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understanding", "strengthening dialogue, coordination, coherence and synergies among relevant stakeholders", and "enhancing action and support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, to address loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change". However, it makes no provisions for liability or compensation for loss and damage. The only reason loss and damage was even discussed in Warsaw was because the entire delegation of developing countries staged a walkout at negotiations.
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126:. Losses and damages arise when mitigation and adaptation actions to reduce climate impacts fail. They include the damages (and the risks of future damages) beyond those addressed by mitigation and adaptation. These losses and damages are sometimes referred to as 'residual' impacts or risks. Given the slow progress on implementing mitigation and adaptation, some losses and damages are already occurring, and further loss and damage is unavoidable.
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145:. In human systems, a distinction is made between economic losses and non-economic losses. Economic losses and damage affect resources, goods and services that are commonly traded in the market. Non-economic losses and damage contain loss of family members and disappearance of cultures. The main difference between the two is that non-economic losses involve things that are not commonly traded in markets.
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impacts of climate change, including extreme events and slow onset events, in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.' Lowercase letters (losses and damages) have been taken to refer broadly to harm from (observed) impacts and (projected) risks and can be economic or non-economic (Mechler et al., 2018)."
52:). There has been slow progress on implementing mitigation and adaptation. Some losses and damages are already occurring, and further loss and damage is unavoidable. There is a distinction between economic losses and non-economic losses. The main difference between the two is that non-economic losses involve things that are not commonly traded in markets.
261:
At previous COP events, industrialised nations blocked attempts by low and middle-income countries asking for financial support with their climate adaptation plans. At COP26 in
Glasgow, Scotland became the first Global North country to pledge bilateral finance specifically for loss and damage. In the
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The idea was not accepted in the summit, even though some advance was achieved: the World Bank allowed low income countries to temporarily stop paying debts if they are hit by climate disaster (most of financial help to climate vulnerable countries is coming in the form of debts, which often worsens
215:
provides for the continuation of the Warsaw
International Mechanism but explicitly states that its inclusion "does not involve or provide a basis for any liability or compensation". The inclusion of this clause was the condition on which developed countries, particularly the United States, agreed to
183:
l developing countries for loss and damage arising from sea level rise". In the proposal, the amount to be contributed by each country to this pool would be determined by their relative contribution to global emissions and their relative share of global gross national product, a formula "modelled on
207:
The Warsaw
International Mechanism on Loss and Damage was set up in 2013 as a climate policy mechanism to deal with climate-related effects in highly vulnerable countries and was endorsed in 2015 by the Paris Agreement. Yet, the concepts, methods, tools, and directions for policy and implementation
299:
of what the IPCC 5th
Assessment Report has to say about loss and damage surprisingly showed that the term was used much more often in statements about Annex 1 countries (e.g. US, Australia or European countries) than in text about non-Annex 1 countries (most countries in Africa, Asia Latin America
114:
refers to harmful effects and costs associated with climate change that can be quantified and potentially compensated (including economic, social, and environmental costs). Damage can be temporary or partially reversible, and it often involves repair, restoration, or compensation, for example, the
107:
can be understood as irreversible harm caused by climate change, for example, through the complete destruction or permanent reduction in the functioning of assets, infrastructure, or resources, the complete submergence of small island nations due to sea-level rise, the irreversible extinction of a
203:
The Warsaw
International Mechanism for Loss and Damage, created in 2013, acknowledges that "loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change includes, and in some cases involves more than, that which can be reduced by adaptation". Its mandate includes "enhancing knowledge and
274:
summit in June 2023 more than 100 leading economists signed a letter calling for the establishment of an extreme wealth tax as a loss and damage mechanism as the 1% of richest people, who are responsible for twice as many emissions as the poorest 50% (2% tax can generate around 2.5 trillion). If
257:
to support communities in averting, minimizing, and addressing damages and risks.This fund will be available to support poorer countries for the losses and damages caused by climate change. The details of how this will work, who will benefit and what should count as "loss and damage" was not yet
100:
is: "Research has taken Loss and Damage (capitalised letters) to refer to political debate under the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) following the establishment of the Warsaw Mechanism on Loss and Damage in 2013, which is to 'address loss and damage associated with
1088:
Global
Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to
308:
included a section on Loss and Damage. Some of the main topics of UNFCCC negotiation texts and of scientific research in this area are risk finance (for residual risks), finance sources and options for losses and damages, and transformative finance. Examples for transformative finance include
92:
Despite the increasing dialogue and attention to the topic, it is also noted that there is 'not one definition of L&D'. In fact, the UN distinguishes between L&D (Loss and Damage) as the dialogue under the negotiations for the UNFCCC and 'losses and damages' as the impacts seen and
516:
Balzter, Heiko; Macul, Mateus; Delaney, Beth; Tansey, Kevin; Espirito-Santo, Fernando; Ofoegbu, Chidiebere; Petrovskii, Sergei; Forchtner, Bernhard; Nicholes, Nicholes; Payo, Emilio; Heslop-Harrison, Pat; Burns, Moya; Basell, Laura; Egberts, Ella; Stockley, Emma (January 2023).
