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on their lands and use them in a more sustainable manner, and a number of ejidos and private lands have developed their own tourism facilities such as the
Yanbigapan Rural Lodge and the Poza Reyna Eco Reserve. The federal government also promotes activities related to agro-forestry and carbon capture. The Unidad de Manejo Forestal Los Tuxtlas extends over eleven municipalities.
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hectares the largest in the area, with a central precinct, several large mounds and the earliest known
Mesoamerican ball court in the central Tuxtlas. The population does not increase, but it concentrates into large settlements. The eastern, central and western zones of the Tuxtlas begin to construct centers with mounded architecture and large stone sculptures, especially in
383:, tomatoes, chili peppers, citrus fruits and carpet grass. The main cash crop for export is tobacco, which employs between 6,000 and 9,000 people per year. By far, the most of the livestock raised in the region is meat and dairy cattle, even though this production is less than four percent of the total for Veracruz. Extensive cattle ranching is more likely to be done by
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total of 860 communities in the four municipalities, with an average population of only 193 per community. The most rural is
Hueyapan, with over 70% of the population being rural. The most urban is Catemaco, with about 57% living in urban areas, but most densely populated municipalities overall are San Andrés and Santiago Tuxtla.
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Except for
Totogal, there are no indications of other major settlements, although Spanish documents at the time of the Conquest show that it was populated. After the Spanish took control, they resettled the indigenous population away from Totogal and into new centers such as Santiago Tuxtla. During
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In the
Classic period, states emerge in the southern Gulf Coast region. In the early part of the period, the population decreased and the political center shifted to Chuniapan el Arriba, upstream from Chuniapan el Abajo. Tres Zapotes society continued to increase in complexity and there was extensive
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In the late
Formative, Tres Zapotes grows to a large center, covering an estimated 300 hectares and is considered the main center in the southern Gulf coastal region. The site is characterized by three mound groups each associated with a large number of stone monuments, as well as imported items such
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Commerce and services, which includes tourism, accounts for 64.8% of the gross regional product and employs 45.5% of the workforce. Most of this activity occurs in San Andrés Tuxtla and
Catemaco (87.1%). Most of the tourism is related to ecotourism and Catemaco's reputation for magical practices and
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The political region of Los
Tuxtlas is one of ten in the state of Veracruz and consists of four municipalities: Catemaco, San Andrés Tuxtla, Santiago Tuxtla and Hueyapan de Ocampo. Together, these cover a territory of 2,947km2, 4.1% of the state total. San Andrés Tuxtla and Hueyapan de Ocampo are the
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Wildlife consists of 851 species of vertebrates, 45 of amphibians, 117 of reptiles, 128 mammal and 561 bird species. It has 32% of all known vertebrate species in Mexico, eighteen of which are endemic to the region. About 180 species are considered rare, threatened or in danger of extinction. The 128
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However, the natural vegetation has been severely depleted with estimates of what is left down as far a 5.4%. Despite this, the region is still home to 3,356 species of vascular plants, half the total of the state of
Veracruz, and includes 400 species of trees. The wild vegetation is mostly found at
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The establishment of the
Biosphere was accompanied by efforts to promote the development of eco tourism to the local population as well as changed to water and land use. Success in these efforts began to be seen around 2002. Since then, there is a program pays residents to conserve natural resources
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The region is an important migratory and breeding area for many species of birds. Of the 565 bird species, two are endemic as well as three subspecies. Thirty one species are threatened, 63 under special protection and 16 in danger of extinction. 223 of the bird species of the region migrate here in
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and the tallest being Cola de Caballo. The region is part of the Papaloapan River Basin, with major rivers including the Papalopapan, San Juan Grande de Catemaco, Coxcoapan, Coetzala, Ahuacapan, Hueyapan, el Carrizal, La Palma, Olapa, Yohualtapan, Arroyo de Liza, Arroyo Rejon, Cold-Maquina, Gachapa,
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Until the 1960s, the area was primarily rainforest, but demographic changes, especially population growth has caused to coverage of rainforest to decrease to about 38% of what it was. The deforestation worsened when the government encouraged cattle ranching here in the 1960s and 1970s. By 1986 only
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Most of the population is rural. As of 2010, the region had a population of 304,033 people, with a growth rate of just over one percent. Only about fifty four percent are classified by the state as rural, with the rest living in twelve towns and cities with 2,500 people of more. However, there is a
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The effects of human activity in the area are complex, but most of the damage comes from deforestation, creating pasture land and fragmenting forest. The deforestation has reduced rainwater capture, causing a lowering of rivers and streams. In the dry season, water from springs diminishes as well.
