346:
856:
673:, where he imposed a harsh and hostile conservative regime for liberals. Calling all council members, he told them flatly that he was behaving kindly to them because it was the first time they had challenged him, but sternly warned them that there would be no mercy if there were to be a second time. General Guzmán and the head of state of Los Altos, Marcelo Molina, were sent to the capital of Guatemala, where they were displayed as trophies of war during a triumphant parade on February 17, 1840. Guzmán was shackled, wounds still bleeding, and riding a mule.
90:
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76:
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to meet with another group of
Paredes emissaries; they agreed that Los Altos would rejoin Guatemala, and that the latter would help Guzmán defeat his hated enemy and also build a port on the Pacific Ocean. Guzmán was sure of victory this time, but his plan evaporated when, in his absence, Carrera and
879:
brought the country back from excessive conservatism to a traditional climate. However, in 1848, the liberals were able to force Rafael
Carrera to leave office, after the country had been in turmoil for several months. Carrera resigned of his own free will and left for MĂ©xico. The new liberal regime
704:
On March 18, 1840, liberal caudillo
Francisco Morazán invaded Guatemala with 1500 soldiers to avenge the insult done in Los Altos and fearing that such action would end liberal efforts to hold together the Central American Federation. Guatemala had a cordon of guards from the border with El Salvador;
934:
had been appointed as
Corregidor in Suchitepéquez, Carrera and his hundred jacalteco bodyguards crossed a dangerous jungle infested with jaguars to meet his former friend. When they met, Zavala not only did not capture him, but agreed to serve under his orders, thus sending a strong message to both
724:
Carrera, by then an experienced military man was able to stand up and defeat Morazán thoroughly. The disaster for the liberal general was complete: aided by Angel Molina who knew the streets of the city, he had to flee with his favorite men, disguised and shouting "Long live
Carrera!" through the
716:
Carrera then took advantage of what his enemies believed and applied a strategy of concentrating fire on the
Central Park of the city. His surprise attack tactics caused heavy casualties to the army of Morazán and forced the survivors to fight for their lives. In combat, Morazán's soldiers lost the
661:
The government of
Guatemala tried to reach a peaceful solution, but "altenses", protected by the recognition by the Congress of the Central American Federation, did not accept this. Guatemala's government then resorted to force, sending the commanding general of the army, Rafael Carrera, to subdue
784:
On 2 April 1840, after entering the city, Carrera told the citizens that he had already warned them after he defeated them earlier that year. Then he ordered most of the liberal city hall officials from Los Altos shot. Carrera, then forcibly annexed
Quetzaltenango and much of Los Altos back into
712:
as only had about four men and the same number of loads rifle, plus two old cannons. The city was at the mercy of the army of Morazán, with bells of their twenty churches ringing for divine assistance. Once Morazán reached the capital, he took it easily and freed Guzman, who immediately left for
938:
Carrera went back to the
Quetzaltenango area, while Zavala remained in Suchitepéquez as a tactical maneuver. Carrera received a visit from a Cabinet member of Paredes and told him that he had control of the native population and that he would keep them appeased. When the emissary returned to
688:
919:, where he met with the native leaders and told them that they had to remain united to prevail. The leaders agreed and slowly the segregated native communities started to develop a new Indian identity under Carrera's leadership. In the meantime, in the eastern part of Guatemala, the
143:
740:. In Guatemala, survivors from his troops were shot without mercy, as Carrera pursued Morazan, whom he failed to catch. This lance definitely sealed the status of General Carrera and marked the decline of Morazán, and forced the conservative
145:
144:
657:
However, Los Altos was the most productive region with most economic activity of the former State of
Guatemala; without Los Altos, conservatives lost many benefits that held the hegemony of the State of Guatemala in Central America.
911:
and the rebel guerrilla army of Vicente and Serapio Cruz who were declared enemies of general Carrera. The interim government was led by Guzmán himself and had Florencio Molina and the priest Fernando Davila as his Cabinet members.
705:
without telegraph service, men ran carrying last minute messages. With the information from these messengers, Carrera hatched a plan of defense leaving his brother Sotero with troops who presented a slight resistance in the city.