75:
Group in negotiations. However, developed countries have resisted this. The present UNFCCC mechanism to address loss and damage, the "Warsaw
International Mechanism for Loss and Damage", focuses on research and dialogue rather than liability or compensation. At
303:
An IPCC assessment of Loss and Damage in 2018 found that residual risks (risks beyond those addressed by adaptation actions) will rise with further warming. This may lead to impacts beyond adaptation limits. The IPCC
920:
Contributing authors: Diallo, A. A., Barua, A., Dinshaw, A., Twongirwe, I., Nkhoma, L., Waqavonovono, M., Kourabas, M., Shahjahan, M., Bainteiti, I. R., & Soqo, S. SEI Report. Stockholm
Environment Institute.
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the 1963 Brussels
Supplementary Convention on Third Party Liability in the field of Nuclear Energy". This proposal was rejected, and when the UNFCCC was adopted in 1992 it contained no mention of loss or damage.
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the situation as those countries are overburdened with debts). Around 300 billion dollars was pledged as financial help in the forthcoming years, though trillions are needed to really solve the problem.
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compare the emissions of high income countries with the damage caused to low income by climate change, the result is that rich countries have a debt of around 6 trillion to the low income per year.
191:, which called for "Disaster reduction strategies and means to address loss and damage associated with climate change impacts in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse
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159:. Compensation is necessary to hold countries accountable for loss and damage resulting from historical emissions, and is an ethical and moral obligation. A Bangladeshi consultant remarked at
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destruction of infrastructure by hurricanes, economic losses due to crop failure caused by drought, or the costs of relocating coastal communities due to erosion and rising sea levels.
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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Loss and damage is connected to provision of climate finance and support, including liability, compensation and litigation. Loss and damage is also connected closely to
573:
According to UN, loss and damage can be defined as negative outcomes that humans cannot adapt to, including land degradation, glacier retreat, and ocean acidification.
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following year, at COP27, the agreement to support countries for loss and damage from climate change was signed, and that was seen by many as a major breakthrough.
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As the UNFCCC was being drafted in 1991, the AOSIS proposed the creation of an international insurance pool to "compensate the most vulnerable small island and
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New, M., D. Reckien, D. Viner, C. Adler, S.-M. Cheong, C. Conde, A. Constable, E. Coughlan de Perez, A. Lammel, R. Mechler, B. Orlove, and W. Solecki, 2022:
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Adaptation Gap Report 2023: Underfinanced. Underprepared. Inadequate investment and planning on climate adaptation leaves world exposed
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Adaptation Gap Report 2023: Underfinanced.Underprepared. Inadequate investment and planning on climate adaptation leaves world exposed
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to support communities in averting, minimizing, and addressing damages and risks where adaptation is not enough or comes too late.
59:'s adoption of the term and concept. Establishing liability and compensation for loss and damage has been a long-standing goal for
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How Small and Locally Led Grants Can Address Loss and Damage: Early Lessons from the Scottish Government's 2021 Funding Commitment
823:
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financing relocation and retreat of assets and communities, or for switching livelihoods when current ones become unfeasible.
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UNU-EHS Working Paper Series, No.12. Bonn: United Nations University Institute of Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS).
4090:
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3141:
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807:"Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015"
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2737:
2578:
2250:
1779:
1774:
1679:
1556:
1113:
570:
97:
60:
295:(WG2) Chapter 16 about adaptation limits and constraints, is very relevant for people interested in loss and damage. A
129:
The UNFCCC has defined loss and damage to include harms resulting from sudden-onset events (climate disasters, such as
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1945:
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1721:
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Mechler, Reinhard; Bouwer, Laurens M.; Schinko, Thomas; Surminski, Swenja; Linnerooth-Bayer, Joanne, eds. (2019).
447:
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2019:
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123:
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72:
49:
45:
474:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2897–2930, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.029.
454:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2539–2654, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.026.
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775:"Report of the Conference of the Parties on its nineteenth session, held in Warsaw from 11 to 23 November 2013"
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755:"Report of the Conference of the Parties on its thirteenth session, held in Bali from 3 to 15 December 2007"
108:
species, or the permanent loss of cultural heritage sites due to erosion caused by extreme weather events.