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The industrial and mining sector of the economy accounts for 34.7% of the gross regional product. This is mostly in the processing of sugar cane, drink bottling and the making of tobacco products. Mining is mostly the extraction of coal and sand, along with some petroleum. It employs 16.2% of the
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The most active are San Martín Tuxtla (Tiltépetl, 1,680masl), Santa Marta (1,680masl), San Martín Pajapan (1,180masl), Cerro de Campanario (1540masl), Cerro Mono Blanco (1,380masl), Cerro de Vigía or Cerro Tuxtla (860masl) and Cerro Blanco (640masl). The last recorded eruptions were of San Martín
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Conservation and other efforts have been led by federal, state and municipal authorities along with academics and non-profit organizations. However, the lack of coordination among these have hampered efforts. Successes include reforestation efforts on the campus of the Tecnológico de San Andrés
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Like the rest of Mesoamerica, the Los Tuxtlas populations show a shift from small, villages with little social strata to the creation of large population and ceremonial centers. Hierarchical societies define themselves in the late Formative Period (400 BCE-350CE). Chuniapan de Abajo grows to 45
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families than indigenous ones. Most of the fishing occurs in the lakes and lagoons of the region, especially Lake Catemaco, followed by the Laguna del Ostión and the Sontecomapan Lagoon. Despite the deforestation there is still logging done, mostly in Santiago Tuxtla. Despite taking most of the
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However, as late as 1997, there was little change in local population's consciousness of the deforestation, and the economic activities causing destruction continued. In 1998, state of Veracruz expropriated 6,318 hectares in the Sierra de Santa Marta and the federal government did the same with
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In the 1950s and 1960s, there were many studies of the flora and fauna of the region, including a major study by the Comisión Técnica Consultiva para la Determinación Regional de los Coeficientes de Agostadero (COTECOCA) between 1966 and 1967 and the publication of an extensive overview of the
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Almost 60% received federal or state medical benefits. The region has education from the pre school to the undergraduate level, mostly in pre school and primary. The average number of years of school is 6.2 and there is a twenty percent illiteracy rate (down from 23.5% in 2005), the highest in
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The frequent rain support numerous rivers and stream and creates lakes, especially in dormant volcano cones, with 2.8% of the region covered by surface water. Fresh water flow in the region accounts for 14.8% of the entire state of Veracruz. The rugged terrain and water flow makes for numerous
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The ecology of the region was first studied in 1793 when José Marian Mociño described the eruption of San Martín Tuxla Volcano. Later studies occurred in the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, describing the geography, collecting animal and plants and studying archeological sites and
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Biologically speaking, Los Tuxtlas is one of the most important regions in Mexico, a complex mixture of vegetation covering mountains and sea coast and includes the northern limit of tropical rainforest in the Americas. The dominant ecosystem is tropical rainforest but it is mixed with other
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geology and environment published by Robert F. Andre in 1964 called A Biogeographical Investigation of the Sierra de Tuxtla in Veracruz, Mexico. Research continued in the latter 20th century with more interdisciplinary studies leading to the establishment of the Los Tuxtlas Research Center.