503:
was officially proclaimed on 2 February 1838. The Federal government recognized Los Altos as the sixth state of the union and seated the representatives of Los Altos in the Federal Congress on 5 June of that year. The
717:
initiative and their numerical superiority. Furthermore, unaware of their surroundings in the city, Morazan's troops had to fight, carry their dead and care for their wounded while still tired by the long march from
811:. Larrazabal ordered the priests Fernando Antonio Dávila, Mariano Navarrete and Jose Ignacio Iturrioz to cover the parishes of Quetzaltenango, San Martin Jilotepeque and San Lucas Toliman, respectively.
814:
The defeat of the liberal criollos in Quetzaltenango reinforced Carrera allies' status within the native population of the area, whom he respected and protected as the leader of the peasant revolution.
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liberal and conservatives in Guatemala City, who realized that they were forced to negotiate with Carrera, otherwise they were going to have to battle on two fronts — Quetzaltenango and Jalapa.
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in 1821. Such a separate state was provided for by the Federal constitutional assembly of November 1824, but there was sizable opposition to the separation in Guatemala City.
1501:
907:
to take over the Presidential office— declared that Los Altos was an independent state once again on 26 August 1848; the new state had the support of Vasconcelos' regime in
1526:
639:. The most important members of the Liberal Party of Guatemala and liberal enemies of the conservative regime moved to Los Altos, rather than needing to emigrate to
1521:
915:
On 5 September 1848, the criollo altenses chose a formal government led by Fernando Antonio MartĂnez. In the meantime, Carrera returned to Guatemala and entered by
880:
allied itself with the Aycinena family and swiftly passed a law which they emphatically ordered the execution of Carrera if he dared to return to Guatemalan soil.
803:— capital of the would-be-state of Los Altos — Urban Ugarte and José Maria Aguilar, were removed from their parish and likewise the priests of the parishes of
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his native allies occupied Quetzaltenango. Carrera appointed Ignacio Yrigoyen as Corregidor and convinced him that he should work with the
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heard the news, Carrera went back to Quetzaltenango with his volunteer army to regain control of the rebel liberal state once and for all.
439:
351:
167:
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is still a nickname for the region of Guatemala around Quetzaltenango. Similarly, the Mexican portion of the former state is known as
765:
leaders rapidly reinstated the Los Altos State and celebrated Morazán's victory. However, as soon as Carrera and the newly reinstated
959:
leaders to keep the region under control. On his way out, Yrigoyen murmured to a friend: Now he is the King of the Indians, indeed!
650:
The liberals in Los Altos began a harsh criticism of the Conservative government of Rivera Paz; they even had their own newspaper –
1314:
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tried to invade Guatemala for the second time in 1840 after having invaded in 1829 and expelled members of the Aycinena clan and
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due to the influence of the Guatemalan conservatives and the regular clergy, who had been expelled from Central America after
317:
75:
1421:
623:. Conservative Chief of State of Guatemala during the time Los Altos was established and then recovered for Guatemala by
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792:— conservative member of the Aycinena Clan, then secretary general of the Guatemalan government of recently reinstated
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Guatemala City, he told the president everything Carrera said, and added that the native forces were formidable.
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and rebel leader Vicente Cruz were both murdered there after trying to take over the Corregidor office in 1849.
549:
931:
155:
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1344:
Miceli, Keith (1974). "Rafael Carrera: Defender and Promoter of Peasant Interests in Guatemala, 1837–1848".
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1384:
Invención criolla, sueño ladino, pesadilla indigena, Los Altos de Guatemala: de región a Estado, 1740-1871
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The Coat of Arms of Los Altos, carved in stone on the grave of heroes in the Cemetery of Quetzaltenango.
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700:. In 1840 he was defeated by Carrera overwhelmingly, marking the end of his career in Central America
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of Los Altos was a modification of that of the Central American Union, with a central seal showing a
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635:, a secessionist group founded the independent State of Los Altos, which sought independence from
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After the violent and bloody reinstatement of the State of Los Altos by Carrera in April 1840,
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496:'s bloody invasion of Guatemala in 1829, Los Altos declared itself an independent republic.
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from 1838 to 1840 and a short-lived independent republic from 1848 to 1849. Its capital was
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17:
796:— obtained from the vicar Larrazabal authorization to dismantle the regionalist Church.
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had been relieved as head of state of that country, and he had to embark for exile in
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Agustin Guzmán, freed by Morazán when the latter had seemingly defeated Carrera in
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after being appointed President for Life of the Republic of Guatemala in 1854.