4109:
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3200:
2235:
2055:
1997:
1914:
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3869:
3788:
3679:
3644:
2756:
2624:
2270:
2147:
1955:
1415:
1338:
305:
137:). Loss and damage can occur in human systems (such as livelihoods) as well as natural systems (such as
471:
4075:
4010:
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3358:
3126:
2766:
2732:
2722:
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2002:
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239:
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2308:
2240:
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2007:
1972:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1494:
1061:
356:
64:
1026:"Loss and damage in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (Working Group II): a text-mining analysis"
586:
729:
4085:
3823:
3753:
3723:
3669:
3548:
3522:
3310:
3185:
3131:
2930:
2915:
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2205:
1950:
1716:
1509:
1472:
1259:
1213:
1053:
704:
540:
489:
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1967:
1731:
1455:
1328:
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806:
774:
754:
530:
426:
422:
243:
188:
163:, "The term 'loss and damage' is a euphemism for terms we're not allowed to use, which are '
30:
This article is about loss and damage in the context of climate change. For other uses, see
250:, to provide technical assistance in averting, minimizing, and addressing loss and damage.
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3639:
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271:
254:
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81:
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Loss and damage from climate change: Local-level evidence from nine vulnerable countries.
1041:
555: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
3674:
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2014:
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1531:
1269:
1249:
1208:
1129:
599:
Bhandari, Preety; Warszawski, Nate; Cogan, Deirdre; Gerholdt, Rhys (14 December 2022).
395:"Loss, Damage and Responsibility after COP21: All Options Open for the Paris Agreement"
134:
55:
The appropriate response by governments to loss and damage has been disputed since the
41:
519:"Loss and Damage from Climate Change: Knowledge Gaps and Interdisciplinary Approaches"
235:
After three decades of negotiation on 'Loss and Damage' caused by climate change, the
4175:
4020:
3408:
3363:
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3165:
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2563:
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2220:
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2027:
1962:
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3029:
2717:
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1889:
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1536:
1420:
1333:
1081:"Chapter 5: Sustainable Development, Poverty Eradication and Reducing Inequalities"
957:
931:
915:
138:
2672:
1049:
430:
671:"'A moral responsibility': Scotland calls for climate reparations ahead of COP27"
376:
300:
and the Pacific), which tend to be more vulnerable to impacts of climate change.
80:
in 2022, after years of negotiation, nations agreed on a proposal to establish a
3624:
3579:
3215:
3170:
3039:
3012:
2475:
1992:
1984:
1244:
936:"A wealth tax could help poorer countries tackle climate crisis, economists say"
291:(IPCC), published in 2013-2014 had no separate chapter on loss and damage, but
17:
3964:
3748:
3280:
2507:
1884:
1521:
187:
Loss and damage was first referred to in a formally-negotiated UN text in the
180:
1057:
962:"World Bank offers developing countries debt pauses if hit by climate crisis"
708:
544:
242:
a proposal drafted by the Warsaw mechanism. The parties agree to utilise the
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3974:
3864:
3859:
3778:
3773:
3654:
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3049:
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849:
377:
Non-economic losses in the context of the work programme on loss and damage.
1009:
1079:
Roy, J.; Tschakert, P.; Waisman, H.; Abdul Halim, S.; et al. (2018).
601:"What Is "Loss and Damage" from Climate Change? 8 Key Questions, Answered"
4025:
4015:
2935:
486:
Loss and damage from climate change: concepts, methods and policy options
824:"Explainer: Dealing with the 'loss and damage' caused by climate change"
535:
518:
3230:
3180:
2960:
1440:
130:
451:
3793:
3664:
3054:
2443:
697:"Calls for Climate Reparations Reach Boiling Point in Glasgow Talks"
3941:
1450:
488:. Climate risk management, policy and governance. Cham: Springer.
1098:
3629:
620:"What is the role of reparations in delivering climate justice?"
3495:
2676:
2394:
2099:
1835:
1395:
1307:
1188:
1140:
1102:
151:
are loss and damage payments which are based on the concept of
3926:
730:""Loss and Damage" in the Context of Small Islands | IOM Blog"
2357:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
864:"What was decided at Cop27 climate talks in Sharm el-Sheikh?"
576:
International Journal of Global Warming, Vol 5 (4): 367-386.
985:"Paris Climate Finance Summit Unlocks Funding, Dodges Debt"
2533:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
253:
This was an agreement between the nations to establish a
889:"Explainer: Who will pay for climate 'loss and damage'?"
1011:
Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
791:
David Hunter, James Salzman and Durwood Zaelke (2022).
293:
Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
208:
of loss and damage have remained contested and vague.
2374:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
448:
Chapter 17: Decision-Making Options for Managing Risk
141:), though the emphasis in research and policy is on
44:) is a concept to describe results from the adverse
27:
Concept to address adverse effects of climate change
3983:
3940:
3914:
3812:
3722:
3536:
3329:
3117:
2780:
2710:
2551:
2436:
2405:
2334:
2269:
2191:
2113:
2064:
1981:
1938:
1848:
1755:
1618:
1565:
1408:
1232:
1201:
585:An exception is this paper: Zommers et al. (2014).
199:Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage
1024:van der Geest, Kees; Warner, Koko (2 July 2020).
2574:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
4041:Environmental, social, and corporate governance
795:(6th ed.). Foundation Press. p. 689.
360:
3507:
2688:
1319:History of climate change policy and politics
1114:
421:United Nations Environment Programme (2023).
355:United Nations Environment Programme (2023).
8:
1436:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
133:) as well as slow-onset processes (such as
3514:
3500:
3492:
2695:
2681:
2673:
2655:
2643:
2402:
2391:
2110:
2096:
1845:
1832:
1405:
1392:
1304:
1198:
1185:
1137:
1121:
1107:
1099:
793:International Environmental Law and Policy
3206:Environmental issues in the United States
2201:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
1344:United Nations Climate Change conferences
569:Warner, K. and van der Geest, K. (2013).
534:
289:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3191:Effects of climate change on agriculture
1905:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
913:Bakhtaoui, I., & Shawoo, Z. (2023).
216:include a reference to loss and damage.
3875:Pollutant release and transfer register
2261:National Adaptation Programme of Action
2050:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
318:
3196:Effects of climate change on livestock
1910:Economics of climate change mitigation
1873:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
1224:Scientific consensus on climate change
587:Loss and damage to ecosystem services.
3660:Principles for Responsible Investment
2569:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
769:
767:
695:Sengupta, Somini (11 November 2021).
442:
440:
438:
351:
349:
347:
7:
4149:
3450:
3306:Tropical cyclones and climate change
2591:Representative Concentration Pathway
1542:Tipping points in the climate system
1218:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
921:https://doi.org/10.51414/sei2023.061
511:
509:
507:
505:
462:
460:
417:
415:
389:
387:
385:
371:
369:
171:' ... 'Reparations' is even worse."
155:. To proponents, they are a form of
3339:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
2362:Nationally determined contributions
2072:Individual action on climate change
1287:World energy supply and consumption
644:Bhadani, Anita (29 November 2021).
120:mitigating greenhouse gas emissions
3839:Environmental full-cost accounting
2501:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
862:Farand, Chloé (20 November 2022).
48:and how to deal with them (beyond
25:
2986:pharmaceuticals and personal care
2428:Satellite temperature measurement
2033:forestry for carbon sequestration
1324:History of climate change science
983:Anderson, Stefan (26 June 2023).
363:. org/10.59117/20.500.11822/43796
327:"Introduction to loss and damage"
287:The 5th Assessment Report of the
255:multilateral loss and damage fund
220:Strengthened agreement on funding
82:multilateral loss and damage fund
4148:
4139:
4138:
4128:
3713:
3620:Extended producer responsibility
3461:
3460:
3449:
3137:decline in amphibian populations
2842:Deforestation and climate change
2654:
2642:
2631:
2630:
2618:
2279:Climate Change Performance Index
646:"A Guide to Climate Reparations"
550:
237:27th Conference of Parties (COP)
231:COP 27: loss and damage accepted
32:Loss and damage (disambiguation)
3829:Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
3271:Land surface effects on climate
2728:Environmental impact assessment
2704:Human impact on the environment
2418:Instrumental temperature record
2369:Sustainable Development Goal 13
69:Alliance of Small Island States
4101:Socially responsible marketing
4096:Socially responsible investing
2486:Climate variability and change
1527:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
1:
4091:Socially responsible business
3142:decline in insect populations
2596:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
2131:Climate emergency declaration
1050:10.1080/14693062.2019.1704678
4187:Economics and climate change
4036:Environmental pricing reform
3567:environmental responsibility
2579:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
1805:Middle East and North Africa
266:Paris climate finance summit
98:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
4066:Market governance mechanism
3922:Global Reporting Initiative
3892:standards and certification
3799:Social return on investment
852:, accessed 21 November 2022
618:Manke|, Kara (4 May 2022).
