439:
44:
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900:: "These funerary urns are decorated with two ‘animals of the four directions’, called 'siling 四靈' in Chinese. The White Tiger of the West is pursuing a dog and the Green Dragon of the East is chasing a flaming pearl. The birds on the covers may allude to the Red Bird of the South; but the symbol of the north, a tortoise with a snake, is not present. In China, artists decorated coffins and tombs with these creatures from the Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) onwards. These jars stored provisions for the afterlife such as grain and are part of local southern burial practice."
403:
131:
1402:
391:
586:
139:
1889:
679:, suggesting that pattern books were supplied from the centre by court artists. Shapes included large flat dishes that were very difficult to fire. By around the mid-15th century the court ceased its orders, and the decline of the kilns resumed. By the late Ming few kilns survived, and they mostly produced utilitarian wares such as tiles and water pots, as the area continues to do.
372:
dragons. Funerary vases, made in pairs, also often feature charmingly stylized animals, usually tigers and dragons, curled around the shoulders of the vessel. These were used in southern
Chinese burial custom to store provisions for the afterlife. Another distinct Longquan style was a dish with two or more fishes in low
652:, and this spectacular new ware gradually replaced Longquan celadon in many of its markets. Floods and war seem to have brought some kilns to an abrupt end; some excavated kilns lie deep under soil deposited in flooding. However, even the stoutly potted celadons of the Ming period have had their imitators at
640:
The
Southern Song period saw the finest quality, and a great range of colours, as well as a great expansion of production. A count in 1988 by a Chinese archaeologist of the starts of new kilns gave 39 from the Northern Song, 61 from the Southern Song, and over 70 from the Yuan. The percentage figures
632:
A story repeated in many sources from the Yuan onwards, with uncertain significance, tells of two brothers called Zhang, both
Longquan potters, perhaps in the Southern Song, though this is unclear. The elder brother developed a very special type of ware; rightly or wrongly the later sources say this
475:
shapes, which were considered appropriate to religious functions, though these lacked the complex surface decoration of the bronze originals. These were also exported in great numbers and, at least in South-East Asian countries such as Japan and Korea, these associations could also be appreciated by
319:
The glaze is made opaque by the presence of plant ash and tiny bubbles of gas, which give a lustrous effect. With the whiter body clays pieces may be translucent. The pronounced reddish colour of unglazed areas comes from the end of the firing, as the heated clay comes in contact with fresh air let
315:
were always used, and the longer kilns, with up to twelve chambers, might have been able to fire as many as 25,000 pieces at a time. The firing temperature was probably between 1,180 °C and 1,280 °C, with the range over 1,250 °C giving the best green or blue colours. In some cases at
272:
decoration is left unglazed (see below and illustration). This distinguishes
Longquan from Northern Celadons. However, this may not be the case in pieces made from the most whitish, porcellanous, material, where the fired body may also "be translucent if thin enough". In Western sources, individual
175:
Province. Overall a total of some 500 kilns have been discovered, making the
Longquan celadon production area one of the largest historical ceramic producing areas in China. "Longquan-type" is increasingly preferred as a term, in recognition of this diversity, or simply "southern celadon", as there
379:
In general, Longquan decoration tends to project from the body, and the effects that
Northern Celadon gets from glaze pooling over shallow carving into the body are less common. Earlier pieces are content with subtle glaze effects, often accentuated by the glaze thinning over small ridges or ribs,
249:
The
Longquan celadons were among the finest of a range of celadon wares produced in China, and led stylistic and technical developments. The celadons were produced in a range of shades of colour, centred on olive-green, but extending to greenish blues (regarded as desirable, but less common) and
682:
From the twentieth century native and foreign enthusiasts and scholars have visited the kiln sites and excavated there. Among modern
Chinese scholars, the main kiln sites were first systematically investigated by Chen Wanli in 1928 and 1934, after the sites had been excavated by speculators and
438:
371:
Most shapes are simple but very elegant. The size and decoration of larger fine pieces increases from the Yuan onwards, with some very large vases and lidded wine jars being made by the 14th century. The "mallet" vase was a special favourite at
Longquan, often with handles formed as animals or
525:
A very few pieces reached Europe by trade or diplomatic gifts from
Islamic countries, and were sometimes given elaborate metalwork mounts, turning them into goblets. Only three surviving Chinese ceramic pieces can be documented as reaching Europe before 1500. Of these, the earliest is the
593:
In the Northern Song period the Dayao (大窯) kiln site near Longquan city alone produced wares at twenty-three separate kilns; with Jincun nearby, these appear to have been the largest kiln complexes, and produced the best wares. The era of greatest ceramic production was not until the
462:
Unlike Northern Celadon, Longquan ware does not seem to have been used by the imperial court under the Song, although Longquan kilns were used to make the "official" Guan ware, apparently when the Guan kilns could not cope with orders. An important market seems to have been the
254:
brown. The wares are hardly ever painted; decoration comes from the vessel shape and carved or incised designs in the body. Shapes were originally mostly simple, allowing the glaze colour to create the main effect of a piece, but in later periods raised decoration was common.
