Pickett's Charge - Knowledge (XXG)

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illusion that they were being destroyed one by one. By the time all of Hunt's cannons ceased fire, and still blinded by the smoke from battle, Alexander fell for Hunt's deception and believed that many of the Union batteries had been destroyed. Hunt had to resist the strong arguments of Hancock, who demanded Union fire to lift the spirits of the infantrymen pinned down by Alexander's bombardment. Even Meade was affected by the artillery—the Leister house was a victim of frequent overshots, and he had to evacuate with his staff to Powers Hill. The counter-battery fire depleted the northern ammunition stocks, leaving them insufficient time to replenish before the southern assault. For the rest of his life, Hunt always maintained that had he been allowed to do what he'd intended—saved his long range shells for the attack he knew was coming, then bombarded the Confederate forces with every gun available once they lined up for their advance—the charge would never have happened and many northern lives would have been saved.

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to break out and Pickett himself with his long oiled ringlets and his hat in one hand probably and his sword in the other looking up the hill waiting for Longstreet to give the word and it's all in the balance, it hasn't happened yet, it hasn't even begun yet, it not only hasn't begun yet but there is still time for it not to begin against that position and those circumstances which made more men than Garnett and Kemper and Armistead and Wilcox look grave yet it's going to begin, we all know that, we have come too far with too much at stake and that moment doesn't need even a fourteen-year-old boy to think This time. Maybe this time with all this much to lose than all this much to gain: Pennsylvania, Maryland, the world, the golden dome of Washington itself to crown with desperate and unbelievable victory the desperate gamble, the cast made two years ago.

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up with a successful flanking attack on Davis's brigade of Mississippians and North Carolinians, which was now the left flank of Pettigrew's division. The survivors were subjected to increasing artillery fire from Cemetery Hill. More than 1,600 rounds were fired at Pettigrew's men during the assault. This portion of the assault never advanced much farther than the sturdy fence at the Emmitsburg Road. By this time, the Confederates were close enough to be fired on by artillery canister and Alexander Hays' division unleashed very effective musketry fire from behind 260 yards of stone wall, with every rifleman of the division lined up as many as four deep, exchanging places in line as they fired and then fell back to reload.

933: 1115:'s brigade followed closely behind. As the division wheeled to the left, its right flank was exposed to McGilvery's guns and the front of Doubleday's Union division on Cemetery Ridge. Stannard's Vermont Brigade marched forward, faced north, and delivered withering fire into the rear of Kemper's brigade. At about this time, Hancock, who had been prominent in displaying himself on horseback to his men during the Confederate artillery bombardment, was wounded by a bullet striking the pommel of his saddle, entering his inner right thigh along with wood fragments and a large bent nail. He refused evacuation to the rear until the battle was settled. 1029: 234: 1226:

Virginia). In Pickett's division, 26 of the 40 field grade officers (majors, lieutenant colonels, and colonels) were casualties—twelve killed or mortally wounded, nine wounded, four wounded and captured, and one captured. All of his brigade commanders fell: Kemper was wounded seriously, captured by Union soldiers, rescued, and then captured again during the retreat to Virginia; Garnett and Armistead were killed. Garnett had a previous leg injury and rode his horse during the charge, despite knowing that conspicuously riding a horse into heavy enemy fire would mean almost certain death.

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effect. He let Hill bring on a major engagement despite instructions not to do so, and then gave orders too imprecise and discretionary to be effective. Five years later Lee offered two reasons for defeat: Stuart’s absence left him blind; and he could not deliver the “one determined and united blow” that he believed would have assured victory. . . . What he did not say was that he was ultimately responsible. He let Stuart go, and his own laissez-faire management helped bungle the attacks on July 1 and 2. . . . Every general has his worst battle. Gettysburg was Lee’s."

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selecting the name Pickett's Charge. Pickett's military career was never the same after the charge, and he was displeased about having his name attached to the repulsed charge. In particular North Carolinians have long taken exception to the characterizations and point to the poor performance of Brockenbrough's Virginians in the advance as a major causative factor of failure. Some historians have questioned the primacy of Pickett's role in the battle. W. R. Bond wrote in 1888, "No body of troops during the last war made as much reputation on so little fighting."

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hadn't become aware of such a development, Alexander eventually notified Pickett that he was running dangerously short of ammunition, sending the message "If you are coming at all, come at once, or I cannot give you proper support, but the enemy's fire has not slackened at all. At least eighteen guns are still firing from the cemetery itself." Pickett asked Longstreet, "General, shall I advance?" Longstreet recalled in his memoirs, "The effort to speak the order failed, and I could only indicate it by an affirmative bow."

524:. The charge suffered from a lack of preparation and misjudgments from the outset. A massive but ultimately ineffective artillery bombardment was wrongly assumed to have softened up the Union position. This was compounded by Lee's incorrect assumption that Meade, having been harried by Confederate attacks the day prior, would concentrate his defenses to the left and right flanks, thereby leaving his center weakened. In fact, the attack was predicted by Meade the previous evening and the center reinforced by the morning. 1100:

past the Emmitsburg Road. Scales's North Carolina brigade, led by Col. William L. J. Lowrance, started with a heavier disadvantage—they had lost almost two-thirds of their men on July 1. They were also driven back and Lowrance was wounded. The Union defenders also took casualties, but Hays encouraged his men by riding back and forth just behind the battle line, shouting "Hurrah! Boys, we're giving them hell!". Two horses were shot out from under him. Historian Stephen W. Sears calls Hays' performance "inspiring".

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attacking Confederate army. Non-Virginian southerners took offense at the overwhelming focus the myth places on Virginian leaders and Virginian troops, despite that larger number of Northern Carolina troops, who sustained greater casualties than the Virginian regiments. Nevertheless, after decades of strident historicizing this narrative had firmly taken root and by the battle's 50th anniversary in 1913 it had become in many ways the standard interpretation of what occurred.

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casualty records, capture reports, and first hand accounts has revealed that substantial numbers of Confederate troops involved in the attack refused to make the final charge, instead choosing to shelter in the sunken depression of the Emmitsburg Road and surrender to Union soldiers after the battle. And later research has shown that it is unlikely Pickett's charge could ever have provided the decisive victory imagined by Lee; a study using

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ground there and refused to advance any further, many surrendering to Union troops after the battle. Over two-thirds of the initial force may have failed to make the final charge; at contact the mile-long front had shrunk to less than half a mile, as the men filled in gaps that appeared throughout the line and followed the natural tendency to move away from the flanking fire.

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exhausted. Longstreet ordered Alexander to stop Pickett, but the young colonel explained that replenishing his ammunition from the trains in the rear would take over an hour, and this delay would nullify any advantage the previous barrage had given them. The infantry assault went forward without the Confederate artillery close support that had been originally planned.

5026: 45: 4099: 4061: 4023: 3026: 1312:, in particular for Virginians. Proponents extol the bravery of Confederate soldiers attacking headlong into Union lines, the capable leadership of southern generals inspiring overwhelming confidence in their men, especially that of Virginians such as Lee and Pickett, and the tantalizing closeness of ultimate victory. 1502:"Recall that the attack front shrank from over 5,280 feet to 2,200 feet, meaning that about 68% for whatever reason did not get close to the Federal line. Armistead’s frontage, in the second line, shrank from about 2,100 feet to around 750 feet by the time his brigade reached the Emmitsburg Road, a reduction of 64%." 858:) to more fairly distribute the credit (or blame). With Hill sidelined, Pettigrew's and Trimble's divisions were delegated to Longstreet's authority as well. Thus, Pickett's name has been lent to a charge in which he commanded 3 out of the 11 brigades while under the supervision of his corps commander throughout. 1188:

Cushing was killed as he shouted to his men, three bullets striking him, the third in his mouth. The Confederates seized his two guns and turned them to face the Union troops (to no avail, as the armaments lacked ammunition). At this point, Union soldiers arrived and successfully charged into the breach.

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Coddington indicates the bombardment stopped at 3 p.m., Hess writes that the bombardment was essentially over by 2 p.m. Wert states that accounts from participants of the bombardment duration vary from 45 minutes to two hours or more, but the "most reliable" are one hour, because the Confederates did

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For every Southern boy fourteen years old, not once but whenever he wants it, there is the instant when it's still not yet two o'clock on that July afternoon in 1863, the brigades are in position behind the rail fence, the guns are laid and ready in the woods and the furled flags are already loosened

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The Union counteroffensive never came; the Army of the Potomac was exhausted and nearly as damaged at the end of the three days as the Army of Northern Virginia. Meade was content to hold the field. On July 4, the armies observed an informal truce and collected their dead and wounded. Meanwhile, Maj.

