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code, the organization also discourages the use of alcohol and prohibits the use of drugs. The EPB attempts to stay away from areas where other nationalist groups are based in order to avoid attention. They also settle away from military or police stations. Meetings are generally held in places with good reputation and in buildings that offer several access points, with heavy precautions being taken to reach their locations untailed. If different units are meeting, commandos are instructed to place hoods or masks and use codenames in order to protect their identities, both to accomplish plausible denial and to root out any law enforcement plant. Information is segregated between groups and only shared in limited detail, when necessary. Incriminating or detailed documents or any other evidence is to be destroyed once the potential of a law enforcement intervention is apparent. While involved in a particular mission, the EPB commandoes regularly assume a faux name, but they usually use this to acquire legitimate documents and select a nondescript address in which to receive mail in a fashion that prevents surveillance, such a P.O. Box or a decoy address where mail is delivered to the community in general. Even ammunitions were given codes such as
762:, killing one of them. The group later took responsibility for the attack and expressed that it was retaliation for a large-scale amphibious attack training named "Ocean Venture '82" held at Vieques and other military facilities in Puerto Rico. Four days later, On May 20, 1982, the FBI held the EPB responsible for the placement of four defective bombs at the Caribe Hilton Hotel, with the organization denying responsibility. On September 1, 1982, a group of commandos presumed by the FBI to be Macheteros and outfitted with suppressed weapons and wearing military gear and masks, intercepted a Wells Fargo truck in a route between San Juan and Naranjito, but were unable to acquire the cargo. On November 16, 1982, four commandos feigned a heist in a supermarket to redirect those present to its warehouse until their main target, a Wells Fargo truck, arrived.Supported by more armed commandos that arrived in a van, those inside the building gained control of the armored car keys and took $ 300,000 from it.
1030:, the EPB would not be classified as a terrorist organization, since that would require them to target "anyone except soldiers" and the use of fear as a tactic. Whereas, the organization's target selection, namely the US military/federal government and the avoidance of civilians fits into the classification of a guerrilla or revolutionary group. The author does not condone violence, but uses Camus' argument on "necessary" rebel violence as inexcusable but still "historically necessary". To this end, Fernández identifies that from the EPB's point of view, the deaths at Sabana Seca were "terrible but necessary" despite personally disagreeing, while considering the destruction of military vehicles at Sabana Seca justified from a rebel's standpoint. Ultimately, the author concludes that such labeling could be of political convenience to the federal government, serving to "shift the blame for any attacks on U.S. policy or personnel from us to them".
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sub commissions specialized in finances, intelligence, transportation, provisions and general services and others as needed. Each commando receives additional salary, with specific exemptions being given to marriages, unemployed individuals and those with dependents. In
December 1981, the EPB included benefits similar to those in the American military. The organization agreed to medical services and college education pending commission approval. New recruits may be covertly trained in rural farms or in foreign countries (Cuba being an example) and inconspicuous businesses may be used to provide cover to certain individuals. Training includes skills such as lock picking, handling firearms and explosives, forging documents, scuba diving, photography, concealment using makeup and forging license plates. An exercise regime is expected from commandoes afterwards. Meetings are kept to a minimum and only held when relevant.
911:. Known as Operación Respuesta Borinqueña (literally "Operation Puerto Rican Response") and held March 16–21, the training was officially described as a first response practice in an emergency involving tsunamis or a chemical attack. However, Commander Guasábara expressed that a reunion held in the Dominican Republic with the official purpose of coordinating the drill was in fact a reunion between military officials of that nation, Puerto Rico and the United States, which was planned the year before with the collaboration of Venezuelan opposition leaders Carlos M. Tamayo and Carlos Fernandez (collectively known as "Los Carlos"). The Macheteros claims that the representatives of the Puerto Rico national guard protested when the topic was discussed, but the training went ahead unchanged with the supervision of several American generals, including the heads of the
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balance. A car was also provided and used both for meetings and in incursions without attracting attention. Units in turn subscribe to specific 17-men cells, with three of the unit leaders forming the hierarchy along a pair of political and military leaders. These cells generally aim to have equipment that is comparable to the
American military or law enforcement agencies. Additional support cells include trained medical personnel and are mostly in charge of logistics, maintenance, vehicles, equipment and media. Cells form 73-men formations in charge of a political member, which are assigned to specific districts and are generally independent of each other. The EPB usually plans in advance and establishes networks in places of interest, such as those in New York, Boston, Illinois, Texas and Connecticut used in the Wells Fargo heist of 1983.
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pursue. Commander Guasábara then offers an alliance that oversees previous differences. In asking the rhetoric question "What would you do for yourself, your children and your country?" the
Macheteros urged the public to hold an investigation and "judge those responsible" for what they consider an "irresponsible and unnecessary debt the corrupt administrations that we have tolerated for 50 years". The EPB concluded this press release by urging the public to "take the streets and manifest their anger in the way that they prefer", but not before stating that the time for marches was gone and that it is "time to take action".