454:
414:
426:
668:, though not of the highest quality. These were probably bound for Japan; there was a single religious statuette. Sunk in 1323, the finds made it clear that Song types had continued to be produced later than was thought.
339:
Both Chinese and Japanese tradition have developed a range of terms to describe the glaze colours and qualities; some of the Japanese ones have the advantage of being anchored to specific pieces in Japan. The term
43:
709:
Krahl and Harrison-Hall, 13; Gompertz, 158 has "over 200 kiln sites" showing the pace of Chinese archaeology in recent decades, and perhaps counting groups rather than individual kilns; Medley, 147, on their
263:
The body of Longquan celadon, as seen in fragments under glaze, varies from "a heavy, compact grey stoneware to an almost white porcellaneous material", but where fired at the surface this turns to a typical
897:
246:, they count as porcelain. Compromise terms such as "porcellanous stoneware" may be used to describe the pieces, and some Western writers consider the wares should be "regarded as porcelains".
637:(meaning "elder brother ware") is supposed to be this type. The younger brother also developed a fine style of pottery, which is often taken to be the best quality early Longquan ware.
402:
956:(d. 1435); Krahl and Harrison-Hall, 44 say (of the Southern Song) "The Longquan kilns were non-official kilns whose workers nevertheless made ceramics for the imperial household ...",
380:
while later pieces have more elaborate floral scrolls or animals in relief. Religious figurines and shrines were rare before the Yuan, and never a large part of production; as in
491:, thought to have been broken pieces dumped at the end of the voyage from China. Japan soon began to imitate Longquan wares, and has continued to do so, both in mass-produced and
675:, when it was an official kiln operated by and for the court. The floral decorative designs were very similar to those in contemporary Jingdezhen blue and white and also court
2802:
498:
There were also large quantities exported west to the Islamic world, and one of the most important collections today is the 1,300 pieces surviving from the collection of the
211:(1368–1644) periods. Longquan celadons were an important part of China's export economy for over five hundred years, and were widely imitated in other countries, especially
1049:
2846:
344:(砧青瓷) meaning "mallet", probably after a particular mallet vase, represents the most admired blue-green colour from the Song period, and is often used in English, while
336:. A technique sometimes found before about 1400 was to add spots or splashes of a mixture rich in iron oxide with an appearance of randomness; these fired a dark brown.
311:, brick tunnels rising up a slope, with a series of chambers, and the best results came from the pots in the uppermost stages, which heated up more slowly and evenly.
773:
Compare the text and captions at Clunas 284-285, fig. 250 is called "stoneware", fig. 251 (the Katzenelnbogen bowl) "porcelain". Both are Longquan celadon of 1400-50.
609:
A key event in the rise of Longquan celadon was the flight of the remaining Northern Song court to the south, after they lost control of the north in the disastrous
514:
and Europe that the pieces would break or change colour if poison was placed on them. Fragments have also been found along the East African coast, as far south as
1920:
1708:
184:
wares. These are similar in many respects, but with significant differences to Longquan-type celadon, and their production rose and declined somewhat earlier.
273:
pieces are normally classified as stoneware, but some may be called porcelain; material translated from the Chinese is likely to describe all as "porcelain".
2134:
641:
for those still producing in the 20th century were 23%, <10% and <5%, indicating a bubble of over-production, which only the strongest kilns survived.