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The advancing Northerners overwhelmed the Confederate forces; the rebel advance then collapsed in turn. Given that Union forces had killed each senior Confederate officer commanding the forward-most units, no man had the authority to command the Southern forces to fall back in an orderly manner. This

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Two gaps opened up in the Union line: the commander of the 71st Pennsylvania ordered his men to retreat when the Confederates came too close to the Angle; south of the copse of trees, the men of the 59th New York (Hall's brigade) inexplicably bolted for the rear. In the latter case, this left Captain

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Trimble's division of two brigades followed Pettigrew's, but made poor progress. Confusing orders from Trimble caused Lane to send only three and a half of his North Carolina regiments forward. Renewed fire from the 8th Ohio and the onslaught of Hays' riflemen prevented most of these men from getting

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regiment. The 160 Ohioans, firing from a single line, so surprised Brockenbrough's Virginians—already demoralized by their losses to artillery fire—that they panicked and fled back to Seminary Ridge, crashing through Trimble's division and causing many of his men to bolt as well. The Ohioans followed

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Despite Lee's hope for an early start, it took all morning to arrange the infantry assault force. Neither Lee's nor Longstreet's headquarters sent orders to Pickett to have his division on the battlefield by daylight. Historian Jeffrey D. Wert blames this oversight on Longstreet, describing it either

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Estimates of the guns deployed vary. Coddington wrote "over 150"; Eicher, McPherson, and McPherson put it at 159; Trudeau says 164; Symonds cites "more than 160"; Clark writes "about 170"; Pfanz estimates "170 (we cannot know the exact number)"; and finally, de Trobriand in his memoirs says, "put in

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depicts him observing on horseback from the Codori Farm at the Emmitsburg Road, but there is no historical evidence to confirm this. It was established doctrine in the Civil War that commanders of divisions and above would "lead from the rear", while brigade and more junior officers were expected to

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simultaneously. The entire Confederate line to his front disappeared. The gap vacated by most of the 71st Pennsylvania, however, was more serious, leaving only a handful of the 71st, 268 men of the 69th Pennsylvania, and Cushing's two 3-inch rifled guns to receive the 2,500 to 3,000 men of Garnett's

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wrote, "The cannonade in the center ... presented one of the most magnificent battle-scenes witnessed during the war. Looking up the valley towards Gettysburg, the hills on either side were capped with crowns of flame and smoke, as 300 guns, about equally divided between the two ridges, vomited

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There was ... a weak point ... where , sloping westward, formed the depression through which the Emmitsburg Road passes. Perceiving that by forcing the Federal lines at that point and turning toward Cemetery Hill would be taken in flank and the remainder would be neutralized. ... Lee

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As soldiers straggled back to the Confederate lines along Seminary Ridge, Lee feared a Union counteroffensive and tried to rally his center, telling returning soldiers and Wilcox that the failure was "all my fault". Pickett was inconsolable for the rest of the day and never forgave Lee for ordering

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The entire force that stepped off toward the Union positions at about 2:00 p.m. comprised about 12,500 men. Although the attack is popularly called a "charge", the men marched deliberately in line, prepared to speed up and charge only when they were within a few hundred yards of the enemy. The

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The infantry assault was preceded by a massive artillery bombardment that was meant to soften up the Union defense and silence its artillery, but it was largely ineffective. Approximately 12,500 men in nine infantry brigades advanced over open fields for three-quarters of a mile (1200 m) under

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General, I have been a soldier all my life. I have been with soldiers engaged in fights by couples, by squads, companies, regiments, divisions, and armies, and should know, as well as any one, what soldiers can do. It is my opinion that no fifteen thousand men ever arrayed for battle can take that

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The day was hot, 87 °F (31 °C) by one account, and humid, and the Confederates suffered under the hot sun and from the Union counter-battery fire as they awaited the order to advance. When Union cannoneers overshot their targets, they often hit the massed infantry waiting in the woods of

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Over time this view came to dominate perceptions of the battle, despite the initial protestations from groups both north and south. Northern veterans in particular opposed the decreasing emphasis on their hard-fought defense of Cemetery Ridge in favor of extolling the bravery and sacrifice of the

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reported losses of 200, Lang's about 400. Thus, total losses during the attack were 6,555, of which at least 1,123 Confederates were killed on the battlefield, 4,019 were wounded, and a good number of the injured were also captured. Confederate prisoner totals are difficult to estimate from their

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had only about 80 guns available to conduct counter-battery fire; the geographic features of the Union line had limited areas for effective gun emplacement. He also ordered that firing cease to conserve ammunition, but to fool Alexander, Hunt ordered his cannons to cease fire slowly to create the

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Additional controversy developed after the battle about Pickett's personal location during the charge. The fact that fifteen of his officers and all three of his brigadier generals were casualties while Pickett managed to escape unharmed led many to question his proximity to the fighting and, by

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Virginian newspapers praised Pickett's Virginia division as making the most progress during the charge, and the papers used Pickett's comparative success as a means of criticizing the actions of the other states' troops during the charge. It was this publicity that played a significant factor in

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fire as the Confederates came within 400 yards of the Union line. At this point Confederate unit cohesion and morale began to break down. The last shelter before reaching the Union lines lay at 300 yards, in the sunken depression of the Emmitsburg Road. Thousands of Confederates took to the

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with the Union artillery reserve in a second line behind. The ground between Seminary Ridge and Cemetery Ridge is slightly undulating, and the advancing troops periodically disappeared from the view of the Union cannoneers while advancing the nearly three quarters of a mile across open fields to

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Longstreet wanted to avoid personally ordering the charge by attempting to pass the mantle onto young Colonel Alexander, telling him that he should inform Pickett at the optimum time to begin the advance, based on his assessment that the Union artillery had been effectively silenced. Although he

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The July 3 bombardment was likely the largest of the war, with hundreds of cannons from both sides firing along the lines for one to two hours, starting around 1 p.m. Confederate guns numbered between 150 and 170 and fired from a line over two miles (3 km) long, starting in the south at the

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From the beginning of the planning, things went awry for the Confederates. While Pickett's division had not been used yet at Gettysburg, A. P. Hill's health became an issue and he did not participate in selecting which of his troops were to be used for the charge. Some of Hill's corps had fought

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Davis writes, " forfeited any long- or midrange tactical reconnaissance Stuart might have provided, and as a result had no grasp of the overall battlescape. He learned of Union movements too late to react, and never identified Meade’s center of gravity in order to direct his own efforts to best

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Modern analysis, however, has increasingly shifted away from many of the Lost Cause interpretation's tenets. Lee's decision to conduct the attack has been characterized as the culmination of multiple strategic and tactical blunders, and the sacrifice of his troops as unnecessary. Examination of

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History may never know the true story of Lee's intentions at Gettysburg. He never published memoirs, and his after-action report from the battle was cursory. Most of the senior commanders of the charge were casualties and did not write reports. Pickett's report was apparently so bitter that Lee

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regiment) forward. Initially, the regiment was hesitant to attack, this being due to the regiment not recognizing Webb as brigadier general (he had recently been promoted.) However, the 72nd moved forward after realizing their error, helping to plug the gap in the line. During the fight, Lt.

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Longstreet made one final attempt to call off the assault. After his encounter with Pickett, he discussed the artillery situation with Alexander, and was informed that Alexander did not have full confidence that all the enemy's guns were silenced, and that the Confederate ammunition was almost

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The casualties were also high among the commanders of the charge. Trimble and Pettigrew were the most senior casualties of the day; Trimble lost a leg, and Pettigrew received a minor wound to the hand (only to die from a bullet to the abdomen suffered in a minor skirmish during the retreat to

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While the Union lost about 1,500 killed and wounded, the Confederate casualty rate was over 50%. Pickett's division suffered 2,655 casualties (498 killed, 643 wounded, 833 wounded and captured, and 681 captured, unwounded). Pettigrew's losses are estimated to be about 2,700 (470 killed, 1,893

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Despite its ferocity, the fire was mostly ineffectual. Confederate shells often overshot the infantry front lines—in some cases because of inferior shell fuses that delayed detonation—and the smoke covering the battlefield concealed that fact from the gunners. Union artillery chief Brig. Gen.