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Official tallies state that 3.7% of the population speaks an indigenous language, with 1.6% of these not speaking Spanish. However, 16,258 are stated as “living in indigenous homes,” meaning the head of the household speaks an indigenous language. An academic study put the percentage of the
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By 500 CE, Matacapan was a sizable settlement on the upper Catemaco River, surrounded by smaller ones. Through the rest of the classic period, it became the main political and economic center, tied to and influenced by Teotihuacan. After Teotihuacan's fall, Matacapan lost importance.
423:, there were at least two volcanic eruptions that disrupted the development of settlements. Around 1150 BCE, there was an eruption of the Cerro Mono Blanco, spreading volcanic ash which likely decreased soil productivity, moving populations from the upper to lower Catemaco River.
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Agriculture takes much of the area's workforce, employing 35.5%. Most of this is the growing of corn and beans for auto consumption. Indigenous homes mostly work with subsistence agriculture and some cattle raising, supplemented by seasonal labor and trade. Crops also include
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Tuxtla sites show influence and contact with the Olmec to the east, but the area was not part of the Olmec dominion. Ceramic and obsidian technologies are similar but concentrations of luxury goods such as jade beads characteristic of major Olmec settlements are absent.
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La Palma, Oro, Prieto, Salinas and Toro Prieto. The best known lake is Lake Catemaco, which is about ten km across and contains twelve islands. The other major lakes and lagoons includes the Sotecomapan Lagoon, Esmeralda Lake, Pizatal Lake and Laguna Grande.
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The mountain range ends abruptly at the sea, which makes for low cliffs and small beaches, the latter usually at the mouths of rivers and streams. The main beaches include the Barra de Sontecomapan, a strip of land that mostly separates the Gulf from the
57:. It also refers to a high complex natural ecosystem, an isolated volcanic mountain range next to the Gulf of Mexico, home to the northern edge of tropical rainforest in the Americas. Although seriously deforested, most of it is under protection as the
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In 1979 and 1980, presidential decrees declared the areas around the San Martín and Santa Marta Volcanoes as Forest Protection Zone and Wild Animal Shelter, but this failed to stop the ecological deterioration because little action was taken locally.
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made it way to the western edge of this area. The principle center for this occupation was Totogal, in the Santiago Tuxtla municipality near the earlier settlement of Tres Zapotes. This occupation gave the region its current name, from the
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and Los Cerros. In the eastern Tuxtlas Laguna de Los Cerros emerged as a major center with settlements such as Isla as secondary. A number of large stone monuments are known to exist in Isla but their depth has prevented their extraction.
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Starting in the late 1970s and early 1980s, conservation policies began to emerge and the encouragement of ecotourism, promoted as an alternative for sustainable development. However, the frailty of the fragmented rainforest allowed
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acquired 220 hectares to establish the Pipiapan Tropical Park, dedicated to the study of tropical ecosystems. In 1990 and 1995, the private Nanciyaga and La Jungla Parks were created, with an area of 40 hectares along Lake Catemaco.
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is a coastal volcanic mountain range that runs parallel with the Gulf of Mexico, eighty km long and fifty km at its widest, covering an area of 3,300km2. It is completely isolated from any other mountain range, surrounded by the
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The economic base for the region is agriculture, livestock, fishing and tourism, with the first three taking up most of the area's natural resources. Eighty four percent of the land is used for agriculture and livestock alone.
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Human settlement of the region most likely began around 8000 BCE, with forest clearing and agriculture by 2250BCE. The lack of archeological sites from this time indicates nomadic populations.
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and European. For all its history until the present, it has been rural and agricultural. Today one of its notable crops is tobacco. However, conservation efforts since the 1970s have promoted
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Four of the forty five species of amphibian species are endemic, eleven of the 117 reptile species are. These species account for 14.8% of the amphibians and 16.5% of the reptiles in Mexico.
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mammal species account for 28.3% of all such species in Mexico, with one endemic to the region. Eleven are threatened, twelve in danger of extinction and seven under special protection.
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Leticia Durand; Elena Lazos (June 2008). "The Local Perception of Tropical Deforestation and its Relation to Conservation Policies in Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Mexico".
