the long-tailed widowbird and red-winged blackbird by male contest competition.
625:), where the females raise their two to three young. Females often mate with the male within whose territories they nest. Females lay one to three eggs after mating, and these are pale bluish green and streaked with brown. They are usually around 23.5 millimeters (0.9 inches) by 16.5 mm (0.6 inches) in size.
551:
The long-tailed widowbird's diet generally consists of seeds, supplemented occasionally by arthropods. The birds do most of their foraging in flocks on the ground, though they are occasionally observed hawking insects airily. The long-tailed widowbird feeds on a distinct variety of seeds, including
322:
Because of the seemingly large cost to such male ornaments, the long-tailed widowbird has been the subject of extensive research into the function and evolution of sexually selected traits. This research has demonstrated the existence of female choice in sexual selection and indicates the trade-offs
475:
Females have a rather subdued coloration. The upper portion of the female's body is streaked with buff or tawny and black. Female chests, breasts and flanks are slightly paler than their above coloring. The area under the wing-coverts is black and the females' tail feathers are narrow and pointed.
671:
Malte
Andersson and colleagues tested Darwin's (and Fisher's) theory of female preference for ornamentation as the cause of extreme elongation of the male long-tailed widowbird's tail. They changed the length of males' tails and studied their relative mating success. Early in the breeding season,
662:
and seem to in fact be detrimental to the survival of the male. Thus, the tail appears to oppose forces of natural selection in the basic sense by decreasing survival in individuals who carry the trait. It was for this reason that researchers have chosen to focus their research into female choice
318:
When flying, male long-tailed widowbirds are readily visible due to their extremely long tails. Between six and eight of their twelve tail feathers are approximately half a metre (approximately 20 inches) long. The tail during flight display is expanded vertically into a deep, long keel below the
675:
A clear pattern of success emerged, with males with the elongated tails being the most successful, followed by the control (normal tail length) males, followed by the males with shortened tails. The result indicated that the long tail is favored by sexual selection through female choice of mates.
700:
One explanation for why females favor long tails in males is that the expanded tail enlarges the lateral surface area of the male by 2–3 times, making him much more visible from far distances over open grassland. However, this is most likely not the whole explanation, especially considering that
683:
The
Andersson experiment demonstrated that female long-tailed widowbirds prefer supernormal tails, as males with elongated tails were found to be the most reproductively successful. The tail females found most attractive were longer than those that occur in the natural setting. This outcome was
618:
the species inhabits. Females have a long nesting period and survey these territories and the males that inhabit them prior to mate selection. Breeding takes place from
February to July, reaching its peak in March and April. Females weave nests, shaped in large dome structures with a lining of
650:
Relative to the first of Darwin's theories on sexual selection, the process of female choice, though theoretically plausible, took a considerable amount of time to gain acceptance because Darwin had little, if any, firm evidence that females did in fact choose mates based on characteristics they
646:
in 1871 in response to questions surrounding the elaborate ornamentation that males of some species exhibit despite detrimental costs to survival and seemingly negative consequences for reproductive success. He proposed two explanations for such traits' existences: these traits are useful in
479:
Non-breeding males are slightly larger than females, though they demonstrate a remarkably similar appearance. For the most part, these males are colored in the same manner as the females, except in that they are more broadly streaked above and below and have wings and wing shoulders with the
720:
The long-tailed widowbird has a very large range, and so the species would not be classified as vulnerable under the range size criterion put forward by BirdLife
International which include that the extent of occurrence being less than 20,000 km (7722 miles) combined with a declining or
756:
529:
consisting of one or two males and a number of females. The males fly with their tails drooping and somewhat spread, and with slow regular movements of their wings. In wet weather, they are unable to fly due to their elongated tails. During the non-breeding season, long-tailed widowbirds
692:
1027:
Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques
510:. It is unknown when these populations were last in contact, however, and the central population differs most in morphology relative to the other two populations. The southern African population extends from the
480:
morphology of the breeding class of males. Rarely, males in the non-breeding class have elongated brownish black tail feathers, though these feathers are substantially shorter than those of the breeding class.
