636: rpm records more appealing. Soundtracks – played on records synchronized to movie projectors in theatres – could not fit onto the five minutes per side that 78s offered. When initially introduced, 12-inch LPs played for a maximum of about 23 minutes per side, 10-inch records for around 15. They were not an immediate success, however, as they were released during the height of the Great Depression, and seemed frivolous to the many impoverished of the time. It was not until "microgroove" was developed by Columbia Records in 1948 that Long Players (LPs) reached their maximum playtime, which has continued to modern times.
391: rpm and used a somewhat finer and more closely spaced groove than typical 78 rpm records. They were to be played with a special "Chromium Orange" chrome-plated steel needle. The 10-inch discs, mostly used for popular and light classical music, were normally pressed in shellac, but the 12-inch discs, mostly used for "serious" classical music, were pressed in Victor's new vinyl-based "Victrolac" compound, which provided a much quieter playing surface. These records could hold up to 15 minutes per side.
708:
697:
304:
296:
62:
53:
549:(1981). "The album may prove a '70s totem—briefer configurations were making a comeback by decade's end. But for the '70s it will remain the basic musical unit, and that's OK with me. I've found over the years that the long-playing record, with its twenty-minute sides and four-to-six compositions/performances per side, suits my habits of concentration perfectly."
3178:
818:
539:" of English-language popular music, beginning in the late 1950s, as performers took advantage of the longer playing time to create coherent themes or concept albums. "The rise of the LP as a form—as an artistic entity, as they used to say—has complicated how we perceive and remember what was once the most evanescent of the arts",
370: rpm and pressed on a 30 cm diameter flexible plastic disc, with a duration of about ten minutes playing time per side. Victor's early introduction of a long-playing record was a commercial failure for several reasons including the lack of affordable, consumer playback equipment and consumer rejection during the
448:
singles, and 12 inches (30 centimetres) in diameter. The initial release of 133 recordings were: 85 12-inch classical LPs (ML 4001 to 4085), 26 10-inch classics (ML 2001 to 2026), eighteen 10-inch popular numbers (CL 6001 to 6018), and four 10-inch juvenile records (JL 8001 to 8004). According to the
682:
of upcoming loud sounds. The cutting stylus unavoidably transferred some of the subsequent groove's signal to the previous groove. It was discernible by some listeners throughout certain recordings, and a quiet passage followed by a loud sound would allow anyone to hear a faint pre-echo of the loud
590:
were more convenient and less expensive than reel-to-reel tapes, and they became popular for use in automobiles beginning in the mid-1960s. The LP was not seriously challenged as the primary medium for listening to recorded music at home until the 1970s, however, when the audio quality of the
1349:
Howard H. Scott, who was part of the team at
Columbia Records that introduced the long-playing vinyl record in 1948 before going on to produce albums with the New York Philharmonic, Glenn Gould, Isaac Stern and many other giants of classical music, died on Sept. 22 in Reading, Pa. He was 92.
647:
without having to flip over multiple, four-minute-per-side 78s, and that pop music fans, who were used to listening to one song at a time, would find the shorter time of the 10-inch LP sufficient. As a result, the 12-inch format was reserved solely for higher-priced classical recordings and
323:
Unless the quantity required was very small, pressed discs were a more economical medium for distributing high-quality audio than tape, and CD mastering was, in the early years of that technology, very expensive, so the use of LP-format transcription discs continued into the 1990s. The
594:
The
Compact Disc (CD) was introduced in 1982. It offered a recording that was, theoretically, almost noiseless and not audibly degraded by repeated playing or slight scuffs and scratches. At first, the much higher prices of CDs and CD players limited their target market to affluent
564:
throughout the 2010s and US vinyl sales in 2017 reached 15.6 million and 27 million for 2020. In 2022, US vinyl sales reached 41 million units, surpassing sales of the
Compact Disc for the first time since 1987, once again making the LP the highest selling physical format there.
424:
led
Columbia's team to develop a phonograph record that would hold at least 20 minutes per side. Although Goldmark was the chief scientist who selected the team, he delegated most of the experimental work to William S. Bachman, whom Goldmark had lured from General Electric, and
230:
compound, employed a much larger groove, and played at approximately 78 revolutions per minute (rpm), limiting the playing time of a 12-inch diameter record to less than five minutes per side. The new product was a 12- or 10-inch (30 or 25 cm) fine-grooved disc made of
189:
in 1948, it was soon adopted as a new standard by the entire US record industry and, apart from a few relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound in 1957, it remained the standard format for record albums during a period in
746:
Helium-cooled cutting heads that could withstand higher levels of high frequencies (Neumann SX68); previously, the cutting engineer had to reduce the HF content of the signal sent to the record cutting head, otherwise the delicate coils could burn
610:. Demand has increased in niche markets, particularly among audiophiles, DJs, and fans of indie music, but most music sales as of 2018 came from online downloads and online streaming because of their availability, convenience, and price.