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Los Tuxtlas is also home to 861 species of butterfly, 23 species of bee, 133 species of dragonfly, 272 species of beetle and over fifty species of aquatic insects.
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vegetation. In general, the region has eleven kinds of vegetation: high perennial rainforest, medium perennial rainforest, low perennial rainforest, cloud forest,
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Tuxtla, using native species, and the ProÁrbol program, which as of 2009 produced 414,963 plants, spread over 697 hectares. One species to be reintroduced is the
316:. The land is under federal control and managed by the Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP) as a priority region for conservation. In 2006,
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Los Tuxtlas is one of the rainiest areas of Mexico. Average annual rainfall is between 1,500 and 4,500mm and average annual temperature is between 8 and 36C.
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largest, accounting for 56.6% of the total area. This political region is bordered by the Olmeca and Papaloapan regions with the Gulf of Mexico to the east.
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flakes probably from small villages growing corn. These are concentrated along the waterways that drain Lake Catemaco. During the Pre Classic period in
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fifteen or sixteen percent of the original rainforest remained and by 2004 down to an estimated seven to ten percent. What is remaining is fragmented.
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the colonial period, the population became a mix of indigenous, African and European, with the area also attracting migration from other parts of
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The area is still volcanically active, with evidence of activity dating back at least 800,000 years, with the oldest volcano being Santa Marta.
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and has high geological and ecological complexity, subject to volcanic forces as well as erosion from wind and rain off the Gulf of Mexico.
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Sedentism, site occupation and settlement organization at La Joya, a Formative village in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico
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61:, which stretches over eight municipalities, centering on the four mentioned above. The area's early history was influenced by the
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natural resources and much of the labor, the primary sector of the economy accounts for only .5% of the gross regional product.
264:. It conducts research with an eye towards conservation of the area and directly preserves 647 hectares of tropical rainforest.
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1072:"Totógal: Investigations of Postclassic Occupation and the Aztec Frontier in the Tuxtla Mountains, Veracruz, México"
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687:"Valoración Económica del Medio Ambiente: Caso de la Reserva de la Biosfera de los Tuxtlas (Capítulo III)"
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another 9,366 hectares around Catemaco. Then all the various protected areas were unified to form the
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but had its own trajectory. In the colonial period, the population became a mix of indigenous,
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in 2014, after a seventy-year extinction in the area and in danger of extinction in Mexico.
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the higher elevations, on the volcanos near the coast. Endangered species of fauna include
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547:"Seroprevalence of hepatitis viruses and risk factors in blood donors of Veracruz, Mexico"
260:. Thirty years later, the Los Tuxtlas Tropical Biology Station was founded as part of the
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Veracruz. In addition, 41.1% have not finished primary school, (down from 47% in 2005) .
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2017:
1957:
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However, deforestation still continues, and 56% of the Biosphere is still pastureland.
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Modern conservation efforts began in 1937 with efforts to halt deforestation around
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Tuxtla in 1664 and 1793. There are many other volcanic cones with forty containing
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903:
Antonio Suarez (November 10, 2002). "Veredas de Mexico/ En territorio de brujos".
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The region, especially Catemaco, is known for the survival of magical practices.
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122:. The volcanic activity has shaped the mountain range as well as water flow.
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284:, 155,122 hectares over eight municipalities: Catemaco, Hueyapan de Ocampo,
518:"Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave: Grado de marginación por municipio, 2005"
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Lake Catemaco and mountains as seen from the Nanciyaga Ecological Reserve
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Lev Garcia (November 8, 2005). "Destruye huracan reserva de Tuxtlas".
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969:"Salvan reserva de Los Tuxtlas con de pago de servicios ambientales".
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1077:. Los Angeles: Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies
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999:"Termina primera etapa de reforestación en reserva de Los Tuxtlas".
360:, with 23.8% of the total indigenous population found in Hueyapan.