431:10.59117/20.500.11822/43796
283:Research on Loss and Damage
4203:
4006:Community interest company
3950:Community-based monitoring
3784:Genuine progress indicator
2413:Global surface temperature
2304:Popular culture depictions
2216:Ecosystem-based adaptation
1946:Carbon capture and storage
1868:Carbon offsets and credits
850:About the Santiago Network
223:
29:
4182:Effects of climate change
4124:
4031:Environmental degradation
3880:Sustainability accounting
3744:Ethical positioning index
3711:
3444:
3379:Environmental engineering
3226:Environmental degradation
3003:fishing down the food web
2625:Climate change portal
2612:
2518:Extreme event attribution
2401:
2390:
2141:School Strike for Climate
2109:
2095:
2020:Climate-smart agriculture
1844:
1831:
1404:
1391:
1314:
1303:
1197:
1184:
1167:Climate change adaptation
1162:Climate change mitigation
1157:Effects of climate change
1147:
1136:
605:World Resources Institute
297:qualitative data analysis
193:effects of climate change
124:adapting to climate risks
96:The exact wording in the
73:Least Developed Countries
50:climate change adaptation
46:effects of climate change
4061:Health impact assessment
3932:Sustainability reporting
3901:Toxics Release Inventory
3695:Transparency (behavioral
3670:Social impact assessment
3559:Corporate accountability
3384:Environmental mitigation
3241:Greenhouse gas emissions
3201:Environmental insecurity
2528:Global warming potential
2335:International agreements
1982:Preserving and enhancing
1426:Arctic methane emissions
1348:Years in climate change
1255:Greenhouse gas emissions
1152:Causes of climate change
4116:Supply chain management
4056:Global justice movement
3855:profit-and-loss account
3431:Sustainable consumption
2772:Social ecology (ethics)
2559:Climate change scenario
2211:Disaster risk reduction
1863:Carbon emission trading
1673:U.S. insurance industry
1653:Civilizational collapse
1500:sea surface temperature
379:UNFCCC Technical Paper.
4081:SDG Publishers Compact
3843:Environmental conflict
3650:Organizational justice
3374:Ecological engineering
3154:runaway climate change
2552:Research and modelling
2236:Nature-based solutions
2056:Nature-based solutions
1998:Carbon dioxide removal
1915:Fossil fuel divestment
1900:Climate risk insurance
1810:Small island countries
1431:Arctic sea ice decline
4071:Product certification
3870:Life-cycle assessment
3789:Performance indicator
3680:Social responsibility
3645:Organizational ethics
3575:social responsibility
2757:List of global issues
2513:Earth's energy budget
2396:Background and theory
2284:Climate crisis (term)
1956:Fossil fuel phase-out
1850:Economics and finance
1815:by individual country
1757:By country and region
1732:Security and conflict
1727:Psychological impacts
1416:Abrupt climate change
1339:Charles David Keeling
1172:By country and region
306:6th Assessment Report
189:2007 Bali Action Plan
4076:Public participation
4011:Conflict of interest
3601:inequality in the UK
3593:in the United States
3585:Environmental racism
3359:Community resilience
3159:in the United States
3127:Biodiversity threats
2800:cannabis cultivation
2767:Planetary boundaries
2733:Environmental issues
2723:Ecological footprint
2342:Glasgow Climate Pact
2003:Carbon sequestration
1578:Mass mortality event
893:World Economic Forum
65:developing countries
4046:Ethical consumerism
3996:Benefit corporation
3888:metrics and indices
3690:Sullivan principles
3605:injustice in Europe
3421:Restoration ecology
3354:Climate engineering
3291:Ocean acidification
3281:Loss of green belts
3251:Holocene extinction
3246:Habitat destruction
2921:Environmental crime
2481:Climate sensitivity
2256:The Adaptation Fund
1712:Infectious diseases
1619:Social and economic
1091:. pp. 445–538.
1042:2020CliPo..20..729V
989:Health policy watch
536:10.3390/su151511864
149:Climate reparations
40:(in the context of
4134:Environment portal
3906:Triple bottom line
3834:Emission inventory
3739:Double bottom line
3685:Stakeholder theory
3436:Waste minimization
3394:Mitigation banking
3389:Industrial ecology
3349:Cleaner production
3301:Resource depletion
2837:Corporate behavior
2795:animal agriculture
2052:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
2024:Forest management
2008:Direct air capture
1973:Sustainable energy
1930:Net zero emissions
1925:Low-carbon economy
1920:Green Climate Fund
1707:Indigenous peoples
1610:Plant biodiversity
1398:Effects and issues
895:. 21 November 2022
701:The New York Times
468:Annex II: Glossary
175:Early negotiations
4169:
4168:
4086:Social enterprise
3991:Bangladesh Accord
3851:management system
3847:impact assessment
3824:Carbon accounting
3754:Impact assessment
3705:UN Global Compact
3597:in Western Europe
3549:Aarhus Convention
3489:
3488:
3311:Water degradation
3186:Ecological crisis
3132:biodiversity loss
2931:Industrialisation
2916:Genetic pollution
2762:Impact assessment
2670:
2669:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2543:Radiative forcing
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2206:Adaptive capacity
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
1951:Energy transition
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1547:Tropical cyclones
1473:Urban heat island
1387:
1386:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1260:Carbon accounting
1214:Greenhouse effect
1180:
1179:
1089:eradicate poverty
868:Climate Home News
495:978-3-319-72025-8
270:Before the Paris
246:, established at
16:(Redirected from
4194:
4152:
4151:
4142:
4141:
4132:
3717:
3635:Little Eichmanns
3516:
3509:
3502:
3493:
3464:
3463:
3453:
3452:
3286:Phosphorus cycle
3266:Land consumption
3261:Land degradation
3236:Freshwater cycle
3035:Overexploitation
3008:marine pollution
2815:cocoa production
2697:
2690:
2683:
2674:
2658:
2657:
2646:
2645:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2586:Paleoclimatology
2403:
2392:
2153:Ecological grief
2136:Climate movement
2111:
2097:
2077:Plant-based diet
1968:Renewable energy
1846:
1833:
1668:Economic impacts
1600:Invasive species
1456:Coastal flooding
1406:
1393:
1329:Svante Arrhenius
1305:
1275:from agriculture
1265:Carbon footprint
1250:Greenhouse gases
1199:
1186:
1138:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1100:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1021:
1015:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
980:
974:
973:
971:
969:
960:(22 June 2023).