840:, where Ojeda Ríos was believed to be living in. The FBI claims that it was performing surveillance of the area because of reports that Ojeda Ríos had been seen in the home. In their press release, the FBI stated their surveillance team was detected, and proceeded to serve an arrest warrant against Ojeda Ríos. The FBI claims that as the agents approached the home, shots were fired from inside and outside the house wounding an FBI agent. The FBI alleges it then returned fire fatally wounding Ojeda Ríos.
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titled "The Cuban
Connection to Puerto Rican Terrorism" where it claimed that Ojeda was an agent of the Cuban government and in which the FBI knowing where he operated. After the application of the Levi guidelines, only eight groups were classified as requiring full investigation. Of them, five were based in Puerto Rico and besides the EPB also included the FARP, FALN, COR and MLN. In 2001, then-FBI Director
284:, where along with units led by Captain Hernaíz, defended Aibonito Pass from invading units. The allied offensive was effective, prompting a retreat order from the American side. However, the following morning the initial peace accords between the U.S. and Spain were made public. Subsequently, both Spanish and Puerto Rican soldiers and volunteers disengaged and Puerto Rico was annexed by the United States.
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there were internal issues between
Segarra and group leaders Ojeda and Avelino González, with the first being considered inefficient by the others and general concern arising from his reputation as an unfaithful husband. On January 25, 1985, the EPB detonated a bomb in an empty United States Courthouse, later noting that it was a tribute to Juan Antonio Corretjer.
1100:", which was extra-officially released before their debut album, a response to the events of September 23, 2005. It is a protest song, directly addressing the circumstances surrounding the death of Ojeda Ríos. A song was also released by the Hip Hop group, X-Vandals (Not4Prophet and DJ Johnny Juice) entitled Todos Somos Machetero in 2007.
739:. The group also sent a video to the media where they explained the composition of the cell in charge of the attack without revealing any identities. The security at the base was criticized in media pieces. The attack later served as the basis for upgrading base security, emphasizing flight line security, at all
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The FBI responded by receiving permission for a full investigation, which allowed them to employ otherwise forbidden practices to track the group. The EPB in turn expressed pride that the attack represented the most damaging to take place in
American soil since Pearl Harbor and expressed satisfaction
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Strategically, the group experienced internal divisions between a faction that argued for more offensive and another that wanted to tread lightly in order to avoid justifying the classification of terrorism. While the pacifist faction carried damage control and held two toy giveaways for Three Kings
292:
As established in the EPB's "Organization of the EPB", the organization operates in a systemic and hierarchic structure. The entire organization is overseen by a central committee, which is generally focused on politics and policies. Beneath it lies a military commission, which in turn is divided by
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The FBI classifies the EPB as a terrorist organization based on their definition of the term, " force or violence in furtherance of political or social objectives", without specification on the target. In 1982, the Senate
Subcommittee on the Administration of Internal Security Act compiled a paper
957:
Supporters of independence for Puerto Rico argue that the U.S. favored the establishment of the present
Commonwealth status to create a perpetual consumer base for U.S. and foreign products and services. Foreign products and services are redirected to Puerto Rico and other "unincorporated" lands of
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as previous examples of this tendency. The EBP expressed dissatisfaction in what they perceived as "an environment of indifference" within sectors of local society that "still expect magic solutions" from those responsible for the crisis, which serves as a hindrance to the militant action that they
852:
Following the confrontation that concluded in the death of its former leader, the command of the
Boricua Popular Army was inherited by an anonymous figure known as "Comandante Guasábara", named after the Taíno word for "war". Under his leadership, the group appears to have shifted its focus towards
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A subsequent autopsy of Ojeda's body determined that he bled to death over the course of 15 to 30 minutes. The
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Civil Rights Commission started an investigation of the incident shortly after Ojeda Rios' death that lasted 7 years. The 227-page report issued on 22 September
697:
On December 3, 1979, a bus carrying 18 American Navy sailors to Naval Security Group Activity Sabana Seca, was forced to stop by a delivery truck. Shortly afterwards, four men appeared from within another vehicle and opened fire, killing CTO1 John R. Ball and RM3 Emil E. White, as well as wounding
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as bombing targets for the U.S. Navy; what they perceive as a disproportionate number of military bases on the island (compared to states in the Union); the proportion of deaths within the ranks of the Independence and Nationalist leadership, including the alleged experimentation with radiation on
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in the 1979 Conference on International Terrorism that posits "deliberate, systematic murder, maiming and menacing of the innocent to inspire fear in order to earn political gains", they do not qualify as such since their targets are strictly the American military or law enforcement and that they
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Following the indictments against 19 members for the 1983 Wells Fargo heist, the EPB continued operations and on October 28, 1986, joined the FARP and the Volunteers in planting two explosives in a Navy recruit center and a National Guard Building as a warning not to use Puerto Rico as a training
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In 1984, Carlos Rodríguez Rodríguez was convicted on bank fraud charges and became an FBI informant in exchange for a lower sentence. However, due to the EPB's policies of anonymity, most of the information was hampered by the use of codenames and useless for the investigation. During this time,
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The group intentionally avoids any area where crime rates could result in frequent law enforcement interventions and commandos are instructed to be polite and are warned to stay away from illegal activities; association or deals with criminal organizations are prohibited. In keeping a discipline
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The basic units are the "combat units", composed of five foot soldiers that are led by a leader with ties to the political branch. Their weapons and munitions are arbitrarily divided by type, such as short weapons and semi-automatic weapons. Rifles and shotguns are present in each unit to ensure
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On July 11, 2015, the EPB issued another statement, this time warning that "they will do what is necessary" according to the moment's circumstances and that "the people should not pay a debt that does not belong to the people". Thorough its spokesman, the group anticipated that " ineptitude and
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Later that month, the EPB issued a statement where they expressed the belief that a joint drill organized by Garcia Padilla's administration in collaboration with the federal government was in fact a military exercise that was organized to advance the Obama administration's campaign against the
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On April 21, 1981, four EPB commandos were able to extract $ 348,000 from a Wells Fargo armored car, with the group later noting that it would be spent in their cause. In November 1981, the EPB detonated explosives in AEE substations in Santurce, a district of San Juan. When 350 families that
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Day in Puerto Rico, Ojeda was removed from the political branch on June 4, 1985, due to these conflicts, being only left in charge of his unit. Besides the boldness of the action, the EPB strategists were also unsatisfied when Ramírez failed to account for food expenses in his report.
