578:
31:
83:
840:
length, weight, and fin length. They generally have a clutch size close to 30,000, depending on the weight-to-length ratio of the females; larger females bear larger clutch sizes. They spawn in temperatures close to 20 °C (68 °F) in late April to early July. Eggs have a toxic, adhesive coating to help them stick to substrates, and they are deposited onto stones in shallow water, rocky shelves, vegetation, or
590:
58:
602:
570:
822:
moves towards the mouths of bayous into higher-salinity waters in the afternoon and evening to find this more prevalent prey. Longnose gar then move back up the bayous, into the lower-salinity waters in the morning. Their main competitors are other garfishes, and somewhat commonly, large gar to feed
718:
lung that supplements gill respiration for breathing both air and water. Referring to gars as primitive fish simply means they have existed for a long time, having evolved over millions of years into a more perfected morphological state, not that the animal is primitive in the sense that it is not
881:
of the aquatic systems. Because of their long lifespans and older sexual maturity age, factors affecting their reproduction is an issue in preserving them. Overfishing is a large issue for this fish, especially when the fish have not reached sexual maturity due to the female not reaching sexual
839:
Longnose gar have a typical lifespan of 15–20 years with a maximum reported age of 39. This long lifespan allows the female to sexually mature around 6 years old. Males mature sexually as early as 2 years of age. Longnose gar are sexually dimorphic; the females are larger than the males in body
823:
on smaller ones. Historically, Native
Americans and early colonists harvested longnose gar as a main food source. Over time, longnose gars have gained in popularity as a sportfish rather than as a food source, but some people consider gar meat a delicacy. Adult longnose gar are considered
844:
nests. Their hatch time is 7-9 days; young gar stay in vegetation during the first summer of life. Longnose gar reach a typical length of 28–48 inches (71–122 cm), with a maximum length around 6 feet (1.8 m) and 55 lb (25 kg) in weight.
659:, and range as far west in the US as Kansas, Texas, and southern New Mexico. They are the only species of the family Lepisosteidae found in New Mexico. Their populations are stable and in some areas abundant in the interior portions of their range.
648:, elongated jaws that form a needle-like snout nearly three times the length of its head, and a row of numerous sharp, cone-shaped teeth on each side of the upper jaw. They typically inhabit freshwater lakes,
637:. The genus may have been present in North America for about 100 million years. References are made to gars being a primitive group of bony fish because they have retained some primitive features, such as a
865:). In the early 1900s, longnose gar were considered as destructive predators. Soon after this characterization, gar population reduction methods were established. Their declining populations are due to
711:
Gars have been referred to as primitive fish or living fossils because they have retained some morphological characteristics of their earliest ancestors, such as a spiral valve intestine, and a highly
727:
Fossils of the genus dating from 100 million years ago (Mya) have been found in Africa, Asia, Europe, North
America, and South America. In the US, fossils of the modern species date back to the
778:
were particularly common prey of juvenile gar in Lake Texoma, making up 84% of the diet, with gamefishes accounting for less than 1% of the diet. Juveniles also feed on small crustaceans, such as
1843:
1218:
Wiley, E.O. (1976). The phylogeny and biogeography of fossil and recent gars (Actinopterygii: Lepisosteidae). Miscellaneous
Publication, University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History 64.
652:
near coastal areas, swamps, and sluggish backwaters of rivers and streams. They can breathe both air and water, which allows them to inhabit aquatic environments that are low in oxygen.
831:. They are most vulnerable to predation when they are young, and are preyed upon by other garfishes, larger fishes, birds of prey, snapping turtles, and water snakes.
1650:
1360:
Straube, B. and N. Luccketti. (1996). Jamestown rediscovery 1995 interim report. November 2006. The
Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, 55 p.
1240:(H. B. Bigelow, C. M. Cohen, G. W. Mead, D. Merriman, Y. H. Olsen, W. C. Schroeder, L. P. Schultz, and J. Tee-Van, eds.), pp. 61-88. New Haven, CT: Yale University.