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Estimates of remaining rainforest range between 28% down to 5.4%.
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187:. There are fifteen plant species that are endemic to the region.
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indigenous population at about thirty percent. Most of these are
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The first settlements are indicated by deposits of ceramics and
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984:"Los Tuxtlas, ejemplo en avances de reforestación: Conafor".
854:. Secretaria de Finanzas y Planeación del Estado de Veracruz
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recognized the Biosphere's importance on a global level.
737:. UNESCO Ecological Sciences for Sustainable Development
881:. Association for Tropical Biology & Conservation
765:"Catemaco and Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz: almost paradise"
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and Monte Pío, where two rivers empty into the sea.
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212:waterfalls, with the largest and best known being
551:The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries
500:in 2005 to serious damage, felling large trees.
1016:"El regreso de la guacamaya roja a Los Tuxtlas"
41:Politically it refers to four municipalities:
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459:In the Post classic period, the edge of the
1014:Diana Caballero Alvarado (March 28, 2014).
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545:López-Balderas, Nayali (7 September 2014).
408:La Corbata colossal head in Santiago Tuxtla
107:basins. It is the easternmost point of the
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262:National Autonomous University of Mexico
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879:"Los Tuxtlas Tropical Biology Station"
852:Estudios Regionales para la Planeación
292:, San Andrés Tuxtla, Santiago Tuxtla,
443:"El Negro" from the Tres Zapotes site
207:At the top of the Eyipantla Waterfall
7:
396:caters mostly to Mexican clientele.
248:Los Tuxtlas Tropical Biology Station
1056:(Thesis). University of Pittsburgh.
605:. Xalapa: El Instituto de Ecología
14:
988:. Mexico City. November 23, 2010.
973:. Mexico City. November 24, 2010.
1403:Zontecomatlán de López y Fuentes
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763:Richard Ferguson (May 1, 2008).
30:is a region in the south of the
233:the winter from farther north.
1003:. Mexico City. August 6, 2013.
1:
1052:Valerie J. McCormack (2002).
282:Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve
59:Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve
109:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
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1214:Municipalities of Veracruz
1100:. Mexico City. p. 23.
907:. Mexico City. p. 10.
73:, especially in Catemaco.
23:Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Sign
2462:Mountain ranges of Mexico
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1070:Marcie L. Venter (2005).
945:10.1007/s10745-008-9172-7
767:. Mexconnect newsletter.
77:Geography and environment
1126:18.5326361°N 95.162889°W
484:indigenous populations.
448:as jade and serpentine.
1948:Huiloapan de Cuauhtémoc
1785:Manlio Fabio Altamirano
421:Mesoamerican chronology
273:Universidad Veracruzana
2171:Cosamaloapan de Carpio
1255:Ozuluama de Mascareñas
1131:18.5326361; -95.162889
603:"Proyecto Los Tuxtlas"
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2457:Landforms of Veracruz
2332:Ixhuatlán del Sureste
1632:Cosautlán de Carvajal
1338:Chicontepec de Tejeda
1240:Chinampa de Gorostiza
442:
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151:forest, pine forest,
142:Barra de Sontecomapan
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96:Sierra de Los Tuxtlas
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22:
2387:San Juan Evangelista
2196:Juan Rodríguez Clara
2033:San Andrés Tenejapan
1993:Mixtla de Altamirano
1938:Fortín de las Flores
1848:Amatlán de los Reyes
1677:Las Vigas de Ramírez
1524:Martínez de la Torre
1491:Zozocolco de Hidalgo
1310:Huasteca Baja Region
1222:Huasteca Alta Region
1147:Guide to Los Tuxtlas
845:"Región Los Tuxtlas"
240:Conservation efforts
2447:Regions of Veracruz
2176:Ignacio de la Llave
2078:Tlacotepec de Mejía
1888:Camerino Z. Mendoza
1368:Ixhuatlán de Madero
1122: /
185:Cyclopes didactylus
169:Chironectes minimus
128:Sontecomapan Lagoon
105:Coatzacoalcos River
2284:Hueyapan de Ocampo
2261:Los Tuxtlas Region
2221:Santiago Sochiapan
2161:Carlos A. Carrillo
1953:Ixhuatlán del Café
1805:Soledad de Doblado
1519:Juchique de Ferrer
1421:Cazones de Herrera
1300:Tempoal de Sánchez
1018:. Proceso magazine
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55:Hueyapan de Ocampo
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2467:Tourism in Mexico
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2274:San Andrés Tuxtla
2133:Papaloapan Region
1883:Camarón de Tejeda
1328:Castillo de Teayo
564:10.3855/jidc.4812
181:Ateles geoffroyii
177:Alouatta palliate
173:Vampyrum spectrum
47:San Andrés Tuxtla
2474:
2392:Sayula de Alemán
1988:Mariano Escobedo
1830:Mountains Region
1752:Sotavento Region
1554:Vega de Alatorre
1461:Gutiérrez Zamora
1250:Naranjos Amatlán
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472:meaning rabbit.