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The infantry charge was preceded by what Lee hoped would be a powerful and well-concentrated cannonade of the Union center, destroying the Union artillery batteries that could defeat the assault and demoralizing the Union infantry. But a combination of inept artillery leadership and defective

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The much-debated theory suggests that Lee's general plan for the second-day attacks (the seizure of Cemetery Hill) had not changed on the third day, and the attacks on July 3 were also aimed at securing the hill and the network of roads it commanded. The copse of trees, currently a prominent

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As Pickett's men advanced, they withstood the defensive fire of first Stannard's brigade, then Harrow's, and then Hall's, before approaching a minor salient in the Union center, a low stone wall taking an 80-yard right-angle turn known afterward as "The Angle". It was defended by Brig. Gen.

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The infantry assault lasted less than an hour. The supporting attack by Wilcox and Lang on Pickett's right was never a factor; they did not approach the Union line until after Pickett was defeated, and their advance was quickly broken up by McGilvery's guns and by the Vermont Brigade.

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to examine several alternative scenarios suggested that Lee could have captured a foothold on Cemetery Ridge if he had committed several more infantry brigades to the charge; but this likely would have left him with insufficient reserves to hold or exploit the position afterwards.

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line consisted of Pettigrew and Trimble on the left, and Pickett to the right. The nine brigades of men stretched over a mile-long (1,600 m) front. The Confederates immediately encountered heavy artillery fire and were slowed by fences in their path. Fire from Lt. Col.

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resulted in a disorganized retreat. As they left the battlefield, several Union officers on horseback picked up fallen Confederate battle flags and rode back and forth across the lines, dragging the flags behind them on the ground to taunt the retreating southerners.

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Longstreet had opposed the charge from the beginning, convinced the charge would fail (which ultimately proved true), and had his own plan that he would have preferred for a strategic movement around the Union left flank. In his memoirs, he recalled telling Lee:

1546:(2001) by Earl J. Hess attempted to untangle history and memory. They argued that the struggle to shape the memory of Pickett’s Charge obscured its history, devalued the role of non-Virginians, and exaggerated the attack’s importance in the context of the war. 850:, overall command was given to James Longstreet, and Pickett was one of his divisional commanders. Lee did tell Longstreet that Pickett's fresh division should lead the assault, so the name is appropriate, although some recent historians have used the name 570:

Lee believed that, after Confederate attacks on both the left and right flanks of the Union lines on July 2, Meade would concentrate his defenses there to the detriment of his center. However, on the night of July 2, Meade correctly predicted to General

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Again, estimates of the size of the attacking column vary substantially. Clark writes 12,000; Coddington wrote 13,500; Eicher, McPherson, and McPherson put it at 10,500 to 13,000; Hess cites 11,830; Sears says "13,000 or so"; and Pfanz estimates "about

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They were at once enveloped in a dense cloud of smoke and dust. Arms, heads, blankets, guns and knapsacks were thrown and tossed into the clear air. ... A moan went up from the field, distinctly to be heard amid the storm of battle.

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heavy Union artillery and rifle fire. Although some Confederates were able to breach the low stone wall that shielded many of the Union defenders, they could not maintain their hold and were repelled with over 50 percent casualties.

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attacks against Culp's Hill petered out just as Longstreet's cannonade began. Meade knew another attack was imminent and sent a note to all his subordinates to scrape all stragglers and idle units and put them on the line.

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As the three Confederate divisions advanced, awaiting Union soldiers began shouting "Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg!" in reference to the disastrous Union advance on the Confederate line during the 1862

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Armistead, known for leading his brigade with his cap on the tip of his sword, made the farthest progress through the Union lines. He was mortally wounded, falling near "The Angle" at what is now called the

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maintains a neat, mowed path alongside a fence that leads from the Virginia Monument on West Confederate Avenue (Seminary Ridge) due east to the Emmitsburg Road in the direction of the Copse of Trees.

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led his cavalry division to the east, prepared to exploit Lee's hoped-for breakthrough by attacking the Union rear and disrupting its line of communications (and retreat) along the Baltimore Pike.

4079:. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Vol. XXVII-XXXIX-III. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 798. 4041:. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Vol. XXVII-XXXIX-II. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1118. 911:. Lee's intent was to synchronize his offensive across the battlefield, keeping Meade from concentrating his numerically superior force, but the assaults were poorly coordinated and Maj. Gen. 831:

historians, has suggested that Lee's goal was actually Ziegler's Grove on Cemetery Hill, a more prominent and highly visible grouping of trees about 300 yards (274 m) north of the copse.

4003:. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Vol. XXVII-XXXIX-I. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1164. 1154: 1373:

Pickett's division, however, started considerably south of that point, near the Spangler farm, and wheeled to the north after crossing the road. In fact, the Park Service pathway stands

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regiments of his brigade to defend the fence and the guns. The two guns and 940 men could not match the massive firepower that Hays' division, to their right, had been able to unleash.

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On the right flank, Pickett's Virginians crossed the Emmitsburg Road and wheeled partially to their left to face northeast. They marched in two lines, led by the brigades of Brig. Gen.

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line in front of the Seminary Heights from a hundred and thirty to a hundred and forty pieces." All agree that approximately 80 guns available in the Army of Northern Virginia were

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Andrew Cowan and his 1st New York Independent Artillery Battery to face the oncoming infantry. Assisted personally by artillery chief Henry Hunt, Cowan ordered five guns to fire

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Cemetery Ridge, looking south along the ridge with Little Round Top and Big Round Top in the distance. The monument in the foreground is the 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry Monument.

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On the left flank of the attack, Brockenbrough's brigade was devastated by artillery fire from Cemetery Hill. They were also subjected to a surprise musket fusillade from the

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Just as late in the twentieth century the Lost Cause lost most of its academic support, so did historians begin to challenge the traditional narrative of Pickett’s Charge.

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ordered him to destroy it, and no copy has been found. Years later, when asked why the charge at Gettysburg failed, Pickett reportedly said, "I've always thought the

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Stuart's cavalry action in indirect support of the infantry assault was unsuccessful. He was met and stopped by Union cavalry under the command of Brig. Gen.

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Examples of "Pickett–Pettigrew–Trimble" citations are Sears, Hall, and Gottfried. Encyclopedia Virginia, Stewart, and Dixon refer to the "Picket Assault".

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Operations in North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Department of the East. June 3 – August 3, 1863 – Correspondence, etc

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the two main thrusts of Longstreet's assault—Trimble's division advanced north of the current path, while Pickett's division moved from farther south.

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and died two days later in a Union hospital. Ironically, the Union troops that fatally wounded Armistead were under the command of his old friend,

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that Lee would try an attack on Gibbon's sector the following morning. To the north of this position were brigades from the division of Brig. Gen.

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lead from the front, and while this was often violated, there was nothing for Pickett to be ashamed of if he coordinated his forces from behind.

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landmark, was under ten feet (3 m) high in 1863, visible to a portion of the attacking columns only from certain parts of the battlefield.

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as a misunderstanding of Lee's oral order or a mistake. Some of the many criticisms of Longstreet's Gettysburg performance by the postbellum

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Pickett's Charge from a position on the Confederate line looking toward the Union lines, Ziegler's Grove on the left, clump of trees on right

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Operations in North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Department of the East. June 3 – August 3, 1863 – Reports

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Operations in North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Department of the East. June 3 – August 3, 1863 – Reports

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of trees" on Cemetery Ridge has been cited as the visual landmark for the attacking force. Historical treatments such as the 1993 film

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Pickett's Charge was part of Lee's "general plan" to take Cemetery Hill and the network of roads it commanded. His military secretary,

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the charge. When Lee told Pickett to rally his division for the defense, Pickett allegedly replied, "General, I have no division."

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and Armistead's brigades as they began to cross the stone fence. The Irishmen of the 69th Pennsylvania resisted fiercely in a

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raked the Confederate right flank, artillery fire from Cemetery Hill hit the left, while the center faced the cannons of the

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marking the approximate place where Armistead was fatally wounded. The wall behind the monument marks the Union lines.

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or in the shallow depressions just behind Alexander's guns, causing significant casualties before the charge began.