577:
1725:
1818:
853:
Currently, no management of this species is being conducted, nor is it federally listed as endangered, although some states have reported it as threatened (
1838:
1256:(Linnaeus), in Lake Mendota and in several other lakes of southern Wisconsin. Dissertation, the University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
1848:
1756:
1624:
1676:
1227:
Uhler, P.R. & O. Lugger. (1876). List of fishes of
Maryland. Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of Maryland, to the General Assembly
1738:
1163:
1833:
1751:
1113:
1395:
Netsch, Norval F.; Witt, Arthur (1962). "Contributions to the Life
History of the Longnose Gar, (Lepisosteus osseus) in Missouri".
1790:
1447:
Johnson, Brian L.; Noltie, Douglas B. (1997). "Demography, Growth, and
Reproductive Allocation in Stream-Spawning Longnose Gar".
1828:
878:
276:
260:
245:
211:
1130:
1681:
1296:
1077:
1024:
1663:
1572:
750:
Longnose gar are frequently found in fresh water in the eastern half of the United States, but some gar were found in
82:
827:
in their aquatic habit, and have few predators, which include humans and in the southern reaches of their range the
1730:
1201:
1460:
1370:
967:
1408:
1339:
1550:
754:
up to 31 ppt. Their microhabitats consist of areas near downed trees, stone outcrops, and vegetation.
1823:
1512:
1777:
1577:
795:
774:, a variety of species made up a majority of the diet, with the dominant prey changing among locations.
190:
1238:
Fishes of the
Western North Atlantic, Memoir 1, Part Three, of the Sears Foundation for Marine Research
1795:
1598:
1559:
923:
732:
585:, published 1731-1743. An eighteenth-century print with Linnaeus' original name for the longnose gar.
39:
744:
47:
1717:
828:
220:
77:
1704:
30:
1782:
1655:
1764:
1585:
1412:
1343:
1159:
1109:
1001:
984:
McGrath, P. E.; Hilton, E. J. (2012). "Sexual dimorphism in longnose gar
Lepisosteus osseus".
874:
811:
775:
1103:
1769:
1694:
1490:
1456:
1404:
1335:
1153:
1049:
993:
918:
799:
605:
147:
1564:
1275:
810:
being the most common prey. In some lakes, adult longnose gar may consume large numbers of
841:
656:
630:
946:
900:
649:
124:
1812:
1689:
1495:
1478:
997:
909:
824:
807:
668:
634:
272:
256:
241:
207:
67:
62:
1297:
https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/lepisosteus-osseus/
589:
1590:
870:
862:
854:
791:
736:
715:
712:
645:
638:
641:
intestine, but they are not primitive in the sense of not being fully developed.
1712:
1637:
1544:
866:
779:
728:
694:(Linnaeus, 1758), the scientific name for longnose gar, originated by combining
686:
167:
1535:
1477:
Mendoza Alfaro, Roberto; González, Carlos
Aguilera; Ferrara, Allyse M. (2008).
767:
751:
705:
137:
1416:
1347:
94:
1668:
1005:
601:
569:
1611:
1529:
1179:
858:
815:
803:
114:
1629:
1616:
787:
783:
806:
particularly common. In Missouri, fishes made up 98% of the diet with
1642:
763:
762:
The most common prey of longnose gar are small fish and occasionally
676:
104:
1506:
1252:
Haase, B.L. (1969). An ecological life history of the longnose gar,
644:
They have an olive brown to green, torpedo-shaped body armored with
696:
600:
588:
576:
568:
1603:
1743:
740:
704:, the Latin word for bony. The latter references the bone-like,
673:
1510:
157:
1461:
10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0438:DGARAI>2.3.CO;2
731:, where they were discovered in the Kingsdown Formation in
708:-shaped ganoid scales that protect gars against predation.