452:mound-building.
16:Region in Mexico
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2201:Lerdo de Tejada
2146:Ángel R. Cabada
2127:
2043:Soledad Atzompa
1893:Carrillo Puerto
1824:
1800:Puente Nacional
1746:
1722:Tlalnelhuayocan
1637:Emiliano Zapata
1563:
1495:
1413:Totonaca Region
1407:
1318:Álamo Temapache
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51:Santiago Tuxtla
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2023:Rafael Delgado
2020:
2018:Paso del Macho
2015:
2010:
2005:
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1995:
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1963:Ixtaczoquitlán
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1958:Ixhuatlancillo
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1795:Paso de Ovejas
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1667:Landero y Coss
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1141:External links
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939:(3): 383–394.
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557:(3): 274–282.
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2327:Hidalgotitlán
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2317:Coatzacoalcos
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2294:Olmeca Region
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2231:Tierra Blanca
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2216:Saltabarranca
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2211:Playa Vicente
2209:
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2186:Ixmatlahuacan
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1114:18°31′57.49″N
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735:"Los Tuxtlas"
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161:South America
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32:Mexican state
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2407:Tatahuicapan
2322:Cosoleacaque
1923:Coscomatepec
1760:Boca del Río
1732:Villa Aldama
1697:Rafael Lucio
1617:Chiconquiaco
1544:Tenochtitlán
1388:Tlachichilco
1353:Huayacocotla
1348:Citlaltépetl
1285:Tampico Alto
1270:Pueblo Viejo
1107:
1097:
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1053:
1020:. Retrieved
1009:
1000:
994:
985:
979:
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904:
883:. Retrieved
856:. Retrieved
851:
776:. Retrieved
739:. Retrieved
694:. Retrieved
607:. Retrieved
554:
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528:. Retrieved
524:
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494:
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461:Aztec Empire
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433:Tres Zapotes
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120:crater lakes
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2452:Los Tuxtlas
2347:Las Choapas
2246:Tres Valles
2241:Tlacotalpan
2236:Tlacojalpan
2191:José Azueta
1878:Calcahualco
1843:Alpatláhuac
1810:Tlalixcoyan
1779:José Cardel
1607:Ayahualulco
1592:Alto Lucero
1378:Tepetzintla
1129: /
1117:95°9′46.4″W
392:workforce.