530:
congregate into flocks, which can be found roosting in reed beds. The long-tailed widowbird can be found at elevations up to 2,750 metres (9,022 feet) in the
Drakensberg Mountains.
483:
Immature males and females are very similar in appearance to the adult female. However, immature males, much like adult non-breeding males, are slightly larger than adult females.
486:
The length of a female starts at 15cm and males have been recorded at 71cm in length, which has their tail included. Male weigh between 33–46 g and females weigh between 25–39 g.
1254:
Pryke, S., Andersson, S. and Lawes, M. (2001). "Sexual
Selection of Multiple Handicaps in the Red-Collared Widowbird: Female Choice of Tail Length but not Carotenoid Display".
642:
651:
found attractive. It took ninety years after Darwin's initial proposal for the theory to be tested in what has become a classic example of behavioral ecology research.
2913:
619:
seedheads, in the high grass within males' territories. The nests are placed 0.5–1 meters (19 to 40 inches) off the ground in the upper third of the high grass (
2965:
246:
3032:
2887:
2926:
533:
3057:
987:
965:
332:
30:
744:
245:
1112:
357:
to accompany Buffon's text. Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist
1491:
1317:
3047:
877:
Hall, B. P. and R. E. Moreau. (1970). An atlas of speciation in
African passerine birds. British Museum of Natural History, London.
3052:
768:
456:, found in Botswana, South Africa, Eswatini and Lesotho. Some researchers have suggested the existence of long-tailed widowbird
292:
494:
There are three known isolated populations of long-tailed widowbirds. The first is found in the Kenyan highlands, the second in
1471:
237:
1837:
1827:
1481:
701:
prior to mating, females spend a great deal of time comparing males and, thus, do not rely on sighting them from a distance.
2931:
1127:
Craig, A. (1993). Geographical variation and taxonomy of the genus
Euplectes (Aves Ploceidae). The long-tailed widow birds.
3042:
2952:
658:
birds. Their tails, which are often more than half a meter (20 inches) long, are the most extreme sexual ornament among
991:
346:
1461:
1401:
1368:
2970:
1977:
1867:
1549:
1065:
999:
83:
2077:
1539:
1378:
2676:
732:
1767:
2606:
1927:
1887:
1310:
572:
2838:
2781:
2736:
2696:
2686:
1897:
1877:
1436:
1426:
1166:
677:
1857:
1140:
Andersson, S. and
Andersson, M. (1994). Tail ornamentation, size dimorphism and wing length in the genus
590:
2576:
2147:
2067:
1907:
1757:
1637:
1042:
418:
382:
178:
2819:
2227:
1687:
460:
based on similarity in male nuptial plumage such as tail length, but this is the topic of some debate.
817:
621:
2666:
2646:
2237:
2177:
2027:
1917:
1667:
1607:
1514:
995:
709:
354:
1048:
Zoological illustrations, or, Original figures and descriptions of new, rare, or interesting animals
2759:
2636:
2626:
2616:
2586:
2355:
2345:
2315:
2295:
2285:
2207:
2197:
2127:
2057:
2007:
1717:
1707:
1627:
1104:
427:
48:
3037:
2375:
2325:
2157:
1797:
1303:
566:
560:
554:
337:
323:
between sexual appeal and physical constraints with regard to the evolution of sexual ornaments.
78:
2167:
1997:
1777:
1737:
2918:
2991:
2944:
2861:
2716:
2466:
2456:
2421:
2398:
2217:
2087:
1987:
1957:
1697:
1677:
1617:
1108:
469:
342:
444:
The long-tailed widowbird has three geographically differentiated subspecies. These include
2996:
2137:
1847:
1326:
1171:
1096:
812:
584:
319:
male as he flies with slow wingbeats 0.5 to 2 metres (20 to 78 inches) above his territory.
2843:
345:
region of South Africa. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by
2978:
2706:
2541:
2446:
2365:
2187:
2107:
2097:
2047:
2037:
1572:
1021:
507:
437:
358:
195:
1967:
1097:
1051:. 2nd series. Vol. 1. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy; and W. Wood. Plate 37 text.