2590:
1358:
471:
class. As well as wares for ordinary use, they were used on altars and sometimes in burials. Many shapes, especially in the early period, were based on
1769:
957:
698:
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swimming in the centre, either in biscuit or glazed; these sometimes have holes drilled for metal handles, as mentioned in a late 14th-century source.
1106:
940:
936:
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type is from the middle Ming, after the glaze became more transparent. As with other celadons, for the Chinese the similarity of the colour to
250:
browns. All these colours come from the glaze; the body beneath is sometimes left partly unglazed as part of the decoration, when it fires to a
2702:
2603:
1908:
2030:
2015:
2002:
1967:
1932:
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621:, close to Longquan. The Northern Celadon kilns declined as Longquan greatly expanded production. Longquan wares were not from one of the
2738:
2462:
2401:
2293:
952:
Vainker, 110-111, though see Valenstein, 99, and Clunas, 97, 100, 229, where court patronage is said to have ended with the reign of the
764:
Medley, 147; Grove: "The body of Longquan celadon is a light grey stoneware, sometimes reaching the quality of a pure white porcelain".
2035:
1799:
299:
The glaze colours vary across a wide spectrum of greyish to blueish greens, with some yellowish browns as well. The colour comes from
203:(1127–1279), was probably important in the great expansion of both quality and production there. Both continued at high levels in the
390:
1701:
1316:
1293:
1193:
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Quality declined during the 14th century, although initially production and exports continued to grow. By the middle of the century
150:
2677:
2025:
234:, since the fired clay body is usually neither white nor translucent. In the traditional Chinese classification, which divides
307:, and the colour varies with the temperature and the strength and timing of the reduction. Longquan celadon was fired in long
1757:
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1307:
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58:
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together. Templates were used, and sometimes moulds, including two-part moulds, and moulds including decoration. Unglazed
77:
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dish with sprigged fish in biscuit, and effects from glaze collecting in the incised decoration, Yuan, 14th century
420:
Pair of funerary lidded vases with animals; left, tiger chasing a dog, right, dragon chasing a pearl, Southern Song
1809:
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1344:
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later grouped by Chinese connoisseurs, and are rarely mentioned in early writing on the subject, although in the
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649:
570:
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1991:
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least there appear to have been layers of glaze and also multiple firings to achieve a deeper glaze effect.
130:
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1789:
1527:
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the reliefs over a glazed area before firing, where the surface would be flat in the kiln, or by adding a
220:
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2010:
577:), is perhaps a little later, from around 1500, and was given elaborate mounts in gold once in England.
472:
728:
Medley, 115-118; Gompertz, 159, 98-125; for some reason one is typically capitalized and the other not.
535:
2657:
2146:
1915:
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224:
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458:"Blueish green" celadon with applied peony scroll design, Southern Song dynasty, 13th century AD
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Vainker, 108 (quoted); Clunas, 284-285 refers to celadons as porcelain, but not consistently.
2622:
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2071:
1854:
1849:
1633:
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368:, was an important factor in their appeal, and something the potters attempted to increase.
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Vase with unglazed medallions, here using moulds and a resist technique, 14th century.
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1957:
1952:
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Gompertz, 22 quoted; Medley, 146 describes them as "stoneware and porcellanous ware".
614:
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527:
200:
192:
195:(960–1127) period that large-scale production began, and the move of the capital to
2783:
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1985:
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208:
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177:
107:
49:
384:, these sometimes mix biscuit, for the flesh or figure, with a glazed background.
487:, the capital during the height of Longquan production, had some 50,000 Longquan
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2734:
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2434:
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Southern Song Dynasty, 13th Century, Nantoyōsō Collection, Japan, with crackle.
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2187:
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549:. The Katzenelnbogen bowl was bought by an aristocratic German pilgrim in the
329:
300:
265:
251:
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17:
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2199:
2123:
2086:
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1502:
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1441:
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Longquan celadon enjoyed a final period of high achievement under the early
550:
333:
243:
231:
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coast in 1976, whose cargo included over 9,600 pieces of celadon from the
296:
of wax or grease before glazing, when the sides of a vase were decorated.
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or greenware, produced from about 950 to 1550. The kilns were mostly in
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408:"Mallet" vase with stylized animal handles, Southern Song, 12th century
381:
325:
235:
160:
1686:
1231:, "China, §VIII, 3: Ceramics: Historical development", various authors
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Japan was a large-scale and enthusiastic importer, and the beach at
230:
In traditional Western terms, most celadons are strictly counted as
1336:
480:, and indeed clergy, as many of the best survivals are in temples.
