112:, because the protocol can only achieve optimum throughput if a sender sends a sufficiently large quantity of data before being required to stop and wait until a confirming message is received from the receiver, acknowledging successful receipt of that data. If the quantity of data sent is insufficient compared with the bandwidth-delay product, then the link is not being kept busy and the protocol is operating below peak efficiency for the link. Protocols that hope to succeed in this respect need carefully designed self-monitoring, self-tuning algorithms. The
93:(LANs) may fall into this category, where protocol tuning is critical for achieving peak throughput, on account of their extremely high bandwidth, even though their delay is not great. While a connection with 1 Gbit/s and a round-trip time below 100 μs is no LFN, a connection with 100 Gbit/s would need to stay below 1 μs RTT to not be considered an LFN.
418:
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58:), is equivalent to the maximum amount of data on the network circuit at any given time, i.e., data that has been transmitted but not yet acknowledged. The bandwidth-delay product was originally proposed as a rule of thumb for sizing router buffers in conjunction with congestion avoidance algorithm
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connections, where end-to-end delivery time is very high and link throughput may also be high. The high end-to-end delivery time makes life difficult for stop-and-wait protocols and applications that assume rapid end-to-end response.
413:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}B\times D&=2\times 10^{6}{\text{ bit/s}}\cdot 50\times 10^{-3}{\text{ s}}\\&=100\times 10^{3}{\text{ bit}}=100{\text{ kbit}}=12.5{\text{ kB}}\end{aligned}}}
1146:
1002:
876:
732:
586:
561:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}B\times D&=6\times 10^{6}{\text{ bit/s}}\cdot 100\times 10^{-3}{\text{ s}}\\&=600\times 10^{3}{\text{ bit}}=600{\text{ kbit}}=75{\text{ kB}}\end{aligned}}}
434:
286:
144:
1129:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}B\times D&=100\times 10^{9}{\text{ bit/s}}\cdot 30\times 10^{-6}{\text{ s}}\\&=3\times 10^{6}{\text{ bit}}=3{\text{ Mbit}}=375{\text{ kB}}\end{aligned}}}
264:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}B\times D&=512\times 10^{3}{\text{ bit/s}}\cdot 900\times 10^{-3}{\text{ s}}\\&=460,800{\text{ bit}}=460.8{\text{ kbit}}=57.6{\text{ kB}}\end{aligned}}}
859:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}B\times D&=2\times 10^{8}{\text{ bit/s}}\cdot 20\times 10^{-3}{\text{ s}}\\&=4\times 10^{6}{\text{ bit}}=4{\text{ Mbit}}=500{\text{ kB}}\end{aligned}}}
707:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}B\times D&=2\times 10^{7}{\text{ bit/s}}\cdot 50\times 10^{-3}{\text{ s}}\\&=10^{6}{\text{ bit}}=1{\text{ Mbit}}=125{\text{ kB}}\end{aligned}}}
1257:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}B\times D&=100\times 10^{9}{\text{ bit/s}}\cdot 0.2{\text{ s}}\\&=2\times 10^{10}{\text{ bit}}=20{\text{ Gbit}}=2.5{\text{ GB}}\end{aligned}}}
985:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}B\times D&=10^{9}{\text{ bit/s}}\times 10^{-3}{\text{ s}}\\&=10^{6}{\text{ bit}}=1{\text{ Mbit}}=125{\text{ kB}}\end{aligned}}}
1448:
1407:
105:
1443:
116:
may be used to solve this problem caused by insufficient window size, which is limited to 65,535 bytes without scaling.
81:, a network is considered an LFN if its bandwidth-delay product is significantly larger than 10 bits (12,500 bytes).
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A high bandwidth-delay product is an important problem case in the design of protocols such as
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An important example of a system where the bandwidth-delay product is large is that of
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Many TCP variants have been customized for large bandwidth-delay products:
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International research & education network: 100 Gbit/s, 200 ms RTT
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A network with a large bandwidth-delay product is commonly known as a
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54:(in seconds). The result, an amount of data measured in bits (or
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High-speed terrestrial network: 1 Gbit/s, 1 ms RTT
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1373:Villamizar, Curtis; Song, Cheng (October 1, 1994).
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994:Ultra-high speed LAN: 100 Gbit/s, 30 μs RTT
1406:Mahdavi, Jamshid; Mathis, Matt; Reddy, Raghu.