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on the other. Debate about separation from Guatemala dated from shortly after
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1330:(in Spanish). Vol. Tomo III. Guatemala: TipografĂa Sánchez y de Guise.
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761:, had gone back to Quetzaltenango with the good news. The city's liberal
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The state originated from the political differences and tensions between
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when the former Mexican officer tried to ambush him and then went on to
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Carrera even had suffered two previous defeats at the hands of Morazán.
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1317:(1959). "El capĂtulo de las efemĂ©rides: JosĂ© Milla y Rafael Carrera".
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to negotiate with Carrera and his revolutionary peasant supporters.
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Carrera pretended to flee and led the ragtag army to the heights of
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520:) in front. This was the first Central American flag to use the
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Proclamation Coin 1847 of the independent Republic of Guatemala
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Taking advantage of the chaos and unsettled situation, the
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Quetzaltenango to give the news that Carrera was defeated.
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on one side, and Quetzaltenango and other parts of western
829:
In 1844, 1848, and 1849, unsuccessful revolts against the
1443:
is how people from Quetzaltenango are known in Guatemala.
271:• Renewed recognition of Central American Congress
923:
region became increasingly dangerous; former president
1474:
Angel Molina was the son of Guatemalan Liberal leader
536:
Los Altos consisted of the administrative regions of
1352:(1). Academy of American Franciscan History: 72–95.
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briefly reproclaimed the independence of Los Altos.
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as a symbol; since 1871, it has been on the present
1284:
La montaña infinita; Carrera, caudillo de Guatemala
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566:Suchitepéquez-Sololá (the modern departments of
1301:Hall, C.; Brignoli, H.P.; Cotter, J.V. (2003).
1088:
281:• Forcible reincorporation into Guatemala
1387:(in Spanish). Guatemala: CIRMA. Archived from
1497:States and territories disestablished in 1840
106:
39:
8:
1286:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Artemis y Edinter.
654:, which contributed to the harsh criticism.
291:• Renewed declaration of independence
27:State in Central America (1838–40, 1848–49)
1502:States and territories established in 1848
555:Quetzaltenango (the modern departments of
154:
31:
1527:1849 disestablishments in Central America
871:who supported Los Altos' reestablishment.
1130:
488:As the liberal Federation crumbled into
1433:
1002:
1522:1838 establishments in Central America
1157:
301:• Reincorporation into Guatemala
1339:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Piedrasanta.
962:The region is still distinctive, and
298:
288:
278:
268:
258:
254:
220:
210:
206:
7:
1326:Hernández de León, Federico (1930).
875:During his first term as president,
1512:Federal Republic of Central America
1303:Historical Atlas of Central America
1282:González Davison, Fernando (2008).
840:
729:to El Salvador, to save his life.
499:The independence of Los Altos from
440:Federal Republic of Central America
352:Federal Republic of Central America
261:• Independence from Guatemala
168:Federal Republic of Central America
1337:Francisco Morazán y Rafael Carrera
1335:MarroquĂn Rojas, Clemente (1971).
25:
677:Second invasion of Rafael Carrera
631:On April 2, 1838, in the city of
587:First invasion of Rafael Carrera
383:
369:
344:
138:
88:
74:
318:Central American Republic real
1:
1456:participated in these battles
1414:Quetzaltenango en la Historia
841:Carrera's exile and Los Altos
1307:University of Oklahoma Press
895:who occupied the city after
883:In his absence, the liberal
1452:The famous Guatemalan poet
1315:Hernández de León, Federico
930:Upon learning that officer
450:in the west of present-day
446:. Los Altos occupied eight
438:, was the 6th state of the
170:and break-away republic of
1548:
1328:El libro de las efemérides
844:
680:
590:
516:(a local bird symbolizing
18:Los Altos, Central America
1381:Taracena, Arturo (1999).
1358:10.1017/S000316150008843X
665:Carrera defeated General
512:in the background with a
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309:
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1321:(in Spanish). Guatemala.
785:conservative Guatemala.
