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542:, a doctor, was one of the most vehement voices against the treaty. Public sentiment in Natchez soon swung to military action to take back territory they were convinced belonged to them. Men began to gather in Natchez for an invasion of Texas. They soon elected Long as their leader, although his only prior military experience had been as a surgeon in the
785:. The town fell easily on October 4, but four days later Long was forced to surrender by Spanish troops under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Ignacio PĂ©rez. He was taken prisoner and sent to Mexico City, where about six months later he was shot and killed by a guard — reportedly bribed to do so by
620:
With
Lafitte's lack of assistance, the expedition soon ran low on provisions. Long dispersed his men to forage for food. Discipline began to break down, and many men, including Bowie, returned home. In early October, Lafitte reached an agreement with Long to make Galveston an official port for the
769:
Long joined the refugees at
Bolivar Peninsula on April 6, 1820, with more reinforcements. He continued to raise money to equip a second expedition. Fifty men attempted to join him from the United States, but they were arrested by American authorities as they tried to cross into Texas. The men who
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at
Galveston, and offered to appoint Lafitte governor of Galveston. Unbeknownst to Long, Lafitte was actually a Spanish spy. While making numerous promises–and excuses–to Long, Lafitte gathered information about the expedition and passed it on to Spanish authorities. By July 16, the
1279:
566:. Long followed two weeks later with an additional 75 men. On June 22, the combined force declared a new government, with Long as president and a 21-member Supreme Council. The following day, they issued a declaration of independence, modeled on the
582:. The council also allocated 10 square miles (30 km) of land to each member of the expedition, and authorized the sale of additional land to raise cash for the fledgling government. Within a month, the expedition had grown to 300 members.
480:). The expedition crumbled later in the year, as Spanish troops drove the invaders out. Long returned to Texas in 1820 and attempted to reestablish his control. In October 1821, Long was defeated by Spanish troops, captured and sent to
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509:
and variously wished to establish an independent republic in Texas or assist the revolutionaries fighting within Mexico. For the first nine years of the revolt, ownership of Texas was contested. The United States claimed that the
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500:
made it difficult for Spain to adequately protect its more remote territories such as Texas. Lured by the promise of free land and potential wealth, many men from the United States joined expeditions to try to take
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546:. The Natchez newspaper opined that "Never was a more propitious moment for effecting their purpose." By the end of June, Long had received pledges for over $ 500,000, and about 200 men, including
781:
and others, Long revitalized the
Supreme Council. He later broke with Milam, and the expedition led an uncertain existence until September 19, 1821, when Long and 52 men marched inland to capture
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new country and name
Lafitte governor. Within weeks, 500 Spanish troops arrived in Texas and marched on Nacogdoches. Long and his men withdrew. Over 40 men were captured. Long escaped to
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Spanish Consul in New
Orleans had warned the viceroy in Mexico City that "I am fully persuaded that the present is the most serious expedition that has threatened the Kingdom".
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This article is about the expedition to Texas (1819-1821) led by James Long. For expedition of the Great Plains by
Stephen H. Long, see
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534:. Many Americans were outraged that the United States had abandoned any claim to Texas. Rhetoric was especially high in
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570:. The document cited several grievances, including "Spanish rapacity" and "odious tyranny" and promised
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The "Jane Long Flag" - the first flag of the Long
Republic, and the first uniquely Texan lone star flag
518:, leaving Texas under Spanish control. The Texans later had a revolt which led to their independence.
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597:. They also began the first English-language newspaper ever published in Texas. The
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Beginning in 1810, Spanish territories in North and South
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and successfully established a small independent government, known as the
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included all of Texas, while Spain believed the boundary rested at the
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612:. His letter suggested that the new government establish an
897:, College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press,
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In early 1819, Spain and the United States signed the
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The new government established trading outposts near
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from Spain. The expeditions were largely planned in
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had joined Long were disappointed they were paid in
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Former regions and territories of the United States
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Mission
Nuestra Señora del EspĂritu Santo de Zúñiga
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929:Lone Star A History of Texas and the Texans
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1541:The Great Republic of Rough and Ready
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1114:Presidio La BahĂa del EspĂritu Santo
601:lasted only one month, August 1819.
57:Filibuster forces are expelled from
1309:Kingdoms and Provinces of New Spain
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14:
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931:. Collier Books: New York 1980.
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656:September 19 – October 8, 1821
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498:Mexican War of Independence
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1296:within the contemporary
918:Handbook of Texas Online
912:Warren, Harris Gaylord.
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145:Commanders and leaders
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496:. In particular, the
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272:Common languages
192:Casualties and losses
95:retains control over
1487:Republic of Fredonia
1216:Municipal government
1124:Presidio of San Sabá
950:at Wikimedia Commons
868:Davis (2006), p. 51.