954:
948:
947:
945:
943:
934:(19 June 2023).
928:
922:
911:
905:
904:
902:
900:
885:
879:
878:
876:
874:
859:
853:
848:United Nations,
846:
840:
839:
837:
835:
820:
814:
813:
811:
803:
797:
796:
788:
782:
781:
779:
771:
762:
761:
759:
751:
745:
744:
742:
740:
726:
720:
719:
717:
715:
692:
686:
685:
683:
681:
667:
661:
660:
658:
656:
641:
635:
634:
632:
630:
615:
609:
608:
596:
590:
583:
577:
567:
561:
554:
548:
538:
513:
500:
499:
481:
475:
464:
455:
444:
433:
419:
410:
409:
407:
405:
391:
380:
373:
364:
353:
342:
341:
339:
337:
323:
244:Santiago Network
181:low-lying coasta
71:(AOSIS) and the
21:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4120:
3979:
3936:
3910:
3815:
3808:
3804:Whole-life cost
3734:Corporate crime
3725:
3718:
3709:
3640:Loss and damage
3610:Ethical banking
3554:Climate justice
3541:
3532:
3520:
3490:
3485:
3440:
3399:Organic farming
3325:
3316:Water pollution
3296:Ozone depletion
3276:Loss and damage
3176:Desertification
3113:
3025:Overconsumption
2946:cleaning agents
2847:Energy industry
2810:meat production
2776:
2706:
2701:
2671:
2666:
2619:
2617:
2600:
2547:
2538:Orbital forcing
2432:
2397:
2378:
2352:Paris Agreement
2330:
2326:Warming stripes
2265:
2231:Managed retreat
2226:Loss and damage
2187:
2121:Business action
2105:
2083:
2060:
1983:
1977:
1934:
1895:Climate finance
1840:
1819:
1751:
1614:
1590:Extinction risk
1566:Flora and fauna
1561:
1522:Permafrost thaw
1517:Ozone depletion
1446:Extreme weather
1400:
1383:
1310:
1291:
1228:
1193:
1176:
1143:
1132:
1127:
1097:
1096:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1007:
1003:
993:
991:
982:
981:
977:
967:
965:
956:
955:
951:
941:
939:
930:
929:
925:
912:
908:
898:
896:
887:
886:
882:
872:
870:
861:
860:
856:
847:
843:
833:
831:
822:
821:
817:
809:
805:
804:
800:
790:
789:
785:
777:
773:
772:
765:
757:
753:
752:
748:
738:
736:
728:
727:
723:
713:
711:
694:
693:
689:
679:
677:
669:
668:
664:
654:
652:
643:
642:
638:
628:
626:
617:
616:
612:
598:
597:
593:
584:
580:
568:
564:
515:
514:
503:
496:
483:
482:
478:
465:
458:
445:
436:
420:
413:
403:
401:
393:
392:
383:
375:UNFCCC (2013).
374:
367:
354:
345:
335:
333:
325:
324:
320:
315:
285:
272:climate finance
268:
233:
228:
226:climate finance
222:
213:Paris Agreement
201:
177:
157:climate justice
90:
38:Loss and damage
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Loss and damage
15:
12:
11:
5:
4200:
4198:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4174:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4146:
4136:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3962:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3927:GxP guidelines
3924:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3760:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3720:
3719:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3675:Social justice
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3582:
3577:
3571:responsibility
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3530:accountability
3521:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3457:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:Sustainability
3423:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3321:Water scarcity
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3256:Nitrogen cycle
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:Forest dieback
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3149:Climate change
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2966:nanotechnology
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2750:on marine life
2742:
2741:
2740:
2738:list of issues
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2652:
2640:
2628:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2491:Cloud feedback
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2349:
2347:Kyoto Protocol
2344:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2301:
2299:Media coverage
2296:
2291:
2289:Climate spiral
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2178:Public opinion
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2128:
2126:Climate action
2123:
2117:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2038:REDD and REDD+
2035:
2030:
2022:
2017:
2015:Carbon farming
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1747:Water security
1744:
1742:Water scarcity
1739:
1737:Urban flooding
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1595:Forest dieback
1592:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1532:Sea level rise
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1505:stratification
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1270:Carbon leakage
1267:
1262:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1211:
1209:Climate system
1205:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1134:
1133:
1130:Climate change
1128:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1071:
1036:(6): 729–742.