28:Los Tuxtlas
2441:Categories
2412:Texistepec
2357:Minatitlán
2307:Agua Dulce
2083:Tlaltetela
2058:Tepatlaxco
2048:Tehuipango
2028:Río Blanco
1933:Cuitláhuac
1863:Atlahuilco
1838:Acultzingo
1775:La Antigua
1717:Tlacolulan
1682:Miahuatlán
1657:Jalcomulco
1612:Banderilla
1549:Tlapacoyan
1539:San Rafael
1436:Coatzintla
1431:Coahuitlán
1383:Texcatepec
1333:Cerro Azul
1235:Chiconamel
530:31 January
504:References
377:sugar cane
134:Vegetation
101:Papaloapan
82:Topography
71:ecotourism
2397:Soconusco
2367:Nanchital
2352:Mecayapan
2312:Chinameca
2206:Otatitlán
2156:Amatitlán
2123:Zongolica
2108:Xoxocotla
2088:Tlaquilpa
2068:Texhuacán
1978:Magdalena
1973:Los Reyes
1897:Tamarindo
1858:Astacinga
1672:Las Minas
1662:Jilotepec
1652:Jalacingo
1597:Altotonga
1486:Tihuatlán
1481:Tecolutla
1476:Poza Rica
1441:Coxquihui
1426:Chumatlán
1398:Zacualpan
1363:Ixcatepec
1358:Ilamatlán
1295:Tantoyuca
1202:(capital)
1189:State of
953:154721183
773:1028-9089
478:New Spain
358:Popoulcas
310:Chinameca
306:Soconusco
286:Mecayapan
214:Eyipantla
199:Hydrology
2422:Zaragoza
2417:Uxpanapa
2402:Soteapan
2362:Moloacán
2337:Jáltipan
2302:Acayucan
2269:Catemaco
2251:Tuxtilla
2225:Xochiapa
2151:Alvarado
2098:Tomatlán
2093:Tlilapan
2073:Tezonapa
2038:Sochiapa
1998:Naranjal
1983:Maltrata
1968:La Perla
1943:Huatusco
1928:Cuichapa
1908:Coetzala
1903:Chocamán
1820:Veracruz
1790:Medellín
1765:Cotaxtla
1712:Tepetlán
1702:Tatatila
1687:Naolinco
1647:Ixhuacán
1641:Dos Ríos
1627:Coatepec
1602:Apazapan
1559:Yecuatla
1529:Misantla
1471:Papantla
1466:Mecatlán
1280:Tamiahua
1191:Veracruz
417:obsidian
302:Acayucan
294:Soteapan
221:Wildlife
153:savannah
149:holm oak
43:Catemaco
36:Veracruz
2382:Pajapan
2377:Oteapan
2103:Totutla
2063:Tequila
2053:Tenampa
2013:Orizaba
2008:Omealca
2003:Nogales
1918:Córdoba
1873:Atzacan
1727:Tonayán
1707:Teocelo
1587:Actopan
1582:Acatlán
1577:Acajete
1509:Atzalán
1451:Espinal
1446:Coyutla
1373:Tancoco
1343:Chontla
1290:Tantima
1275:Tamalín
1245:El Higo
1098:Reforma
1081:May 16,
1022:May 16,
1001:NOTIMEX
986:NOTIMEX
971:NOTIMEX
905:Reforma
885:May 16,
858:May 16,
778:May 16,
741:May 16,
696:May 16,
692:. UDLAP
609:May 16,
573:2141145
466:Nahuatl
400:History
385:mestizo
290:Pajapan
191:Climate
67:African
2118:Zentla
1913:Comapa
1868:Atoyac
1853:Aquila
1770:Jamapa
1737:Xalapa
1692:Perote
1534:Nautla
1514:Colipa
1393:Tuxpan
1260:Pánuco
1230:Chalma
1200:Xalapa
951:
771:
571:
525:Conapo
470:toxtla
381:mangos
354:Nahuas
318:UNESCO
63:Olmecs
2372:Oluta
2141:Acula
2113:Yanga
1075:(PDF)
949:S2CID
848:(PDF)
690:(PDF)
569:S2CID
521:(PDF)
468:word
2181:Isla
1742:Xico
1083:2014
1024:2014
887:2014
860:2014
780:2014
769:ISSN
743:2014
698:2014
611:2014
532:2019
356:and
312:and
159:and
103:and
94:The
53:and
941:doi
559:doi
34:of
2443::
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751:^
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300:,
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