1155:
Air-Breathing Fishes: Evolution, Diversity, and Adaptation
794:. In Florida, their diet consisted mainly of fishes, with
739:(1.8–0.3 Mya). Longnose gar are found in Central America,
655:
Longnose gar are found along the east coasts of North and
1409:
10.1577/1548-8659(1962)91[251:CTTLHO]2.0.CO;2
1340:
10.1577/1548-8659(1940)70[356:FOGIT]2.0.CO;2
1276:
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepisosteus_osseus/
1274:
Lepisosteus osseus (Gar). (n.d.). Animal Diversity Web.
770:; they mostly feed at night. In most studies of adult
1376:. Indiana Division of Fish and Wildlife. pp. 2–5
1019:
1017:
1015:
1519:
1844:Freshwater fish of the Southeastern United States
1326:Bonham, Kelshaw (1940). "Food of Gars in Texas".
1054:Texas Freshwater Fishes (UT Austin mirror of http
924:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T191027A130013643.en
1479:"Gar biology and culture: Status and prospects"
1449:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
1429:Beard, J. (1889). On the early development of
1397:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
1328:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
1295:Lepisosteus osseus. (n.d.). Discover Fishes.
8:
1236:Suttkus, R.D. (1963). Order Lepisostei. In:
818:are a major food source along coasts where
1507:
1435:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
684:, which is for pike, was later changed to
56:
29:
20:
1494:
1472:
1470:
1072:
1070:
922:
1248:
1246:
667:The longnose gar was first described by
891:
235:
1180:"Alligator Gar (Atractosteus spatula)"
882:maturity until about 6 years of age.
7:
1819:IUCN Red List least concern species
910:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1839:Fauna of the Eastern United States
1202:"Lepisosteus osseus Linnaeus 1758"
1105:Ecology and Conservation of Fishes
899:NatureServe.; Lyons, T.J. (2019).
14:
1158:. Academic Press. pp. 1–10.
1050:"longnose gar Lepisosteus osseus"
786:, and insects, including various
1849:Freshwater fish of North America
1496:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.01927.x
998:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03174.x
700:, which is Greek for scale, and
583:The Green Gar Fish (Esox osseus)
81:
573:US distribution of longnose gar
1133:. FLMNH Ichthyology Department
945:Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017).
690:, the genus for slender gars.
311:Bonnaterre 1788 ex Gmelin 1789
1:
671:(1758), who gave it the name
1371:"Gar Family (Lepisosteidae)"
1834:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1152:Graham, Jeffrey B. (1997).
1865:
1108:. CRC Press. p. 46.
743:, North America, and the
508:Lepidosteus louisianensis
420:Lepidosteus leptorhynchus
332:Lepisosteus stenorhynchus
226:
219:
196:
189:
78:Scientific classification
76:
54:
45:
37:
28:
23:
1102:Tyus, Harold M. (2011).
879:human-caused destruction
356:Lepisosteus longirostris
986:Journal of Fish Biology
917:: e.T191027A130013643.
877:, pollution, and other
735:, and date back to the
524:Lepidosteus piquotianus
1829:Fish described in 1758
608:
598:
586:
574:
540:Lepidosteus thompsonii
412:Macrognathus loricatus
380:Lepisosteus huronensis
1778:Paleobiology Database
604:
592:
580:
572:
476:Lepidosteus lesueurii
468:Lepidosteus elisabeth
452:Lepidosteus clintonii
388:Lepidosteus rostratus
1483:Aquaculture Research
1129:Goddard, Nathaniel.