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wounded, 337 captured). Trimble's two brigades lost 885 (155 killed, 650 wounded, and 80 captured). Wilcox's

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Pickett's Charge has become one of the central symbols of the literary and cultural movement known as the

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not have sufficient ammunition to fire longer than that. Sears states the bombardment ended at 2:30 p.m.

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authors cite this failure as evidence that Longstreet deliberately undermined Lee's plan for the battle.

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The specific objective of the assault has been the source of historical controversy. Traditionally, the "

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Hess, Sears, and Wert dispute prevalent accounts that Lee and Pickett met personally after the battle.

1118: 3607: 3494: 3439: 2745: 4859: 4844: 4820: 4523: 4484: 4479: 3539: 3490: 3282: 3087: 2899:

Crucible of Command: Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee -- The War They Fought, the Peace They Forged

1393: 1342: 1328: 1132: 953: 787: 736: 604: 469: 108: 1040:

Copse of trees and "high-water mark of the Confederacy" on the Gettysburg Battlefield; looking north

1036: 892:

In conjunction with the infantry assault, Lee planned a cavalry action in the Union rear. Maj. Gen.

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Meanwhile, on the far right end of the Union line, a seven-hour battle raged for the control of

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of rifle fire, bayonets, and fists. Webb, mortified that the 71st had retreated, brought the

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Headquarters, Army of the Potomac, Circular, Battlefield near Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863

1273:, splitting the Confederacy in two. These two Union victories are generally considered the 441: 4760: 4739: 4715: 4700: 4474: 3708: 3388: 3335: 3267: 3162: 3079: 2794: 1195: 1104: 948:

equipment doomed the barrage from the beginning. Longstreet's corps artillery chief, Col.

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positions on Cemetery Hill, the attack was a costly mistake that decisively ended Lee's

4805: 4645: 4110: 3766:. Civil War America. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 285. 3046: 2790: 1136: 999: 965: 908: 866: 803: 779: 775: 767: 763: 696: 663: 576: 528: 304: 283: 27:

Confederate infantry assault during the Battle of Gettysburg in the American Civil War

5080: 4800: 4785: 4735: 4705: 4629: 4103: 4065: 4027: 3905: 3752: 3590: 3092: 3030: 2960: 1426: 1171: 1071: 1067: 937: 731:'s division (Hill's Corps) were to support the attack on the right flank: Brig. Gen. 487: 484: 294: 221: 4392: 3152: 554:

toward the center of Union lines, ultimately being repulsed with heavy casualties.

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Receding Tide: Vicksburg and Gettysburg: The Campaigns That Changed the Civil War

3953: 3221: 3039: 2946: 2897: 2690:"Refighting Pickett's Charge: Mathematical Modeling of the Civil War Battlefield" 566:

determined to attack at that point, and the execution was assigned to Longstreet.

531:, one of three Confederate generals (all under the command of Lieutenant General 4765: 4745: 4180: 3852:

Pickett's Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Attack at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863

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Gompert, David C.; Kugler, Richard L. (August 2006). Binnendijk, Hans (ed.).

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in the 1880s. However, recent scholarship, including published works by some

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The Maps of Gettysburg: An Atlas of the Gettysburg Campaign, June 3–13, 1863

3184: 3012: 2978: 2820: 1381: 964:

and running roughly parallel to the Emmitsburg Road. Confederate Brig. Gen.

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The site of Pickett's Charge is one of the best-maintained portions of the

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The temperature was recorded at 2:00 p.m. by Professor Michael Jacobs of

878: 862: 510: 465: 2729: 2689: 952:, had effective command of the field; Lee's artillery chief, Brig. Gen. 2705: 1818: 1608: 1575: 1218: 1122:

Field of Pickett's Charge, viewed from north of The Angle, looking west

886: 874: 693: 520:, the farthest point reached by the attack has been referred to as the 353: 4413: 2948:

These Honored Dead: How the Story of Gettysburg Shaped American Memory

2713: 4255: 3860: 3808: 3433:

Jones, Archer (1992). "Military Means, Political Ends: Strategy". In

3201:"Lee's Mistake: Learning from the Decision to Order Pickett's Charge" 1282: 1184: 371: 3502:. The Civil War Part III: The Generals' Perspective (1st ed.). 928:

Cannons representing Hancock's defenses, stormed by Pickett's Charge

885:. The supporting troops under Wilcox and Lang were from Alabama and 1135:. Webb placed the two remaining guns of (the severely wounded) Lt. 774:. On the night of July 2, Meade correctly predicted to Gibbon at a 3410: 3353: 3124: 3041:

Learning the Battle of Gettysburg: A Guide to the Official Records

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continue to popularize this view, which originated in the work of

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The target of the Confederate assault was the center of the Union

4102:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4064:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4026:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3029:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

839:

lightly on July 1 and not at all on July 2. However, troops that

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From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America

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reports; Union reports indicated that 3,750 men were captured.

1242:

produced 11 and all were casualties—six killed, five wounded.

38: 688:'s Third Corps. Pettigrew commanded brigades from Maj. Gen. 3496:

Memoirs of Robert E. Lee: His Military and Personal History

4373:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009. 2993:

de Trobriand, Régis (1889). Dauchy, George Kellogg (ed.).

843:

done heavy fighting on July 1 ended up making the charge.

4301:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. 1529:

Reardon writes of northern objections and southern ones.

985:"A gun and gunners that repulsed Pickett's Charge" (from 4212:. Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech 2667: 2387: 2355: 2148: 1932: 1644: 1143:, at the front of his line at the stone fence, with the 758:. Directly in the center was the division of Brig. Gen. 62: 3094:

The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War

2159: 2157: 5042: 4286:. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2010. 4271:. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2006. 3911:

American Heritage History of the Battle of Gettysburg

865:, with the other divisions consisting of troops from 2688:

Armstrong, Michael J.; Sodergren, Steven E. (2015).

846:

Although the assault is known to popular history as

4942: 4903: 4829: 4724: 4618: 4572: 4522: 4451: 4233: 655:Pickett's Charge was planned for three Confederate 3849: 3756: 3655: 3606: 3538: 3438: 3377: 3320: 3271: 3151: 3091: 2836: 2779: 2639: 1511:Sears,"the 59th suddenly and unaccountably bolted" 1066:. Shell and solid shot in the beginning turned to 4269:Fields of Honor: Pivotal Battles of the Civil War 1293:implication, his personal courage. The 1993 film 646:Battle of Gettysburg order of battle: Confederate 3601:(1992). "American Victory, American Defeat". In 3380:Pickett's Charge: The Last Attack at Gettysburg 1318: 1086: 1008: 445:Map of Pickett's Charge (details), July 3, 1863 101: 3668:Eastern National Park and Monument Association 3207:(54). National Defense University Press: 1–8. 2750:. Scotland Neck, NC: W.L.L. Hall. p. 91. 1544:Pickett’s Charge—The Last Attack at Gettysburg 1249:about three miles (5 km) to the east, in 4429: 4319:. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2006. 3654:Pfanz, Harry Willcox; Hartwig, Scott (1994). 3506:: J.M. Stoddart, & Company. p. 707. 2627: 715:'s division, had the brigades of Brig. Gens. 122:General Pickett's Famous Charge at Gettysburg 8: 4334:. 2nd ed. Dayton, OH: Gatehouse Press 2009. 2447: 2415: 2295: 2187: 1992: 1980: 1596: 2854:. pp. 5–7, 397–411, 485–489, 499–502. 2839:The Gettysburg Campaign; A Study in Command 1358:A small portion of the Gettysburg Cyclorama 861:Pickett's men were almost exclusively from 635:Battle of Gettysburg order of battle: Union 4519: 4457: 4436: 4422: 4414: 2747:Pickett or Pettigrew?: An Historical Essay 2543: 2515: 2487: 2136: 2100: 2076: 2068: 2008: 1917: 1869: 1837: 1806: 1680: 1627: 1049:'s concealed artillery positions north of 940:previous to Pickett's Charge, sketched by 98: 4950:Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 2471: 2219:Priest, John M.,"Pickett's Charge" (2010) 1794: 1716: 987:The Photographic History of the Civil War 535:) who led the assault. Also known as the 326: 314: 276: 264: 85:Learn how and when to remove this message 4354:Petruzzi, J. David, and Steven Stanley. 3274:The Stand of the U.S. Army at Gettysburg 2388:Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001) 2356:Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001) 2149:Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001) 1933:Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001) 1645:Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001) 440: 420: 406: 5049: 4393:Modern photograph of the Copse of Trees 2996:Four Years with the Army of the Potomac 2603: 2591: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2531: 2339: 1956: 1944: 1857: 1746: 1568: 1409: 1275:turning point of the American Civil War 4556: 4371:Pickett's Charge in History and Memory 4299:The Third Day at Gettysburg and Beyond 4250:Pickett's Charge in History and Memory 4230: 3759:Pickett's Charge in History and Memory 3154:Lee and His Generals in War and Memory 2903:. Boston: Da Capo Press. p. 688. 2651: 1668: 1540:Pickett’s Charge in History and Memory 2782:Gettysburg: The Confederate High Tide 2655: 2615: 2519: 2491: 2475: 2431: 2391: 2375: 2359: 2323: 2311: 2299: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2239: 2231: 2199: 2175: 2124: 2108: 2032: 2016: 2004: 1968: 1905: 1841: 1770: 1758: 1692: 1656: 425:Map of Pickett's Charge, July 3, 1863 7: 5025: 3387:. Civil War America (1st ed.). 3049:: Thomas Publications. p. 144. 2503: 2459: 2435: 2427: 2403: 2371: 2343: 2335: 2251: 2235: 2163: 2112: 2104: 2088: 2072: 2056: 2044: 2020: 2012: 1893: 1881: 1845: 1782: 1704: 527:Popularly named after Major General 4210:www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com 3662:. National Park Civil War Series. 3393:University of North Carolina Press 1734:Numbers at Pickett's Charge (2010) 1232:high-water mark of the Confederacy 1094:Lt. Col. Franklin Sawyer, 8th Ohio 993:'s 1st New York Artillery Battery. 969:their iron hail upon each other." 703:(Pettigrew's Brigade), Brig. Gen. 550:whose Confederate troops made the 522:high-water mark of the Confederacy 25: 852:Pickett–Pettigrew–Trimble Assault 829:Gettysburg National Military Park 782:, and to the south was Maj. Gen. 5064: 5052: 5024: 5015: 5014: 4358:. New York: Savas Beatie, 2009. 4248:interview with Carol Reardon on 4239: 4097: 4059: 4021: 3955:Gettysburg: A Testing of Courage 3167:Louisiana State University Press 3024: 2789:. The Civil War (1st ed.). 2640:Armstrong & Sodergren (2015) 762:with the brigades of Brig. Gen. 711:. Trimble, commanding Maj. Gen. 613:Battle of Gettysburg, second day 537:Pickett–Pettigrew–Trimble Charge 367:12,500 infantry in 9–11 brigades 232: 214: 115: 43: 30:For the book of that title, see 4398:Numbers at Pickett's Charge in 3715:Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg! 719:(temporarily commanded by Col. 609:Battle of Gettysburg, first day 468:assault on the last day of the 3548:(1st Da Capo Press ed.). 3220:Gottfried, Bradley M. (2007). 2835:Coddington, Edwin B. (1984) . 1384:painting by the French artist 1285:had something to do with it." 1265:accepted the surrender of the 727:. Two brigades from Maj. Gen. 1: 4356:The Complete Gettysburg Guide 4161:"Numbers at Pickett's Charge" 3323:Lee's Real Plan at Gettysburg 1141:Battery A, 4th U.S. Artillery 346: 3952:Trudeau, Noah Andre (2002). 1542:(1997) by Carol Reardon and 1461:used during the bombardment. 1107:on the right and Brig. Gen. 913:Edward "Allegheny" Johnson's 684:'s First Corps and Lt. Gen. 677:, consisting of troops from 651:Plans and command structures 561:, described Lee's thinking: 4348:The High Tide at Gettysburg 4345:McCulloch, Captain Robert. 3037:Dixon, Benjamin Y. (2007). 2628:Gompert & Kugler (2006) 1719:, p. 397-417Map Set 26 1240:Virginia Military Institute 5113: 4189:U.S. National Park Service 4181:"The Gettysburg Cyclorama" 2999:. Boston: Ticknor and Co. 2846:(1st Paperback ed.). 2448:Pfanz & Hartwig (1994) 2416:Pfanz & Hartwig (1994) 2296:Pfanz & Hartwig (1994) 2258:, pp. 422–25, 429–31. 2188:Pfanz & Hartwig (1994) 1981:Pfanz & Hartwig (1994) 1597:Pfanz & Hartwig (1994) 1165:, showing Pickett's Charge 802:under the command of Col. 643: 632: 616: 598: 516:Often cited as one of the 29: 5010: 4905:Army of Northern Virginia 4895:Medal of Honor recipients 4518: 4460: 4332:Gettysburg Campaign Atlas 4238: 2744:Bond, William R. (1900). 754:, commanded by Maj. Gen. 699:(Archer's Brigade), Col. 518:turning points of the war 380: 337: 245: 207: 131: 114: 106: 18:Longstreet's Assault 4317:The Battle of Gettysburg 4297:Gallagher, Gary W., ed. 4204:Priest, John M. (2010). 4122:(2015 Kindle ed.). 3964:HarperCollins Publishers 3920:HarperCollins Publishers 3658:The Battle of Gettysburg 3609:Why the Confederacy Lost 3554:J. B. Lippincott and Co. 3441:Why the Confederacy Lost 3319:Harman, Troy D. (2003). 3287:Indiana University Press 3229:(2010 Kindle ed.). 2694:Social Science Quarterly 2670:The Gettysburg Cyclorama 2338:, pp. 245, 271–76; 1628:Long & Wright (1887) 1400:Notes/References/Sources 1390:The Battle of Gettysburg 1111:on the left; Brig. Gen. 1064:Battle of Fredericksburg 386:1,500 killed and wounded 156:Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 57:may need to be rewritten 4085:2027/coo.31924077700262 4047:2027/coo.31924077699761 4009:2027/coo.31924077699761 3622:Oxford University Press 3487:Long, Armistead Lindsay 3454:Oxford University Press 2852:Charles Scribner's Sons 1825:, pp. 168–173, 193 1732:Encyclopedia Virginia, 1582:, pp. 168–173, 193 950:Edward Porter Alexander 721:William Lee J. Lowrance 692:'s old division, under 464:(July 3, 1863), was an 4990:Gettysburg Battlefield 3376:Hess, Earl J. (2001). 