794:
2551:
2531:
2335:
2260:
1937:
1727:
1597:
899:
Andersson, M. (1982). "Female choice selects for extreme tail length in a widowbird."
633:
518:, and western Eswatini to the Transvaal plateau. The species just enters southeastern
708:
in male long-tailed widowbirds is unknown. However, its use does resemble that of the
3026:
2939:
2656:
1807:
1787:
1657:
1647:
1530:
1272:
BirdLife
International. (2012). Species factsheet: Euplectes progne. Downloaded from
803:
526:
515:
386:
362:
68:
63:
2866:
2596:
2511:
2501:
2305:
1947:
511:
457:
304:
39:
3009:
2853:
244:
2957:
2900:
2813:
2521:
2117:
2017:
1817:
1747:
1452:
1046:
1025:
1003:
969:
637:
205:
1290:
3004:
1417:
1359:
1069:
654:
The male long-tailed widowbird has one of the most remarkable ornaments among
615:
595:
594:(groundsel). They also feed upon both insects, including species of beetles (
407:
261:
2804:
2567:
1331:
655:
599:
537:
Three male long-tailed widowbirds, showing breeding and non-breeding plumage
393:
377:
280:
155:
145:
135:
95:
2983:
2830:
2798:
2491:
2276:
578:
519:
308:
288:
115:
1203:, VIIth ed. The Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town.
1190:, VIIth ed. The Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund; Cape Town.
2892:
1588:
1349:
1175:
705:
603:
300:
522:, but is most commonly found in the central highveld of South Africa.
2905:
2482:
2437:
976:(in French). Vol. 7. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. p. 232.
503:
495:
312:
284:
105:
2879:
2775:
1295:
1164:
Craig, A. (1980) "Behaviour and evolution in the genus Euplectes."
372:. The long-tailed widowbird is now one of 17 species placed in the
2874:
1341:
691:
532:
525:
Long-tailed widowbirds are generally found in swampy grassland in
499:
373:
296:
125:
2779:
1299:
331:
The long-tailed widowbird was described by the French polymath
226:
1273:
955:. Princeton University Press; Princeton, NJ: pp. 112–117.
1010:. Vol. 7. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 635.
663:
on the confusing example of the long-tailed widowbird.
750:
Immature male beginning to transition to adult plumage
676:
Female preference for long tails is also seen in the
1217:
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
1004:"La veuve Ă ailes rouges, du Cap de bonne Esperance"
643:
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
2788:
2750:
2565:
2480:
2435:
2412:
2389:
2274:
2251:
1586:
1563:
1528:
1505:
1450:
1415:
1392:
1357:
1339:
1291:
Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
1186:Hockey, P.A.R, Dean, W.R.J. and P.G. Ryan. (2005).
514:(Transkei region) through the Free State, Lesotho,
636:first expressed his ideas on sexual selection and
818:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22719244A94619254.en
440:, 1783) – southeast Botswana to east South Africa
923:, 4th Ed. Wiley-Blackwell; Oxford: pp. 188–192.
1245:(ed. Barnett, S.A.). Heineman; London: 231–245.
859:Mackworth-Praed, C.W., and C.H. Grant. (1960).
647:male-male combat or are preferred by females.
381:that was introduced by the English naturalist
1311:
1031:(in French). Utrecht. p. 39, Number 635.
452:, found in the Congo, Angola and Zambia, and
8:
1099:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
855:
353:which was produced under the supervision of
1268:
1266:
1264:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
2776:
1318:
1304:
1296:
1070:"Old World sparrows, snowfinches, weavers"
430:, 1953 – Angola, south DR Congo and Zambia
204:
57:
29:
20:
1230:The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
1211:
1209:
861:Birds of Eastern and North Eastern Africa
816:
1160:
1158:
1008:Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle
915:
913:
911:
909:
476:Finally, their bills are horn-coloured.
468:Long-tailed widowbirds exhibit distinct
351:Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle
1199:Hockey P., Dean W. and Ryan P. (2005).
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
919:Davies N, Krebs J, and West S. (2012).