1078:"Lepisosteus osseus"
1025:"Lepisosteus osseus"
733:Meade County, Kansas
556:Lepidosteus troostii
548:Lepisosteus treculii
516:Lepidosteus milberti
404:Lepisosteus lineatus
372:Lepisosteus gracilis
268:Psalisostomus osseus
252:Psalidostomus osseus
40:New England Aquarium
745:Isla de la Juventud
680:. The generic name
532:Lepidosteus smithii
500:Lepidosteus lamarii
492:Lepidosteus horatii
484:Lepidosteus harlani
444:Lepidosteus ayresii
436:Lepidosteus otarius
428:Lepidosteus crassus
364:Lepisosteus oxyurus
348:Sarchirus argenteus
48:Conservation status
1565:Lepisosteus_osseus
1551:Lepisosteus osseus
1521:Lepisosteus osseus
1431:Lepidosteus osseus
1254:Lepisosteus osseus
903:Lepisosteus osseus
829:American alligator
776:Inland silversides
692:Lepisosteus osseus
618:Lepisosteus osseus
609:
599:
587:
575:
340:Sarchirus vittatus
316:Lepisosteus gavial
200:Lepisosteus osseus
1806:
1805:
1765:Open Tree of Life
1513:Taxon identifiers
1286:(Crumpton, 1971).
1265:(Eschelle, 1968).
1165:978-0-12-294860-2
875:road construction
719:fully developed.
621:), also known as
567:
566:
560:
552:
544:
536:
528:
520:
512:
504:
496:
488:
480:
472:
464:
460:Lepidosteus copei
456:
448:
440:
432:
424:
416:
408:
400:
396:Lepidosteus bison
392:
384:
376:
368:
360:
352:
344:
336:
328:
320:
312:
304:
296:
288:
280:
264:
248:
232:
71:
1856:
1799:
1798:
1786:
1785:
1773:
1772:
1760:
1759:
1747:
1746:
1734:
1733:
1721:
1720:
1708:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1685:
1684:
1672:
1671:
1659:
1658:
1646:
1645:
1633:
1632:
1620:
1619:
1607:
1606:
1594:
1593:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1567:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1508:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1444:
1438:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1021:
1010:
1009:
981:
975:
974:
972:
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
942:
936:
935:
933:
931:
926:
896:
800:bullhead catfish
623:longnose garpike
606:Georgia Aquarium
558:
550:
542:
534:
526:
518:
510:
502:
494:
486:
478:
470:
462:
454:
446:
438:
430:
422:
414:
406:
398:
390:
382:
374:
366:
358:
350:
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
302:
294:
286:
270:
254:
240:
230:
202:
148:Lepisosteiformes
86:
85:
65:
60:
59:
33:
21:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1781:
1776:
1768:
1763:
1755:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1729:
1724:
1716:
1711:
1703:
1701:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1636:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1515:
1505:
1504:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1428:
1424:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1131:"Alligator Gar"
1128:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1013:
983:
982:
978:
970:
968:"Lepisosteidae"
966:
965:
961:
951:
949:
947:"Lepisosteidae"
944:
943:
939:
929:
927:
898:
897:
893:
888:
851:
842:smallmouth bass
837:
760:
725:
665:
657:Central America
631:ray-finned fish
563:
383:Richardson 1836
375:Richardson 1836
367:Rafinesque 1820
359:Rafinesque 1820
351:Rafinesque 1820
343:Rafinesque 1818
335:Rafinesque 1818
234:
233:
215:
204:
198:
185:
80:
72:
61:
57:
50:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1787:
1774:
1761:
1748:
1735:
1722:
1709:
1699:
1686:
1673:
1660:
1647:
1634:
1621:
1608:
1595:
1582:
1569:
1556:
1541:
1525:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1489:(7): 748–763.
1466:
1455:(3): 438–466.
1439:
1422:
1387:
1362:
1353:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1288:
1279:
1267:
1258:
1242:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1193:
1171:
1164:
1144:
1121:
1114:
1094:
1082:Florida Museum
1066:
1041:
1029:Florida Museum
1011:
992:(2): 335–345.