1435:Alamogordo, New Mexico 1364:Gettysburg Battlefield 1359: 1334: 1236:Winfield Scott Hancock 1204: 1201:Gettysburg Battlefield 1166: 1123: 1091: 1058:reach the Union line. 1041: 1033: 1013: 994: 944: 929: 854:(or, less frequently, 821:Gettysburg Battlefield 619:Gettysburg Battlefield 568: 559:Armistead Lindsay Long 458: 438: 418: 246:Commanders and leaders 139:July 3, 1863 4751:Joshua L. Chamberlain 4691:J. Johnston Pettigrew 4408:Encyclopedia Virginia 4400:Encyclopedia Virginia 4313:Haskell, Frank Aretas 4165:Encyclopedia Virginia 4116:Gettysburg, Day Three 3491:Wright, Marcus Joseph 3088:McPherson, James Alan 2942:Desjardins, Thomas A. 2778:Clark, Champ (1987). 2642:, pp. 1153–1168. 1368:National Park Service 1357: 1350:The battlefield today 1247:David McMurtrie Gregg 1198: 1157: 1121: 1039: 1031: 984: 935: 927: 709:John M. Brockenbrough 671:J. Johnston Pettigrew 617:Further information: 563: 544:J. Johnston Pettigrew 503:invasion of the north 444: 424: 410: 381:Casualties and losses 310:J. Johnston Pettigrew 5087:Battle of Gettysburg 4821:Gouverneur K. Warren 4406:Pickett's Charge in 4128:Simon & Schuster 3107:Simon & Schuster 2654:, pp. 77, 116; 2522:, pp. 426, 455. 2518:, pp. 504–505; 2254:, pp. 188–190; 2071:, pp. 500–502; 2023:, pp. 175, 184. 2019:, pp. 397–400; 1683:, pp. 461, 489. 1394:Gettysburg Cyclorama 1392:, also known as the 1343:the Lanchester model 1329:Intruder in the Dust 1199:The monument on the 1163:Battle of Gettysburg 1133:Philadelphia Brigade 954:William N. Pendleton 856:Longstreet's Assault 605:Battle of Gettysburg 470:Battle of Gettysburg 109:Battle of Gettysburg 4831:Army of the Potomac 4776:Winfield S. Hancock 4641:Richard H. Anderson 4636:E. Porter Alexander 4445:Gettysburg Campaign 4167:. December 14, 2010 4073:U.S. War Department 4035:U.S. War Department 3997:U.S. War Department 3599:McPherson, James M. 3084:McPherson, James M. 2955:(Kindle ed.). 2606:, pp. 154–175. 2570:, pp. 131–153. 2558:, pp. 108–130. 2390:, pp. 548–49; 2374:, pp. 333–35; 2358:, pp. 547–48; 2075:, pp. 160–61; 2015:, pp. 180–81; 1993:de Trobriand (1889) 1844:, pp. 377–80; 1809:, pp. 454–455. 1647:, pp. 544–546. 1269:garrison along the 792:2nd Vermont Brigade 786:'s division of the 756:Winfield S. Hancock 748:Army of the Potomac 729:Richard H. Anderson 601:Gettysburg campaign 358:1 artillery brigade 260:Winfield S. Hancock 177:39.8126°N 77.2366°W 173: / 5059:American Civil War 4943:Campaign geography 4781:Oliver Otis Howard 4252:, February 8, 1998 4206:"Pickett's Charge" 4191:. January 19, 2005 3846:Stewart, George R. 3624:. pp. 15–42. 3456:. pp. 43–78. 3148:Gallagher, Gary W. 2706:10.1111/ssqu.12178 2700:(4). : 1153–1168. 2546:, pp. 124–25. 2438:, pp. 251–52. 2406:, pp. 291–92. 2362:, pp. 451–54. 2346:, pp. 212–13. 2326:, pp. 444–54. 2314:, pp. 436–43. 2302:, pp. 436–39. 2294:, p. 139–43; 2282:, pp. 434–35. 2242:, pp. 424–26. 2091:, pp. 161–62. 1472:Gettysburg College 1386:Paul Philippoteaux 1360: 1326:William Faulkner, 1251:East Cavalry Field 1205: 1167: 1159:Thure de Thulstrup 1124: 1113:Lewis A. Armistead 1109:Richard B. Garnett 1042: 1034: 995: 945: 930: 800:121st Pennsylvania 796:George J. Stannard 595:Military situation 459: 439: 419: 240:Confederate States 5040: 5039: 4806:Daniel E. Sickles 4791:Alfred Pleasonton 4696:George E. Pickett 4671:Allegheny Johnson 4614: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4557:Artillery barrage 4470:Second Winchester 4379:978-0-8078-5461-7 4364:978-1-932714-63-0 4340:978-1-934900-45-1 4325:978-1-4286-6012-0 4292:978-1-4262-0510-1 4282:Bearss, Edwin C. 4261: 4260: 4137:978-1-4391-2929-6 3973:978-0-06-019363-8 3906:Symonds, Craig L. 3874:978-0-395-59772-9 3822:978-0-618-48538-3 3797:Sears, Stephen W. 3773:978-0-8078-2379-8 3729:978-0-8078-6793-8 3677:978-0-915992-63-8 3631:978-0-19-987443-9 3563:978-1-5107-2023-7 3535:Longstreet, James 3463:978-0-19-987443-9 3402:978-0-8078-9839-0 3345:978-0-8117-0054-2 3332:Mechanicsburg, PA 3296:978-0-253-34258-4 3244:978-1-932714-30-2 3176:978-0-8071-4177-9 3116:978-0-7432-1846-7 3056:978-1-57747-121-9 2970:978-0-306-81267-5 2910:978-0-306-82245-2 2893:Davis, William C. 2804:978-0-8094-4757-2 2544:Desjardins (2008) 2516:Coddington (1984) 2488:Desjardins (2008) 2418:, pp. 52–53. 2137:Coddington (1984) 2101:Coddington (1984) 2077:Longstreet (1992) 2069:Coddington (1984) 2009:Coddington (1984) 1918:Coddington (1984) 1870:Coddington (1984) 1838:Coddington (1984) 1807:Coddington (1984) 1785:, pp. 98–99. 1681:Coddington (1984) 1671:, pp. 63–83. 1599:, pp. 44–52. 1271:Mississippi River 1181:72nd Pennsylvania 1149:71st Pennsylvania 1129:Alexander S. Webb 1080:8th Ohio Infantry 1047:Freeman McGilvery 920:Artillery barrage 825:John B. Bachelder 772:Alexander S. Webb 770:, and Brig. Gen. 701:James K. Marshall 450: Confederate 430: Confederate 405: 404: 203: 202: 182:39.8126; -77.2366 95: 94: 87: 67:lead layout guide 32:George R. Stewart 16:(Redirected from 5104: 5097:July 1863 events 5069: 5068: 5067: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5048: 5028: 5027: 5018: 5017: 4796:John F. Reynolds 4771:George S. Greene 4756:George A. Custer 4711:Isaac R. Trimble 4686:W. Dorsey Pender 4681:Lafayette McLaws 4676:James Longstreet 4651:Richard S. Ewell 4552:Pickett's Charge 4542:Little Round Top 4520: 4458: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4415: 4369:Reardon, Carol. 4266:Bearss, Edwin C. 4243: 4242: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4121: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4025: 4024: 4020: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3914:(1st ed.). 3901: 3899: 3897: 3865:Houghton Mifflin 3859:(1st ed.). 3858: 3855: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3813:Houghton Mifflin 3806: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3765: 3762: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3721: 3718: 3709:Rable, George C. 3704: 3702: 3700: 3664:Conshohocken, PA 3661: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3616:(1st ed.). 3615: 3612: 3603:Boritt, Gabor S. 3594: 3588: 3586: 3547: 3544: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3501: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3448:(1st ed.). 3447: 3444: 3435:Boritt, Gabor S. 3429: 3427: 3425: 3386: 3383: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3329: 3326: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3281:(1st ed.). 3280: 3277: 3268:Hall, Jeffrey C. 3263: 3261: 3259: 3228: 3216: 3205:Defense Horizons 3195: 3193: 3191: 3160: 3157: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3101:(1st ed.). 3100: 3097: 3080:Eicher, David J. 3075: 3073: 3071: 3045:(1st ed.). 