523:
When the LP was introduced in 1948, the 78 was the conventional format for phonograph records. By 1952, 78s still accounted for slightly more than half of the units sold in the United States, and just under half of the dollar sales. The
531:
Ten years after their introduction, the share of unit sales for LPs in the US was almost 25%, and of dollar sales 58%. Most of the remainder was taken up by the 45; 78s accounted for only 2% of unit sales and 1% of dollar sales.
315:, but sets of soundtrack discs, mastered by dubbing from the optical tracks and scaled down to 12 inches to cut costs, were made as late as 1936 for distribution to theaters still equipped with disc-only sound projectors.
804:
formats. These did not achieve the popularity of stereo records due to the expense of consumer playback equipment, competing and incompatible quad recording standards, and a lack of quality in most quad-remix
528:, oriented toward the single song, accounted for just over 30% of unit sales and just over 25% of dollar sales. The LP represented not quite 17% of unit sales and just over 26% of dollar sales.
1254:
1812:
1486:
545:
639:
Economics and tastes initially determined which kind of music was available on each format. Recording company executives believed upscale classical music fans would be eager to hear a
1218:
606:
Along with phonograph records in other formats, some of which were made of other materials, LPs are now widely referred to simply as "vinyl". Since the late 1990s there has been a
185:; a 12- or 10-inch (30- or 25-cm) diameter; use of the "microgroove" groove specification; and a vinyl (a copolymer of vinyl chloride acetate) composition disk. Introduced by
1378:
1289:
356:
launched the first commercially available vinyl long-playing record, marketed as "Program-Transcription" records. These revolutionary discs were designed for playback at
3053:
1096:
267:
Despite some earlier experiments and attempts at commercial marketing, the Long Play format did not begin to enjoy commercial popularity until the early 1950s.
1567:
3158:
836:
511:
album ML 4002 to be the first since the releases came in alphabetical order by composer (the first 54 LPS, ML 4002 thru ML 4055, are in order from Bach to
3222:
652:. Popular music continued to appear only on 10-inch records. However, by the mid-1950s, the 10-inch LP, like its similarly sized 78 rpm cousin, lost the
582:
posed a new challenge to the LP in the 1950s, but the higher cost of pre-recorded tapes was one of several factors that confined tape to a niche market.
1458:
1244:
1820:
1887:
1159:
1524:
1760:
3227:
1646:
591:
cassette was greatly improved by better tape formulations and noise-reduction systems. By 1983, cassettes were outselling LPs in the US.
2821:
214:
era, a large majority of records are based on the LP format and hence the LP name continues to be in use today to refer to new records.
1607:
1500:
1331:
3046:
2348:
952:
579:
1403:
3140:
1182:
1365:
1276:
515:) Nathan Milstein was very popular in the 1940s, however, so his performance of the Mendelssohn concerto was moved to ML 4001.
253: rpm. Each side of a 12-inch LP could play for about 25 minutes, allowing for a total runtime of approximately 50 minutes.
2401:
2395:
1790:
1682:
644:
2726:
2027:
1208:
454:
3039:
2901:
2995:
2445:
3207:
2706:
1880:
222:
At the time the LP was introduced, nearly all phonograph records for home use were made of an abrasive (and therefore
2523:
2234:
1550:
1056:"Long Play: Adult-Oriented Popular Music and the Temporal Logics of the Post-War Sound Recording Industry in the USA"
603:; but prices came down, and by 1988, CDs outsold LPs. The CD became the top-selling format, over cassettes, in 1992.
476:
1132:
2829:
2810:
640:
471:
392:
95:
Originally 23 minutes per side, later increased by several minutes, much longer possible with very low signal level
37:
2319:
2613:
2413:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
503:
890:
3182:
3013:
2895:
2779:
2661:
2529:
2451:
823:
441:
326:
2667:
2517:
2313:
2282:
721:
2595:
2276:
3232:
2679:
2625:
3217:
3202:
3079:
2643:
2469:
2228:
2169:
1897:
1873:
995:
776:
396:
182:
2457:
2270:
2264:
2439:
2086:
786:
462:
2535:
2463:
757:
Cartridges that operate at lower tracking forces (2.0 grams / 20 mN), beginning from the mid-1960s
2325:
2222:
1155:
707:
552:
Although the popularity of LPs (as well as 45s) began to decline in the late 1970s with the advent of
3212:
3084:
2950:
2804:
2559:
2505:
2493:
2487:
2299:
2039:
1373:
1284:
760:
2835:
2631:
2407:
2258:
3125:
2944:
2912:
2589:
2511:
2433:
1993:
1977:
1969:
1492:
421:
2475:
2246:
2240:
696:
409:, wrote, "What we were not prepared for was the quality of reproduction ... incomparably fuller."