8:
1408:"Enabling High Performance Data Transfers"
27:Parameter in telecommunications networking
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1379:ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
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1268:TCP congestion control algorithms
1412:Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center
1375:"High performance TCP in ANSNET"
578:to residential modem), 50 ms RTT
1:
724:): 200 Mbit/s, 20 ms RTT
106:Transmission Control Protocol
426:): 6 Mbit/s, 100 ms RTT
1465:
129:: 512 kbit/s, 900 ms
1449:Computer network analysis
574:: 20 Mbit/s (from
114:TCP window scale option
98:geostationary satellite
36:bandwidth-delay product
1363:RFC 1072: Introduction
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1130:
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60:random early detection
1392:10.1145/205511.205520
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278:: 2 Mbit/s, 50 ms RTT
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52:round-trip delay time
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108:(TCP) in respect of
1444:Network performance
1418:on November 7, 2015
91:local area networks
32:data communications
1324:Satellite internet
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422:Mobile broadband (
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1319:Protocol spoofing
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127:satellite network
89:Ultra-high speed
73:). As defined in
16:(Redirected from
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67:long fat network
46:'s capacity (in
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18:Long fat network
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131:round-trip time
125:Moderate speed
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718:Cable internet
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1420:. Retrieved
1416:the original
1411:
1401:
1385:(5): 45–60.
1382:
1378:
1368:
1359:
1345:Little's law
1302:Compound TCP
1271:
716:Residential
570:Residential
274:Residential
136:
103:
95:
88:
70:
66:
64:
35:
29:
1334:Bufferbloat
1183: bit/s
1039: bit/s
907: bit/s
769: bit/s
623: bit/s
471: bit/s
323: bit/s
181: bit/s
1438:Categories
1351:References
1236: Gbit
1108: Mbit
964: Mbit
838: Mbit
686: Mbit
540: kbit
392: kbit
243: kbit
110:TCP tuning
50:) and its
1422:March 17,
1329:Internet2
1292:CUBIC TCP
1225: bit
1211:×
1187:⋅
1169:×
1153:×
1097: bit
1083:×
1057:−
1049:×
1043:⋅
1025:×
1009:×
953: bit
919:−
911:×
883:×
827: bit
813:×
787:−
779:×
773:⋅
755:×
739:×
675: bit
641:−
633:×
627:⋅
609:×
593:×
529: bit
515:×
489:−
481:×
475:⋅
457:×
441:×
381: bit
367:×
341:−
333:×
327:⋅
309:×
293:×
232: bit
199:−
191:×
185:⋅
167:×
151:×
44:data link
1339:Kibibyte
1313:See also
1307:Agile-SD
1282:FAST TCP
1247: GB
1119: kB
975: kB
849: kB
697: kB
551: kB
403: kB
254: kB
120:Examples
1287:BIC TCP
1194: s
1066: s
928: s
796: s
650: s
498: s
350: s
208: s
85:Details
62:(RED).
40:product
38:is the
722:DOCSIS
572:ADSL2+
77:
34:, the
1297:H-TCP
1277:HSTCP
576:DSLAM
424:HSDPA
239:460.8
133:(RTT)
56:bytes
42:of a
1424:2017
399:12.5
250:57.6
79:1072
1387:doi
1243:2.5
1190:0.2
1166:100
1115:375
1022:100
971:125
845:500
693:125
536:600
512:600
478:100
388:100
364:100
276:DSL
228:800
222:460
188:900
164:512
75:RFC
71:LFN
30:In
1440::
1410:.
1383:24
1381:.
1377:.
1232:20
1219:10
1215:10
1173:10
1087:10
1053:10
1046:30
1029:10
943:10
915:10
897:10
817:10
783:10
776:20
759:10
665:10
637:10
630:50
613:10
547:75
519:10
485:10
461:10
371:10
337:10
330:50
313:10
195:10
171:10
1426:.
1395:.
1389::
1240:=
1229:=
1208:2
1205:=
1177:9
1163:=
1156:D
1150:B
1112:=
1104:3
1101:=
1091:6
1080:3
1077:=
1060:6
1033:9
1019:=
1012:D
1006:B
968:=
960:1
957:=
947:6
939:=
922:3
901:9
893:=
886:D
880:B
842:=
834:4
831:=
821:6
810:4
807:=
790:3
763:8
752:2
749:=
742:D
736:B
720:(
690:=
682:1
679:=
669:6
661:=
644:3
617:7
606:2
603:=
596:D
590:B
544:=
533:=
523:3
509:=
492:3
465:6
454:6
451:=
444:D
438:B
396:=
385:=
375:3
361:=
344:3
317:6
306:2
303:=
296:D
290:B
247:=
236:=
225:,
219:=
202:3
175:3
161:=
154:D
148:B
69:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.