691:. On October 2, 1978, the EPB and Volunteers infiltrated an armory and took 500 pounds of ammonium nitrate, dynamite cartridges, 988 blasting caps and 17,500 feet of primacord. In September 1979, the EPB revealed that it was working in conjunction with the Volunteers, FARP and FALN.
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supersonic fighter-interceptor aircraft being retained for a static display) and two trucks and damaged two ships on loan from the U.S. Air Force, with the authors leaving a machete behind. The destruction of the military equipment ascended to $ 45–50 million USD.
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by wrestlers such as Israel "Joseph RPM" Rodríguez, who integrated the moniker of "El Machetero Mayor" (Spanish for "The Grandest Machetero") into his ring name and performed as such throughout Puerto Rico as a member of several independent promotions and the
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For the most part, individuals affiliated with the EPB are expected to merge into general society and be as inconspicuous as possible, usually holding civilian jobs or studying, some receiving training within the United States military. A newspaper article by
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for explosives to conceal their nature. Armories were specifically retrofitted to preserve the condition and to prepare new ammunition as needed. Funds are managed strictly and reports are constant in order to keep a balanced budget.
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On March 9, 2015, Commander Guasábara issued a press release where it attacked the Value Added Tax proposal (better known by its Spanish acronyms "IVA") supported by the Garcia Padilla administration as part of its response to the
208:
During their first decade of existence, they had an average of two actions per year. The group claimed responsibility for the 1978 bombing of a small power station in the San Juan area, the 1979 retaliation attacks against the
1065:, Ghostdog, Black Panther), as French journalist Jean Dumont, the film takes place in both New York City and Puerto Rico. Other actors include Kelvin Fernández (first starring role) and professed former political prisoner,
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978:. Beginning in the 1960s, the FBI infiltrated Puerto Rico's free press and political circles in order to monitor and disrupt efforts related to independence movements like Los Macheteros. This operation was part of
958:
the United States to satisfy a portion of foreign trade agreements, while allowing domestic products and services a greater "home" market share. Another argument by the independence movement is that the
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The Boricua Popular Army took credit for denouncing what was called "paramilitary training" that private corporation Triangle Experience Group was carrying on in the mountains of the municipality of
874:, in which he claimed to have killed Puerto Rican patients and injected cancer cells to others, while working as part of a medical investigation conducted in San Juan's Presbyterian Hospital for the
755:, were removed by the police, the EPB warned the governor that they would retaliate. Afterwards, they made an offensive against the police that resulted in twelve injured and one dead policeman.
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intelligence. For example, the group has not recorded a single military action. Instead, Guasábara has generally used the media to publish classified information. Under Guasábara, the
919:. The statement concludes by noting that the EBP's Intelligence Division had been monitoring military exercises carried out by the United States armed forces in the municipalities of
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Informe Final sobre la Investigacion de los Sucesos occ=urridos en el Municipio de Hormigueros el 23 de septiembre de 2005 donde resulto muerto el ciudadano Filiberto Ojeda Rios.
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Their first communiqué was published on August 25, 1978, following an attack on two policemen that concluded with officer Julio Rodríguez Rivera dead in retaliation for the
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Likewise, the event led to the creation of murals. Some were painted by student movements such as one at UPR Río Piedras, whereas others were painted by urban artists.
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and the Nationalist Party have waged, against U.S. domination of the island. It is known, for example, that Los Macheteros deliberately chose September 12 for their
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Hearing before the Committee on Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives. 106th Congress, First Session. September 21, 1999. Serial No. 106–44"
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was symbolically adopted from an impromptu band of Puerto Ricans who assembled to defend the island of Puerto Rico from the invading forces of the
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impotency" the government would exploit the crisis to privatize profits and socialize losses, citing the privatization of the turnpike system,
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and Orlando González Claudio on July 26, 1976, with the date being symbolically used as a reminder of the United States invasion during the
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had estimated that in 1999, there may have been 5,700 members and that in 2005, there may have been 1,100 members (excluding sympathizers).