785:
728:
704:As of this time, the exact function of
1060:
1058:
873:
871:
869:
333:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
259:
1103:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1076:. International Ornithologists' Union
921:An Introduction to Behavioral Ecology
863:. Longmans, Green and Co LTD.; London
762:Further transition into adult plumage
385:in 1829. The genus name combines the
279:) is a species of bird in the family
7:
38:Breeding male perched on a fence at
3033:IUCN Red List least concern species
804:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
448:, found in the highlands of Kenya,
1201:Roberts – Birds of southern Africa
238:Long-tailed widowbird male calling
14:
1188:Roberts' Birds of Southern Africa
696:Shoulder epaulet of breeding male
1492:Donaldson Smith's sparrow-weaver
988:Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de
966:Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de
767:
755:
743:
731:
614:Males defend territories in the
293:Democratic Republic of the Congo
260:Problems playing this file? See
242:
82:
1472:Chestnut-crowned sparrow-weaver
1074:IOC World Bird List Version 9.2
1068:; Donsker, David, eds. (2019).
793:BirdLife International (2016).
687:
252:A male's voice in mating season
1838:Northern brown-throated weaver
1828:Southern brown-throated weaver
1482:Chestnut-backed sparrow-weaver
974:Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux
558:(twisted-leaf bristle grass),
338:Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux
1:
3058:Taxa named by Pieter Boddaert
341:from a bird collected in the
1241:Maynard-Smith, J. (1958) in
1462:White-browed sparrow-weaver
1402:White-headed buffalo weaver
1369:White-billed buffalo weaver
1129:Revue de Zoologie Africaine
1000:Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie
283:. The species are found in
3074:
1550:Black-capped social weaver
1232:. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
1095:Jobling, James A. (2010).
992:Martinet, François-Nicolas
951:Andersson, Malte. (1994).
774:Breeding male on territory
1540:Grey-capped social weaver
1379:Red-billed buffalo weaver
403:is Latin for a "swallow.
392:"fine" or "good" and the
347:François-Nicolas Martinet
212:
203:
184:
177:
79:Scientific classification
77:
55:
46:
37:
28:
23:
3048:Birds of Southern Africa
2677:Yellow-mantled widowbird
811:: e.T22719244A94619254.
490:Distribution and habitat
368:in his catalogue of the
3053:Birds described in 1783
2607:Black-winged red bishop
1978:Vieillot's black weaver
1928:Tanzanian masked weaver
1888:Vitelline masked weaver
1868:Heuglin's masked weaver
1274:http://www.birdlife.org
970:"La veuve a Ă©paulettes"
688:Males' tail and epaulet
598:), cicadas and aphids (
573:Pennisetum clandestinum
421:, 1903) – central Kenya
399:"weaver". The specific
2697:Red-collared widowbird
2687:White-winged widowbird
2078:Maxwell's black weaver
1898:Southern masked weaver
1878:Northern masked weaver
1860:or Rueppell's weaver (
1437:Scaly-feathered weaver
1427:Speckle-fronted weaver
1228:Fisher, R.A. (1930).
1219:. John Murray; London.
1167:Journal of Ornithology
1043:Swainson, William John
697:
678:red-collared widowbird
538:
231:
24:Long-tailed widowbird
2727:Long-tailed widowbird
2577:Yellow-crowned bishop
2148:Black-breasted weaver
2068:Yellow-mantled weaver
1908:Katanga masked weaver
1768:Holub's golden weaver
1758:Eastern golden weaver
1638:Slender-billed weaver
996:Daubenton, Edme-Louis
695:
536:
383:William John Swainson
271:long-tailed widowbird
230:
3043:Birds of East Africa
2667:Fan-tailed widowbird
2647:Golden-backed bishop
2238:Yellow-legged weaver
2178:Yellow-capped weaver
2028:Golden-backed weaver
1918:Lufira masked weaver
1668:Lesser masked weaver
1608:Black-chinned weaver
1515:Rufous-tailed weaver
1289:Long-tailed widow –
1215:Darwin, C. (1871).
1131:107(2): pp. 139–151.