2440:
2410:
1581:
661:
584:
515:
488:
453:
268:
reddish brown, seen at the unglazed foot of many pieces, and when
219:. Their demise came after they were overtaken in their markets by
137:
129:
1236:
Chinese Ceramics: Highlights of the Sir Percival David Collection
553:
in 1433/34, who on his return had it given a cover and mounts in
2495:
361:
1690:
1340:
1200:
Maritime Sector, Institutions, and Sea Power of Premodern China
534:
porcelain, but the other two are Longquan celadon. In 1487
1269:
The Chinese Potter: A Practical History of Chinese Ceramics
176:
was also a large number of kilns in north China producing
332:
in the glaze, but much less than in the closely related
348:
has a "a faint yellowish-green tone", and is from the
561:). The Longquan Warham Bowl, traditionally given to
151:
112:
2721:
2589:
2521:
2342:
2156:
2048:
2001:
1966:
1896:
1725:
1615:
1561:
1495:
1409:
1374:
106:
99:
94:
76:
57:
32:
977:Vainker, 110-112; Gompertz, 148, 171; Rawson, 250
656:and in Japan. A sunken trade vessel was found in
171:Province in the south of China, and the north of
1249:Massing, Jean Michel, in Levinson, Jay A. (ed),
510:. Their worth was increased by a belief in the
280:, with large vases often thrown in sections and
320:into the kiln, and the iron present turns into
1070:Rawson, 84; Vainker, 105; Grove; Gompertz, 156
1702:
1352:
82:
63:
8:
2135:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
1331:Chinese Ceramics in the Topkapi Saray Museum
968:Gompertz, 173; Vainker, 110-111; Rawson, 250
199:, close to Longquan, after the start of the
191:and related sites, but it was not until the
1302:, 1991, British Museum Press, 9780714114705
786:, 45-47, 2011, Cambridge University Press,
2718:
2153:
1963:
1709:
1695:
1687:
1359:
1345:
1337:
1234:Krahl, Regina and Harrison-Hall, Jessica,
364:, always the most prestigious material in
91:
42:
1253:, 1991, Yale UP/National Gallery of Art,
1251:Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration
633:was distinguished by crackled glaze, and
187:Celadon production had a long history at
2847:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
1311:, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
1288:, 2007 (2nd edn), British Museum Press,
288:relief sections were achieved either by
691:
386:
2703:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified
2628:Endless power transmitting chain drive
1286:The British Museum Book of Chinese Art
1217:, 1980 (2nd edn.), Faber & Faber,
1134:(in Korean). Internet Daily NewsHankuk
538:was presented with a Longquan dish by
207:(1271–1368) and the early part of the
29:
7:
1202:, 1999, Greenwood Publishing Group,
598:(1127–1279), then continuing in the
396:Vase with iron spot decoration, Yuan
276:The body was normally thrown on the
27:Type of green-glazed Chinese ceramic
1410:Earthenwares, stonewares and others
898:says of the pair illustrated below
896:Gompertz, 156; The British Museum
25:
1595:Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte
1186:Ming: 50 years that changed China
1151:Clunas and Harrison-Hall, 97, 100
1887:
1400:
1333:, Istanbul, 3 vols, London, 1986
1061:Valenstein, 99; Vainker, 108-109
444:Dish with a dragon in the center
437:
425:
413:
401:
389:
259:Technical aspects and decoration
1088:Gompertz, 155-158; Vainker, 108
941:this shrine with gilded figures
939:, 1991,0304.3; Clunas, 212 has
2129:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding
1308:A handbook of Chinese ceramics
1271:, 3rd edition, 1989, Phaidon,
1188:, 2014, British Museum Press,
958:repeated by the British Museum
909:Medley, 148; Gompertz, 164-167
629:careful imitations were made.