540:Totonicapán (the modern
532:Administrative divisions
1476:Pedro Molina Mazariegos
942:AgustĂn Guzmán went to
230:Fernando Antonio Dávila
108:"Dios, UniĂłn, Libertad"
1146:Hernández de León 1930
1048:Hernández de León 1959
1017:Hernández de León 1959
872:
860:
822:region was annexed by
805:San Martin Jilotepeque
781:
701:
628:
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605:
542:Guatemalan departments
431:
40:
1266:González Davison 2008
1251:González Davison 2008
1236:González Davison 2008
1224:González Davison 2008
1209:González Davison 2008
1194:González Davison 2008
1182:González Davison 2008
1170:González Davison 2008
1116:González Davison 2008
1104:González Davison 2008
1072:González Davison 2008
1060:González Davison 2008
1029:González Davison 2008
1019:, p. January 29.
866:
858:
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690:
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434:), commonly known as
188:Common languages
122:"God, Union, Liberty"
1454:José Batres Montúfar
1422:Bandera de Guatemala
1089:MarroquĂn Rojas 1971
982:History of Guatemala
969:Los Altos de Chiapas
1050:, p. March 16.
987:Luis Batres Juarros
869:Doroteo Vasconcelos
851:Doroteo Vasconcelos
790:Luis Batres Juarros
432:Estado de Los Altos
41:Estado de Los Altos
1507:1840s in Guatemala
1184:, p. 270-271.
1133:, p. 240–241.
1074:, p. 148–154.
1062:, p. 148-154.
932:JosĂ© VĂctor Zavala
925:Mariano Rivera Paz
873:
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799:Active priests of
794:Mariano Rivera Paz
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767:Mariano Rivera Paz
702:
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621:Mariano Rivera Paz
614:
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481:independence from
424:State of Los Altos
236:Rafael de la Torre
36:State of Los Altos
1293:978-84-89452-81-7
944:Antigua Guatemala
891:— led by general
809:San Lucas Tolimán
693:Francisco Morazán
683:Francisco Morazán
643:to live in a pro-
526:flag of Guatemala
494:Francisco Morazán
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213:• 1838–1840
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16:(Redirected from
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905:Guatemala City
903:was called to
893:AgustĂn Guzmán
889:Quetzaltenango
877:Rafael Carrera
847:Rafael Carrera
842:
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835:Rafael Carrera
801:Quetzaltenango
778:Rafael Carrera
759:Guatemala City
721:to Guatemala.
698:regular orders
681:Main article:
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671:Quetzaltenango
667:AgustĂn Guzmán
633:Quetzaltenango
625:Rafael Carrera
603:AgustĂn Guzmán
593:Rafael Carrera
591:Main article:
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1419:(in Spanish)
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1346:The Americas
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334:Succeeded by
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285:January 1840
233:José Velazco
223:• 1848
133:La Granadera
128:
104:Motto:
103:
95:Coat of arms
29:
1158:Miceli 1974
909:El Salvador
745: [
727:El Incienso
719:El Salvador
662:Los Altos.
641:El Salvador
546:Totonicapán
448:departments
329:Preceded by
275:5 June 1838
1491:Categories
1395:2015-02-10
998:References
953:Q’anjob’al
897:Corregidor
845:See also:
725:ravine of
652:El Popular
568:Retalhuleu
561:San Marcos
305:8 May 1849
198:Government
1374:197669388
964:Los Altos
820:Soconusco
637:Guatemala
501:Guatemala
490:civil war
456:Soconusco
452:Guatemala
436:Los Altos
407:Guatemala
365:Guatemala
172:Guatemala
120:English:
63:1848–1849
60:1838–1840
1441:Altenses
976:See also
899:general
885:criollos
867:General
752:criollos
710:Aceituno
691:General
601:General
314:Currency
202:Republic
949:K'iche'
763:criollo
734:Morazán
647:state.
645:liberal
522:quetzal
518:liberty
514:quetzal
510:volcano
464:Chiapas
428:Spanish
248:History
192:Spanish
178:Capital
131: "
129:Anthem:
115:Spanish
48:Spanish
1372:
1366:980382
1364:
1290:
955:, and
921:Jalapa
824:Mexico
580:Quiché
578:, and
576:Sololá
412:Mexico
379:Mexico
251:
163:Status
111:
44:
1428:Notes
1370:S2CID
1362:JSTOR
887:from
749:]
563:) and
483:Spain
1288:ISBN
849:and
807:and
738:PerĂş
559:and
506:flag
422:The
82:Flag
1354:doi
957:Mam
833:of
544:of
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