2847:
2767:
2571:
2481:
2337:
2252:
2116:
2074:
1768:
1463:
1336:
1249:
1213:
801:
797:
793:
751:
405:
283:
in long play format of 24 minutes per side. The system and playback system (still mostly wind-up
280:
2938:
1580:
3130:
2749:
2583:
2062:
1786:
1654:
1496:
1092:
1075:
1003:
948:
445:
400:
164:
1440:
2607:
2565:
2331:
2080:
2068:
2045:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1942:
1478:
1067:
1028:
915:
587:
553:
540:
437:
417:
371:
303:
295:
186:
156:
119:
61:
1713:
1055:
444:
on June 21, 1948, in two formats: 10 inches (25 centimetres) in diameter, matching that of
3109:
2956:
2547:
2359:
1905:
1482:
458:
426:
507:(SL-2). All 12-inch pressings were of 220 grams vinyl. Columbia may have planned for the
469:(ML 4001). Three ten-inch series were released: 'popular', starting with the reissue of
3104:
2962:
2859:
2691:
2655:
2201:
2175:
2098:
2033:
2021:
1997:
875:
767:
649:
574:
525:
276:
203:
160:
82:
1186:
968:
3196:
3163:
3099:
2983:
2798:
2790:
2773:
2758:
2637:
2424:
2351:
2149:
2110:
1957:
841:
607:
596:
561:
312:
211:
191:
1837:
1690:
763:
and one-third-speed record cutting, which extends the usable bandwidth of the record
403:, was the first 12-inch recording issued. Compton Pakensham, reviewing the event in
3094:
2685:
2092:
1925:
1919:
1865:
1782:
717:
583:
557:
466:
433:
331:
493:
1860:
2732:
2714:
2601:
2541:
2365:
1983:
1327:
831:
512:
498:
450:
340:
1525:"Animated Chart of the Day: Recorded Music Sales by Format Share, 1973 to 2022"
861:
3074:
2926:
2920:
2553:
2181:
1987:
1931:
813:
782:
653:
619:
600:
484:
353:
284:
236:
207:
31:
1658:
1366:"Columbia Diskery, CBS Show Microgroove Platters to Press; Tell How It Began"
1079:
1071:
1007:
560:, the LP survives as a format to the present day. Vinyl LP records enjoyed a
3019:
2865:
2577:
2499:
2163:
2157:
2138:
1913:
1110:
733:
536:
262:
199:
195:
1568:
1 What a record! The UK album chart reaches its 1,000th No1... and counting
664:
The close spacing of the spiral groove that allowed more playing time on a
449:
1949 Columbia catalog, issued
September 1948, the first twelve-inch LP was
1093:"The Edison Long-Playing Record". Regents of the University of California.
3001:
2932:
2889:
2883:
2871:
2841:
2619:
1738:
729:
725:
679:
17:
1156:"Strange speeds, big holes, and other answers to vinyl record mysteries"
30:"Long Play" and "Long Player" redirect here. For the musical piece, see
3089:
2989:
2720:
2673:
2133:
919:
773:
More advanced stylus tip shapes (Shibata, Van den Hul, MicroLine, etc.)
488:
227:
3031:
377:
These "Program
Transcription" discs, as Victor called them, played at
1619:
1133:"Rand's Esoteric OTR: Types of transcriptions and radio recordings"
344:
programs, which were sent to stations on LP at least through 1992.
107:
Microgroove stylus (maximum tip radius 0.001 in or 25 ÎĽm)
2877:
2738:
2649:
302:
294:
223:
52:
3007:
2853:
2213:
2193:
508:
487:(JL 8001). Also released at this time were a pair of 2-LP sets,
3035:
1869:
996:"Vinyl Is Selling So Well That It's Getting Hard to Sell Vinyl"
232:
1408:
Library of
Congress (Congress.gov) (accessdate June 21, 2021)
129:
12 in (30 cm), 10 in (25 cm), 90–240 g (3.2–8.5 oz)
1861:"Dreams of Vinyl: The Story of the LP Record" by Jac Holzman
1647:"Vinyl records outsell CDs in US for first time since 1980s"
969:"Vinyl fans and traders tell of love for LPs as sales soar"
742:
The following are some significant advances in the format:
202:
of
Columbia and competed against the smaller 7-inch sized
754:
marketed by several manufacturers at the end of the 1960s
724:, a various-artists compilation) and clear yellow vinyl (
311:
By mid-1931 all motion picture studios were recording on
235:("vinyl") and played with a smaller-tipped "microgroove"
891:"Best albums from the last decade, according to critics"
1488:
Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the
Seventies
622:
or "talkies", the need for greater storage space made
546:
Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the
Seventies
1620:"Vinyl records outsell CDs for first time in decades"
1430:
Columbia Record Catalog 1949 dated September 15, 1948
68:
Top: the original LP logo as used by Columbia Records
1332:"Howard H. Scott, a Developer of the LP, Dies at 92"
3151:
3118:
3067:
2976:
2911:
2820:
2789:
2757:
2748:
2705:
2423:
2347:
2292:
2211:
2191:
2148:
2126:
2055:
1967:
1950:
1941:
1904:
1360:
1358:
766:Longer-lasting, antistatic record compounds (e.g.:
141:
133:
125:
111:
99:
91:
81:
73:
1029:"Full-length LP records on 150 and 180 gram vinyl"
931:LP - Exclusive trade mark of Columbia Records Inc.