710:red-winged blackbird
667:Andersson experiment
355:Edme-Louis Daubenton
217: resident range
2760:Thick-billed weaver
2737:Jackson's widowbird
2637:Zanzibar red bishop
2627:Southern red bishop
2617:Northern red bishop
2587:Fire-fronted bishop
2496:F. madagascariensis
2356:Blue-billed malimbe
2346:Red-bellied malimbe
2286:Red-crowned malimbe
2208:Brown-capped weaver
2198:Olive-headed weaver
2128:Asian golden weaver
2058:Golden-naped weaver
2008:Black-headed weaver
1718:Black-billed weaver
1708:Black-necked weaver
1243:A Century of Darwin
716:Conservation status
591:Senecio juniperinus
564:(common paspalum),
506:, and the third in
370:Planches Enluminées
49:Conservation status
2619:or orange bishop (
2376:Red-headed malimbe
2326:Red-vented malimbe
2158:Dark-backed weaver
1798:Golden palm weaver
1688:Bannerman's weaver
1176:10.1007/BF01642928
698:
570:(couch paspalum),
567:Paspalum distichum
561:Paspalum dilatatum
555:Setaria sphacelata
539:
232:
3020:
3019:
2992:Open Tree of Life
2782:Taxon identifiers
2773:
2772:
2717:Montane widowbird
2467:Red-billed quelea
2457:Red-headed quelea
2422:Bob-tailed weaver
2399:Red-headed weaver
2218:Bar-winged weaver
2182:P. dorsomaculatus
2088:Nelicourvi weaver
2022:P. dichrocephalus
2012:P. melanocephalus
1678:Spectacled weaver
1618:Baglafecht weaver
1486:P. rufoscapulatus
1258:55 (7): 1452–1463
1114:978-1-4081-2501-4
470:sexual dimorphism
343:Cape of Good Hope
247:
222:
221:
72:
3065:
3013:
3012:
3010:Euplectes-progne
3000:
2999:
2987:
2986:
2974:
2973:
2961:
2960:
2958:NHMSYS0001689487
2948:
2947:
2935:
2934:
2922:
2921:
2909:
2908:
2896:
2895:
2883:
2882:
2870:
2869:
2857:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2834:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2820:Euplectes progne
2809:
2808:
2807:
2790:Euplectes progne
2777:
2721:E. psammacromius
2506:F. eminentissima
2350:M. erythrogaster
2316:Rachel's malimbe
2296:Cassin's malimbe
2265:P. superciliosus
1858:RĂĽppell's weaver
1848:Kilombero weaver
1782:Ploceus princeps
1652:P. subpersonatus
1628:Bertram's weaver
1602:P. superciliosus
1476:P. superciliosus
1320:
1313:
1306:
1297:
1277:
1270:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1213:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1170:, 121: 144–161.
1162:
1153:
1138:
1132:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1102:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1022:Boddaert, Pieter
1018:
1012:
1011:
984:
978:
977:
962:
956:
953:Sexual Selection
949:
924:
917:
904:
897:
878:
875:
864:
857:
830:
829:
827:
825:
820:
797:Euplectes progne
790:
771:
759:
747:
735:
629:Sexual selection
622:Eleusine jaegeri
588:(rooigras), and
585:Themeda triandra
576:(Kikuyu grass),
547:Food and feeding
410:are recognised:
276:Euplectes progne
249:
248:
229:
216:
208:
190:
188:Euplectes progne
87:
86:
66:
61:
60:
33:
21:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3008:
3003:
2995:
2990:
2982:
2979:Observation.org
2977:
2969:
2964:
2956:
2951:
2943:
2938:
2930:
2925:
2917:
2912:
2904:
2899:
2891:
2886:
2878:
2873:
2865:
2860:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2784:
2774:
2769:
2746:
2707:Marsh widowbird
2641:E. nigroventris
2629:or red bishop (
2621:E. franciscanus
2561:
2542:Seychelles fody
2476:
2447:Cardinal quelea
2431:
2408:
2385:
2366:Crested malimbe
2270:
2247:
2232:P. sanctithomae
2228:São Tomé weaver
2202:P. olivaceiceps
2188:Usambara weaver
2168:Preuss's weaver
2152:P. benghalensis
2142:P. megarhynchus
2108:Streaked weaver
2098:Sakalava weaver
2048:Chestnut weaver
2038:Cinnamon weaver
1998:Clarke's weaver
1882:P. taeniopterus
1832:P. xanthopterus
1812:P. castaneiceps
1778:PrĂncipe weaver
1738:Bocage's weaver
1722:P. melanogaster
1582:
1573:Sociable weaver
1559:
1524:
1501:
1446:
1411:
1388:
1353:
1335:
1324:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1207:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1163:
1156:
1152:111: pp. 80–86.