113:
83:
64:
1:
2564:Southern Song dynasty coinage
1300:Chinese Pottery and Porcelain
142:Group of 13th-century vessels
1184:and Harrison-Hall, Jessica,
450:Markets and later collecting
155:) is a type of green-glazed
1976:Department of State Affairs
573:by 1532 (now loaned to the
167:prefecture in southwestern
2863:
1938:Bureau of Military Affairs
1022:Massing, 132; Gompertz, 26
611:Jin-Song wars of the 1120s
1885:
1810:Alliance Conducted at Sea
1800:Song–Viet war (1075–1077)
1518:Jingdezhen/Imperial wares
1398:
1040:Massing, 132; Clunas, 285
887:Gompertz, 156, 162; Grove
124:
90:
41:
37:
2141:Four Great Books of Song
1238:, 2009, British Museum,
1130:
782:For example Fang, Lili,
683:art-dealers since 1916.
650:blue and white porcelain
571:Archbishop of Canterbury
221:blue and white porcelain
59:Traditional Chinese
1992:Secretariat-Chancellery
1305:Valenstein, S. (1998).
530:(now Dublin), which is
159:, known in the West as
78:Simplified Chinese
2818:28.07500°N 119.12083°E
2623:Early Bessemer process
2591:Science and technology
1790:Nong Zhigao rebellions
1329:Regina Krahl, et al.,
1050:Warham Bowl, Ashmolean
937:British Museum example
590:
459:
143:
135:
2011:Ministry of Personnel
1916:Imperial examinations
1215:Chinese Celadon Wares
1213:Gompertz, G.St.G.M.,
606:(1368–1644) periods.
588:
473:ancient ritual bronze
457:
141:
133:
2147:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu
1921:Administrative units
1795:Song–Tibet relations
1770:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war
1392:Green-glazed pottery
1131:중국보물선에 실린 용천청자(用天靑瓷)
324:. Many pieces have
2823:28.07500; 119.12083
2814: /
2697:Forensic entomology
2658:Watertight bulkhead
2537:Joint-stock company
2031:Ministry of Justice
2016:Ministry of Revenue
1926:Sixteen Prefectures
815:Valenstein, 101-102
699:British Museum page
617:court was based in
563:New College, Oxford
305:reducing atmosphere
2633:Astronomical clock
1840:Treaty of Shaoxing
1267:Medley, Margaret,
1128:어은영 (2007-04-14).
833:Valenstein, 99-100
648:was being made as
591:
536:Lorenzo de' Medici
502:, most now in the
460:
144:
136:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2712:Dream Pool Essays
2604:Gunpowder weapons
2517:
2516:
2044:
2043:
2036:Ministry of Works
2021:Ministry of Rites
1968:Three Departments
1805:Fang La rebellion
1785:Wang Ze rebellion
1684:
1683:
1487:Tang tomb figures
1229:Oxford Art Online
1169:Gompertz, 157-158
986:Gompertz, 170-171
869:Gompertz, 149-150
794:, 9780521186483,
469:scholar-gentleman
128:
127:
120:
119:
101:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
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2466: 1174–1189
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2405: 1050–1080
2403:
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2297: 1111–1117
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2104:Longquan celadon
2072:Five Great Kilns
1964:
1891:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1688:
1634:Five Great Kilns
1432:Longquan celadon
1404:
1368:Chinese ceramics
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1160:Gompetz, 188-194
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1031:Massing, 131-132
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1005:
1002:
996:
993:
987:
984:
978:
975:
969:
966:
960:
950:
944:
934:
928:
925:
919:
916:
910:
907:
901:
894:
888:
885:
879:
876:
870:
867:
861:
858:
852:
849:
843:
840:
834:
831:
825:
822:
816:
813:
807:
804:
798:
784:Chinese Ceramics
780:
774:
771:
765:
762:
756:
753:
747:
744:
738:
735:
729:
726:
720:
717:
711:
707:
701:
696:
623:Five Great Kilns
602:(1271–1368) and
575:Ashmolean Museum
500:Ottoman Emperors
441:
429:
417:
405:
393:
182:Northern Celadon
147:Longquan celadon
116:
115:
92:
86:
85:
72:
71:
46:
33:Longquan celadon
30:
21:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2842:Chinese pottery
2832:
2831:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2741:
2717:
2673:Horner's method
2585:
2513:
2465:
2417:Emperor Huizong
2404:
2338:
2296:
2152:
2040:
2026:Ministry of War
1997:
1962:
1892:
1883:
1862:Mongol conquest
1780:Chanyuan Treaty
1740:Chenqiao mutiny
1721:
1715:
1685:
1680:
1611:
1557:
1491:
1405:
1396:
1387:Terracotta Army
1375:Ancient pottery
1370:
1365:
1326:
1324:Further reading
1298:Vainker, S.J.,
1282:Rawson, Jessica
1246:, 9780714124544
1210:, 9780313307126
1178:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1126:Gompertz, 201;
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
985:
981:
976:
972:
967:
963:
951:
947:
935:
931:
927:Medley, 150-151
926:
922:
917:
913:
908:
904:
895:
891:
886:
882:
877:
873:
868:
864:
859:
855:
850:
846:
842:Medley, 147-148
841:
837:
832:
828:
824:Medley, 147-148
823:
819:
814:
810:
806:Medley, 148-152
805:
801:
781:
777:
772:
768:
763:
759:
754:
750:
745:
741:
736:
732:
727:
723:
718:
714:
708:
704:
697:
693:
689:
646:Jingdezhen ware
583:
547:Sultan of Egypt
452:
445:
442:
433:
430:
421:
418:
409:
406:
397:
394:
261:
242:and high-fired
238:into low-fired
157:Chinese ceramic
114:lóngquán qīngcí
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2860:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2742: 10th c.