287:) proved unreliable and was a commercial failure.
1238:
1236:
1714:"Vinyl Records and Turntables Are Gaining Sales"
1608:RIAA 2018 Year-End Music Industry Revenue Report
796:(four-channel) records became available in both
1551:"Why CDs May Actually Sound Better Than Vinyl"
678: rpm microgroove LP also allowed a faint
3047:
1881:
1097:Discography of American Historical Recordings
440:unveiled the LP at a press conference in the
432:Research began in 1939, was suspended during
8:
1315:Maverick inventor; My Turbulent Years at CBS
210:, eventually ending up on top. Today in the
45:
3159:Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs
1645:Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (September 14, 2020).
837:Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs
479:(ML 2001), and 'juvenile', commencing with
155:(from "long playing" or "long play") is an
3054:
3040:
3032:
2754:
1947:
1888:
1874:
1866:
60:
1419:The Label: The Story of Columbia Records.
535:The popularity of the LP ushered in the "
2134:Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon
1570:, Express, Adrian Lee, November 26, 2013
1441:78 Speed On Way Out; LP-45 Trend Gaining
1421:New York: Thunder's Mouth Press; p. 165.
1317:. New York: Saturday Review Press, 1973.
1677:
1675:
1243:Compton Pakenham (September 20, 1931).
853:
475:(CL 6001); 'classical', numbering from
1813:"Pre-echo when recording vinyl record"
1793:from the original on December 25, 2022
1712:McGeehan, Patrick (December 7, 2009).
44:
1603:
1601:
1384:from the original on January 22, 2021
1295:from the original on January 27, 2021
1162:from the original on January 22, 2022
299:Neumann lathe with SX-74 cutting head
7:
1761:"Why Do Records Spin at 33 1/3 RPM?"
1549:Kornelis, Chris (January 27, 2015).
1209:"Phonograph Disks Run for Half-Hour"
580:Reel-to-reel magnetic tape recorders
167:format characterized by: a speed of
1523:Perry, Mark (September 23, 2022).
1257:from the original on June 22, 2022
1221:from the original on June 22, 2022
1217:. September 18, 1931. p. 48.
279:company experimented with issuing
25:
3223:Audiovisual introductions in 1948
2996:Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc
2446:Mohawk Message repeater cartridge
1457:Robert Shelton (March 16, 1958).
994:Sisario, Ben (October 21, 2021).
889:Zipkin, Michele (April 8, 2020).
683:sound 1.8 seconds ahead of time.
3176:
1512:– via robertchristgau.com.
1303:– via World Radio History.
945:Vinyl: The Art of Making Records
816:
706:
695:
51:
27:Vinyl analog sound storage discs
2524:Nippon Electronic Vity cassette
2235:Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1
1767:. June 12, 2017. Archived from
1459:"Happy Tunes on Cash Registers"
1581:"Infographic: The LP is Back!"
1135:. Randsesotericotr.podbean.com
1:
1838:"Analog Quadraphonic Formats"
1529:American Enterprise Institute
1183:"Early Development of the LP"
789:encoding), starting from 1973
3183:Record production portal
2320:Thermionic Products Recordon
1377:. June 26, 1948. p. 3.
1288:. June 5, 1948. p. 17.
1111:"Frequently Asked Questions"
1060:Media, Culture & Society
3228:Products introduced in 1948
2707:Analog-to-digital converter
2614:Nippon Electronic Memo-call
1405:The First Long-Playing Disc
3249:
2830:Compact Disc Digital Audio
1914:Music box cylinder or disc
1100:. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
572:
472:The Voice of Frank Sinatra
393:Beethoven's Fifth Symphony
330:is a late example, as are
260:
38:Long Play (disambiguation)
29:
3172:
2530:Grundig Cassette LFH 0084
2309:
319:Radio transcription discs
66:A 12-inch LP vinyl record
59:
50:
2780:Digital Compact Cassette
2668:Capitol Records Audiopak
2518:Dictaphone Travel master
2314:Telefunken magnetic disc
2283:Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge
1447:, August 2, 1952, p. 47.
1072:10.1177/0163443704042258
1054:Keightley, Keir (2004).