976:
959:
937:
890:
889:
887:
884:
850:
847:
836:
833:
825:apex predators
820:L. osseus
772:L. osseus
759:
756:
724:
721:
664:
661:
650:brackish water
633:in the family
595:L. osseus
593:Longnose gar (
581:Mark Catesby,
565:
564:
562:
561:
553:
545:
537:
529:
521:
513:
505:
497:
489:
481:
473:
465:
457:
449:
441:
433:
425:
417:
409:
401:
393:
385:
377:
369:
361:
353:
345:
337:
329:
324:Esox niloticus
321:
313:
305:
297:
289:
281:
265:
249:
229:
228:
227:
224:
223:
217:
216:
205:
194:
193:
187:
186:
182:L. osseus
179:
177:
173:
172:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
128:
127:
125:Actinopterygii
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
74:
73:
55:
52:
51:
46:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1861:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:Lepisosteidae
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1316:(Ross, 2001).
1313:
1310:
1307:Netsch (1964)
1304:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1145:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1115:9781439858547
1111:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1095:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:
977:
969:
963:
960:
948:
941:
938:
925:
920:
916:
912:
911:
906:
904:
895:
892:
885:
883:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
848:
846:
843:
834:
832:
830:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
757:
755:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
722:
720:
717:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
698:
693:
689:
688:
683:
679:
678:
675:
670:
669:Carl Linnaeus
662:
660:
658:
653:
651:
647:
646:ganoid scales
642:
640:
636:
635:Lepisosteidae
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:
614:
607:
603:
596:
591:
584:
579:
571:
557:
554:
549:
546:
541:
538:
533:
530:
525:
522:
517:
514:
509:
506:
501:
498:
493:
490:
485:
482:
477:
474:
469:
466:
461:
458:
453:
450:
445:
442:
437:
434:
429:
426:
421:
418:
413:
410:
407:Thompson 1842
405:
402:
397:
394:
389:
386:
381:
378:
373:
370:
365:
362:
357:
354:
349:
346:
341:
338:
333:
330:
325:
322:
319:Lacepède 1803
317:
314:
309:
306:
301:
298:
293:
292:Acus squamosa
290:
285:
282:
278:
274:
269:
266:
262:
258:
253:
250:
247:
243:
239:
236:
225:
222:
218:
213:
209:
203:
201:
195:
192:
191:Binomial name
188:
184:
183:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:Lepisosteidae
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
84:
79:
75:
69:
64:
63:Least Concern
53:
49:
44:
41:
36:
32:
27:
24:Longnose gar
22:
19:
1757:longnose-gar
1520:
1486:
1482:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1365:
1356:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1291:
1282:
1270:
1261:
1253:
1237:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1174:
1154:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1124:
1104:
1097:
1086:. Retrieved
1084:. 2017-05-10
1081:
1058:. Retrieved
1056:. 2012-12-15
1053:
1044:
1033:. Retrieved
1031:. 2017-05-10
1028:
989:
985:
979:
962:
950:. Retrieved
940:
928:. Retrieved
914:
908:
902:
894:
871:habitat loss
863:Pennsylvania
855:South Dakota
852:
838:
835:Life history
819:
802:, and small
796:gizzard shad
771:
761:
749:
737:Irvingtonian
726:
723:Distribution
716:swim bladder
713:vascularized
710:
701:
695:
691:
685:
681:
672:
666:
654:
643:
639:spiral valve
626:
622:
617:
616:
613:longnose gar
612:
610:
594:
582:
559:Duméril 1870
555:
551:Duméril 1870
547:
543:Duméril 1870
539:
535:Duméril 1870
531:
527:Duméril 1870
523:
519:Duméril 1870
515:
511:Duméril 1870
507:
503:Duméril 1870
499:
495:Duméril 1870
491:
487:Duméril 1870
483:
479:Duméril 1870
475:
471:Duméril 1870
467:
463:Duméril 1870
459:
455:Duméril 1870
451:
447:Duméril 1870
443:
435:
427:
419:
411:
403:
395:
387:
379:
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
331:
323:
315:
308:Esox viridis
307:
303:Catesby 1771
300:Acus viridis
299:
295:Catesby 1771
291:
287:Catesby 1771
283:
267:
251:
237:
199:
197:
181:
180:
168:
131:
18:
1713:NatureServe
1638:iNaturalist
1545:Wikispecies
1437:46:108-118.