1030:Climate Policy
1016:
1008:IPCC (2001),
1001:
975:
964:. The Guardian
949:
938:. The Guardian
923:
906:
880:
854:
841:
815:
798:
783:
763:
746:
734:weblog.iom.int
721:
687:
662:
636:
610:
591:
578:
562:
523:Sustainability
501:
494:
476:
456:
434:
411:
381:
365:
343:
317:
316:
314:
311:
284:
281:
267:
264:
232:
229:
221:
218:
200:
197:
176:
173:
135:sea level rise
89:
86:
42:climate change
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4199:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4162:
4161:Organizations
4159:
4157:
4156:
4147:
4145:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4021:Disinvestment
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3969:certification
3966:
3963:
3960:
3959:certification
3956:
3955:Environmental
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
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3913:
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3899:
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3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3814:Environmental
3811:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3758:environmental
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3721:
3716:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
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3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
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3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3583:
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3578:
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3572:
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3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:environmental
3524:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3409:Reforestation
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:Cultured meat
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Birth control
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Deforestation
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2941:Manufacturing
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:nuclear power
2887:
2885:
2884:fracking (US)
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2663:
2662:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Climate model
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2496:Cloud forcing
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2389:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2271:Communication
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:Vulnerability
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:Flood control
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2043:reforestation
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:afforestation
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Nuclear power
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:Carbon budget
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1695:Mental health
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:United States
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:deoxygenation
1488:
1486:
1485:acidification
1483:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1306:
1302:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:from wetlands
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:Deforestation
1238:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1090:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1002:
990:
986:
979:
976:
963:
959:
958:Harvey, Fiona
953:
950:
937:
933:
932:Harvey, Fiona
927:
924:
919:
917:
910:
907:
894:
890:
884:
881:
869:
865:
858:
855:
851:
845:
842:
829:
825:
819:
816:
808:
802:
799:
794:
787:
784:
776:
770:
768:
764:
756:
750:
747:
735:
731:
725:
722:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
688:
676:
672:
666:
663:
651:
650:YES! Magazine
647:
640:
637:
625:
624:Berkeley News
621:
614:
611:
606:
602:
595:
592:
588:
582:
579:
575:
572:
566:
563:
560:
558:
553:
546:
542:
537:
532:
529:(15): 11864.
528:
524:
520:
512:
510:
508:
506:
502:
497:
491:
487:
480:
477:
473:
469:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
443:
441:
439:
435:
432:
428:
424:
418:
416:
412:
400:
396:
390:
388:
386:
382:
378:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
352:
350:
348:
344:
332:
328:
322:
319:
312:
310:
307:
301:
298:
294:
290:
282:
280:
276:
273:
265:
263:
259:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
238:
230:
227:
219:
217:
214:
209:
205:
198:
196:
194:
190:
185:
182:
174:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
144:
143:human impacts
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
94:
87:
85:
83:
79:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
4153:
4026:Eco-labeling
4001:Child labour
3896:supply chain
3894: /
3890: /
3886: /
3882: /
3853: /
3849: /
3845: /
3841: /
3615:Ethical code
3603: /
3599: /
3595: /
3591: /
3587: /
3573: /
3569: /
3565: /
3561: /
3102:urban sprawl
3097:Urbanization
3045:Particulates
3030:Overdrafting
2745:Human impact
2718:Anthropocene
2659:
2647:
2635:
2616:
2449:Carbon cycle
2406:Measurements
2225:
2101:Society and
1985:carbon sinks
1890:Climate debt
1880:Carbon price
1702:Human rights
1537:Season creep
1495:heat content
1421:Anoxic event
1334:James Hansen
1087:
1074:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1010:
1004:
992:. Retrieved
988:
978:
966:. Retrieved
952:
940:. Retrieved
926:
914:
909:
897:. Retrieved
892:
883:
871:. Retrieved
867:
857:
844:
832:. Retrieved
830:. 9 May 2017
828:Carbon Brief
827:
818:
801:
792:
786:
749:
737:. Retrieved
733:
724:
712:. Retrieved
700:
690:
678:. Retrieved
674:
665:
653:. Retrieved
649:
639:
627:. Retrieved
623:
613:
604:
594:
581:
565:
549:
526:
522:
485:
479:
466:IPCC, 2022:
402:. Retrieved
399:ResearchGate
398:
334:. Retrieved
330:
321:
302:
292:
286:
277:
269:
260:
252:
234:
210:
206:
202:
186:
178:
169:compensation
147:
139:biodiversity
128:
117:
111:
110:
104:
103:
95:
93:researched.