824:Record production portal
722:Sotano Beat A Todo Color
562:resurgence in popularity
477:Beethoven's 8th symphony
420:head research scientist
327:King Biscuit Flower Hour
87:Analog groove modulation
2596:Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord
2277:Protona Minifon special
1898:audio recording formats
1783:"10 Inch Vinyl Records"
1765:The Sound of Vinyl Blog
1113:. The Vitaphone Project
916:"Columbia Records, Inc"
876:"The history of the LP"
720:in multicolored vinyl (
461:on the violin with the
436:, and resumed in 1945.
3080:Direct-drive turntable
2680:Bandai micro cartridge
2626:Muntz Stereo Mini-twin
1683:"Statistical Overview"
1245:"Newly Recorded Music"
864:. merriam-webster.com.
777:Direct metal mastering
687:Further advances in LP
656:and was discontinued.
397:Philadelphia Orchestra
308:
300:
275:Starting in 1926, the
198:. LP was originally a
36:. For other uses, see
3075:Phonograph/gramophone
2548:Cousino Echo-matic II
2028:Indestructible record
1789:. November 23, 2013.
1739:"Pro Audio Reference"
1585:Statista Infographics
463:New York Philharmonic
306:
298:
3085:Belt-drive turntable
2644:Sanyo Tape cartridge
2470:Rediffusion Reditune
2349:Loose (reel-to-reel)
2300:Magnetic stripe card
2229:US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1
1994:Perfected phonograph
1922:(early 17th century)
1771:on December 5, 2017.
1693:on December 10, 1997
1493:Ticknor & Fields
943:Evans, Mike (2022).
3126:Phonograph cylinder
3062:Grooved track audio
2458:Mohawk Midgetape RL
2271:Protona Minifon P55
2265:Protona Minifon P51
2040:Blue Amberol record
2022:Gold moulded record
2016:Le CĂ©leste cylinder
1988:Dictaphone cylinder
1978:Phonograph cylinder
1741:. 33 1/3 rpm record
1417:Marmorstein, Gary.
1330:(October 6, 2012).
1189:on November 5, 2005
975:. December 28, 2023
618:With the advent of
455:Concerto in E Minor
395:, performed by the
352:In September 1931,
313:optical soundtracks
281:Edison Disc Records
47:
3208:1948 in technology
2913:Electronic circuit
2768:Digital Audio Tape
2482:RCA tape cartridge
2440:Cousino Echo-matic
2338:Audio High Density
2087:Edison Voicewriter
1824:(Forum Discussion)
1718:The New York Times
1464:The New York Times
1337:The New York Times
1250:The New York Times
1214:The New York Times
1000:The New York Times
794:quadraphonic sound
641:Beethoven symphony
406:The New York Times
309:
301:
3190:
3189:
3131:Phonograph record
3029:
3028:
2972:
2971:
2701:
2700:
2536:Orrtronic Tapette
2464:Dictaphone Dictet
2063:Phonograph record
1920:Mechanical cuckoo
1787:Collectors Weekly
1479:Christgau, Robert
1313:Goldmark, Peter.
781:Noise-reduction (
569:Competing formats
554:Compact Cassettes
504:Hansel and Gretel
413:Development of LP
401:Leopold Stokowski
218:Format advantages
165:phonograph record
163:, specifically a
149:
148:
16:(Redirected from
3240:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3033:
2755:
2608:DC-International
2566:Compact cassette
2384:Fullcoat magfilm
2326:Record Maker Pye
2293:Magnetic surface
2223:Lorenz Textophon
2046:Paradis cylinder
2010:Stentor cylinder
1948:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1826:on June 9, 2009.
1825:
1819:. Archived from
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1689:. Archived from
1679:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1626:. March 13, 2023
1616:
1610:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1546:
1540:
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1537:
1535:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1454:
1448:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1383:
1370:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1324:
1318:
1311:
1305:
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1300:
1294:
1281:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1185:. Archived from
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1107:
1101:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1035:. Standard Vinyl
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
991:
985:
984:
982:
980:
965:
959:
958:
940:
934:
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928:
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906:
905:
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872:
866:
865:
858:
826:
821:
820:
819:
710:
699:
677:
676:
672:
669:
635:
634:
630:
627:
541:Robert Christgau
519:Public reception
438:Columbia Records
418:CBS Laboratories
390:
389:
385:
382:
372:Great Depression
369:
368:
364:
361:
336:The Beatle Years
291:Soundtrack discs
252:
251:
247:
244:
204:"45" or "single"
187:Columbia Records
180:
179:
175:
172:
120:Columbia Records
115:
103:
64:
55:
48:
21:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3177:
3175:
3168:
3147:
3114:
3110:Laser turntable
3063:
3060:
3030:
3025:
2968:
2957:USB flash drive
2951:Toymax VJ Starz
2907:
2816:
2785:
2744:
2697:
2560:Philips EL 3583
2506:Cousino MR-9000
2494:Protona Attaché
2488:Philips EL 3581
2419:
2343:
2305:
2288:
2207:
2192:Loose magnetic
2187:
2144:
2122:
2051:
1963:
1951:Grooved surface
1937:
1900:
1894:
1857:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1811:
1810:
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1533:
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1522:
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1507:
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1477:
1476:
1472:
1467:. p. XX14.