930:12 November
867:overfishing
792:chironomids
780:cladocerans
768:crustaceans
729:Pleistocene
687:Lepisosteus
423:Girard 1858
415:Gronow 1854
391:Cuvier 1836
284:Acus maxima
238:Esox osseus
169:Lepisosteus
1813:Categories
1403:(3): 251.
1186:October 7,
1088:2019-10-07
1060:2019-08-04
1035:2019-08-04
886:References
849:Management
766:and small
752:salinities
706:rhomboidal
399:DeKay 1842
327:Perry 1811
138:Ginglymodi
1417:1548-8659
1348:1548-8659
1137:April 19,
788:dipterans
663:Etymology
627:billy gar
439:Cope 1865
431:Cope 1865
176:Species:
101:Kingdom:
95:Eukaryota
1718:2.106443
1656:10758522
1612:FishBase
1604:46582204
1536:Q1431272
1530:Wikidata
1380:4 August
1006:22268433
873:, dams,
859:Delaware
816:Menhaden
804:bluegill
790:such as
784:copepods
273:Linnaeus
257:Linnaeus
242:Linnaeus
221:Synonyms
208:Linnaeus
154:Family:
115:Chordata
111:Phylum:
105:Animalia
91:Domain:
68:IUCN 3.1
1630:2346701
1334:: 356.
812:sunfish
808:shiners
764:insects
758:Ecology
629:, is a
164:Genus:
144:Order:
121:Class:
66: (
38:At the
1796:157872
1770:519445
1744:157872
1695:191027
1682:161094
1415:
1346:
1182:. 2011
1162:
1112:
1004:
952:18 May
861:, and
702:osteos
677:osseus
1791:WoRMS
1783:83217
1731:34771
1702:NAS:
1669:78080
1651:IRMNG
1643:58609
1591:3TFQF
1578:50248
1374:(PDF)
971:(PDF)
697:lepis
132:Clade
1752:ODNR
1739:OBIS
1726:NCBI
1705:1438
1690:IUCN
1677:ITIS
1625:GBIF
1617:1076
1573:BOLD
1413:ISSN
1382:2019
1344:ISSN
1206:PBDB
1188:2019
1160:ISBN
1139:2014
1110:ISBN
1002:PMID
954:2017
932:2021
915:2019
782:and
741:Cuba
682:Esox
674:Esox
611:The
277:1758
261:1758
246:1758
231:list
212:1758
1664:ISC
1599:EoL
1586:CoL
1560:ADW
1491:doi
1457:doi
1453:126
1405:doi
1336:doi
994:doi
919:doi
747:.
625:or
1815::
1793::
1780::
1767::
1754::
1741::
1728::
1715::
1692::
1679::
1666::
1653::
1640::
1627::
1614::
1601::
1588::
1575::
1562::
1547::
1532::
1487:39
1485:.
1481:.
1469:^
1451:.
1433:.
1411:.
1401:91
1399:.
1342:.
1332:70
1330:.
1245:^
1204:.
1080:.
1069:^
1052:.
1027:.
1014:^
1000:.
990:80
988:.
913:.
907:.
869:,
857:,
814:.
798:,
275:,
259:,
244:,
210:,
134::
1499:.
1493::
1463:.
1459::
1419:.
1407::
1384:.
1350:.
1338::
1208:.
1190:.
1168:.
1141:.
1118:.
1091:.
1063:.
1038:.
1008:.
996::
973:.
956:.
934:.
921::
905:"
901:"
615:(
597:)
279:)
271:(
263:)
255:(
214:)
206:(
70:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