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1012:, Spanish-American author Ronald Fernández argued that based on the descriptions of terrorism and revolutionary violence in books like
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nine others. On March 13, 1980, the EPB took responsibility for attacking an ROTC vehicle that was moving three soldiers to the UPR.
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In the morning of January 12, 1981, a group of eleven commandos, seven guards and four explosive specialists, set explosives at
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890:. The media later revealed that these exercises were being done illegally, in covert fashion and lacking the required permits.
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until he was killed by the FBI in 2005. Ojeda Rios' killing was termed "an illegal killing" by the Government of Puerto Rico's
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1875:"A review of the September 2005 shooting incident involving the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Filiberto Ojeda Ríos"
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An 80-minute fictional film about a Puerto Rican from New York City who declares himself a self styled machetero, titled
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836:("The Cry of Lares") members of the FBI San Juan field office surrounded a modest home in the outskirts of the town of
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1717:, December 4, 1979. p. A11. Clyde Haberman, "Terrorists in Puerto Rico Ambush Navy Bus, Killing 2 and Injuring 10",
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235:(Civil Rights Commission) after a seven-year investigation and a 227-page report issued on 22 September 2011.
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Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Comision de Derechos Civiles. 31 March 2011. Revised 22 September 2011. p 140.
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that it would attract attention to their cause, with some members even considering it a parallel to the
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were dispatched throughout the island, working in cooperation with other voluntary groups including the
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Blanca assault on the Wells Fargo depot, because September 12 was the birthday of Puerto Rican
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Los Macheteros: The Wells Fargo robbery and the violent struggle for Puerto Rican independence
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Los Macheteros: The Wells Fargo Robbery and the Violent Struggle for Puerto Rican Independence
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2350:"A Graffiti Writer Tells It Like It Is: An Interview With Exor on the Streets of Puerto Rico"
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center for the Contras of Nicaragua and plans to introduce a logging industry at El Yunque.
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1713:(1) "Radicals Say Attack on Bus Is Retaliation for 3 Deaths; Involved in Vieques Protest",
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installations on civilian airports in the United States to the same level as active duty
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1886:, U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General. Accessed January 23, 2011.
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Nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos while he was incarcerated; the secret testing of
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reaffirmed the agency's historical stance that the group committed acts of terrorism.
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197:, with cells in the broader US and other nations. It campaigns for, and supports, the
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982:. The EPB's rebuttal to being classified as a terrorist organization is that per the
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Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
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The Disenchanted Island: Puerto Rico and the United States in the Twentieth Century
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On October 17, 1979, the groups execute eight bombings against federal buildings.
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1407:(in Spanish) (1st ed.). Puerto Rico: Fundación Educativa Idelfonso Pratts.
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in San Juan. The ensuing explosion destroyed nine aircraft (several operational
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Puerto Rico Air National Guard § 1981 Muñiz Air National Guard Base attack
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927:, also being aware of the presence of a military helicopter in the region.
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2011 stated that Ojeda Rios's killing was "an illegal killing" by the FBI.
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The polarizing nature of the organization have also been exploited in the
687:. The federal government claimed the incident was an attempt to steal his
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On May 16, 1982, EPB members fired rifles at four sailors of the U.S.S.
2523:
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2091:"El EPB-Macheteros pide juzgar a los responsables de la deuda pública"
2059:"Macheteros implican a República Dominicana en trama contra Venezuela"
2518:
276:. These voluntary units were involved in most of the battles in the
2403:"Mucha lucha…de personajes fantásticos y "reflejos de la sociedad""
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are continuing the historical rebellion that Puerto Ricans such as
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2376:"FUPI denuncia eliminación del mural de Filiberto Ojeda en UPR"
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on Puerto Rican soil; and cancer "experiments" administered by
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and political violence in the United States during the Cold War
2335:
1256:. Vol. 377, no. 8446. September 29, 2005. p. 82
1954:"The Environmental encyclopedia: History of the Agent Orange"
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stated that Michael González Cruz, a professor who published
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2025:"Macheteros advierten saldrán a la calle en contra del IVA"
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took an emphasis on publishing pieces regarding the use of
1928:"Chronological History of the life of Pedro Albizu Campos"
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Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
2332:"Calle 13, On Being Loved And Hated In Latin America"
2027:(in Spanish). NotiCel.com. 2015-03-11. Archived from
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Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña
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Opposition to the Fortuño administration (2009–2012)
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2003:"Sin permiso los GI Joe para sus prácticas bélicas"
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Opposition to the García administration (2013–2017)
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2580:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
2125:. Westport, CT.: Praeger Publishers. p. 247.