2732:
2725:
2723:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:Wujing Zongyao
2606:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2260:Huang Tingjian
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2160:
2158:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2003:Six Ministries
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1943:Qingli Reforms
1940:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1763:Gaoliang River
1760:
1755:
1750:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1576:Blue and white
1573:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:(fully online)
1303:
1296:
1279:
1265:
1247:
1232:
1225:
1211:
1196:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1119:
1110:
1107:British Museum
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1052:; Gompertz, 26
1042:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1006:
997:
988:
979:
970:
961:
954:Xuande Emperor
945:
929:
920:
911:
902:
889:
880:
871:
862:
853:
844:
835:
826:
817:
808:
799:
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
712:
702:
690:
688:
685:
582:
579:
567:William Warham
504:Topkapi Palace
493:studio pottery
451:
448:
447:
446:
443:
436:
434:
431:
424:
422:
419:
412:
410:
407:
400:
398:
395:
388:
278:potter's wheel
260:
257:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
110:
104:
103:
97:
96:
95:Transcriptions
88:
87:
80:
74:
73:
61:
55:
54:
47:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2859:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2689:Yingzao Fashi
2686:
2684:
2683:Liaodi Pagoda
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:Tianchi basin
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2490:Zhao Mengjian
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2478:Wuzhun Shifan
2476:
2473:
2470:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1958:Three Bureaus
1956:
1954:
1953:Baojia system
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:Huangtiandang
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1815:Jin–Song Wars
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:Song–Xia wars
1773:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1758:Southern Tang
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:Kilns, shapes
1614:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1382:Proto-celadon
1380:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1317:9780870995149
1314:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1294:9780714124469
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1194:9780714124841
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:Clunas, Craig
1180:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1133:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1079:Gompertz, 125
1076:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1013:Gompertz, 147
1010:
1007:
1001:
998:
992:
989:
983:
980:
974:
971:
965:
962:
959:
955:
949:
946:
942:
938:
933:
930:
924:
921:
918:Gompertz, 164
915:
912:
906:
903:
899:
893:
890:
884:
881:
875:
872:
866:
863:
857:
854:
851:Gompertz, 164
848:
845:
839:
836:
830:
827:
821:
818:
812:
809:
803:
800:
797:
793:
789:
785:
779:
776:
770:
767:
761:
758:
752:
749:
743:
740:
734:
731:
725:
722:
716:
713:
706:
703:
700:
695:
692:
686:
684:
680:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
638:
636:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:Southern Song
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
596:Southern Song
587:
580:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:Fonthill Vase
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