1456:
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1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1398:
1387:
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1260:
1258:
1253:. p. X10.
1242:
1241:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1181:Penndorf, Ron.
1180:
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1153:
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859:
855:
851:
822:
817:
815:
812:
740:
739:
738:
737:
713:
712:
711:
702:
701:
700:
689:
674:
670:
667:
665:
662:
645:Mozart concerto
632:
628:
625:
623:
616:
577:
571:
521:
465:, conducted by
459:Nathan Milstein
442:Waldorf Astoria
427:Howard H. Scott
415:
387:
383:
380:
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366:
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357:
350:
321:
293:
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177:
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168:
113:
101:
69:
67:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3246:
3244:
3236:
3235:
3233:Recorded music
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3173:
3170:
3169:
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3144:
3143:
3138:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3105:Record changer
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3017:
3014:Timecode vinyl
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2860:Super Audio CD
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2836:Philips CD-BGM
2833:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2692:Pocket Rockers
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2656:Steno-Cassette
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2632:Grundig DeJ614
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2430:
2428:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2390:Stripe magfilm
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2356:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2259:Peirce 330/360
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2202:Wire recording
2198:
2196:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2081:Pathé Actuelle
2078:
2072:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2034:Amberol record
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2004:Salon cylinder
2001:
1991:
1981:
1974:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1855:External links
1853:
1851:
1850:
1829:
1817:Audacity Forum
1804:
1774:
1752:
1730:
1704:
1671:
1637:
1611:
1597:
1572:
1560:
1541:
1515:
1502:978-0899190259
1501:
1483:"The Criteria"
1470:
1449:
1432:
1423:
1410:
1396:
1354:
1319:
1306:
1268:
1232:
1200:
1173:
1146:
1124:
1102:
1085:
1046:
1033:Standard Vinyl
1020:
986:
960:
953:
947:. p. 54.
935:
907:
881:
867:
862:"Origin of LP"
852:
850:
847:
846:
845:
839:
834:
828:
827:
811:
808:
807:
806:
792:In the 1970s,
790:
779:
774:
771:
764:
758:
755:
748:
715:
714:
705:
704:
703:
694:
693:
692:
691:
690:
688:
685:
661:
658:
650:Broadway shows
615:
612:
597:early adopters
588:cassette tapes
575:Single (music)
570:
567:
520:
517:
422:Peter Goldmark
414:
411:
349:
346:
341:Doctor Demento
320:
317:
292:
289:
277:Edison Records
272:
269:
258:
255:
239:at a speed of
219:
216:
161:storage medium
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
117:
109:
108:
105:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
79:
78:
77:Audio playback
75:
71:
70:
65:
57:
56:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3245:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3218:Audio storage
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:1948 in music
3201:
3200:
3198:
3185:
3184:
3171:
3165:
3164:Vinyl revival
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3100:Highway Hi-Fi
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2984:Mini-cassette
2982:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2945:Takara E-kara
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2791:Sound-on-film
2788:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:Magnetic tape
2756:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2662:Stenorette DL
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2638:Microcassette
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2590:Micro pack 35
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2512:IBM Magnabelt
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:Magnetic tape
2422:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2360:Blattnerphone
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2352:magnetic tape
2350:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2150:Sound-on-film
2147:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2111:Highway Hi-Fi
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1916:(9th century)
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1692:
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1660:
1656:
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1621:
1615:
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1609:
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1598:
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1569:
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1530:
1526:
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1504:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:The Billboard
1442:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1285:The Billboard
1278:
1272:
1269:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1161:
1157:
1154:Cross, Alan.