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1342:Noticel. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
224:Boricua Popular Army was led primarily by former
1379:"El combate del Asomante – 12 de agosto de 1898"
778:On September 12, 1983, in an operation entitled
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1976:"Compañía juega a GI Joe en bosque de Utuado"
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2245:"Congressional testimony of Louis J. Freeh"
1898:"Ojeda Ríos Report Expected by December 31"
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826:On September 23, 2005, the anniversary of
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320:Nacionalismo Revolucionario Puertorriqueño
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2405:(in Spanish). NotiCel.com. Archived from
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1978:(in Spanish). NotiCel.com. Archived from
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1849:
1832:
1820:
1803:
1737:
1701:
1686:
1658:Clemency for the FALN: A Flawed Decision?
1642:
1630:
1613:
1601:
1547:
1535:
1520:
1503:
1491:
1474:
1453:
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1291:
1211:Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
215:1981 Muñiz Air National Guard Base attack
2570:Hostosian National Independence Movement
1896:Vélez, Eva Llorens (November 27, 2009).
1563:(in Spanish). 2006-12-07. Archived from
1356:(in Spanish). Spain: Ediciones Siruela.
1071:South Africa International Film Festival
2550:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
2001:Pascual, Omaya Sosa (August 16, 2011).
1974:Pascual, Omaya Sosa (August 15, 2011).
1236:
1216:Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity
1053:Ricanstruction, X-Vandals, Abrazos Army
260:, between July 26 and August 12, 1898.
170:Popular/People's Army"), also known as
3213:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
3157:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
2607:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
1332:"Muerte ilegal" la de Filiberto Ojeda.
1069:. The film was the winner of the 2008
933:Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport
720:Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport
3262:Organized crime groups in Puerto Rico
3182:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
1226:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
1113:local professional wrestling industry
848:Change in guard; Comandante Guasábara
36:Ejército Popular Boricua – Macheteros
27:Puerto Rican nationalist organization
7:
2490:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
1405:De Coamo a la Trinchera del Asomante
1221:Sandinista National Liberation Front
1083:International Film Festival Thailand
280:. Their last involvement was in the
135:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
1377:Iriarte, Luis (December 17, 2005).
1092:The first single published by band
1087:International Film Festival Ireland
726:light attack aircraft and a single
3272:1976 establishments in Puerto Rico
3267:Puerto Rican independence movement
368:Puerto Rican independence movement
25:
1248:"Filiberto Ojeda Ríos (obituary)"
1047:, was released in 2008. Starring
2484:
2401:Ayala, Hermes (March 11, 2014).
2330:Garsd, Jasmine (April 5, 2014).
2156:More can be read on the website
1190:
786:("White Eagle", the nickname of
751:occupied a makeshift village in
639:
632:
622:
614:
596:
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571:
558:
545:
532:
519:
506:
493:
480:
467:
447:
433:
420:
42:
2560:Puerto Rican Independence Party
2177:Center for Puerto Rican Studies
1721:, December 4, 1979. p. A1, A10.
1354:Historia Militar de Puerto Rico
1352:Negroni, Héctor Andres (1992).
1018:Terrorism: How the West can Win
987:have never targeted civilians.
662:3 killed (including Ojeda Ríos)
3096:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
2728:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
2565:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2247:. May 10, 2001. Archived from
1079:Heart of England Film Festival
1:
3257:National liberation movements
3117:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
3031:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
2791:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
2643:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
2061:. DiarioDigitalRD. 2015-03-30
937:Puerto Rico Telephone Company
716:Muñiz Air National Guard Base
219:1983 Wells Fargo bank robbery
3177:Truman assassination attempt
2555:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
233:Comisión de Derechos Civiles
3167:San Juan Nationalist revolt
2776:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
2382:(in Spanish). July 22, 2011
2173:City University of New York
1151:Juan Enrique Segarra-Palmer
790:) an EPB agent part of the
674:Juan Enrique Segarra-Palmer
628:Juan Enrique Segarra-Palmer
199:independence of Puerto Rico
69:Juan Enrique Segarra-Palmer
3288:
2545:Union Party of Puerto Rico
2431:Fernández, Ronald (1987).
2158:FBI files on Puerto Ricans
2119:Fernández, Ronald (1996).
804:West Hartford, Connecticut
771:
707:
211:United States armed forces
2871:María de Lourdes Santiago
2866:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
2708:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
2005:(in Spanish). NotiCel.com
650:
637:Orlando González Claudio
459:
412:
374:
365:
361:Los Macheteros insurgency
262:Macheteros de Puerto Rico
140:
107:Puerto Rican independence
41:
2703:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
2673:Francisco Ramírez Medina
2663:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
1561:"Macheteros Aun Activos"
1403:Pratts, Edgardo (2006).