91:
54:
37:
36:
4106:Stakeholder
3884:measurement
3625:Externality
3580:Dirty hands
3216:Externality
3211:Coral reefs
3171:Defaunation
3040:Overgrazing
3013:overfishing
2993:Marine life
2867:electricity
2790:Agriculture
2476:Carbon sink
2454:atmospheric
2319:video games
1993:Blue carbon
1626:Agriculture
1605:Marine life
1552:Water cycle
1510:temperature
1245:Fossil fuel
873:20 November
739:10 November
425:. Nairobi.
361:https://doi
359:. Nairobi.
153:reparations
4176:Categories
4110:engagement
3965:Fair trade
3816:accounting
3749:Higg Index
3726:accounting
3542:principles
3481:mitigation
3476:assessment
3471:by country
3369:Decoupling
3331:Mitigation
3060:Reservoirs
2981:pesticides
2926:Explosives
2904:reservoirs
2805:irrigation
2508:Cryosphere
2469:permafrost
2241:Resilience
2193:Adaptation
2168:Litigation
2158:Governance
2103:adaptation
1885:Carbon tax
1838:Mitigation
1775:Antarctica
1663:Disability
714:8 November
680:18 October
655:4 November
629:18 October
336:10 January
331:unfccc.int
313:References
224:See also:
88:Definition
61:vulnerable
4051:Euthenics
4016:Disasters
3975:ISO 19011
3915:Reporting
3865:ISO 14031
3860:ISO 14000
3779:ISO 45001
3774:ISO 26000
3655:Pollution
3589:in Russia
3563:behaviour
3404:Recycling
3070:Transport
3055:Quarrying
3050:Pollution
2909:transport
2899:petroleum
2894:oil shale
2857:biodiesel
2523:Feedbacks
2294:Education
1795:Caribbean
1790:Australia
1717:Migration
1680:Fisheries
1631:Livestock
1557:Wildfires
1463:Heat wave
1066:213311694
1058:1469-3062
709:0362-4331
557:CC BY 4.0
545:2071-1050
165:liability
4144:Category
3942:Auditing
3763:equality
3466:Category
3090:shipping
3075:aviation
2961:plastics
2951:concrete
2936:Land use
2852:biofuels
2820:palm oil
2649:Glossary
2637:Category
2459:biologic
2173:Politics
2065:Personal
1770:Americas
1643:Children
1409:Physical
1202:Overview
1142:Overview
559:license.
131:cyclones
4155:Commons
4108: (
3984:Related
3967: (
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3756: (
3700:social)
3455:Commons
3231:Erosion
3181:Ecocide
3119:Effects
3065:Tourism
2998:fishing
2956:fashion
2879:fashion
2832:Bitcoin
2711:General
2464:oceanic
2314:fiction
2163:Justice
2114:Society
1722:Poverty
1441:Drought
1309:History
1233:Sources
1038:Bibcode
994:28 June
968:28 June
942:28 June
258:clear.
240:adopted
67:in the
3794:SA8000
3768:social
3724:Social
3665:Racism
3538:Ethics
3523:Social
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3020:Mining
2874:energy
2782:Causes
2444:Albedo
2437:Theory
2148:Denial
1939:Energy
1800:Europe
1780:Arctic
1765:Africa
1690:Health
1685:Gender
1648:Cities
1573:Biomes
1480:Oceans
1468:Marine
1191:Causes
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404:20 May
112:Damage
78:COP 27
57:UNFCCC
3414:urban
3085:roads
2976:paper
2971:paint
2661:Index
2423:Proxy
2183:Women
1658:Crime
1585:Birds
1451:Flood
1084:(PDF)
1062:S2CID
899:1 May
810:(PDF)
778:(PDF)
758:(PDF)
248:COP25
161:COP26
3630:Harm
3525:and
3080:rail
2862:coal
2825:(US)
2246:Risk
1785:Asia
1377:2024
1372:2023
1367:2022
1362:2021
1357:2020
1352:2019
1054:ISSN
996:2023
970:2023
944:2023
901:2023
875:2022
836:2019
741:2023
716:2022
705:ISSN
682:2022
657:2022
631:2022
541:ISSN
490:ISBN
406:2019
338:2020
211:The
167:and
122:and
105:Loss
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3109:War
2309:art
1046:doi
675:MSN
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