1150:
1147:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1081:
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1073:
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1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
987:
974:
970:
964:
961:
956:
954:9781645178163
950:
946:
939:
936:
932:
921:
917:
911:
908:
896:
892:
885:
882:
877:
871:
868:
863:
857:
854:
848:
843:
842:Extended play
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
825:
814:
809:
803:
799:
795:
791:
788:
784:
780:
778:
775:
772:
769:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
749:
745:
744:
743:
735:
732:), both from
731:
727:
726:Rock On Elvis
723:
719:
709:
698:
686:
684:
681:
659:
657:
655:
651:
646:
642:
637:
621:
613:
611:
609:
608:vinyl revival
604:
602:
598:
592:
589:
585:
581:
576:
568:
566:
563:
559:
558:compact discs
555:
550:
548:
547:
542:
538:
533:
529:
527:
518:
516:
514:
510:
506:
505:
500:
496:
495:
490:
486:
482:
481:Nursery Songs
478:
474:
473:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
423:
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307:Neumann lathe
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234:
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212:vinyl revival
209:
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201:
197:
194:known as the
193:
192:popular music
188:
184:
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158:
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144:
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137:Audio storage
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72:
63:
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49:
43:
39:
35:
34:
19:
3174:
3135:
3095:Seeburg 1000
2923:(late 1970s)
2822:Optical disc
2686:Picocassette
2682:(late 1980s)
2476:Saba Sabafon
2247:RCA MI-12877
2241:RCA MI-12875
2127:Grooved tape
2104:
2093:SoundScriber
2089:(late 1940s)
2075:Diamond disc
2056:Grooved disc
1958:Phonautogram
1926:Punched card
1841:. Retrieved
1832:
1821:the original
1816:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1777:
1769:the original
1764:
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:
1707:
1697:December 31,
1695:. Retrieved
1691:the original
1686:
1662:. Retrieved
1651:The Guardian
1650:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1623:
1614:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:
1575:
1563:
1554:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1528:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1487:
1473:
1462:
1452:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1418:
1413:
1404:
1399:
1386:. Retrieved
1372:
1348:
1341:. Retrieved
1335:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1283:
1277:"Not So New"
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1248:
1223:. Retrieved
1212:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1187:the original
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1105:
1095:
1088:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1039:December 18,
1037:. Retrieved
1032:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
999:
989:
977:. Retrieved
972:
963:
944:
938:
930:
923:. Retrieved
910:
898:. Retrieved
894:
884:
870:
856:
768:RCA Dynaflex
741:
730:Tulsa McLean
663:
638:
617:
614:Playing time
605:
593:
578:
556:, and later
551:
544:
534:
530:
522:
502:
492:
480:
470:
467:Bruno Walter
434:World War II
431:
416:
404:
376:
351:
339:
335:
332:Westwood One
325:
322:
310:
274:
271:Predecessors
266:
221:
152:
150:
42:
32:
3213:Album types
2733:PCM adaptor
2721:X80/ProDigi
2715:Soundstream
2602:Cantata 700
2572:Grundig En3
2366:Magnetophon
2253:Peirce 265B
2117:Bandai 8ban
1984:Graphophone
1664:January 25,
1555:L.A. Weekly
1534:February 7,
1328:Ben Sisario
832:Album cover
750:Elliptical
601:audiophiles
513:Tchaikovsky
499:Humperdinck
497:(SL-1) and
451:Mendelssohn
446:78 rpm
285:phonographs
3197:Categories
3141:production
2939:Yaboom Box
2927:MP3 player
2921:Sound chip
2739:DA-88/DTRS
2554:Stereo-Pak
2452:Stenorette
2332:Synchrofax
2182:Fantasound
2176:Photophone
2069:Pathé disc
1932:Music roll
1906:Mechanical
1343:October 8,
1193:October 4,
1139:August 12,
1117:August 12,
1066:(3): 379.
925:August 19,
849:References
785:encoding,
761:Half-speed
654:format war
620:sound film
573:See also:
485:Gene Kelly
354:RCA Victor
348:RCA Victor
261:See also:
208:RCA Victor
206:format by
126:Dimensions
74:Media type
33:Longplayer
3136:LP record
3020:VinylDisc
2866:DVD-Audio
2761:cartridge
2578:Sabamobil
2542:3M Scotch
2500:Fidelipac
2427:cartridge
2408:3/4" tape
2378:1/2" tape
2372:1/4" tape
2216:cartridge
2212:Magnetic
2170:Movietone
2164:Tri-Ergon
2158:Phonofilm
2139:Dictabelt
2105:Long play
2099:Audograph
1896:Physical
1797:March 30,
1745:August 8,
1659:0261-3077
1374:Billboard
1080:0163-4437
1008:0362-4331
805:releases.
734:Argentina
584:Cartridge
543:wrote in
537:album era
494:La Bohème
263:Album era
200:trademark
196:album era
112:Developed
104:mechanism
18:Long Play
3068:Machines
3002:CD Video
2933:HitClips
2890:BD-Audio
2884:DualDisc
2872:DataPlay
2842:MiniDisc
2620:PlayTape
2434:Optaphon
1998:Ediphone
1970:cylinder
1968:Grooved
1843:April 8,
1791:Archived
1687:riaa.com
1630:June 28,
1624:BBC News
1590:July 16,
1508:April 6,
1481:(1981).