1139:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1020:
1019:
1015:
986:
985:
981:
964:
963:
959:
950:
927:
918:
907:
903:, 299: 818–820.
898:
881:
876:
867:
858:
833:
823:
821:
792:
791:
787:
782:
775:
772:
763:
760:
751:
748:
739:
736:
727:
718:
690:
669:
631:
612:
549:
544:
508:southern Africa
492:
466:
425:E. p. delacouri
415:E. p. delamerei
366:Emberiza progne
359:Pieter Boddaert
335:in 1779 in his
329:
267:
266:
258:
256:
255:
254:
253:
250:
243:
240:
233:
227:
218:
214:
199:
192:
186:
173:
81:
73:
62:
58:
51:
42:, South Africa
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
3071:
3069:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3001:
2988:
2975:
2962:
2949:
2936:
2923:
2910:
2897:
2884:
2871:
2858:
2848:
2835:
2825:
2810:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2734:
2724:
2714:
2704:
2694:
2691:E. albonotatus
2684:
2674:
2664:
2654:
2644:
2634:
2624:
2614:
2604:
2594:
2584:
2573:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2552:Rodrigues fody
2549:
2546:F. sechellarum
2539:
2532:Mauritius fody
2529:
2519:
2509:
2499:
2488:
2486:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2454:
2443:
2441:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2380:M. rubricollis
2373:
2363:
2353:
2343:
2340:M. ibadanensis
2336:Ibadan malimbe
2333:
2323:
2313:
2303:
2293:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2261:Compact weaver
2257:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2225:
2215:
2205:
2195:
2185:
2175:
2165:
2155:
2145:
2135:
2132:P. hypoxanthus
2125:
2122:P. philippinus
2115:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2075:
2065:
2055:
2052:P. rubiginosus
2045:
2035:
2025:
2015:
2005:
1995:
1988:Weyns's weaver
1985:
1975:
1965:
1958:Speke's weaver
1955:
1945:
1938:Village weaver
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1835:
1825:
1822:P. holoxanthus
1815:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1745:
1735:
1728:Strange weaver
1725:
1715:
1712:P. nigricollis
1705:
1698:Bates's weaver
1695:
1685:
1675:
1672:P. intermedius
1665:
1655:
1645:
1635:
1625:
1615:
1612:P. nigrimentus
1605:
1598:Compact weaver
1594:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1569:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1536:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1479:
1469:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1441:S. squamifrons
1434:
1423:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1373:B. albirostris
1365:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1284:External links
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:on 15/12/2012.
1260:
1247:
1234:
1221:
1205:
1192:
1179:
1154:
1133:
1120:
1113:
1087:
1054:
1034:
1013:
979:
957:
925:
905:
879:
865:
831:
784:
783:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:
766:
764:
761:
754:
752:
749:
742:
740:
737:
730:
726:
723:
717:
714:
689:
686:
668:
665:
634:Charles Darwin
630:
627:
611:
608:
548:
545:
543:
540:
491:
488:
465:
462:
442:
441:
431:
422:
328:
325:
257:
251:
241:
236:
235:
234:
225:
224:
223:
220:
219:
213:
210:
209:
201:
200:
193:
182:
181:
175:
174:
170:E. progne
167:
165:
161:
160:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
75:
74:
56:
53:
52:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3070:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2657:Yellow bishop
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2611:E. hordeaceus
2608:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2591:E. diadematus
2588:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2451:Q. cardinalis
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:M. malimbicus
2367:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2222:P. angolensis
2219:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2138:Finn's weaver
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2092:P. nelicourvi
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2062:P. aureonucha
2059:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:P. nigerrimus
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:P. spekeoides
1969:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1942:P. cucullatus
1939:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1892:P. vitellinus
1889:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1808:Taveta weaver
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1788:Orange weaver
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1742:P. temporalis
1739:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:P. bannermani
1689:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1658:Little weaver
1656:
1653:
1649:
1648:Loango weaver
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:P. baglafecht
1619:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1531:Pseudonigrita
1527:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1496:P. donaldsoni
1493:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1091:
1088:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1002:(1765–1783).