901:Puerto Rican debt crisis
838:Hormigueros, Puerto Rico
552:Alejandro García Padilla
476:(1976–1977) (1985–1993)
454:Ejército Popular Boricua
162:Ejército Popular Boricua
72:Orlando González Claudio
3187:Cerro Maravilla murders
3132:Levantamiento de Ciales
3091:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
3011:Tomás López de Victoria
2996:Andres Figueroa Cordero
2986:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
2806:José M. Dávila Monsanto
2668:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
2658:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
2653:Eugenio María de Hostos
2623:Ramón Emeterio Betances
2538:Political organizations
1055:), as Pedro Taíno, and
909:government of Venezuela
685:Cerro Maravilla murders
668:The EPB was founded by
3086:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
2981:Isabel Freire de Matos
2971:Juan Antonio Corretjer
2921:Margot Arce de Vázquez
2751:Antonio Rafael Barceló
2678:José Gualberto Padilla
2616:19th century activists
2596:Cadets of the Republic
2589:Militant organizations
1777:www.globalsecurity.org
1118:World Wrestling League
941:Teodoro Moscoso Bridge
828:
780:
580:(2019) (2021–present)
474:Rafael Hernández Colón
460:Commanders and leaders
340:
334:
319:
313:
239:Ideology and operation
193:organization based in
173:
161:
3046:Helen Rodríguez Trías
3026:Francisco Matos Paoli
2991:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
2951:Rafael Cancel Miranda
2886:Carlos Alberto Torres
2786:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
2742:20th and 21st century
2683:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
2497:Indigenous resistance
1902:Puerto Rico Daily Sun
1124:Notable group members
1075:Swansea Film Festival
876:Rockefeller Institute
774:Águila Blanca (heist)
753:Carolina, Puerto Rico
651:Casualties and losses
619:Comandante Guasábara
487:Carlos Romero Barceló
278:Puerto Rican Campaign
3252:Boricua Popular Army
3137:Río Piedras massacre
2841:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
2821:Víctor Manuel Gerena
2756:Félix Benítez Rexach
2601:Boricua Popular Army
1175:General Subsecretary
1172:Comandante Guasábara
1160:Víctor Manuel Gerena
1139:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
796:Víctor Manuel Gerena
788:José Maldonado Román
678:Spanish–American War
670:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
645:Víctor Manuel Gerena
602:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
590:Wanda Vázquez Garced
258:Spanish–American War
229:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
66:Comandante Guasábara
55:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
3208:Grito de Lares flag
3101:Olga Viscal Garriga
3076:Clemente Soto Vélez
3066:Vidal Santiago Díaz
2976:José Ferrer Canales
2911:Pedro Albizu Campos
2861:Ángel Rivero Méndez
2846:Antonio S. Pedreira
2831:Luis Lloréns Torres
2826:Edwin Irizarry Mora
2698:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
2309:2009 Machetero Film
2095:Metro International
1134:Role and hierarchy
976:Pedro Albizu Campos
964:Pedro Albizu Campos
872:Cornelius P. Rhoads
822:Death of Ojeda Ríos
526:Aníbal Acevedo Vilá
513:Sila María Calderón
270:Tiradores de Altura
87:Active regions
3127:Intentona de Yauco
3081:Griselio Torresola
3036:Ruth Mary Reynolds
2931:Casimiro Berenguer
2881:Alejandrina Torres
2836:Oscar López Rivera
2801:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
2718:Fernando Fernandez
2713:Manuel Zeno Gandía
2314:2009-10-29 at the
2182:2005-05-24 at the
2163:2005-03-07 at the
1755:The New York Times
1338:2014-03-29 at the
1314:2014-03-25 at the
1198:Puerto Rico portal
1014:Benjamin Netanyahu
984:definition adopted
741:Air National Guard
282:Battle of Asomante
266:Guardias de la Paz
254:United States Army
78:Dates of operation
3239:
3238:
3151:Ley de la Mordaza
3041:Germán Rieckehoff
2956:José Coll y Cuchí
2903:Nationalist Party
2816:Leopoldo Figueroa
2766:Americo Boschetti
1181:
1180:
1057:Isaach De Bankolé
1004:Other assessments
802:depot located in
728:F-104 Starfighter
666:
665:
408:
407:
182:Wielders"), is a
156:
155:
16:(Redirected from
3279:
2693:Juan Ríus Rivera
2628:Mariana Bracetti
2488:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2455:
2450:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2409:on March 4, 2016
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2015:
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1992:
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1982:on March 5, 2014
1971:
1965:
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1941:
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1934:on June 13, 2007
1930:. Archived from
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1904:. Archived from
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565:Ricardo Rosselló
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2926:Elías Beauchamp
2916:José S. Alegría
2902:
2895:
2856:Miguel Poventud
2743:
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2633:Mathias Brugman
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1177:Current leader
1176:
1164:Inside man for
1143:
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1085:, and the 2009
1041:
1039:In art and film
1036:
1034:Cultural impact
1006:
993:
955:
953:Local arguments
950:
896:
884:
850:
824:
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747:installations.
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578:Pedro Pierluisi
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3142:Ponce massacre
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3122:Grito de Lares
3119:
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3061:Isolina Rondón
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2771:Juan Mari Brás
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2367:
2356:. May 25, 2010
2341:
2319:
2301:
2299:, p. 178.
2297:Fernández 1987
2289:
2287:, p. 177.
2285:Fernández 1987
2277:
2275:, p. 176.
2273:Fernández 1987
2262:
2251:on May 9, 2007
2236:
2232:Fernández 1987
2224:
2220:Fernández 1987
2212:
2208:Fernández 1987
2200:
2196:Fernández 1987
2188:
2149:
2131:
2108:
2093:(in Spanish).