3044: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3021: 3019: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2954: 2953:(Kindle Edition) 2951: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2902: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2845: 2842: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2788: 2785: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2674: 2665: 2659: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2485: 2479: 2472:McPherson (1992) 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2385: 2379: 2369: 2363: 2353: 2347: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2249: 2243: 2229: 2223: 2214: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1835: 1829: 1821:Official Records 1819:U.S. War Dept., 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1795:Gallagher (1998) 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1729: 1720: 1717:Gottfried (2007) 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1611:Official Records 1609:U.S. War Dept., 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1578:Official Records 1576:U.S. War Dept., 1573: 1557: 1553: 1547: 1536: 1530: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1468: 1462: 1454: 1448: 1444: 1438: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1332: 1314:William Faulkner 1263:Ulysses S. Grant 1095: 1051:Little Round Top 1024:Infantry assault 848:Pickett's Charge 790:, including the 733:Cadmus M. Wilcox 717:Alfred M. Scales 682:James Longstreet 675:Isaac R. Trimble 673:, and Maj. Gen. 548:Isaac R. Trimble 546:, and Maj. Gen. 533:James Longstreet 462:Pickett's Charge 455: 449: 435: 429: 351: 348: 328: 322:Isaac R. Trimble 316: 300:James Longstreet 278: 266: 238: 236: 235: 220: 218: 217: 188: 187: 185: 184: 183: 178: 174: 171: 170: 169: 166: 146: 144: 133: 132: 119: 102:Pickett's Charge 99: 90: 83: 79: 76: 70: 63:improve the lead 47: 46: 39: 21: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5065: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5043: 5041: 5036: 5006: 4938: 4910:order of battle 4907: 4899: 4836:order of battle 4833: 4825: 4811:Henry W. Slocum 4761:Abner Doubleday 4740:George G. Meade 4720: 4716:Lewis Armistead 4701:Robert E. Rodes 4606: 4568: 4562:Cavalry battles 4514: 4447: 4442: 4389: 4384: 4330:Laino, Philip, 4240: 4234:External videos 4227:Further reading 4224: 4215: 4213: 4203: 4194: 4192: 4179: 4170: 4168: 4159: 4150: 4148: 4138: 4130:. p. 653. 4119: 4111:Wert, Jeffry D. 4109: 4098: 4071: 4060: 4033: 4022: 3995: 3986: 3984: 3974: 3951: 3942: 3940: 3930: 3922:. p. 328. 3904: 3895: 3893: 3875: 3867:. p. 359. 3856: 3844: 3835: 3833: 3823: 3795: 3786: 3784: 3774: 3763: 3751: 3742: 3740: 3730: 3719: 3707: 3698: 3696: 3678: 3653: 3644: 3642: 3632: 3613: 3597: 3584: 3582: 3564: 3545: 3533: 3524: 3522: 3499: 3485: 3476: 3474: 3464: 3445: 3432: 3423: 3421: 3403: 3395:. p. 528. 3389:Chapel Hill, NC 3384: 3375: 3366: 3364: 3346: 3338:. p. 152. 3336:Stackpole Books 3327: 3318: 3309: 3307: 3297: 3289:. p. 415. 3283:Bloomington, IN 3278: 3266: 3257: 3255: 3245: 3237:. p. 384. 3226: 3219: 3198: 3189: 3187: 3177: 3169:. p. 298. 3163:Baton Rouge, LA 3158: 3146: 3137: 3135: 3117: 3109:. p. 990. 3098: 3078: 3069: 3067: 3057: 3036: 3025: 3017: 3015: 2992: 2983: 2981: 2971: 2963:. p. 272. 2952: 2940: 2931: 2929: 2911: 2891: 2882: 2880: 2862: 2843: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2805: 2797:. p. 184. 2795:Time-Life Books 2786: 2777: 2768: 2766: 2743: 2734: 2732: 2687: 2678: 2677: 2666: 2662: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2486: 2482: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2434:, p. 458; 2430:, p. 326; 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2386: 2382: 2370: 2366: 2354: 2350: 2342:, p. 506; 2334: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2250: 2246: 2238:, p. 171; 2234:, p. 137; 2230: 2226: 2215: 2206: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2111:, p. 415; 2107:, p. 162; 2103:, p. 502; 2099: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2011:, p. 497; 2007:, p. 135; 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1924: 1916: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1840:, p. 485; 1836: 1832: 1817: 1813: 1805: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1769: 1765: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1730: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1643: 1634: 1626: 1622: 1607: 1603: 1595: 1591: 1585: 1574: 1570: 1560: 1554: 1550: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1482: 1478: 1469: 1465: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1441: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1402: 1352: 1333: 1325: 1306: 1214: 1172:double canister 1105:James L. Kemper 1097: 1093: 1026: 922: 894:J. E. B. Stuart 784:Abner Doubleday 741:Perry's brigade 705:Joseph R. Davis 659:, commanded by 653: 648: 642: 637: 631: 626: 624:Opposing forces 621: 615: 599:Main articles: 597: 592: 586: 552:frontal assault 495:George G. Meade 457: 453: 451: 447: 437: 433: 431: 427: 401: 376: 361: 349: 333: 288: 255:George G. Meade 233: 231: 215: 213: 181: 179: 175: 172: 167: 164: 162: 160: 159: 158: 142: 140: 120: 91: 80: 74: 71: 60: 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5110: 5108: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5092:George Pickett 5089: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5061: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5022: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4841: 4839: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4731: 4729: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4646:Jubal A. Early 4643: 4638: 4633: 4625: 4623: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4534: 4528: 4526: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4465:Brandy Station 4461: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4403: 4395: 4388: 4387:External links 4385: 4383: 4382: 4367: 4352: 4343: 4328: 4310: 4295: 4280: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4236: 4235: 4223: 4222: 4201: 4177: 4157: 4136: 4107: 4069: 4031: 3993: 3972: 3949: 3928: 3902: 3873: 3842: 3821: 3793: 3772: 3753:Reardon, Carol 3749: 3728: 3705: 3676: 3670:. p. 59. 3651: 3630: 3595: 3562: 3531: 3483: 3462: 3430: 3401: 3373: 3344: 3316: 3295: 3264: 3243: 3217: 3196: 3175: 3144: 3115: 3076: 3055: 3047:Gettysburg, PA 3034: 2990: 2969: 2938: 2909: 2889: 2860: 2832: 2803: 2791:Alexandria, VA 2775: 2741: 2684: 2676: 2675: 2660: 2658:, p. 427. 2644: 2632: 2620: 2618:, p. 330. 2608: 2604:Reardon (1997) 2596: 2594:, p. 131. 2592:Reardon (1997) 2584: 2582:, p. 108. 2580:Reardon (1997) 2572: 2568:Reardon (1997) 2560: 2556:Reardon (1997) 2548: 2536: 2534:, p. 154. 2532:Reardon (1997) 2524: 2508: 2496: 2494:, p. 359. 2490:, p. 47; 2480: 2474:, p. 19; 2464: 2462:, p. 297. 2452: 2440: 2420: 2408: 2396: 2394:, p. 467. 2380: 2378:, p. 467. 2364: 2348: 2340:Trudeau (2002) 2328: 2316: 2304: 2298:, p. 51; 2284: 2272: 2270:, p. 422. 2260: 2244: 2224: 2204: 2202:, p. 1-2. 2192: 2180: 2178:, p. 392. 2168: 2166:, p. 335. 2153: 2151:, p. 544. 2141: 2139:, p. 462. 2129: 2127:, p. 131. 2117: 2115:, p. 182. 2093: 2081: 2079:, p. 392. 2061: 2059:, p. 283. 2049: 2047:, p. 151. 2037: 2035:, p. 383. 2025: 1997: 1995:, p. 507. 1985: 1973: 1971:, p. 128. 1961: 1959:, p. 215. 1957:Symonds (2001) 1949: 1947:, p. 452. 1945:Trudeau (2002) 1937: 1935:, p. 543. 1922: 1920:, p. 493. 1910: 1908:, p. 415. 1898: 1896:, p. 182. 1886: 1884:, p. 162. 1874: 1872:, p. 502. 1862: 1860:, p. 214. 1858:Symonds (2001) 1850: 1848:, p. 127. 1830: 1811: 1799: 1797:, p. 141. 1787: 1775: 1773:, p. 391. 1763: 1751: 1747:Stewart (1959) 1739: 1721: 1709: 1707:, p. 185. 1697: 1695:, p. 359. 1685: 1673: 1661: 1659:, p. 345. 