1001:
997:
993:
989:
983:
980:
975:
971:
967:
961:
958:
954:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
926:
922:
916:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
880:
874:
872:
870:
866:
862:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
832:
819:
814:
810:
806:
805:
800:
798:
789:
786:
779:
770:
765:
758:
753:
746:
741:
734:
729:
724:
722:
715:
713:
711:
707:
702:
694:
685:
681:
679:
673:
666:
664:
661:
657:
652:
648:
645:
644:
639:
635:
628:
626:
624:
623:
617:
609:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:
587:
586:
581:
580:
575:
574:
569:
568:
563:
562:
557:
556:
546:
541:
535:
531:
528:
523:
521:
517:
516:KwaZulu-Natal
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
489:
487:
484:
481:
477:
473:
471:
463:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
439:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
416:
413:
412:
411:
409:
404:
402:
398:
395:
391:
388:
387:Ancient Greek
384:
380:
379:
375:
371:
367:
364:
363:binomial name
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:
334:
326:
324:
320:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:
272:
265:
263:
239:
211:
207:
202:
197:
191:
189:
183:
180:
179:Binomial name
176:
172:
171:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:Passeriformes
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
85:
80:
76:
70:
65:
64:Least Concern
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2789:
2764:A. albifrons
2763:
2751:
2740:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2711:E. hartlaubi
2710:
2700:
2690:
2680:
2671:E. axillaris
2670:
2660:
2650:
2640:
2630:
2620:
2610:
2600:
2597:Black bishop
2590:
2580:
2566:
2556:F. flavicans
2555:
2545:
2535:
2525:
2516:F. aldabrana
2515:
2512:Aldabra fody
2505:
2502:Comoros fody
2495:
2481:
2470:
2461:Q. erythrops
2460:
2450:
2436:
2425:
2413:
2403:A. rubriceps
2402:
2390:
2379:
2369:
2359:
2349:
2339:
2329:
2320:M. racheliae
2319:
2310:M. ballmanni
2309:
2306:Gola malimbe
2299:
2290:M. coronatus
2289:
2275:
2264:
2253:Pachyphantes
2252:
2241:
2231:
2221:
2211:
2201:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2141:
2131:
2121:
2111:
2101:
2091:
2082:P. albinucha
2081:
2071:
2061:
2051:
2041:
2031:
2021:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1968:Fox's weaver
1961:
1951:
1948:Giant weaver
1941:
1932:P. reichardi
1931:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1842:P. castanops
1841:
1831:
1821:
1811:
1801:
1792:P. aurantius
1791:
1781:
1771:
1762:P. subaureus
1761:
1751:
1741:
1731:
1721:
1711:
1701:
1691:
1681:
1671:
1661:
1651:
1641:
1632:P. bertrandi
1631:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1587:
1576:
1564:
1553:
1543:
1529:
1519:H. ruficauda
1518:
1506:
1495:
1485:
1475:
1465:
1451:
1440:
1431:S. frontalis
1430:
1416:
1406:D. dinemelli
1405:
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1382:
1372:
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1145:
1141:
1136:
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632:
620:
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571:
565:
559:
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550:
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512:Eastern Cape
493:
485:
482:
478:
474:
467:
458:superspecies
453:
449:
445:
443:
434:E. p. progne
433:
424:
414:
405:
400:
396:
389:
376:
369:
365:
350:
336:
330:
321:
317:
305:South Africa
275:
274:
270:
268:
187:
185:
169:
168:
156:
40:Wakkerstroom
18:
2901:iNaturalist
2814:Wikispecies
2752:Amblyospiza
2741:E. jacksoni
2681:E. macroura
2661:E. capensis
2601:E. gierowii
2522:Forest fody
2330:M. scutatus
2242:P. flavipes
2212:P. insignis
2118:Baya weaver
2102:P. sakalava
2072:P. tricolor
2032:P. jacksoni
2018:Juba weaver
1912:P. katangae
1872:P. heuglini
1852:P. burnieri
1818:Ruvu weaver
1772:P. xanthops
1752:P. capensis
1748:Cape weaver
1682:P. ocularis
1662:P. luteolus
1642:P. pelzelni
1565:Philetairus
1554:P. cabanisi
1453:Plocepasser
1080:1 September
1066:Gill, Frank
824:11 November
638:mate choice
498:, southern
464:Description
361:coined the
3027:Categories
3005:Xeno-canto
2426:B. anomala
2414:Brachycope
2391:Anaplectes
2300:M. cassini
2192:P. nicolli
2172:P. preussi
2162:P. bicolor
2002:P. golandi
1952:P. grandis
1902:P. velatus
1862:P. galbula
1732:P. alienus
1544:P. arnaudi
1507:Histurgops
1418:Sporopipes
1394:Dinemellia
1360:Bubalornis
780:References
616:grasslands
596:Coleoptera
408:subspecies
262:media help
3038:Euplectes
2731:E. progne
2701:E. ardens
2651:E. aureus
2568:Euplectes
2526:F. omissa
2471:Q. quelea
2360:M. nitens
2112:P. manyar
2042:P. badius
1992:P. weynsi
1962:P. spekei
1922:P. ruweti
1802:P. bojeri
1702:P. batesi
1577:P. socius
1466:P. mahali
1332:Ploceidae
1256:Evolution
1146:Ploceinae
1142:Euplectes
1028:enluminés
660:Euplectes
656:passerine
600:Hemiptera
582:(wheat),
552:those of
542:Behaviour
450:delacouri
446:delamerei
394:Neo-Latin
378:Euplectes
281:Ploceidae
164:Species:
157:Euplectes
146:Ploceidae
102:Kingdom:
96:Eukaryota
2945:22719244
2919:10216785
2844:22719244
2839:BirdLife
2828:BioLib:
2799:Wikidata
2536:F. rubra
2492:Red fody
2277:Malimbus
1383:B. niger
1045:(1829).
1024:(1783).
968:(1779).
610:Breeding
579:Triticum
520:Botswana
438:Boddaert
327:Taxonomy
309:Eswatini
289:Botswana
196:Boddaert
142:Family:
116:Chordata
112:Phylum:
106:Animalia
92:Domain:
69:IUCN 3.1
2893:2494090
2880:lotwid1
2854:lotwid1
2805:Q577664
2631:E. orix
2581:E. afer
1589:Ploceus
1350:Species
1150:The Auk
1107:, 317.
725:Gallery
706:epaulet
604:spiders
602:), and
428:Wolters
419:Shelley
397:plectes
349:in the
301:Lesotho
198:, 1783)
152:Genus:
132:Order:
122:Class:
67: (
2997:885151
2971:221973
2932:560047
2483:Foudia
2438:Quelea
1327:Family
1111:
901:Nature
738:Female
527:flocks
504:Zambia
496:Angola
454:progne
406:Three
401:progne
313:Zambia
311:, and
291:, the
285:Angola
215:
2984:26525
2914:IRMNG
2906:13977
2875:eBird
2867:6HCYD
2851:BOW:
2831:30634
1342:Genus
500:Zaire
374:genus
297:Kenya
2966:NCBI
2940:IUCN
2927:ITIS
2888:GBIF
1109:ISBN
1082:2019
826:2021
809:2016
502:and
269:The
126:Aves
2953:NBN
2862:CoL
2514:, (
1172:doi
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