474:
470:
466:
456:
449:
440:
435:
428:
423:
416:
411:
404:
399:
392:
387:
385:
383:
377:
375:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:ferrous oxide
317:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
271:
267:
258:
256:
253:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:Southern Song
198:
194:
193:Northern Song
190:
185:
183:
179:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:
152:lung-tsh'wahn
148:
140:
132:
123:
111:
109:
105:
102:
98:
93:
89:
81:
79:
75:
70:
67:
62:
60:
56:
51:
45:
40:
36:
31:
19:
18:Longquan kiln
2799:
2784:Guo Shoujing
2710:
2701:
2687:
2678:Architecture
2663:Fishing reel
2638:Movable type
2608:
2578:
2472:Zhou Jichang
2423:Zhang Zeduan
2272:Zhou Bangyan
2164:Fan Zhongyan
2145:
2133:
2119:Yaozhou ware
2114:Qingbai ware
2103:
1948:New Policies
1753:Southern Han
1744:Unification
1718:Song dynasty
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1604:
1587:
1580:
1568:
1528:Transitional
1431:
1330:
1306:
1299:
1285:
1268:
1263:google books
1250:
1235:
1214:
1199:
1198:Deng, Gary,
1185:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1136:. Retrieved
1122:
1113:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1004:Gompertz, 26
1000:
995:Gompertz, 26
991:
982:
973:
964:
948:
932:
923:
914:
905:
892:
883:
874:
865:
856:
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
802:
796:google books
783:
778:
769:
760:
751:
742:
733:
724:
715:
705:
694:
681:
673:Ming dynasty
670:
658:Sinan County
643:
639:
631:
627:Qing dynasty
608:
592:
557:silver (now
524:
497:
482:
477:
464:
461:
378:
370:
357:
345:
341:
338:
318:
309:dragon kilns
298:
275:
262:
248:
229:
186:
178:Yaozhou ware
146:
145:
108:Hanyu Pinyin
50:Yuan dynasty
2821: /
2809:119°07′15″E
2786:(1231–1316)
2780:(1202–1261)
2778:Qin Jiushao
2774:(1192-1279)
2768:(1186–1249)
2762:(1031–1095)
2756:(1020–1101)
2750:(1010–1070)
2735:Zhang Sixun
2580:Zhu Fan Zhi
2569:Champa rice
2533:(1021–1086)
2510:(1235–1305)
2504:(1222–1307)
2498:(1210–1269)
2492:(1199–1295)
2486:(1190–1230)
2480:(1178–1249)
2459:Lin Tinggui
2455:(1140–1210)
2449:(1120–1182)
2443:(1100–1197)
2437:(1096–1119)
2435:Wang Ximeng
2431:(1094-1172)
2425:(1085–1145)
2419:(1082–1135)
2413:(1051–1107)
2394:(1049–1106)
2388:(1036–1093)
2382:(1020–1090)
2376:(1019–1079)
2370:(1000–1064)
2335:(1170–1231)
2329:(1140–1207)
2323:(1130–1200)
2317:(1127–1206)
2311:(1126–1193)
2309:Fan Chengda
2305:(1125–1209)
2286:(1085–1144)
2280:(1084–1155)
2278:Li Qingzhao
2274:(1056–1121)
2268:(1047–1126)
2262:(1045–1105)
2256:(1039–1112)
2250:(1037–1101)
2244:(1033–1107)
2238:(1032–1085)
2232:(1022–1077)
2226:(1019–1086)
2220:(1019–1083)
2214:(1017–1073)
2208:(1012–1067)
2202:(1011–1077)
2196:(1009–1066)
2190:(1007–1072)
2184:(1002–1060)
2182:Mei Yaochen
2109:Cizhou ware
1986:Chancellery
1981:Secretariat
1909:Family tree
1867:Diaoyucheng
1628:Mantou kiln
1623:Dragon kiln
1117:Rawson, 274
1097:Deng, 61-62
878:Medley, 150
860:Medley, 152
737:Medley, 147
719:Medley, 146
677:lacquerwork
666:Yuan period
512:Middle East
366:Chinese art
303:fired in a
240:earthenware
52:, 1271-1368
2836:Categories
2806:28°04′30″N
2731:(972–1051)
2648:Pound lock
2574:Nanhai One
2531:Wang Anshi
2429:Su Hanchen
2392:Li Gonglin
2362:Zhao Chang
2358:(970–1053)
2356:Xu Daoning
2352:(960–1030)
2333:Zhao Rukuo
2315:Yang Wanli
2224:Sima Guang
2212:Zhou Dunyi
2188:Ouyang Xiu
2178:(998–1061)
2172:(991–1055)
2166:(989–1052)
1897:Government
1562:Decoration
1277:071482593X
1259:0300051670
1244:0714124540
1223:0571180035
1208:0313307121
1176:References
1138:2008-03-22
792:052118648X
654:Jingdezhen
495:versions.