859:Davis (2006), p. 50.
847:Davis (2006), p. 49.
835:Davis (2006), p. 47.
823:Davis (2006), p. 46.
811:Davis (2006), p. 45.
702:First Mexican Empire
604:Long also contacted
576:freedom of the press
536:Natchez, Mississippi
130:First Mexican Empire
1636:Free State of Jones
1529:California Republic
1364:Republic of Watauga
1332:Provincias Internas
1294:unrecognized states
330:• Established
1648:Republic of Hawaii
1344:Florida Occidental
1247:SĂndico Procurador
1076:Mission ConcepciĂłn
629:and settled along
625:. Others fled to
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155:Juan Ignacio PĂ©rez
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1388:State of Franklin
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946:Media related to
914:"Long Expedition"
904:978-1-58544-532-5
891:Davis, William C.
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458:Spanish Texas
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334:June 22, 1819
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225:Long Republic
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140:Long Republic
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1444:(1823–1824)
1435:
1223:Ayuntamiento
1175:Moses Austin
1164:
1154:
992:
928:
917:
894:
873:
864:
776:
768:
760:5 Casualties
745:100 soldiers
731:
689:Belligerents
619:
606:Jean Lafitte
603:
598:
595:Brazos River
584:
561:
532:Sabine River
525:
491:
469:
453:
451:
363:Succeeded by
362:
357:
301:• 1819
185:300 soldiers
182:500 soldiers
162:Gaspar LĂłpez
120:(Until 1819)
107:Belligerents
63:
52:
1650:(1894–1898)
1644:(1893–1894)
1638:(1863–1865)
1594:Mississippi
1557:1861–1865;
1549:(1850–1856)
1537:(1849–1850)
1525:(1841–1848)
1513:(1836–1846)
1507:(1834–1907)
1501:(1832–1835)
1489:(1826–1827)
1481:, 1836–1846
1475:, 1824–1835
1469:, 1824–1830
1463:, 1821–1846
1457:, 1821–1836
1451:, 1821–1824
1447:1835–1846;
1426:(1812–1813)
1408:(1799–1803)
1402:(1795–1893)
1390:(1784–1788)
1384:(1777–1791)
1378:(1776–1783)
1372:(1775–1776)
1366:(1772–1777)
1358:, 1804–1821
1352:, 1769–1801
1350:La Luisiana
1346:, 1783–1821
1340:, 1783–1821
1334:, 1776–1821
1328:, 1690–1821
1322:, 1598–1821
1316:, 1565–1821
1314:New Navarre
1166:Empresarios
1023:Nacogdoches
1003:San Antonio
748:52 soldiers
706:Long forces
564:Nacogdoches
548:James Bowie
544:War of 1812
522:Preparation
507:New Orleans
482:Mexico City
462:filibusters
358:Preceded by
308:, President
266:Nacogdoches
202:62 captured
132:(From 1821)
87:Territorial
1682:Categories
1043:Orcoquisac
1028:Atascosito
884:References
720:James Long
589:along the
580:free trade
540:James Long
488:Background
466:James Long
306:James Long
286:Government
171:James Long
78:James Long
1614:Tennessee
1589:Louisiana
1290:sovereign
1200:Governors
1013:El CĂłpano
1008:Los Adaes
793:Footnotes
779:Ben Milam
627:Galveston
552:Ben Milam
516:Red River
408:New Spain
381:New Spain
1667:Category
1624:Virginia
1599:Missouri
1584:Kentucky
1569:Arkansas
1242:Alguacil
1225:–
1038:Presidio
1018:La BahĂa
893:(2006),
740:Strength
661:Location
593:and the
290:Republic
177:Strength
37:Location
1579:Georgia
1574:Florida
1564:Arizona
1559:Alabama
1288:Former
1237:Regidor
1232:Alcalde
1227:Cabildo
750:2 ships
732:†
587:Anahuac
317:History
280:Spanish
276:English
262:Capital
200:20 dead
187:2 ships
89:changes
1543:(1850)
1531:(1846)
1519:(1840)
1495:(1827)
1438:(1819)
1432:(1817)
1420:(1812)
1414:(1810)
1396:(1794)
1033:Ysleta
901:
728:
722:
677:Result
578:, and
494:revolt
320:
252:Status
197:5 dead
93:Mexico
49:Result
1619:Texas
1326:Tejas
772:scrip
503:Texas
97:Texas
69:Texas
59:Texas
42:Texas
899:ISBN
653:Date
550:and
452:The
246:Flag
231:1819
1292:or
538:.
460:by
1684::
927:.
916:.
852:^
840:^
828:^
816:^
800:^
789:.
668:,
633:.
574:,
278:,
1281:e
1274:t
1267:v
977:e
970:t
963:v
920:.
215:.
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