2071:
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2016:
1993:
1966:
1945:
1919:
1888:
1884:(2.43 MB)
1866:
1864:, p. 219.
1862:Fernández 1987
1854:
1852:, p. 174.
1850:Fernández 1987
1837:
1835:, p. 160.
1833:Fernández 1987
1825:
1823:, p. 103.
1821:Fernández 1987
1808:
1806:, p. 260.
1804:Fernández 1987
1789:
1764:
1742:
1738:Fernández 1987
1723:
1719:New York Times
1715:New York Times
1706:
1702:Fernández 1987
1691:
1689:, p. 259.
1687:Fernández 1987
1672:
1647:
1643:Fernández 1987
1635:
1633:, p. 172.
1631:Fernández 1987
1618:
1616:, p. 173.
1614:Fernández 1987
1606:
1604:, p. 170.
1602:Fernández 1987
1577:
1552:
1550:, p. 159.
1548:Fernández 1987
1540:
1538:, p. 169.
1536:Fernández 1987
1525:
1523:, p. 171.
1521:Fernández 1987
1508:
1506:, p. 168.
1504:Fernández 1987
1496:
1494:, p. 166.
1492:Fernández 1987
1479:
1477:, p. 165.
1475:Fernández 1987
1458:
1456:, p. 167.
1454:Fernández 1987
1443:
1441:, p. 164.
1439:Fernández 1987
1420:
1413:
1392:
1369:
1362:
1344:
1320:
1296:
1294:, p. 163.
1292:Fernández 1987
1267:
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1147:
1145:Former leader
1140:
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1125:
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1037:
1035:
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1005:
1002:
998:Louis J. Freeh
992:
991:Federal stance
989:
954:
951:
949:
948:Classification
946:
895:
892:
883:
880:
849:
846:
831:Grito de Lares
823:
820:
798:took over the
772:Main article:
769:
764:
745:U.S. Air Force
724:A-7 Corsair II
708:Main article:
705:
700:
664:
663:
660:
653:
652:
648:
647:
593:
500:Pedro Rosselló
462:
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457:
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18:Los Macheteros
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3071:Daniel Santos
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3056:Isabel Rosado
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3027:
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3019:
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3016:Hugo Margenat
3014:
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3009:
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3006:Lolita Lebrón
3004:
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2961:Oscar Collazo
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2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:Rubén Berríos
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2733:Marcos Xiorro
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:Agustín Stahl
2721:
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2649:
2648:José de Diego
2646:
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2459:
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2448:
2442:
2438:
2437:Prentice Hall
2434:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2413:September 23,
2408:
2404:
2397:
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2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2234:, p. 55.
2233:
2228:
2225:
2222:, p. 76.
2221:
2216:
2213:
2210:, p. 63.
2209:
2204:
2201:
2198:, p. 64.
2197:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
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2159:
2153:
2150:
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2134:
2132:0-275-95226-6
2128:
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2109:
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2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2031:on 2015-05-10
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1981:
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1740:, p. 56.
1739:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1704:, p. 59.
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1648:
1645:, p. 57.
1644:
1639:
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1627:
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1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1598:
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1588:
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1578:
1567:on 2007-09-28
1566:
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1414:0-9762185-6-9
1410:
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1365:
1363:84-7844-138-7
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1254:
1253:The Economist
1249:
1243:
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1237:
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1219:
1217:
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1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1188:
1183:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:Águila Blanca
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
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1141:
1138:
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1133:
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1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
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1076:
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1064:
1063:
1062:Casino Royale
1058:
1054:
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789:
784:
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782:Águila Blanca
775:
768:
767:Águila Blanca
765:
763:
761:
756:
754:
748:
746:
742:
738:
737:Gaspee Affair
732:
729:
725:
721:
717:
711:
704:
701:
699:
695:
692:
690:
686:
681:
679:
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430:
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427:United States
423:
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401:
398:
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364:
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354:Early actions
353:
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326:
324:
321:
315:
305:
303:
296:
294:
287:
285:
283:
279:
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268:in Yauco and
267:
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216:
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206:
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203:United States
200:
196:
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188:
185:
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177:
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149:
145:
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136:
133:
129:
126:
125:United States
123:
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111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
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95:United States
92:
89:
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81:
75:
70:
64:
62:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3228:
3150:
3051:Hiram Rosado
3021:René Marqués
3001:Irvin Flores
2966:Rosa Collazo
2901:Puerto Rican
2851:Pedro Pietri
2688:Manuel Rojas
2603:(Macheteros)
2600:
2509:Agüeybaná II
2432:
2425:Bibliography
2411:. Retrieved
2407:the original
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:Primera Hora
2379:
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2353:
2344:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2253:. Retrieved
2249:the original
2239:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2191:
2169:José Serrano
2152:
2144:Google Books
2142:– via
2136:. Retrieved
2121:
2099:. Retrieved
2063:. Retrieved
2033:. Retrieved
2029:the original
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:the original
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:the original
1922:
1912:November 27,
1910:. Retrieved
1906:the original
1901:
1891:
1869:
1857:
1828:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:
1773:"Mu?iz ANGB"
1767:
1745:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1665:November 24,
1663:. Retrieved
1657:
1650:
1638:
1609:
1569:. Retrieved
1565:the original
1555:
1543:
1499:
1404:
1383:. Retrieved
1381:(in Spanish)
1372:
1353:
1347:
1331:
1307:
1258:. Retrieved
1251:
1165:
1144:
1110:
1102:
1091:
1067:Dylcia Pagán
1060:
1044:
1042:
1025:
1022:Albert Camus
1017:
1009:
1008:In his book
1007:
994:
967:
959:
956:
929:
905:
897:
885:
868:Agent Orange
854:
851:
842:
825:
816:
812:
808:
791:
777:
766:
759:
757:
749:
733:
713:
702:
696:
693:
682:
667:
656:
631:
621:
613:
607:
595:
569:
567:(2017–2019)
556:
554:(2013–2017)
543:
541:(2009–2013)
539:Luis Fortuño
530:
528:(2005–2009)
517:
515:(2001–2005)
504:
502:(1993–2001)
491:
489:(1977–1985)
478:
465:
418:
413:Belligerents
402:
382:1976–present
366:Part of the
330:
309:
300:
291:
281:
269:
265:
261:
249:
247:
232:
226:FBI fugitive
223:
207:
171:
159:
157:
143:
60:
35:
29:
2891:Iris Zavala
2876:Piri Thomas
2796:Juan Dalmau
2504:Agüeybaná I
2354:scribol.com
1154:Co-founder
1098:Querido FBI
1049:Not4Prophet
972:Nationalist
800:Wells Fargo
794:cell named
592:(2019–2021)
440:Puerto Rico
392:Puerto Rico
306:Composition
256:during the
195:Puerto Rico
184:clandestine
91:Puerto Rico
3246:Categories
2446:0135406005
2065:2015-07-12
2035:2015-07-12
1571:2007-05-23
1232:References
1142:Co-founder
980:COINTELPRO
960:Macheteros
917:USSOUTHCOM
913:USNORTHCOM
907:socialist
855:Macheteros
792:Los Taínos
703:Pitirre II
689:police car
659:21 wounded
2781:Roy Brown
2744:activists
2386:March 28,
2360:March 28,
2138:August 3,
1782:March 28,
1045:MACHETERO
1027:The Rebel
760:Pensacola
657:5 killed
314:La Prensa
297:Structure
288:Hierarchy
250:Machetero
248:The name
201:from the
191:insurgent
121:Opponents
3230:Claridad
2312:Archived
2180:Archived
2171:and the
2161:Archived
2101:July 13,
2009:March 5,
1986:March 5,
1336:Archived
1312:Archived
1260:April 5,
1184:See also
1094:Calle 13
939:and the
387:Location
341:Libretas
274:San Juan
217:, and a
187:militant
102:Ideology
3201:Symbols
3147:Gag Law
2529:Urayoán
2524:Jumacao
2514:Arasibo
2255:June 5,
1959:May 22,
1938:May 22,
1759:Reuters
1385:June 5,
1081:, 2009
1077:, 2009
1073:, 2009
974:leader
863:Vieques
859:Culebra
608:†
403:ongoing
349:History
335:Manteca
327:Tactics
180:Machete
168:Boricua
116:Unknown
61:†
51:Leaders
3110:Events
2519:Hayuya
2443:
2129:
1882:
1411:
1360:
968:Águila
935:, the
921:Utuado
888:Utuado
604:
399:Status
178:("The
150:(FALN)
57:
3222:Media
1878:(PDF)
1131:Name
1096:was "
925:Lares
82:1976–
2441:ISBN
2415:2015
2388:2019
2362:2019
2257:2007
2140:2009
2127:ISBN
2103:2015
2011:2014
1988:2014
1961:2007
1940:2007
1914:2009
1784:2019
1667:2009
1409:ISBN
1387:2007
1358:ISBN
1262:2006
923:and
915:and
861:and
829:"el
379:Date
189:and
158:The
113:Size
2336:NPR
2175:'s
1020:or
1016:'s
272:in
3248::
2439:.
2435:.
2378:.
2352:.
2334:.
2322:^
2265:^
2111:^
2074:^
2044:^
1900:.
1840:^
1811:^
1792:^
1775:.
1753:.
1726:^
1694:^
1675:^
1621:^
1580:^
1528:^
1511:^
1482:^
1461:^
1446:^
1423:^
1395:^
1323:^
1299:^
1270:^
1250:.
1239:^
1120:.
1089:.
1024:'
903:.
878:.
680:.
672:,
221:.
205:.
166:("
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3149:(
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2146:.
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2068:.
2038:.
2013:.
1990:.
1963:.
1942:.
1916:.
1880:.
1786:.
1757:/
1669:.
1656:"
1574:.
1417:.
1389:.
1366:.
1264:.
1059:(
1051:(
833:"
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