301:iron oxide
266:terracotta
252:terracotta
225:Jingdezhen
2722:Inventors
2599:Gunpowder
2508:Qian Xuan
2474:(12th c.)
2453:Liang Kai
2447:Zhao Boju
2386:Wang Shen
2368:Yi Yuanji
2364:(10th c.)
2236:Cheng Hao
2230:Zhang Zai
2218:Zeng Gong
2206:Cai Xiang
2200:Shao Yong
2124:Jian ware
2087:Guan ware
2077:Ding ware
1872:Xiangyang
1748:Later Shu
1600:Ash glaze
1496:Porcelain
1227:"Grove":
710:locations
551:Holy Land
358:shickikan
334:Guan ware
290:sprigging
244:porcelain
232:stoneware
180:or other
2760:Shen Kuo
2748:Jia Xian
2729:Bi Sheng
2653:Dry dock
2542:Banknote
2502:Gong Kai
2374:Wen Tong
2350:Fan Kuan
2343:Painters
2327:Xin Qiji
2284:Zhu Bian
2266:Cai Jing
2242:Cheng Yi
2092:Jun ware
2062:Religion
1933:Military
1904:Emperors
1835:Yancheng
1820:Jingkang
1731:Timeline
660:off the
619:Hangzhou
613:. A new
520:Tanzania
508:Istanbul
485:Kamakura
478:literati
465:literati
346:tenryūji
197:Hangzhou
189:Longquan
169:Zhejiang
2766:Song Ci
2754:Su Song
2643:Compass
2523:Economy
2484:Li Song
2398:Cui Bai
2176:Song Qi
2170:Yan Shu
2157:Writers
2097:Ru ware
2082:Ge ware
2054:Society
2050:Culture
1855:Caizhou
1845:Tangdao
1727:History
1668:Meiping
1661:Hunping
1513:Qingbai
1427:Yaozhou
1422:Celadon
635:Ge ware
581:History
540:Qaitbay
532:qingbai
382:Qingbai
330:crackle
326:crazing
313:Saggars
286:biscuit
236:pottery
161:celadon
149:(龙泉青瓷,
48:Flask,
2552:Guanzi
2547:Jiaozi
2380:Guo Xi
2321:Zhu Xi
2303:Lu You
2290:Zhu Yu
2254:Su Zhe
2248:Su Shi
2194:Su Xun
2067:Poetry
1850:Caishi
1720:topics
1675:Gaiwan
1606:An hua
1589:Doucai
1570:Sancai
1553:Canton
1548:Tianqi
1543:Swatow
1533:export
1482:Shiwan
1477:Yixing
1462:Jizhou
1437:Cizhou
1315:
1292:
1284:(ed).
1275:
1257:
1242:
1221:
1206:
1192:
790:
662:Korean
559:Kassel
555:gilded
544:Mamluk
542:, the
489:sherds
476:local
374:relief
356:. The
342:kinuta
294:resist
270:relief
173:Fujian
165:Lishui
2772:Li Ye
2557:Huizi
2441:Li Di
2411:Mi Fu
1877:Yamen
1830:De'an
1654:Guang
1582:Wucai
1538:Kraak
1523:Dehua
687:Notes
516:Kenya
282:luted
223:from
217:Japan
213:Korea
2618:Coke
2496:Muqi
2052:and
1647:Ding
1640:Cong
1632:The
1508:Ding
1503:Xing
1457:Jian
1452:Guan
1442:Ding
1313:ISBN
1290:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1190:ISBN
788:ISBN
604:Ming
600:Yuan
518:and
362:jade
354:Ming
352:and
350:Yuan
215:and
209:Ming
205:Yuan
84:龙泉青瓷
2739:fl.
2463:fl.
2402:fl.
2294:fl.
1467:Jun
1417:Yue
565:by
506:in
467:or
328:or
2838::
1472:Ru
1447:Ge
1261:,
569:,
522:.
227:.
69:青瓷
66:龍泉
2744:)
2737:(
2468:)
2461:(
2407:)
2400:(
2299:)
2292:(
1994:)
1990:(
1733:)
1729:(
1710:e
1703:t
1696:v
1360:e
1353:t
1346:v
1141:.
943:.
20:)
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