1649: 1632: 1620: 1601: 1589: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1558: 1548: 1531: 1522: 1513: 1504: 1495: 1486: 1476: 1463: 1449: 1439: 1418: 1408: 1401: 1398: 1351: 1348: 1323: 1305: 1304:The Lost Cause 1302: 1213: 1210: 1137:Alonzo Cushing 1085: 1025: 1022: 1000:Seminary Ridge 966:Evander M. Law 936:Appearance of 921: 918: 867:North Carolina 804:Chapman Biddle 794:of Brig. Gen. 780:Alexander Hays 776:council of war 768:Norman J. Hall 764:William Harrow 697:Birkett D. Fry 664:George Pickett 652: 649: 644:Main article: 641: 638: 633:Main article: 630: 627: 625: 622: 596: 593: 591: 588: 577:council of war 529:George Pickett 452: 446: 432: 426: 414:, painting by 403: 402: 400: 399: 398:3,750 captured 396: 393: 389: 387: 383: 382: 378: 377: 375: 374: 368: 364: 362: 360: 359: 356: 343: 340: 339: 335: 334: 332: 331: 319: 307: 305:George Pickett 302: 297: 291: 289: 287: 286: 284:Alexander Hays 281: 269: 257: 251: 248: 247: 243: 242: 229: 210: 209: 205: 204: 201: 200: 194: 190: 189: 154: 152: 148: 147: 137: 129: 128: 112: 111: 104: 103: 93: 92: 52:The article's 51: 49: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5109: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5072: 5062: 5060: 5050: 5046: 5033: 5032: 5023: 5021: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4975:West Virginia 4973: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4954:Departments: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4934:Cavalry Corps 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4885:1st Minnesota 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4801:John Sedgwick 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4786:Henry J. 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Lee 4627: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4582:Monterey Pass 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4490:Sporting Hill 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4434: 4432: 4427: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4307:0-8078-4753-4 4304: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4277:0-7922-7568-3 4274: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4257: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4104:public domain 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 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P. Hill 668:Brig. Gen. 590:Background 575:, after a 541:Brig. Gen. 168:77°14′12″W 165:39°48′45″N 143:1863-07-03 4875:XII Corps 4855:III Corps 4661:A.P. Hill 4597:Funkstown 4592:Boonsboro 4510:Fairfield 4246:Booknotes 4146:910670437 4093:857196196 4055:857196196 4017:857196196 3938:910670437 3738:701718794 3640:778433136 3580:645822774 3537:(1992) . 3520:894105373 3472:778433136 3419:731680317 3253:759859348 3213:2643-1106 3133:231931020 3065:183400945 2927:868039681 2722:0038-4941 1388:entitled 1382:cyclorama 1267:Vicksburg 1212:Aftermath 1011:position. 883:Tennessee 735:and Col. 661:Maj. Gen. 657:divisions 478:Civil War 124:drawn by 5020:Category 5000:timeline 4995:template 4980:Maryland 4970:Virginia 4870:XI Corps 4865:VI Corps 4850:II Corps 4548:3rd day 4500:Carlisle 4351:. 1915. 4113:(2001). 4075:(1889). 4037:(1889). 3999:(1889). 3982:49999595 3908:(2001). 3883:59008864 3848:(1959). 3799:(2003). 3782:36549056 3755:(1997). 3711:(2002). 3694:32853060 3686:95137015 3572:91046690 3512:12001833 3493:(1887). 3362:51582374 3305:51810789 3270:(2003). 3185:47010214 3150:(1998). 3090:(2001). 3013:56754824 3005:02012797 2979:52838310 2944:(2008). 2895:(2014). 2870:84168933 2821:18204757 2813:85001046 2756:14013138 2730:26612265 1484:12,000." 1324:— 1068:canister 1055:II Corps 879:Virginia 863:Virginia 798:and the 752:II Corps 679:Lt. Gen. 511:Virginia 509:back to 490:against 466:infantry 370:150–170 354:brigades 338:Strength 151:Location 5045:Portals 5031:Commons 4860:V Corps 4845:I Corps 4574:Retreat 4537:2nd day 4532:1st day 4495:Hanover 4185:nps.gov 4120:(ebook) 3605:(ed.). 3437:(ed.). 3227:(ebook) 3138:July 6, 2764:9398853 2681:Sources 1375:between 1283:Yankees 1219:brigade 887:Florida 875:Alabama 788:I Corps 766:, Col. 507:retreat 485:General 372:cannons 324: ( 312: ( 274: ( 262: ( 199:victory 141: ( 4377: 4362: 4338: 4323: 4305: 4290: 4275: 4256:C-SPAN 4144: 4134: 4091: 4053: 4015: 3980: 3970: 3936: 3926: 3891:444677 3889: 3881: 3871: 3861:Boston 3829: 3819: 3809:Boston 3780: 3770: 3736: 3726: 3692: 3684: 3674: 3638: 3628: 3578: 3570: 3560: 3518: 3510: 3470: 3460: 3417: 3409: 3399: 3360: 3352: 3342: 3303: 3293: 3251: 3241: 3211: 3183: 3173: 3131: 3123: 3113: 3086:& 3063: 3053: 3011: 3003: 2977: 2967: 2925: 2917: 2907: 2876: 2868: 2858: 2819: 2811: 2801: 2762: 2754: 2728: 2720: 2217:ECWC, 1185:Zouave 1072:musket 881:, and 723:) and 611:; and 454: 448: 434: 428: 352:in 10 237: 219: 193:Result 4726:Union 4475:Aldie 3857:(pdf) 3764:(pdf) 3720:(pdf) 3614:(pdf) 3546:(pdf) 3500:(pdf) 3446:(pdf) 3385:(pdf) 3328:(pdf) 3279:(pdf) 3159:(pdf) 3099:(PDF) 2844:(PDF) 2787:(pdf) 2726:JSTOR 1405:Notes 1261:Gen. 1177:melee 811:copse 629:Union 499:Union 226:Union 197:Union 4375:ISBN 4360:ISBN 4336:ISBN 4321:ISBN 4303:ISBN 4288:ISBN 4273:ISBN 4218:2016 4197:2008 4173:2020 4153:2023 4142:OCLC 4132:ISBN 4089:OCLC 4051:OCLC 4013:OCLC 3989:2023 3978:OCLC 3968:ISBN 3945:2023 3934:OCLC 3924:ISBN 3898:2020 3887:OCLC 3879:LCCN 3869:ISBN 3838:2020 3827:OCLC 3817:ISBN 3789:2020 3778:OCLC 3768:ISBN 3745:2020 3734:OCLC 3724:ISBN 3701:2020 3690:OCLC 3682:LCCN 3672:ISBN 3647:2020 3636:OCLC 3626:ISBN 3587:2020 3576:OCLC 3568:LCCN 3558:ISBN 3527:2020 3516:OCLC 3508:LCCN 3479:2020 3468:OCLC 3458:ISBN 3426:2023 3415:OCLC 3407:LCCN 3397:ISBN 3369:2020 3358:OCLC 3350:LCCN 3340:ISBN 3312:2020 3301:OCLC 3291:ISBN 3260:2020 3249:OCLC 3239:ISBN 3209:ISSN 3192:2020 3181:OCLC 3171:ISBN 3140:2020 3129:OCLC 3121:LCCN 3111:ISBN 3072:2020 3061:OCLC 3051:ISBN 3020:2023 3009:OCLC 3001:LCCN 2986:2020 2975:OCLC 2965:ISBN 2934:2020 2923:OCLC 2915:LCCN 2905:ISBN 2885:2020 2874:OCLC 2866:LCCN 2856:ISBN 2828:2023 2817:OCLC 2809:LCCN 2799:ISBN 2771:2020 2760:OCLC 2752:LCCN 2737:2020 2718:ISSN 2668:NPS 1425:Per 1147:and 1145:69th 1070:and 694:Col. 539:for 136:Date 4081:hdl 4043:hdl 4005:hdl 2710:hdl 2702:doi 1459:not 1433:at 1183:(a 1161:'s 1139:'s 1131:'s 841:had 750:'s 743:). 497:'s 472:in 327:WIA 315:WIA 277:WIA 265:WIA 5083:: 4315:. 4254:, 4208:. 4187:. 4183:. 4163:. 4140:. 4126:: 4087:. 4049:. 4011:. 3976:. 3966:. 3962:: 3958:. 3932:. 3918:: 3885:. 3877:. 3863:: 3825:. 3815:. 3811:: 3807:. 3776:. 3732:. 3688:. 3680:. 3666:: 3634:. 3620:: 3574:. 3566:. 3552:: 3514:. 3489:; 3466:. 3452:: 3413:. 3405:. 3391:: 3356:. 3348:. 3334:: 3330:. 3299:. 3285:: 3247:. 3233:: 3203:. 3179:. 3165:: 3161:. 3127:. 3119:. 3105:: 3082:; 3059:. 3007:. 2973:. 2959:: 2921:. 2913:. 2872:. 2864:. 2850:: 2815:. 2807:. 2793:: 2758:. 2724:. 2716:. 2708:. 2698:96 2696:. 2692:. 2207:^ 2156:^ 1925:^ 1724:^ 1635:^ 1437:. 1380:A 1277:. 1253:. 889:. 877:, 873:, 869:, 666:, 607:; 603:; 513:. 347:c. 5047:: 4912:) 4908:( 4838:) 4834:( 4738:/ 4437:e 4430:t 4423:v 4381:. 4366:. 4342:. 4327:. 4309:. 4294:. 4279:. 4220:. 4199:. 4175:. 4155:. 4106:. 4095:. 4083:: 4068:. 4057:. 4045:: 4030:. 4019:. 4007:: 3991:. 3947:. 3900:. 3840:. 3791:. 3747:. 3703:. 3649:. 3593:. 3529:. 3481:. 3428:. 3371:. 3314:. 3262:. 3215:. 3194:. 3142:. 3074:. 3033:. 3022:. 2988:. 2936:. 2887:. 2830:. 2773:. 2739:. 2712:: 2704:: 2673:. 2222:. 1737:. 1630:. 1474:. 739:( 330:) 318:) 280:) 268:) 228:) 224:( 145:) 88:) 82:( 77:) 73:( 69:. 59:. 34:. 20:)

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