1388:June 22,
1379:Archived
1299:June 22,
1290:Archived
1261:June 22,
1255:Archived
1225:June 22,
1219:Archived
1166:June 15,
1160:Archived
973:BBC News
810:See also
798:discrete
770:, Q-540)
680:pre-echo
142:Released
92:Capacity
83:Encoding
3152:Related
3119:Formats
3090:Jukebox
2990:U-matic
2963:MicroSD
2750:Digital
2674:Elcaset
2584:8-track
2414:3" tape
2402:2" tape
2396:1" tape
2018:(1890s)
2012:(1890s)
2006:(1890s)
1723:May 11,
920:Discogs
900:June 3,
895:Stacker
718:pressed
673:⁄
631:⁄
489:Puccini
386:⁄
365:⁄
257:History
248:⁄
228:shellac
176:⁄
3022:(2007)
3016:(2001)
3010:(1991)
3004:(1987)
2998:(1986)
2992:(1971)
2986:(1967)
2977:Hybrid
2965:(2007)
2959:(2004)
2953:(2002)
2947:(2001)
2941:(1999)
2935:(2000)
2929:(1996)
2904:(2014)
2902:MQA-CD
2898:(2013)
2892:(2008)
2886:(2004)
2880:(2004)
2874:(2002)
2868:(2000)
2862:(1999)
2856:(1995)
2850:(1993)
2844:(1992)
2838:(1989)
2832:(1982)
2813:(1993)
2807:(1990)
2801:(1986)
2782:(1992)
2776:(1992)
2770:(1987)
2741:(1993)
2735:(1982)
2729:(1982)
2723:(1980)
2717:(1976)
2694:(1988)
2688:(1985)
2676:(1976)
2670:(1972)
2664:(1972)
2658:(1971)
2652:(1971)
2646:(1969)
2640:(1969)
2634:(1968)
2628:(1967)
2622:(1966)
2616:(1965)
2610:(1965)
2604:(1965)
2598:(1965)
2592:(1964)
2586:(1964)
2580:(1964)
2574:(1964)
2568:(1963)
2562:(1963)
2556:(1962)
2550:(1962)
2544:(1962)
2538:(1962)
2532:(1962)
2526:(1961)
2520:(1961)
2514:(1961)
2508:(1960)
2502:(1959)
2496:(1959)
2490:(1958)
2484:(1958)
2478:(1958)
2472:(1957)
2466:(1957)
2460:(1955)
2454:(1954)
2448:(1953)
2442:(1952)
2436:(1951)
2416:(1978)
2410:(1969)
2404:(1967)
2398:(1957)
2392:(1953)
2386:(1953)
2380:(1953)
2374:(1949)
2368:(1935)
2362:(1928)
2340:(1978)
2334:(1959)
2328:(1953)
2322:(1948)
2316:(1945)
2302:(1900)
2285:(1962)
2279:(1961)
2273:(1955)
2267:(1951)
2261:(1951)
2255:(1951)
2249:(1947)
2243:(1947)
2237:(1944)
2231:(1944)
2225:(1942)
2204:(1898)
2184:(1940)
2178:(1929)
2172:(1926)
2166:(1922)
2160:(1919)
2141:(1947)
2119:(2004)
2113:(1956)
2107:(1948)
2101:(1945)
2095:(1945)
2083:(1920)
2077:(1912)
2071:(1905)
2065:(1889)
2048:(1913)
2042:(1912)
2036:(1908)
2030:(1907)
2024:(1902)
2000:(1888)
1990:(1887)
1980:(1877)
1960:(1857)
1943:Analog
1934:(1883)
1928:(1881)
1657:
1499:
1078:
1013:May 5,
1006:
979:May 5,
951:
802:matrix
752:stylus
660:Groove
399:under
237:stylus
181:
159:sound
157:analog
114:
102:
2878:Hi-MD
2650:HiPac
1382:(PDF)
1369:(PDF)
1293:(PDF)
1280:(PDF)
643:or a
224:noisy
134:Usage
3008:ADAT
2896:HFPA
2854:HDCD
2811:SDDS
2727:DASH
2214:wire
2194:wire
1845:2015
1799:2023
1747:2024
1725:2010
1699:2016
1666:2024
1655:ISSN
1632:2023
1592:2017
1536:2024
1510:2019
1497:ISBN
1390:2022
1345:2012
1301:2022
1263:2022
1227:2022
1195:2006
1168:2023
1141:2011
1119:2011
1076:ISSN
1041:2018
1015:2024
1004:ISSN
981:2024
949:ISBN
927:2024
902:2020
844:(EP)
800:and
716:LPs
599:and
586:and
509:Bach
491:'s
338:and
151:The
145:1948
100:Read
2848:DTS
2805:CDS
1443:",
1350:...
1068:doi
787:dbx
747:out
728:by
501:'s
483:by
457:by
453:'s
334:'s
233:PVC
183:rpm
3199::
2799:DD
2774:NT
1815:.
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783:CX
666:33
624:33
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429:.
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374:.
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241:33
226:)
169:33
153:LP
116:by
46:LP
3055:e
3048:t
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1996:/
1986:/
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1882:t
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20:)
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